· Web viewThe power supply has negligible internal resistance. The switch is opened and the p.d. across the capacitor allowed to fall. A short time later the switch is closed again

Name: _______________________________________________

Red Hunting (A-Level) Assessment 1

Date:

Time: 3.5 HOURS Total marks available: 173 Total marks achieved: ______ Complete ALL questions once in exam conditions with only the formula-data sheet[ ]

Then in a second colour, complete it again with use of your notes and websites such as mine and 'physics and maths tutor'. [ ]

Finally, use the mark scheme attached to mark the exam paper. If you have scored below 75%, complete the paper again and notice the progress! [ ]

Email me whenever you want more questions!

Questions

Q1. ENERGY/MOTION

The diagram shows the carriage of a rollercoaster about to enter a vertical loop of diameter 17.0 m. The carriage is initially at rest at a height Δh above the bottom of the loop.

(i) So that a passenger remains in contact with their seat at the top of the ride, show that the minimum speed of the car at the top of the loop is 9.1 m s−1.

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(ii) Calculate the minimum value of Δh that will enable the passenger to remain in contact with their seat at the top of the loop.

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Δh = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2. ANGULAR VELOCITY

A particle moving in a circular path completes 8.0 revolutions in 5.0 s. Its angular velocity in rad s−1 is

A 1.6

B 10

C 40

D 250

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Q3.A fairground roundabout makes 8 revolutions in 1 minute. The angular velocity of the roundabout is

A 0.10 rad s−1

B 0.42 rad s−1

C 0.84 rad s−1

D 0.94 rad s−1

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Q4.The drum of a washing machine rotates with an angular velocity of 8.5 rad s−1.

The time to complete 10 revolutions is

A 0.85 s

B 1.3 s

C 3.7 s

D 7.4 s


Q5. QUANTITIES

Which of the following is a correct statement?

A charge is a base quantity

B velocity is a base quantity

C mass is a derived quantity

D resistance is a derived quantity


Q6. MOMENTS

Extinct animals can be studied by using their fossils. 70-million-year-old fossils from the Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops dinosaurs show that a Triceratops was sometimes eaten by a Tyrannosaurus rex.

The diagram shows a Tyrannosaurus rex skull.

On the diagram, the position of the main biting muscle is indicated by the line labelled 'muscle force'. The muscle is connected to the jaw at point J. This produces a moment about point P where the jaw is hinged. Teeth marks found in fossilised Triceratops bones show that the force exerted by a tooth at the front of the jaw X could reach 6500 N.

The skull is drawn to a scale of 1 to 10. The force arrows are not drawn to scale.

Take measurements from the diagram to determine the size of the muscle force when the force exerted by the tooth at X is 6500 N.

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Muscle force = ...........................................................


Q7.

The diagram shows a diver of weight 680 N on a diving board.

The diving board has a length L of 3.6 m and is fixed at the end labelled X. It is supported at position Y which is 0.9 m from X. The diving board is uniform and has a weight of 390 N.

By taking moments about X, determine the upward force exerted by the support at Y on the diving board.

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Force = ...........................................................


Q8. CAPACITANCE

A defibrillator is an electrical device designed to deliver a brief electrical signal to restore a normal rhythm to the heart. Electrodes are attached to the chest of a patient and a charged capacitor is discharged through the chest cavity.

In one defibrillator a 56 μF capacitor is charged by a potential difference of 2500 V. During the discharge of the capacitor the resistance between the electrodes is 45 Ω.

Show that the time taken for 99% of the discharge to take place is about 12 ms and hence calculate the average current delivered by the defibrillator during this period.

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Average current = ...........................................................


Q9.The capacitor shown in the circuit below is initially charged to a potential difference (p.d.) V by closing the switch.

The power supply has negligible internal resistance.

The switch is opened and the p.d. across the capacitor allowed to fall. A short time later the switch is closed again. Select the graph that shows how the p.d. across the capacitor varies with time, after the switch is opened.

A

B

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D


Q10.

In recent years there has been a development of ultracapacitors which have much higher capacitance than traditional capacitors. Capacitors store energy due to charge in an electric field whereas batteries store energy due to a chemical reaction. There are several applications where ultracapacitors have an advantage over batteries; for example storing energy from rapidly fluctuating supplies or delivering charge very quickly.

(a) A typical ultracapacitor has a capacitance of 1500 F and a maximum operating potential difference of 2.6 V.

(i) Show that the charge on this capacitor when fully charged is about 4000 C.(2)

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(ii) Complete the graph on the axes below to show how the potential difference varies with charge for this capacitor.

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(iii) Calculate the energy stored in this capacitor when fully charged.(2)

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Energy = ...........................................................

(b) The graph below shows how the current varies with time as the capacitor is discharged through a circuit.

(i) Describe and explain the shape of the graph.(2)

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(ii) Calculate the resistance of the circuit.(4)

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Resistance = ...........................................................

(c) There is a limit to the amount of charge an ultracapacitor can hold but it can deliver the charge very quickly. A battery can deliver much more charge but only at a slower rate. For electric powered vehicles it is suggested that using a combination of batteries and ultracapacitors would give the best performance.

Suggest, with reasons, which stages of a journey would be more suited to ultracapacitors and which would be more suited to batteries.

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Q11. CENTRIPETAL FORCE AND ACCELERATION

A racing car of mass 1200 kg travels at 0.63 rad s−1 around a bend of radius 50 m. The force on the car necessary for this motion is

A 2.4 × 104 N away from the centre of the circle.

B 2.4 × 104 N towards the centre of the circle.

C 3.8 × 104 N away from the centre of the circle.

D 3.8 × 104 N towards the centre of the circle.


Q12.

The London Eye consists of a large vertical circle with 32 equally-spaced passenger cabins attached to it. The wheel rotates so that each cabin has a constant speed of 0.26 m s−1 and moves around a circle of radius 61 m.

(a) Calculate the time taken for each cabin to make one complete revolution.

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Time = ..............................................................

(b) Calculate the centripetal force acting on each cabin.

mass of cabin = 9.7 × 103 kg

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Centripetal force = ..............................................................

(c) (i) The diagram shows just the circle and the cabins. Draw arrows to show the direction of the centripetal force acting on a person in a cabin when the person is at each of positions A, B and C.(3)

*(ii) As the person in a cabin moves around the circle, the normal contact force between the person and the cabin varies.

State the position at which this force will be a maximum and the position at which it will be a minimum. Explain your answers.

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Q13. ACCURACY

The diagram shows a coherent beam of light incident on a metal ball bearing.

The ball bearing shown in the experimental set-up has a diameter of about 1 cm.

Describe how the diameter could be measured accurately.

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Q14. COMBINING VECTORS

A student rows across a river heading from point A. Her boat is headed in a direction at right angles to the bank and she rows through the water at a constant speed of 1.5 s−1

The river flows with a current of 1.1 m s−1

(a) Calculate the velocity of her boat relative to the riverbank.

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Magnitude of velocity = ...........................................................

Angle of velocity to the riverbank = ...........................................................

(b) Another student also rows through the water at a constant speed of 1.5 m s−1 and heads their boat in a direction at 65° to the riverbank.

On the grid below draw a scaled vector diagram to determine the velocity of the boat.(3)

Magnitude of velocity = ...........................................................

Angle of velocity to the riverbank = ...........................................................


Q15. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

A coil of wire is placed around the lower end of an iron rod. The coil is supplied with an alternating current.

A thick aluminium ring is placed around the iron rod above the coil. The coil remains in the position shown.

The current is switched off and the aluminium ring comes to rest on top of the coil. The supply to the coil is changed and a direct current (dc) is switched on. An upwards force F acts on the ring for 0.05 s accelerating it to a final speed, v. The ring then moves freely through a height of 30 cm.

Mean diameter of ring = 4.8 cm Mass of ring = 0.019 kg Magnetic field strength = 0.032 T

(i) Use conservation of energy to calculate the speed v of the ring after 0.05 s.(2)

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v = ...........................................................

(ii) Use the idea of impulse to calculate the magnitude of the mean force F acting on the ring and hence the mean current I in the ring.

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F = ...........................................................

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Q16. CIRCULAR PATHS

An electron beam tube can be used to demonstrate the deflection of electrons in a uniform magnetic field. The tube contains a very low pressure gas so that electron paths can be seen.

Electrons are emitted from the electron gun travelling vertically upwards into a region of uniform horizontal magnetic flux density.

Explain why the electrons follow a circular path.

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Q17. CAPACITANCE

Some mobile phones have a capacitor touch screen made up of a sheet of glass with a thin metallic coating. The screen is charged and when it is touched some of the charge is transferred to the user. This causes a drop in electrical potential at the point where the screen is touched.

A capacitor is charged by connecting it across a battery and then discharged through a resistor. In the case of the touch screen the user provides a discharge resistance of about 900 Ω.

Explain how the capacitor discharges.

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Q18.

A capacitor of 50 μF is charged to a potential difference of 12 V.

The energy stored on the charged capacitor in joules is given by

A 0.5 × 50 × 10−6 × 122

B

C

D 0.5 × (50 × 10−6)2 × 12


Q19. GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

The gravitational field strength on the Moon is about 1/6 of the gravitational field strength on the Earth.

(a) On the Moon, an astronaut dropped a golf ball. He later wrote "When I dropped the ball, it took about three seconds to land."

Show that the astronaut would need to be over 7 m tall for the ball to take 3 s to land.

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(b) The astronaut hit the ball with a golf club. He wrote "The ball, which would have gone thirty to forty yards on the Earth, went over two hundred yards. The ball stayed up in the black sky for almost thirty seconds."

Assume an initial velocity of 18 m s−1 at 34° to the horizontal.

(i) Show that the astronaut's suggested time of flight of 30 s is over twice the actual value.

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(ii) Show that the value given for the initial velocity leads to a value for the horizontal distance travelled by the ball in agreement with his stated value.

200 yards = 183 m

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*(c) A projectile would have a greater range on the Moon than the Earth because of the lower gravitational field strength and because of the lack of an atmosphere.

Explain how each of these factors would increase the range of the projectile.

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(Total for Question = 11 marks)

Q20. MOMENTS

A portable basketball set has a base and a post arrangement. The post arrangement consists of a post, backboard, hoop and net. The base can be filled with water to increase stability.

(a) The base has a capacity of 85.0 litres.

Show that the maximum weight of the base is about 870N.mass of 1.00 litre of water = 1.00 kg mass of base when empty = 3.50 kg

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(b) Due to the large area of the backboard, the basketball set may topple over when the wind blows.

Calculate the minimum force of the wind Fw that will cause the basketball set to be blown over when it is at the angle shown. Ignore the effect of the wind on the base.weight of post arrangement = 27.0 N

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Minimum force of the wind Fw = ...........................................................

(c) The base is filled with sand instead of water. The density of sand is greater than the density of water.

State and justify what would happen to the value of Fw calculated in part (b).(3)

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Q21. SEMICONDUCTORS

A student set up a circuit containing a light dependent resistor (LDR) in series with a fixed resistor as shown.

As the student moved a lamp towards the circuit she observed the potential difference (p.d.) changing across the fixed resistor.

With reference to the electrons in the LDR explain this observation.

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Q22. REFRACTIVE INDEX

* The refractive index of glass may be determined by measuring angles of incidence and angles of refraction for light passing into a glass block.

Explain how the choice of the width of the ray of light and the range of the angles of incidence can ensure the accuracy of the result.

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Q23. LENS POWER

The photograph shows a child's nature observation kit used for observing small creatures such as flies.

The lid has a built-in lens and an additional optional lens to allow the magnification to be increased.

The photographs below show the appearance of a fly using no lens, a single lens and two lenses respectively.

A student reads that the power of a combination of lenses is equal to the sum of the powers of the individual lenses.

powercombination = powerlens1 + powerlens2

The student investigates this relationship using the lenses in the observation kit.

The student records the method and measurements as shown below.

The distance between the light and the opposite wall was 6 m.

(i) Explain one way of improving the value obtained for the focal length of the lens.(2)

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(ii) Determine whether the data from this experiment supports the conclusion.

powercombination = powerlens1 + powerlens2

Support your answer with a calculation.(4)

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Q24. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The photoelectric effect was discovered by Hertz who investigated the effect of ultraviolet radiation incident upon the surface of zinc. The effect was found to depend on the frequency of the radiation.

(a) State what is meant by threshold frequency.

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(b) Light of frequency 8.9 × 1014 Hz is incident upon the surface of a different metal. The photoelectrons have a maximum speed of 6.7 × 105 m s−1.

Calculate the work function of the metal in eV.(4)

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Work function = ........................................................... eV


Q25. REFRACTION

Flower arrangers sometimes use gel balls instead of water to fill vases.

The photograph below shows some writing seen through one of these gel balls. The writing is distorted because the gel ball refracts light.

(a) Explain what is meant by refraction.

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(b) The photographs below show a beaker containing gel balls. When water is added to the beaker, the gel balls below the water surface are no longer visible.

Explain how this shows that the gel has the same refractive index as water.(2)

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Q26. UPTHRUST AND FLOATING/SINKING

The photograph shows a type of drink known as stout.

When the drink is poured, it contains many spherical bubbles of gas which rise and form the foamy 'head' at the top of the drink. The manufacturers of the drink state "It takes 120 seconds for the head to form".

For the smallest bubbles, the uniform upward velocity can be calculated using the equation

(i) Derive this equation by considering the forces acting on a bubble.(3)

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(ii) State an assumption you have made.(1)

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(iii) Evaluate the statement from the manufacturers that it takes 120 seconds for the head to form.You should consider the time for a bubble to travel from the bottom of the glass to the top.height of glass = 11.5 cm density of gas = 1.22 kg m−3

density of stout = 1.01 × 103 kg m−3

viscosity of stout = 2.06 × 10−3 Pa s diameter of bubble = 122 μm

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Q27. DOPPLER EFFECT

The diagrams show the motions of a source of sound, S, and an observer, O.

Which line of the table correctly shows the effect this relative motion has on the frequency of the sound heard by the observer.


Q28. SPECTRAThe diagram shows five energy levels in an atom.

Electromagnetic radiation is incident on the atom.

Which transition would be caused by the absorption of the lowest frequency of radiation?

A 1 to 5

B 1 to 2

C 4 to 5

D 5 to 4


Q29.

A helium-neon gas laser is often used in the laboratory as a source of high intensity, coherent, monochromatic light.

The diagram shows some of the energy levels above the ground level E3 for helium atoms and for neon atoms. The highest shown levels for helium atoms and neon atoms are almost identical.

Helium atoms in the gas are excited to level E2 by the current passing through the laser. They collide at high speed with neon atoms. Because the energies are so similar, the energy is transferred from the helium atoms to the neon atoms. The neon atoms become excited in turn to level E3. As the neon atoms subsequently drop to level E2 they emit photons.

(a) Explain what is meant by a photon.

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(b) Calculate the frequency of the photons produced as the neon atoms drop from level E3 to level E2.

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Frequency = ...........................................................

(c) An electron in level E3 of neon has 0.05 eV more energy than an electron in level E2 of helium.

Suggest the source of the energy to make up this difference.(1)

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(d) The photograph shows a device for making a vertical slit with variable width.

When the slit is fully open a laser beam is shone through it and a single point of light is seen on a screen.As the slit is reduced in width the point of light becomes a horizontal line that gets longer as the slit gets narrower.Explain this observation

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Q30. RESISTIVITY AND RESISTANCE

When tidying a prep room, a teacher discovers a tray of resistance wires that have lost their labels. She decides to ask her students to carry out experiments to determine the material that each wire is made of by measuring the resistivity of the wires.

(a) Explain why the teacher asks the students to measure the resistivity and not the resistance of the wires.

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*(b) You are to describe a method to determine accurately the resistivity of one of the metal wires.

Your description should include:

the circuit diagram you would use the quantities you would measure the graph you would plot how you would determine the resistivity

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Q31. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

In the late 1880s it was discovered that a negatively-charged zinc plate loses its charge when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Explain why this happens, but only with ultraviolet radiation and not white light. You are expected to complete a calculation to support your answer.

work function of zinc = 6.9 × 10−19 J

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Q32. FOCAL LENGTHS

A telescope consists of a convex lens (objective) of power 0.820 D and a second lens (eyepiece) as shown.

The objective produces an image at P. This image becomes the object of the eyepiece, which produces a final image at Q.

Show that the focal length of the objective lens is about 1200 mm.

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Q33.

A diverging lens is used to produce an image of a real object.

Select the row of the table that correctly identifies the nature of the image produced.


Q34. ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY

A group of students was asked to find how the velocity of a cylindrical battery changes as it rolls down an inclined board.

The group marked the position of the battery on the board every second with an X.

(a) These markings were used to obtain the following results table.

(i) Complete the table.(3)

(ii) Justify which of the columns, A or B, gives a more accurate value for the velocity of the battery at the bottom of the inclined board.

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(b) The only two pieces of equipment that the students used were a measuring tape and a manual stopwatch.

Give a possible source of error and suggest changes to the equipment and method used to make the values in column A more accurate.

(3)Source of error

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Changes

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Documents

· Web viewThe power supply has negligible internal resistance. The switch is opened and the p.d. across the capacitor allowed to fall. A short time later the switch is closed again