What comes to mind when you think of Europe? People Places Food Geography Culture ?????

Divided into 4 major land regions: Northwest

Highlands Northern

European Plain Central

Uplands Alpine

System

Europe is a giant peninsula

Peninsulas: Scandinavian

Norway & Sweden Fjords - long steep sided

valley filled with seawater carved by glaciers

Apennine Italy

Iberian Spain & Portugal

Balkan Albania & Bulgaria Greece Former Yugoslavia

republics

Atlantic Islands Iceland British Isles

Mediterranean Islands Corsica Sardinia Sicily Malta

Mountains created as the African plate pushed against the European plate

Mountains Alps Pyrenees Urals Carpathians Apennines Northwest Mountains Central Uplands

Plains Northern European

Plain

Europe is nearly surrounded by water

Bodies of Water: Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean North Sea Strait of Gibraltar Baltic Sea English Channel

Rivers: Rhine Danube Thames

Coal Germany has one of

largest coal fields in world

During Industrial Revolution, coal was essential in creating manufacturing industries

Natural gas Hydroelectricity Iron ore

About 40 countries Multicultural – Having

more than one culture In some countries people

belong to the same ethnic group Example - 90% of people in

Sweden are Swedes In some countries, there

are only a few ethnic groups Example - in Belgium, people

consider themselves either Flemings or Walloons

Flemings live in Flanders in northern Belgium (speak Dutch), Walloons live in Wallonia in southern Belgium (speak French)

Some countries are extremely diverse Example – Slovenia is made

up of Slovenes, Croats, & Serbs

In some regions, ethnic differences have led to violence Example- in the former

Yugoslavia, ethnic conflict between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims led to ethnic cleansing and over a million people became refugees

In the 1960s, large numbers of immigrants came to Europe from: Former colonies Poor regions

Immigrants came to find work and now there are tensions between immigrants and Europeans in some areas

Population…

2nd smallest continent in land area

3rd largest continent in population 731 million people

Sparsely populated areas: Mountains Dry, barren regions Subarctic and tundra

climates Densely populated

areas: Favorable climate Plains Fertile soil Mineral resources Waterways

The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe from an agricultural society to an industrial society

Western Europe is more industrialized than Eastern Europe

3/4 of Europe’s population live in urban areas

Many primate cities – capital city that dominates in population & economy

Challenges to urban areas: Pollution Overcrowding

World’s smallest country – Vatican City

1st European civilizations began about 5,000 years ago

Sequent Occupance – process of settlement by successive groups of people, with each group creating a distinctive culture Celts Romans Germanic tribes (led by

Charlemagne) Vikings

In the 1400s, the Portuguese were the 1st Europeans to search for new trade routes to Asia and Africa 1600s British founded colonies around the world British built a powerful navy and empire

Other European countries soon followed Europeans set up colonies in the lands discovered by

explorers Trade with colonies brought lots of money to the Europeans

Exploration

Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain

in 1700s and spread throughout Europe

New machinery & railway systems transformed life in Europe

People moved to cities for work

Working conditions were horrible in many factories

English Revolution People wanted a voice

in the government Took away power from

the monarch Parliament was

given more power Made a Constitution

and Bill of Rights to give people more rights

French Revolution Took away power from

the monarch Made France a

republic - government in which people elect their officials

Renaissance – period from about 1300s to 1500s marked by a renewed interest in learning & arts in Europe

“rebirth” in French Development of:

Architecture Sculpture Painting

Brought great achievements in European civilization

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

By 1500, educated Europeans wanted a “reformation”- change in the church’s way of teaching and practicing Christianity

This led to a split in the Catholic Church forming Protestantism

The movement became known as the Protestant Reformation

Catholics and Protestants are both considered Christian religions Examples of Protestant

religions: Baptist Methodist Lutheran

The printing press helped spread information Invented by Johann Gutenberg

World War I (1914 – 1918) Causes:

Competition for colonies and natural resources

Militarism - building up of military

Alliances – agreement between countries to support one another

Nationalism - desire for independence

Following WWI, Germany was forced to accept harsh penalties

Germany’s economic hardships and political problems helped bring the Nazi Party & Hitler into power

World War II (1939 –

1945) Germany

rebuilt itself and aligned with Italy & Japan

In 1939 Germany invaded Poland

Holocaust - mass killing of 6 million Jews by the Nazis

Following WWII, Allies divided Germany (Eastern & Western Germany)

Cold War – power struggle between the communist world and non-communist world

Created division between Eastern and Western Europe

Western Europe Democratic Private ownership

of economy Eastern Europe

Communist People had no

voice in government, society, and economy

1990 – East & West Germany are reunited

Soviet Union took control of Baltic countries following WWII

Many of these countries gained their independence in 1991 when Soviet Union collapsed

Violence broke out between different ethnic groups fighting for control

Many of the countries are having difficulties industrializing and improving

Many cities have been destroyed & are being rebuilt

1993 – Czechoslovakia split into Czech Republic & Slovakia

Language 50 different

languages Over 100 different

dialects Many Europeans

are multilingual – able to speak two or more languages

Religion Christianity

Roman Catholicism

Protestantism Eastern

Orthodox Islam

Southeastern Europe

Religion has caused conflict in some areas

Education High standard of living High literacy rate

Health Care Continent with highest life

expectancy All countries have

governments that help pay for health care

Social Welfare Programs Welfare state - government

assumes major responsibility for the welfare of its people

Examples: Great Britain – all schooling is

paid for France – 35 hr work

week/month paid vacation Sweden – pays for most of all

education, medical, & childcare needs

Popular sports: Rugby Soccer Cricket

European Union (EU) – organization of European countries featuring close cooperation on trade, economic, political and social issues In the 1990s, many

European countries started to move towards a more united Europe

Most use the “Euro”- a common form of money

Currently, there are 27 member states

3 prospective countries: Croatia Macedonia Turkey

Eastern Europe For over 40 years,

many Eastern European countries had a communist government under the Soviet Union

Trying to compete with western Europe

The government made all economic decisions

Factories lacked modern technology

Challenges to overcome: Update equipment Build new modern

factories Get investors and

financial aid

Contains very fertile farmland

Over 50% of Europe is used for farming

Best soils are found in Northern European Plain

Use modern technology & equipment

Rotate crops to maintain fertility

More Europeans earn a living from farming than from any other economic activity

Some use farm cooperatives- organizations in which farmers share in growing and selling products Wheat Potatoes Olives Grapes

Above: Olive grove

Below: Vineyard

Fishing villages dot Europe’s coasts

North Atlantic & Arctic Oceans have best fisheries

Major Fishing countries: Iceland Norway Denmark

Overfishing & coastal pollution threaten the industry

Warm sunny weather of Mediterranean

Beautiful scenery & historical attractions

Extremely important to economies of many countries

Above: Nice, France

To Left: Cinque Terra, Italy

Eiffel Tower, FranceColosseum, Italy

Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany

Hagia Sophia, Turkey

Acid Rain In 1960s, high

smokestacks were built to carry pollution away from factories

Pollution drifted into other areas

Pollutants combined with rain to form acid rain

Destroyed forests by: Turning leaves or needles

yellow Insects and disease took

over During winter, acid rain

turns to snow Meltwater – the result of

melting snow and ice that flows into rivers and lakes

Polluted meltwater harms fish & wildlife

Air Pollution the inefficient

factories of communist eastern Europe caused horrible air pollution

Factories burned coal for power

These countries are still some of the most polluted in the world

Global Warming Environmentalists

believe factories are one of the many causes of the greenhouse effect: Factories burn coal &

release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide traps the sun’s heat near the earth’s surface

Overtime, this could increase the earth’s temperature

Water Pollution Many European

countries border water

Use it for dumping waste

Tourism has increased waste

Small tides and weak currents keep waste close to where it was dumped

Several attempts to reduce pollution in some countries: Protect buildings with

acid-resistant coating Water treatment

plants to reduce pollutants

MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan) - effort to clean up the Mediterranean Sea

New sewage systems

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) & Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

What is Europe ranked in land size?

Apennine Peninsula Alps Rivers Does most of Europe’s

population live in rural or urban areas?

Define: multiculturalism

2 ethnic groups in Belgium

Languages in Europe Renaissance Reformation

When did Industrial Revolution take place?

Where did Industrial Revolution start?

Importance of Industrial Revolution

French Revolution Causes of WWI Holocaust Cold War What country

controlled Eastern Europe for almost 40 years?

Welfare state