Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Mr. GieslerGlobal Studies
When: The Ottoman state rose to become a world empire, which lasted from the late 13th century to 1923.
Type of Empire: Ottoman Empire was dynastic
TTYN: Describe characteristics of a dynasty
The Ottoman Empire’s territories and character owed little to national, ethnic or religious boundaries, and were determined by the military and administrative power of the dynasty at any particular time.
Goal: The Ottomans attempted to bring as much territory as possible into the Islamic fold.
Cultural Diffusion: The non-Muslims living in these areas were then absorbed into the Empire as protected subjects."
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Mamelukes, settled in Egypt, and would settle on the borders of the Empire of Rum. Unlike their predecessors Unlike the Mongols, the Turkish Mamelukes were neither distinguished nor numerous so that there arrival went almost unnoticed. Ertughrul or Tughril was accompanied by his son Osman and approx 2,ooo
Dynasty Building: The Rise of the Ottoman
Empire
Under Osman the Ottomans begin to expand broadly from 1290-1326 by organizing Steppe Peoples in Central Asia
In 15th Century they moved broadly against Europe, Persia, and Egypt.
April 6-May 29 1453 They besieged and conquered Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended the Byzantine Empire.
TTYN: The Byzantine Empire followed what empire?
Dynasty Building: The Rise of the Ottoman
Empire
Constantinople becomes Instanbul
The Turks faced hostile populations of Jews, Catholics, Orthodox
Christians, some Muslims.
The Turks allowed everyone to practice whatever religion they wanted
as long as they paid taxes.
TTYN: Allowing other people to practice their own religion and
customs is known as what? Religious Toleration
Managed vast, culturally diverse empire through the Janissary Army and
Civil Service.
Dynasty Building: The Rise of the Ottoman
Empire
Dynasty Building: The Rise of the Ottoman
EmpireSomewhat tolerant
Janissaries - Took Christian boys
and made them slaves
Under Mehmet II - By 16th century
they had control of
Mediterranean and Black Seas
Fught with Portugal over control of Indian Ocean
Mehmet aimed to recreate Byzantine Empire as an Islamic state
Attempted to rely heavily on Italian culture and fashion
Suleiman the Magnificent
Dynasty Building: The Rise of the Ottoman
Empire
10t Ottoman Sultan
During his rule as sultan, the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in
power and prosperity.
TTYN: Describe Sultan
Suleyman performed many acts of kindness and mercy toward his
people
Freed hundreds of slaves
Built a school for slaves.
Expected and demanded complete loyalty of all his subjects.
The Arts - filled his palace with music and poetry.
A Poet
A name the Turks gave to their ruler
I begin in the name of Allah, the Beneficent, and the Merciful Secret or open, nothing hidden from You
Dear Lord! Heal my anguish-stricken heartYou’re the Wise One who knows a cure for all patience
Merciful Lord! Thanks to youYou made this slave of yours Moslem
Keep my faith till the last breathDo not let damned Satan come near me
Dear Lord! For the sake of Mustafa, your MessengerGrant us your bountiful paradise
Dear Lord! At the day of JudgementKeep Muhibbi, the slave on your side.
Dear Lord! Shower me with your grace
Whether there is any remedy other than You I do not know.
Help me, forgive my sins,
Please, help me, forgive my sins.
The Center of
Power The Topkapi Saray Palace
A fortress, sanctuary, and
shrine
Home of the Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years
Built by Sultan Mehmet II after he conquered Constantinople in 1453
Trade Impact
Empire expands into Eastern Europe and Eastern Mediterranean
Expansion disrupted trade
Routes for Europeans
The trade disruption, in
many ways, marked the start
of the decline of the Ottoman
Empire….several centuries of
slow, but gradual decline
TTYN – why might have
alternate trade routes left the
Ottoman Empire behind?
Societal Patterns
Social Classes
Men of Pen – the educated (scientist, lawyers, poets)
Men of the Sword
Men of Negotiation – business people, tax collectors, and artisans
Men of Husbandry – Farmers and Herders
The two top classes were made up almost entirely of Muslims….Dominant!
Janissaries –
Ottoman Leaders method to further Muslim influence
Recruit military and Gov’t offices from conquered groups
For example, Christians from the Balkans were required to turn their young
sons over to the gov’t
Boys were converted to Islam and trained for service.
The best soldiers became Janissaries…elite force in the Ottoman Army
Societal Patterns
Makeup of the Ottoman Empire
Vast Empire
Diverse people
Variety of cultures, languages, and religions
Toleration
Because the Ottoman Empire lasted for as long as it did, Islam was the
dominant cultural force
Millets – Non-Muslims who were organized into religious communities were
called Millets, which were allowed its own traditions – must obey Ottoman Law
Janissaries
Ottoman history from 1566 -1792 has been described as ”The Decline of Faith
and State.” To Ottomans,
Decline meant dislocation of the traditional order
Coincided with the remarkable progress of its Christian European neighbors.
Commercial expansion overseas enriched Western Europe to
the detriment of the Ottomans.
West makes progress: technology, agriculture, and industry
The Habsburgs
Too Big Not to fail…Remember the Roman Empire???
The Decline
The Battle of Lepanto
After the death of Suleiman: Ineffectual rulers whose authority
was seriously undermined by a series of palace revolts.
Instanbul: Too Far away to administer the country, particularly when the
Ottoman Empire was at war with the Hapsburg’s
Again, “Too big not to Fail”
The ‘military revolution’ - European armies and navies
learned how first to defend and then to defeat superior
numbers
Europeans forged ahead of their eastern rivals.
It is easy to see that the Turks played an important part in
shaping European history.
The Decline
The Decline
Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt
Revolts in the Balkans (Serbia in 1804; Greece in 1821
Failed Reforms—Selim III (1789-1807)—attempts to introduce European style
military opposed by clerics and Janissaries.
1850s—Tanzimat reforms of bureaucracy fail due to military losses (Crimea)
and continued Balkan revolts.
Doctrine of Closed Revelation
European incursions (British Land Bridge to India
Russian and Habsburg expansionism
European devotion to Holy Land
Reform Movements
Prime Minister Midhat Pasha and the Constitution of 1876—
unitary state, free press, freedom of conscience, equality before
the law; and equitable taxation.
Sultan fired Midhat in 1877.
Russia defeats Ottomans in 1876-1877 war.
Young Turks emerge calling for Constitution of 1876.
Struggle between Young Turks and Sultan over constitution
interrupted by WWI.
Midhat Pasha, as PM Sought to make Ottoman State more
modern through the Constitution of 1876
WWI Role
“Sick Man of Europe”
TTYN: Why would the Europeans refer to the Ottoman Empire as the “Sick Man of Europe?”
On the eve of the First World War, Turkey was ruled by the Young Turks, a group of
military officers who rebelled against the ruling Sultan and deposed him in 1909
Their close working relationship with Germany - cemented by the construction of a
railway from Berlin to Baghdad - was to drag them into a system of alliances that would
turn Europe violently on its head over the next four years.
A secret anti-Russian alliance, signed by Germany and Turkey in August 1914, was to
push the Turks over the edge
Russia declared war on Turkey on November 2, 1914
Britain and France, respecting their mutual alliances, followed suit three days later
Sick Man of Europe
The Ottomans Problem:
How do we reform?
How do we stop the decline?
Are we bad Muslims?
Should we go back to the purity of Islam – Islamic Fundamentalism
Mustafa Kemal AtaturkThe Father of Modern Turkey
1881-1938
Ataturk’s Six Arrows
Republicanism Populism Secularism Reformism Nationalism Centralized Government
Banya Bashi Mosque
