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CHAPTER 16
ONE AMERICAN'S STORY (PG 482)
Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically
important?
Brooklyn Bridge
TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…
Louis Sullivan Daniel Burnham Frederick Law Olmsted Orville and Wilbur Wright George Eastman
TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE
Engineering innovations (like Brooklyn Bridge) laid the groundwork for modern life
Large urban cities across America became the residence of nearly 40% of population
Skyscrapers, Electric Transit, and Urban Planning aided in the growth of these cities
SKYSCRAPERS
Elevators and internal steel skeletons enabled architects to build higher and higher buildings
Louis Sullivan designed the Wainwright Building
Daniel Burnham built the Flatiron Building
NEW TYPES OF BUILDINGS
ELECTRIC TRANSIT
Electric trolleys replaced horse-drawn streetcars at the turn of the century
1888 Richmond, VA was 1st city to electrify its urban transit
Some cities created “el” trains (elevated), and some created subways
EL TRAIN NY, SUBWAY
CENTRAL PARK
Frederick Law Olmstead created New York’s Central Park
Much like the national parks out west, these parks sought to keep some of a cities natural beauty before it was all torn down
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
The US literacy rate had risen to 90% by 1890, thus new technology in printing books and magazines was needed
New paper (pulp mills), faster production enabled mass printing
THE WRIGHT BROS
Orville and Wilbur Wright were brothers who owned a bicycle manufacturing store in Dayton, OH.
They designed the first airplane
Dec. 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, NC it flew 120 feet for 12 seconds
THE KODAK CAMERA
George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in 1888
Now, photography was no longer a professional activity—many novice armatures began capturing photography of Americana
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG 488)
Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically
important?
TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…
Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. Bu Bois Niagara Movement
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Between 1865—1895, states began passing laws requiring children b/t 8 and 14 yrs old attend school 12 to 16 weeks per year.
Kindergartens (originally childcare for working mothers) became more popular
In 1880 62% of white children attend elementary school, compared to 34% of black children.
The majority of African-American children won’t attend public schools until 1940
HIGH SCHOOLS
High schools also expanded in 1900 to offer a curriculum rooted in science, civics, and social studies, as well as vocational training for industry
More than ½ million students attend high school by 1900
Even though attending schools increased, only a minority actually received a diploma, and even fewer went on to college
EXPANDING HIGHER EDUCATION
Between 1880—1920 college enrollment more than quadrupled
The curriculum changed to include research universities, physical sciences, psychology/ sociology, laws, medicine, etc.
COLLEGES FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS With the help of
Freedmen’s Bureau, Howard University was established for black students in Washington D.C.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
Booker T. Washington believed that racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society
He headed up Tuskegee University, Alabama
W.E.B. DU BOIS
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University
He strongly disagreed w/ Washington’s gradual approach
He founded the Niagara Movement to educate black teachers
IMMIGRANT EDUCATION
Immigrants were encouraged to go to schools (unlike African Americans)
Young immigrant children were “Americanized” in the free public schools
Henry Ford offered daytime classes for immigrants to learn English, as well as customary American duties Many felt Ford was indoctrinating them not
to ever confront management
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG 492)
Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically
important?
TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…
Ida B. Wells Poll Tax Grandfather Clause Segregation Jim Crow Laws Plessy v. Ferguson Debt Peonage
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
African Americans faced obstacles restricting their newly-found legal rights during Reconstruction
Many Southern states adopted legal policies of racial discrimination, as well as came up with ways to weaken their political power
VOTING RESTRICTIONS
LITERACY TEST/ POLL TAX GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
Some states required its citizens to be able to read & right, therefore instituted literacy tests, where blacks were asked harder questions than whites
A poll tax also had to be paid in order to vote, which hurt both blacks as well as white sharecroppers
An additional clause added to voting was the grandfather clause, which stated that if your father or grandfather was eligible to vote before 1/1/1867, then you were also eligible to vote.
This date was important, because no slaves were able to vote by that date
JIM CROW LAWS
Southern states passed racial segregation laws in order to separate white/ black people in society
These laws were commonly called “Jim Crow "laws
Racial segregation was common in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems in the South
PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)
In this historic court case, the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal, and not violate the 14th Amendment.
This case established the doctrine of “separate but equal”, which stated that states could keep blacks and whites separate, as long as the facilities were equal…they never were.
TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY RACE RELATIONS
Blacks not only faced formal discrimination, but information discrimination as well. Blacks and whites never shook hands Blacks had to yield to whites on the sidewalk Blacks had to remove their hats for whites
Moderate reformers (like Booker T. Washington), eventually earned support from whites, but many (W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ida B. Wells) felt that more urgent tactics were in order
TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY RACE RELATIONS
Blacks that were accused of violating the accepted rules of racial etiquette were often lynched.
Between 1882 and 1892, more than 1,400 blacks were shot, burned, or hanged w/o trial in the South
DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OTHER THAN THE SOUTH
Blacks that lived in the North looking for a better life often found themselves living in segregated in communities; not allowed to join unions; unemployed; etc
Mexican immigrants were hired out west to construct the railroads, mining, agriculture, etc.
Many people (Mexicans/ African-Americans) found themselves in debt peonage, which bound them into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY (PG. 498) Who is speaking? What is the main idea? When did this event take place? Where did this event take place? Why was this event historically
important?
TERMS YOU’LL NEED TO KNOW…
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Ashcan school Mark Twain Rural Free Delivery (RFD)
AMUSEMENT PARKS
Large urban cities began building parks for outdoor enjoyment
Coney Island, NY was built in 1884
BICYCLING AND TENNIS
Early bicycles were often dangerous, which led only men to ride
The “safety bike” was built in 1885, which allowed more women to begin riding
Tennis also became a huge spectator sport in America around 1888
Products like Hershey chocolate bar and Coca-Cola premiered in 1900
BASEBALL
Boxing and baseball were the two most popular games to watch
Baseball clubs began springing up across the US
1869 a pro baseball team named the Cincinnati Red Stocking emerged
The National League formed in 1876, and the American League formed in 1900
The first World Series was held in 1903—the Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates
The Boston Pilgrims, 1903
THE SPREAD OF MASS CULTURE
Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World newspaper in 1883—created a large Sunday edition, comics, sports, women’s news, etc.
THE SPREAD OF MASS CULTURE
William Randolph Hearst bought the New York Morning News
He also owned the San Francisco Examiner
Looking to outsell Pulitzer, Hearst filled his newspaper with scandalous stories, cruelty, and other sinister stories that would sell his newspaper
Hearst Castle, San Simeon, CA.
PROMOTING FINE ARTS/ POP FICTION
The Ashcan School of American Art, led by Robert Henri, painted real-life scenes of urban America
Popular fiction about crime tales and Western adventures began to arise.
Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn about life on the Mississippi River is still a classic today.
NEW WAYS TO SELL GOODS…
Urban Shopping- the first “shopping mall” opened in Cleveland, OH in 1890.
The Department Store: A one-stop-shop for women in Chicago in 1865
The Chain Store: The same stores in different cities: Woolworths by 1911 had 596 stores
Catalogs and RFD: Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck sold goods through catalogs. The post office introduced rural-free delivery (RFD) to homes across America
