Year 10 / 11IGCSE History

Revision Packet

Includes:Paper 1 Strategies

Past Paper Answer Outlines

December, 2016

The IGCSE Writing Structure:1I + 4E + 1C = 4 - 6 Minutes (Copyright, SS, TQ)2I + 3E + 3EI + 2-4C = 6 - 11 Minutes (Copyright, SS, TQ)3/4I + 2EA + 2EIA + 3EF + 3EIF + 3-5C = 10 - 18 Minutes (Copyright, SS, TQ)

HOW FAR questions (10 marks) must be answered with some quantitative measurement. Consider one of the following: somewhat (a little), to some extent, mostly, or fully.

I = Restate the question in your INTRO.E / R = Give EXAMPLES / REASONS - “An example of this is …”

EI = Explain the Importance - “This is important because … ‘

CBS = Connect Back to the StatementC = Conclude / Wrap it up - “Overall the …”TOPIC #1 - The Peace Treaties of 1919 – 1923: PPQs 1 – 9TOPIC #2 - The League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s: PPQs 10 - 20TOPIC #3 - The Collapse of International Peace: PPQs 21 - 31

Year 10 / 11 Paper 1 Strategies - December, 2016Page 1

GCSE Paper 1 Strategies

You will have to answer a total of THREE questions for Paper 1. Paper 1 is worth 60 marks. You have two hours. Follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write in dark blue or black pen.

ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS: In Section A (Core Content - from Topics 1 - 6) you answer two of four questions.

You will choose two from questions 5, 6, 7 and 8. Each question will have a 4 mark, 6 mark and 10 mark question.

In Section B (Depth Studies - Russia) you answer any one question. You will choose one from questions 11 and 12.

Number all your answers carefully. Put your name at the top of all the sheets of paper that you write on.

ANSWER OUTLINES FOR PAST IGCSE QUESTIONS – December, 2016

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These are not answers. They are outlines that can help you write full answers. You will likely have to add your own examples to fully answer the questions. Make sure to include introductory sentences, examples with explanation of importance and conclusions.

TOPIC #1 - The Peace Treaties of 1919 - 19231. Who were the Big Three at Versailles and how did they get along? (4)

Identify Georges Clemenceau, PM of France, David Lloyd George , PM of Britain and Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA

Their views of the conference at Versailles were very different, as well as their goals From the beginning they disagreed how harshly to punish Germany Give examples of what each wanted to accomplish:

Clemenceau – wanted Germany severely weakened and called for a harsh treaty – but was criticized by Wilson and George, who worried that French actions could cause another war

Clemenceau clashed with Wilson over many issues (the USA had not suffered nearly as badly as France)

Clemenceau resented Wilson’s more generous attitude to Germany Clemenceau also clashed with Lloyd George, particularly over Lloyd George’s desire not to treat

Germany too harshly, especially in Europe.

DL George – wanted to see Germany punished but not too severely so that Britain could resume trading with Germany – France thought Britain was just helping its own empire by weakening Germany outside ofEurope. Wilson and Lloyd George did not always agree either. Lloyd George was particularly unhappy with point 2 of the Fourteen Points, allowing all nations access to the seas, and with self-determination

Wilson – called for a just peace and a League of Nations – but was criticized by Britain and France for being too idealistic and naïve, especially about the diverse cultures, ethnic groups and political views. Groups were scattered across many countries and were bound to be ruled by other nationalities. Overall, they each accomplished some of their goals but ALL left dissatisfied with the treaty

2. What were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? (4) Alsace and Lorraine went to France The Saar was to be run by the League for 15 years, which meant France took control over it Upper Silesia and Posen went to Poland, Memel went to Lithuania Danzig became an international “free city” run by the League The Rhineland became demilitarized All of Germany’s overseas colonies were taken away, namely in Africa and South Pacific

(Togoland, Cameroon and German SW Africa). Eupen-Malmeady went to Belgium North Schleswig went to Denmark

3. Describe what Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George each wanted to achieve in the peace settlement. (4) Read the outline for question #1 Also: Each wanted to see Germany punished because they blamed Germany for starting the war

Clemenceau: France had suffered as a result of the war (death and destruction to its people, land and economy

- land the size of Wales had been destroyed)and wanted to see Germany so weakened that it could never start another war

wanted Alsace and Lorraine returned to France wanted reparation payments from Germany wanted Germany demilitarized severely

DL George: wanted Germany punished but not too harshly, in order to avoid German revenge in the future wanted Germany to lose its overseas empire

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wanted to resume trade with Germany and see them strong enough to resist communismWilson:

wanted the 14 points to be used as the basis of the treaty, a just peace, self-determination for Eastern Europe and a League of Nations set up

4. Why did Germany dislike the Treaty of Versailles? (6)NOT FAIR: German people were punished and not the leaders that caused the war Clause 231 (War Guilt) was unfair since Germany had to accept ALL the blame Reparations were impossible to make because Germany’s economy was in ruins like the Allies Not a negotiated peace, but rather a diktat under the threat of war Germans felt tricked into signing the cease-firethinking Wilson’s 14 Points would be the basis of

the settlement Their army was a source of great pride and honor, and having it demilitarized was cruel

They worried that they would not be able to defend their country from attack While Eastern Europeans were given self-determination, Germans WERE NOT

5. Which terms of the peace settlement directly affected France? (4) Alsace and Lorraine being returned - some German territories & colonies put under French control Saar under their control Rhineland being demilitarized because it eased French concerns about another German attack Germany being disarmed Reparation payments League of Nations set up

6. Why did the Treaty of Versailles cause problems for Germany in the years up to 1923? (6)The Treaty of Versailles caused a number of problems for Germany: Germany's economy was weak and the reparation payments caused Germany many problems When the German's fell behind on their reparation payments in 1922, the French and Belgian

soldiers marched into the Ruhr region (Germany) in 1923, and simply took what was owned to them in the form of raw materials and goods.

After this event happened, the German government ordered workers to go on strike so that Germany wasn't producing anything for the French to take. The French reacted harshly, killing over 100 workers

Over 100,000 German were protesters were expelled from the region Germany then had no goods to trade and no money to buy things

Hyper-inflation resulted as prices shot up and money was virtually worthless Wages began to be paid daily

Germany's army was reduced to 100,000, which was not enough to defend a country the size of Germany.

Since the army was a symbol of German pride, Germany, in turn, lost some of their pride. Many Germans suddenly found themselves in new countries, possibly split from the rest of their

community. Political instability – the Weimar government formed 9 different coalitions between 1919 - 1923 The Ruhr crises caused Germany to become bankrupt. A new government (Stresemann) accepted

that reparations would have to be paid. The harshness of the reparations made it extremely difficult for Germany torecover economically

and made future war likely.

7. What restrictions were placed on Germany’s armaments?(4) Army limited to 100,000 Conscription banned

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Not allowed armoured vehicles and military aircraft forbidden Navy reduced to six small battleships, submarines were banned and only 15,000 sailors allowed. Rhineland was de-militarized

8. Was the Treaty of Versailles fair? (10) Agree and Disagree - to some extent it was fair, but the treaty is seen as too harsh by many. Make sure to use comments by Sally Marks, John Maynard Keynes and others in your response

FAIR: Terms weren’t as bad as Brest-Litovsk Military leaders remained in power and even though their military was reduced, it was stillcapable

of defending Germany Economy recovered by 1925 (twice as much steel as Britain) Territorial losses were not as bad as France had hoped and mostof Germany remained in tact It was the best Treaty possible under the circumstances of the time The Germans were seen as hypocrites - ignored fairness when they were winningand demanded it

when they were losing Germany’s economic problems were partly self-inflicted - other countries raised taxes to pay for

the war but Germany planned to pay its debts by extracting reparations from the defeated states.

NOT FAIR: German people were punished and not the leaders that caused the war Clause 231 (War Guilt) was unfair Reparations were impossible to make because Germany’s economy was inruins like the Allies A weakened German economy was bad for all countries in Europe The Allies / Big 3 weren’t even happy with the Treaty Undoubtedly would cause the Germans to seek revenge Not a negotiated peace, but rather a diktat under the threat of war Germans tricked into signing cease-fire thinking Wilson’s 14 Points would bethe basis of the

Settlement While Eastern Europeans were given self-determination, Germans WERE NOT CONCLUSION – Make sure the reader knows what you believe

9. How far did the peace settlement satisfy the victors? Explain your answer. (10) To some extent the victors achieved goals, but overall none of them were satisfied

Satisfied: Clemenceau and Lloyd George did give Wilson self-determination in Eastern Europe Wilson was pleased that the League of Nations was included

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Britain was pleased with restrictions placed on Germany’s navy and losing its colonies (give examples)

France was pleased that Germany was somewhat demilitarised (give example) had to pay reparations and was forced to accept blame (231)

Dissatisfied: The very different objectives of the three leaders could not all be met. None of the Big Three who

drew up the Treaty was satisfied with it.

Clemenceau did not feel that the treaty was harsh enough. In 1920 he was voted out in a French general election.

France was angry that Germany appeared to be weakened outside of Europe (to Britain’s benefit) but kept the leaders of their military in place

Wilson thought the treaty was too harsh and predicted that Germany would one day seek revenge. Wilson felt deceived by Britain and France because they were never sincere about using his 14 Points as the basis for the peace settlements. He said that if he were a German he would not have signed it.

The U.S. Senate never approved the treaty DL George and Britain thought the treaty was too tough on Germany and described the Treaty as ‘a

great pity.’ He believed another war would happen because of it.

9a. PPQ-ish Ques: Describe each of the ‘other’ four treaties. (4) Treaties were made to deal with the other defeated countries by officers and diplomats of the Big

Three, in consultation with representatives of Eastern and Central Europe.

Treaty of St. Germain, 1919 – Austria lost territory to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as Poland and Italy. Army limited to 30,000.

Treaty of Neuilly, 1919 – Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia; and lost access to the Mediterranean Sea. Army limited to 20,000, and reparations payments of £10 million.

Treaty of Trianon, 1920 – Hungary lost territory to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Was expected to pay reparations but it’s economy was so weak that it never did.

Treaty of Sevres, 1920 – Turkey lost territory to Greece, and Syria was put under a League mandate to France. Armed forces limited to 50,000, NO air force, and a restricted navy.

Each of the five treaties included reparation payments, disarmament and loss of territory by the defeated.

TOPIC #2 - The League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s.10. What were the aims of the League of Nations? (4)

To discourage aggression from any nation To encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business, trade and security

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To encourage nations to disarm To improve the living and working conditions of people in all parts of the world. To promote collective security To uphold the Treaty of Versailles

11a. Why did the USA not join the League of Nations? (6) For several reasons. The League was linked to the Treaty of Versailles and many Americans hated the treaty. Some were

recent immigrants and felt it would be ‘another’ mistake to squeeze reparations out of Germany. Many Americans were appalled by the death and destruction of WWI and wanted the USA to stay

out of other peoples conflicts (Isolationism). Worries over economic cost of joining the League (blank cheque). Business leaders thought

membership would restrict the US economy, especially if the League imposed sanctions. Some Americans were anti-British or anti-French and didn’t want to join the League to help Britain

and France defend their colonies. The US Senate rejected the treaty and membership in the League. They were led by Republicans

who opposed Wilson and the Democrats.

11b. Why did some countries view the setting up of the League with suspicion? (6) 42 countries had joined when the League opened its doors in January 1920 It was dominated by European powers, namely France and Britain, and considered a white, wealthy,

imperialistic and capitalistic organization. There was a concern by non-European countries that their goals and issues might be ignored Three of the most powerful countries were not members (USA, Germany and Russia) Britain and France were both weakened by WWI and not in a position to provide the leadership or

resources necessary without the USA. Britain and France were preoccupied with other interests besides the League (empire, trade and

Germany) Both Britain and France had very different ideas of what kind of organization the League should be Powerful members would use the League to promote their own self-interests and many worried

about double-standards

12. What prevented the League of Nations from being strong in the 1920s? (6)Membership and the structure of the League prevented it from being as strong as it could have.The League was considered too idealistic, which made its progress difficult to achieve. The League depended heavily on Britain and France, but both were weakened by WWI and unable

to fill the gap left by the USA’s absence.The USA, Germany and USSR not members – and without such powerful countries the LON would

have difficulty accomplishing its goals. The League depended heavily on the “Good Will” of its members, especially in the early part of the

1920s.The LON was considered too Euro-Centric, causing other members to question the LON’s

commitment to their concerns. Punishments organized by the League Council were not always agreed upon and often not very

threatening to aggressive members (moral condemnation, financial and economic sanctions, and military force).

The League had no army, which made collective security more difficult to achieve.The Assembly met only once a year and decisions had to be unanimous, which was near impossible. The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) had no way of enforcing its decisionsThe League lacked the “Teeth” it needed to impose punishmentsThe best interests of the League were often ignored by members acting out their own self interests.

12b. What was the role of the Assembly? (4)Page 7

The Assembly met only once a year and decisions had to be unanimous, which was near impossible. It could recommend action to the Council. It voted on admitting new members or temporary members to the Council. It controlled the LON's budget. It discussed ideas put forward by the Council. It elected judges to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ).

12c. What was the role of the Council? (4) The Council was a smaller group than the Assembly, meeting 5 or 6 times a year, and in

emergencies. It had 4 permanent members - Britain, France, Italy and Japan. Temporary members were admitted to three year terms. Between 3 and 9 were included during

the LON's history. Each permanent member had a veto, enabling it to stop any LON action. The Council was entrusted with solving disputes between members, although it was never easy. It had 3 main powers: Moral Condemnation, Sanctions and Military Force.

12d. What was the role of the Commissions? (4) Mandates Commission - run by Britain and France for the purpose of ‘resettling’ people that were

left in colonies once ruled by Germany and her Central allies. Britain & France were expected to act in the interests of those people and their territory (not out of self-interests). It also took control of minority groups within territories controlled by the LON.

Refugees Committee - helped individuals return to the home-nation after WWI, especially from the Russian Empire, Balkans, Greece, Armenia and Turkey. By 1927, the LON reported that there were 750,000 refugees from former Russian territories and 168,000 Armenians. The Refugees Committee helped these people settle and find work.

Slavery - worked to abolish slavery around the world, especially in East Africa. As well, it sought to free workers who were treated so poorly that they were considered slaves.

Health Committee - attempted to deal with the problem of dangerous diseases (leprosy and influenza), and to educate people about heath and sanitation.

13. What successes did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4) One of the main goals of the League was to prevent war, and overall that was accomplished in the

1920s. The League did much to create the atmosphere where disputes could be resolved peacefully and

agreements could be made (namely through the Conference of Ambassadors). Important agreements were made with the support of the League (Washington Treaty of 1922,

Locarno Pact of 1925 and the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928). Having Germany to enter the League in 1926 was a positive sign. The League settled disputes (Upper Silesia in 1921, Aaland Islands 1921 and ending Greece’s

invasion of Bulgaria in 1925). The League had a lot of success through it special commissions:

Refugees - returning refugees and former prisoners of war home after war (estimated 400,000prisoners)

International Labour Organisation - (working conditions) - banning poisonous white lead from paint, limited the hours that small children were allowed to work and improved working conditions generally.

Health - worked hard to defeat leprosy and diseases around the world Transport - made recommendations on marking shipping lanes and international highway

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Social problems - blacklisted four large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies involved in the illegal drug trade and helped free 200,000 slaves in British-owned Sierra Leone.

14. What weaknesses did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4) Membership, structure and inaction: Study the outline for question # 12 The League was considered too idealistic, which made its progress difficult to achieve. Absence of important countries (USA, USSR and Germany) Britain and France weren’t prepared to take over the membership of the League. They both had

other priorities and both countries were weakened after the first World War There were weaknesses in the structure of the League (the Assembly only met once a year and

decisions made by the Assembly had to be unanimous) Punishments handed down by the Council were not easily agreed upon or enforced The Permanent Court of International Justice had no way of enforcing its decisions The way in which the League handled border disputes demonstrated the self-interests of powerful

members and notion of Double Standards in the League(Vilna in 1920, Corfu in 1923 and Bulgaria1925)

Failed to stop Lithuania from taking Memel in 1923, the Russo-Polish war from 1920 – 1921 as Britain and France supported Poland

Failure in the bringing of disarmament (Germanyand defeated Central Powers were the only countries forced to disarm).

15. Overall, was the League of Nations successful in the 1920s? (10) Use the examples from numbers 12, 13 and 14. Agree and disagree to some extent. Conclude with what you think overall.

16. How did the League of Nations deal with Japan over the Manchurian crisis? (6) There was now a long and frustrating delay. The League set up the Lytton Commission in December

1931, two months after Japan invaded. League officials (Lytton Committee) sailed round the world to assess the situation in Manchuria for

themselves. It was September 1932 – a full year after the invasion – before they presented their report.

The League condemned Japans’s actions and said Manchuria should be returned to the Chinese. The Japanese government agreed but their army refused. On Feb 24, 1933 the report from the League’s officials was approved 42 to 1 in the Assembly.

Only Japan voted against. (Japan resigned from the League on 27 March 1933) The League discussed economic sanctions, but without the USA, Japan’s main trading partner, they

would be meaningless. Besides, Britain seemed more interested in keeping up good relationships with Japan than in

agreeing to sanctions. The League also discussed banning arms sales to Japan, but the member countries could not even

agree about that. They were worried that Japan would retaliate and the war would escalate. Britain and Francewere not willing to risk their navies or armies in a war so far away with Japan.

Only the USA and the USSR would have had the resources to remove the Japanese from Manchuria by force and they were not even members of the League.

The League failed to stop the invasion.

17. How did the League of Nation deal with Italy over the Abyssinian crisis? (6) Italy invaded Abyssinia in October 1935 and the League condemned the aggression. To start with, the British and the French failed to take the situation seriously. They played for time. They wanted to keep good relations with Mussolini, who seemed to be their strongest ally against

Hitler and signed the Stresa Pact in 1935. At the meeting to discuss this, they did not even raise the question of Abyssinia. The League never actually did anything to discourage Mussolini. On 4 September, after eight months’ deliberation, a committee reported to the League that neither

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side could be held responsible for the Wal-Wal incident. The League put forward a plan that would give Mussolini some of Abyssinia. Mussolini rejected it.

The League was designed for just such disputes and, unlike in the Manchurian crisis, it was ideally placed to act (as it was involved a European country and was close to Europe).

A committee was immediately set up to agree what sanctions to impose. The League imposed an immediate ban on arms sales to Italy while allowing them to Abyssinia. It banned all loans to Italy. It banned all imports from Italy. It banned the export of rubber, tin and metals to Italy.

However, the League delayed a decision for two months over whether to ban oil exports to Italy. It feared the Americans would not support the sanctions. It also feared that its members’ economic interests would be further damaged (ie: British coal exports to Italy).

Britain and France never closed the Suez Canal, which was the Italians’ main supply route to Abyssinia and closing it could have ended the Abyssinian campaign very quickly. Both Britain and France were afraid that closing the canal could have resulted in war with Italy.

The Hoare-Laval plan was leaked to the French press. It proved quite disastrous for the League. Sanctions discussions lost all momentum. The Abyssinian crisis was a disaster for the League of Nations and had serious consequences for

world peace.

18. Was Disarmament a success for the League of Nations? (10) It would be difficult to argue that the League was successful with disarmament. In the 1920s, the League largely failed in bringing about disarmament. At the Washington

Conference in 1921 the USA, Japan, Britain and France agreed to limit the size of their navies, but that was as far as disarmament ever got.

In 1923, the League’s first attempt at a disarmament treaty was accepted by France and by other nations, but was rejected by Britain because it would tie it to defending other countries.

In 1926, plans were finally made for a disarmament conference, but it took five years even to agree a ‘draft convention’ for the conference to focus on and in 1933 that was rejected by Germany

Even so, in the late 1920s, the League’s failure over disarmament did not seem too serious because of a series of international agreements that seemed to promise a more peaceful world (Locarno and Kellogg–Briand Pact).

In the 1930s, however, there was increased pressure for the League to do something about disarmament.The Germans had long been angry about the fact that they had been forced to disarm after the First World War while other nations had not done the same.

Many countries were actually spending more on their armaments than they had been before WWI. In the wake of the Manchurian crisis, the members of the League realised the urgency of the

problem. In February 1932 the long-promised Disarmament Conference finally got under way. By July 1932 it had produced resolutions to:

prohibit bombing of civilian populations limit the size of artillery limit the tonnage of tanks prohibit chemical warfare.

But there was very little in the resolutions to show how these limits would be achieved. For example:

the bombing of civilians was to be prohibited, but all attempts to agree to abolish planes capable of bombing were defeated.

Even the proposal to ban the manufacture of chemical weapons was defeated. It was not a promising start. The big question, however, was related to the principle of equality. All the powers knew that Hitler was secretly rearming Germany already. They also began to rebuild

their own armaments. Page 10

The Disarmament Conference struggled and finally ended in 1934. Disarmament failed for a number of reasons:

Some say it was all doomed from the start. No one was very serious about disarmament anyway.

It did not help that Britain and France were divided on this issue. Many British people felt that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair and the British signed a

naval agreement with Germany in 1935, in violation of the Treaty.

19. What factors demonstrate that the League was a failure in the 1930s? (4) A number of factors: Use page 254 (Walsh Blue) - The USA and other important countries were absent, the League had

no troops, League Decisions were too slow, the Treaties it had to uphold were seen as unfair, Economic Sanctions did not work and finally, leading members acted out of Self Interests.

OTHER EXAMPLES: Disarmament Manchuria Abyssinia Agreements and alliances made outside the League – British/German naval agreement of 1935

British, French and Italians signed the Stresa Pact in 1935 Franco-Soviet Pact of May 1935, in Dec 1935 Hoare-Laval plan was leaked to the French press. It proved quite disastrous for the League.

Rhineland in March 1936 Appeasement

20. How far can the failure of the League be blamed on the Depression? Explain your answer. (10) The League failed for many reasons Yes, the Depression contributed to the failure of the League. For example: The Wall Street Crash started a long depression that quickly caused economic problems throughout

the world. It damaged the trade and industry of all countries. It affected relations between countries and led nations to pursue self-interests. Many adopted

aggressiveforeign policies. Page 11

It also led to important political changes within countries (ie: Germany, Italy and Japan). Much of the goodwill and the optimism of the late 1920s evaporated. The League lost momentum and was then unable to deal with other serious issues of the 1930s.

Other reasons the League failed: Self-interests of leading members – Britain and France were never prepared to abandon their own

interests to support the League. Germany, Italy and Japan disregarded the League when it didn’t suit their goals

Membership - the USA and other important countries were not members. The League lacked authority and sanctions were rarely effective. Even though the USSR joined in 1934, Germany and Japan withdrew in 1933, while Italy withdrew in 1937.

Structure: Punishments - were too often ineffective, especially sanctions. League members did not

willingly use their most powerful weapon because it hurt their own economies and were easily disregarded by non-leaguemembers like the USA.

Lack of Troops–the League relied on members to commit troops when needed, but troops neverfought on behalf of the League. Britain and France were always unwillingly to commit troops.

Decisions were slow–most events required quick and determined actions, which the League was unable to muster because decisions had to unanimous.

The Treaties the League was supposed to enforce were seen as unfair.

TOPIC #3 - The Collapse of International Peace 21. What were Hitler’s main foreign policy goals? (4)

Hitler wrote his ideas for Germany in his 1924 book, Mein Kampf, when he was in prison. Abolish the Treaty of Versailles - Many Germans thought that the treaty was unfair and called the signers ‘November Criminals.’ It

was a constant reminder to Germans of their defeat Expand German Territory - Germany had lost land during WWI and Hitler wanted to carve out an empire

in parts of Eastern Europe (Lebensraum) for ALL German people. Defeat Communism - he wanted to defeat the Soviet Union / Bolsheviks because he blamed Germany’s defeat in WWI and

thought Communists wanted to take over Germany.

22. Describe the importance of the Saar plebiscite. (4) Border area between France and Germany Held as a League mandate for 15 years

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In 1935 a plebiscite was held and around 90% voted to rejoin Germany Claim by Hitler that grievances between France and Germany were now removed. It was an overwhelming victory for Hitler and the Nazis, and was perfectly legal within the Treaty

23. Describe the steps Hitler took during the 1930s up to invasion of Poland in September 1939. (6) 1933 - Hitler became German Chancellor in January and by March had emergency powers that

essentially saw him become the dictator. He also stalled the Disarmament Conference (‘principle of equality’) and pulled out in October 1933. He even pulled Germany out of the League of Nations.

1935 - Held massive rearmament rally in Germany, publically violating the TOV. He also signed a naval agreement with Britain (35% of Britain’s) – making other countries suspicious of his militarism.

Reintroduced conscription in Germany 1936 – violating the Treaty Remilitarized the Rhineland 1936 – without resistance Fought Communists and tried out new weapons in the Spanish Civil war - 1936 Made Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan (1936) and Italy (1937) – which became the Axis Alliance Anschluss with Austrian March 1938 Signed the Munich Agreement (September 29, 1938) giving him control of the Sudetenland Invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 – breaking Munich Agreement Signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 24, 1939) as Britain and France looked on helplessly Invaded Poland on September 1, 1939

24. Were Britain and France surprised when Italy and Germany signed the Rome-Berlin Axis? Explain. (10)SURPRISED:

SHOCKED! Signed in 1937 They wanted a strong ally against Hitler and appeased Mussolini for years hoping to gain his support. Mussolini stopped Hitler from taking Austria in 1934 – showing his power Britain, France and Italy signed the Stresa Pact early in 1935, which formalized a protest at German

rearmament and a commitment to stay united against Germany. Britain and France had appeased Mussolini over Abyssinia (Hoare-Laval agreement) Both Mussolini and Hitler seemed to be in competition with each other – an alliance was not likely Saw that Appeasement failed and war was likely

NOT SURPRISED: Mussolini had already caused Britain and France problems since he was unpredictable and acted out of

Aggressive Self-Interests. Britain and France had appeased Italy and let him takeAbyssinia and Corfu. They had wanted Italy as a 'watchdog' over Germany and Hitler. Britain and France were scared because it made war more likely. It showed that Italy had a lack of respect for Britain andFrance. It shocked them because it showed them how 'powerful'and 'persuasive' Hitler could be. That he could

take Mussolini from right under their noses.

25. Describe the events that led to the Anschluss? (6) Austria was separated from Germanyby the Treaty of Versailles – always angered Germany In his 1924 book ‘Mein Kampf’ Hitler clearly states that he wants to regain territory lost in the Treaty Mussolini prevented Hitler from taking over Austria in 1934. In March 1936 German troops remilitarize the Rhineland – giving Hitler confidence In 1937 Mussolini becomes Hitler’s ally through the Rome – Berlin Axis Nazis were encouraged to stir up trouble in Austria Hitler pressures Schuschnigg about the Anschluss ( political union ) Schuschnigg’s appeals to Britain and France were rejected - Both unwilling to go to war over Austria. Austria / Schuschnigg tries to outwit Hitler and calls for a plebiscite - Hitler makes sure that Nazis influence

the outcome (did not want to risk defeat) 99.75 % voted in favour of Anschluss in March 1938 Hitler achieved his goal – regained land,natural resources and Austrian troops–Without Using Force

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26. Why did Britain and France permit the Anschluss? (6) Anschluss was the political Union between Germany and Austria in March 1938 Neither was willing to go to war over Austria or to defend a flawed Treaty of Versailles Britain thought it was wrong to separate Germany from Austria in the first place – even Britain’s Lord Halifax suggested

to Hitler that Britain would not resist the Anschluss France was not prepared to act without British support Both Britain and France were following the Policy of Appeasement (had other priorities than Austria)

27. What was the Munich Agreement? (4) Agreement between Britain, France, Germany and Italy September 29, 1938 to give Hitler the Sudetenland, as long as

Hitler agreed NOT to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler had claimed that Germans in Czechoslovakia were being mistreated and threatened invasion to protect them. Chamberlain suggested a plebiscite be held in the Sudetenland but Hitler refused and threatened war. Chamberlain and Hitler made the agreement without consultingthe Czech government or the USSR. Czechoslovakia was furious because they were NOT consulted and were now vulnerable to attack Chamberlain believed this would bring peace in our time. Germany eventually invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Stalin watched carefully and realized that he had no partners in Britain or France.

28. Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important? (6) Signed between the USSR (Stalin) and Nazi Germany (Hitler) – August 24, 1939 Hitler and Stalin privately agreed to divide Poland and NOT attack each other. Stalin was a bit worried about Germany – he wasn’t sure he could trust France because Hitler moved into

TheRhineland without any French resistance Stalin thought Britain and Francewere powerless against Hitler – and didn’t want to rely on them as allies Stalin thought France and Britain would be happy to let Hitler take over Eastern Europe and fight the

Communist USSR Hitler openly announced that he wanted to take over the USSR in his 1924 book ‘Mein Kampf’ British and French hoped they could use Hitler as a buffer against communism Hitler now only needed to fight on one front instead of both sides of Germany (WWI Schlieffen Plan?) It made an attack on France and Britain, by Hitler, more likely Stalin was interested in Eastern Poland and taking over the Baltic States anyway Stalin signed it to gain time to build up his armed forces, knowing Hitler would not keep his word France and Britain promised Poland they would defend it if it was invaded This agreement made war more likely (and Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939) Britain and France declared war on Germany3 September 1939. The Soviets invaded Poland on September 17, 1939.

29. The Policy of appeasement was justified. How far do you agree with this statement? (10)JUSTIFIED

Britain and France worried more about Communism than Fascist Nazis. Hitler was a buffer against the spread of Communism.

Britain did not have the support from its empire for war with Germany. Leaders did not want to be responsible for repeating the horrors of WWI. The British and French governments realized that there armed forces were not ready for another war (needed

time to remilitarize). Britain and France were still recovering from the economic effects of the depression and had other priorities The Treaty of Versailles was flawed and it was only right to let Hitler correct some of the terms. There was little support from the USA for another war.

NOT JUSTIFIED The policy encouraged Hitler to be more aggressive. Each step taken gave him more confidence. The policy allowed Germany to grow too strong too fast. It surpassed Britain and France. The policy scared the USSR and influenced them to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

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The policy put too much trust in Hitler’s promises, which he broke consistently. It should have been obvious what Hitler’s real intentions were since he wrote them in Mein Kampf.

30. Hitler was gambler rather than a planner in foreign affairs. Do you agree? Explain. (10) Hitler was both.

GAMBLER March 1936, he marched into Rhineland after France and USSRjust signed the Mutual Assistance Pact.

He knew the French were better-prepared and even thought he might beattacked by the USSR if he violated the Treaty of Versailles, yet he still made a move.

Most of his gambles broke the terms of The Treaty ofVersailles(example:reintroducedconscription) Hitler started to rearm Hitler tried to invade Austria in 1934 but was stopped by Mussolini. He failed but was willing to take the

gamble to see how other would react. This shows he did not plan his actions. He took random steps to see if he would get away with hisactions (example: Spanish Civil War). He forced the Anschluss and Britain and France did nothing. He gambled with his demands over the Sudetenland and intimidated the British and French.

PLANNER Hitler’s real intentions were since he wrote them in Mein Kampf. Hitler started off with little demands to see leader's reactionand if he got away he would ask for more. Hitler was careful with which terms of the Versailles Treaty he violated. He focused on German aspects and

not British and French interests. Hitler took advantage of the Depression and the political climate in Germany. This made it sure that he would

get support from the German people. He was clever by signing a Treaty with Mussolini and Japan (Rome-Berlin Axis – 1937). Overall Hitler took small risks at the beginning to gainpower and gauge his opponents.

31. How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? (10) There were many events that could be blamed for the outbreak of war. Rearmament Hitler actions. He took Germany out of the League of Nations. Began rearming Germany. The Policy Of appeasement The policies caused by the peace treaties. The Nazi Soviet Pact. The Failures of the League of Nations. The Depression and Political Consequences The flawed Treaty of Versailles

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