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Figure 1: A Simple Example

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Panel A Panel B

Figure 2: Good and Bad Generator Points

Figure 3: Tennessee 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 4: Idaho 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 5: Hawaii 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 6: Illinois 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 7: Massachusetts 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 8: Nevada 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 9: New York 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 10: Pennslyvania 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure11: Texas 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Figure 12: Florida 106th Congress Districting Plans, Actual v. Algorithm

Actual Maximally Compact

Figure 13: Seat-Vote Curves for California, Actual v. Maximally Compact

Figure 14: Seat-Vote Curves for New York, Actual v. Maximally Compact

Actual Maximally Compact

Figure 15: Seat-Vote Curves for Texas, Actual v. Maximally Compact

Actual Maximally Compact

Figure 16: Seat-Vote Curves for Pennsylvania, Actual v. Maximally Compact

State Name RPIMax Deviation

(Actual)Max Deviation (Algorithm) Mean RPI

Standard Deviation RPI Percentile

Alabama 1.21 0.27 0.05 0.99 0.03 1.00Arizona 1.34 0.20 0.15 1.27 0.04 0.97Arkansas 1.08 0.14 0.05 0.78 0.01 1.00California 1.49 0.17 0.04 0.96 0.03 1.00Colorado 1.59 0.15 0.05 1.28 0.02 1.00Connecticut 1.36 0.02 0.01 1.09 0.35 0.78Florida 1.39 0.46 0.07 0.83 0.08 1.00Georgia 1.24 0.14 0.09 0.90 0.01 1.00Hawaii 1.59 0.09 0.04 1.48 0.02 1.00Idaho 0.97 0.10 0.02 0.80 0.02 1.00Illinois 1.43 0.29 0.11 0.98 0.07 1.00Indiana 1.49 0.20 0.06 1.05 0.02 1.00Iowa 1.38 0.06 0.05 1.29 0.01 1.00Kansas 1.11 0.08 0.05 0.95 0.01 1.00Kentucky 1.51 0.14 0.05 1.22 0.01 1.00Louisiana 1.15 0.13 0.05 0.79 0.43 0.80Maine 1.39 0.04 0.03 1.15 0.01 1.00Maryland 1.52 0.22 0.04 1.25 0.02 1.00Masschussetts 1.87 0.10 0.05 1.54 0.01 1.00Michigan 1.24 0.13 0.04 0.99 0.02 1.00Minnesota 1.05 0.16 0.05 0.90 0.02 1.00Mississippi 1.02 0.18 0.05 0.87 0.01 1.00Missouri 1.38 0.23 0.05 1.01 0.16 0.99Nebraska 1.01 0.05 0.04 0.89 0.23 0.70Nevada 1.38 0.08 0.05 1.19 0.01 1.00New Hampshire 1.10 0.01 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.95New Jersey 2.27 0.21 0.05 1.69 0.02 1.00New Mexico 1.23 0.06 0.04 1.14 0.01 1.00New York 1.83 0.21 0.10 1.45 0.45 0.80North Carolina 1.33 0.28 0.04 1.15 0.09 0.97Ohio 1.62 0.13 0.05 1.42 0.01 1.00Oklahoma 1.24 0.09 0.05 1.42 0.36 0.31Oregon 1.26 0.09 0.04 1.21 0.28 0.56Pennsylvania 1.81 0.25 0.22 1.27 0.05 1.00Rhode Island 1.18 0.03 0.02 1.18 0.01 0.55South Carolina 1.22 0.21 0.04 1.27 0.02 0.00Tennessee 2.91 0.25 0.04 2.59 0.04 1.00Texas 1.90 0.30 0.22 1.24 0.07 1.00Utah 1.46 0.06 0.04 1.40 0.01 1.00Virginia 1.38 0.22 0.07 1.14 0.04 1.00Washington 1.17 0.15 0.06 0.77 0.03 1.00West Virginia 1.68 0.06 0.05 1.61 0.01 1.00Wisconsin 1.40 0.11 0.08 1.22 0.58 0.62

Table 1: The Relative Proximity Index, 2000

Notes: RPI values were calculated using tract-level data from the 2000 Census. Max Deviation 1 minus the total population of the largest congressional district divided by the total population of the smallest congressional district. Mean RPI was calculated as the mean of 200 repititions of the RPI -- each having different starting values.

StateBias (Actual)

Bias (Algorithm)

t-statistic on Difference

Responsiveness (Actual)

Responsiveness (Algorithm)

t-statistic on Difference

California .028 .007 .469 1.086 1.731 -4.327**(.010) (.045) (.069) (.132)

New York .103 .018 1.051 0.482 2.51 -6.540**(.014) (.080) (.036) (.308)

Pennsylvania -0.0027 .031 -.363 1.138 1.562 -1.800*(.021) (.076) (.128) (.198)

Texas .062 .039 .334 0.8872 1.305 -1.717*(.024) (.064) (.103) (.221)

Table 2: Partisan Bias and Responsiveness, Actual versus Maximally Compact Districtings

Notes: Estimates are based on voter tabulation district level election return data for the 105th and 106th congress.