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H. Melling (IOS), J.I. Gobat, K. Laidre (APL-UW); A. Beszczynska-Möller, E. Fahrbach (AWI); J. Toole, R. Krishfield, R. Pickart (WHOI); E. Hansen (NPI); J.C. Gascard (UPMC)
Craig M. Lee Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
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B. Rabe (AWI)
310+%V(<10(+%=(!#&;(E$"%=+-Q(X+Q0-(c <10(#/.19%0''(=.'#-.4"2$%;(c I#$-+60(T&+''V(K-0'/8+#0-(+%=(/0+#U;(c )+#/8+Q(8+#0-&+''(&$=.Z1+2$%J('&+**J'1+*0(&.A.%6(B-$10''0'(
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Timmermans et al. (2008) ITP-based observations of double-diffusive staircase.
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<10(E+'0=(34'0-5+#$-.0'(T<!E)V(<W)V()3)IV(<GEU(Krishfield, Toole, Proshutinsky (WHOI) Perovich, Richter-Menge (CRREL) Kikuchi (JASMTECH) Shimada (Tokyo Univ)
• Atm, ice & ocean measurements in real time. • Navigation for autonomous platforms. • Data relay for platforms operating beneath ice.
Access - Distributed - Drift pattern may not access all areas of interest.
Risk - Break-up and refreeze, open water drift. - Real-time data return mitigates risk.
Persistence/Cost/Scalability - Persistent presence, long endurance. - Modest cost (configuration dependent), scalable.
Adaptability/Flexibility - Adapt for use in marginal ice zone.
Atm & Ice
Profiling T, S, u…
Acoustic Nav & Coms
GPS & Iridium
!-121(P*$+#'(
ULS Floats (MSI Provor)"• Drifting ULS (ice draft). • 1 year endurance. • Geolocation: RAFOS (780 Hz) &
SOFAR(1560 Hz). • Short-range acoustic comms. • Deploy within IBO array.
H+'1+-=(T[)G>U(X$+01V(X0N0'#0(T<PN@G@NU(380%'(Tg`3<U(
Polar Profiling Floats"• Modified ARGO float."• Probes ice-ocean interface for leads."• Profile to 1500 m, 3-5 year
endurance."• Must find lead for nav & comms. Access
- Distributed. - Ice-ocean interface, marginal ice zone. - Drift may limit access.
Risk - Surfacing in ice-threatened waters. - Mitigate with real-time data return.
Persistence/Cost/Scalability - Persistent, long endurance. - Low cost, highly scalable operation - Nav & comms infrastructure required
for scalability.
• `"**(*0%6#/C(:;h(&V(g.%6('B+%C(:;i(&V(G+''C(j?(96(• I"-K+10(#$(:iii(&;(• I*$8C(i;:(J(i;Mj(&^'(Tk??(9&($-(:?(%&(B0-(=+Q(li;?j(&^'U(
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– N0&$#0(-06.$%';(– G+-6.%+*(.10(_$%0V(.%#0-K+10;(
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• !=+B#+4.*.#Q(– I.&B*0(*$6.'21';(– N0+*(2&0(-0B-$6-+&&.%6;(– P*0A.4*0('+&B*.%6;(
Lee, Gobat, Shilling, Huxtable (APL-UW) @A+&B*0(?C(H+#08+QV(P-$%#'V(I012$%'C(<10J1+B+4*0(X$%6J-+%60(H*.=0-'(
[%=0-(J.10(H*.=0-(I"-50Q'(C
harts
Pro
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Can
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e S
ervi
ce
SG108 Track with Daily Ice Extent • 6 months • 51 days, 450 nm
beneath the ice
• !-121(G.''.$%'(TiqV(ih^imV(im^:iU(q(&$%#/(&+A(="-+2$%(P"**QJ+"#$%$&$"'("%=0-(.10($B'C(j:(=+Q'V(hiir(9&;()-$Z*0'(#$(8.#/.%(j(&($K(.10J$10+%(.%#0-K+10;([2*._0=(h(*0+='(TLL(+Y0&B#'U;(
• P$-(?i:i(@A#0%=0=(0%="-+%10;(G$-0('$B/.'21+#0=(%+5.6+2$%;(!1$"'21(=$8%*$+=(#$(&$$-0=(=+#+(=0B$#';(
@A+&B*0(LC(708(G$$-.%6(W01/%$*$6.0'(• E$"%=+-Q(1"--0%#'V(F"A0';(• E-$+=V('/+**$8('/0*50';(• @A1/+%60'(+1-$''('/0*KJ'*$B0('Q'#0&';(
Acoustic data recovery
X.6/#80.6/#V(@AB0%=+4*0(!.-J'0-5.10=(
• X.6/#J80.6/#(*$6.'21'(• X$8J1$'#V(LJQ0+-(0%="-+%10(
SEARCH Implementation Plan
)-$Z*.%6(G$$-.%6'( Pickart (WHOI)
E. Hansen, K. Kovacs, C. Lydersen, M. Bieuw, NPI
I0+*J4$-%0(>WD(#+6'( W0&B0-+#"-0()-$Z*0'(>$**01#0=(4Q(7+-8/+*'(TX+.=-0V(!)XJ[gU(
@A+&B*0(MC(G+-.%0(G+&&+*'(+'(I0%'$-()*+,$-&'(
• Winter sampling • Always find the
surface • 25 dives/day • >1,500 m • Cheap and
reliable
0.1" 1" 10" 100" 1k" 10k" 100k"
Frequency (Hz)!
Seismic" Tomography"
Typical Communications !Band 1-50 kHz!
Marine Mammals"Ambient Noise Studies"
VLF" MF" VHF"
Long-Range"Navigation"
LF" HF"
Frequency Regimes"
Freitag (WHOI)
Nav Nav & Comms High-rate Comms
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7+5.6+2$%(IQ'#0&(>/+**0%60'(
• <10J1$50-(-0="10'(GP(-+%60(#$(s(:ji(9&;(
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• G+-.%0(&+&&+*(.&B+1#';(
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XP(70#8$-9J(H0$*$1+2$%V(W/0-&$&0#-Q(
@*0&0%#'($K(+(7$2$%+*(!-121(310+%(34'0-5.%6(IQ'#0&(
c !1$"'21(.%K-+'#-"1#"-0(B-$5.=0'(60$*$1+2$%(+%=(1$&&"%.1+2$%';(
c I#$-0J+%=JK$-8+-=(%0#8$-9(B-$#01#'(=+#+;(c !"#$%$&$"'(+''0#'(K$-(=.'#-.4"#0=('+&B*.%6V(
90Q('012$%';(c G$$-0=(+''0#'(K$-(*$1+*._0=(&0+'"-0&0%#'J(
4$"%=+-.0'V('/0*50';(c >$&B*0&0%#+-Q(B*+,$-&';(c X.&.#(1$-0('+&B*.%6(#$(+(1-.21+*('0#($K(
5+-.+4*0'^'.#0'(#/+#(1+%(40(=$%0(80**(+%=('"'#+.%0=(K$-(*$%6(B0-.$=';(
N01$&&0%=+2$%'(Near-term • Continue integration of autonomous capabilities into post-IPY AON:
• IBOs for distributed measurements. • Novel moorings, gliders for regional systems.
• International coordination for improved access to eastern Arctic. • Technology development priorities:
• ‘Amphibious’ IBOs (IABP buoys, ITPs, etc). • Refined ice-capable floats and gliders. • Low-frequency acoustic source (basin-scale navigation).
Long-term • Regional pilot experiment (Beaufort Gyre). • Build-out basin-scale acoustic network. • Establish appropriate mechanism for supporting decadal scale
Arctic Observing Network.
!"#$%$&$"'(34'0-5.%6(.%(#/0(!37((
From the SEARCH Implementation Plan
Glider surveys
Moored array
IBOs & Floats (distributed)
<10JI+1-.Z1.+*(G$$-.%6(T<>@>!WU(
@AB0%=+4*0('/+**$8(0*0&0%#('+&B*0'(.10J#/-0+#0%0=(%0+-J'"-K+10(*+Q0-;(
• !110''(– X$1+*._0=;(– <10J$10+%(.%#0-K+10V(&+-6.%+*(.10(_$%0V('/0*KJ'*$B0(T:iii(&U;(
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– G.26+#0(4Q(=0B*$Q.%6(&+%Q;(
• )0-'.'#0%10^>$'#^I1+*+4.*.#Q(– X$8(1$'#(T0AB0%=+4*0U(– G"*2JQ0+-(0%="-+%10(B$''.4*0J(8$"*=(8+%#(+1$"'21("B*$+=;(
• !=+B#+4.*.#Q^P*0A.4.*.#Q(– X.6/#80.6/#(*$6.'21'(TK$-(+(&$$-.%6U;(
@A#0%'.50("'0(.%(D+5.'(I#-+.#(+%=(E0-.%6(I#-+.#;(
D+#+(*$660=(40*$8V(B-$#01#0=(4Q(80+9(*.%9;(
Lee, Gobat, Johnson (APL-UW)
X.6/#80.6/#V(@AB0%=+4*0(!.-J'0-5.10=(G$$-.%6'(
• Deploy through hand-augered hole. • Twin Otter, single-load logistics. • Light-weight, low-drag design. • Three-year battery life. • !110''(
– D.f1"*#(#$(+110''(-06.$%'V(Q0+-J-$"%=(.10(1$50-;(– !.-1-+\(*$6.'21';(– @AB0%=+4*0J(/+-=8+-0(1$'#'(&"1/(*$80-(#/+%(-01$50-Q($B0-+2$%;(
• N.'9(– Low-cost and acoustic data return mitigate.(
• )0-'.'#0%10(b(I1$B0(– W/-00JQ0+-(0%="-+%10V(+1$"'21("B*$+=(+'(=0'.-0=;(
• !=+B#+4.*.#Q(– D0'.6%0=(K$-(=0B#/'(#$(:iii(&V(&.6/#(6$(=00B0-;(– D0B*$Q&0%#(-0O".-0'(.10(TB$''.4*0(.%($B0%(8+#0-V(4"#(8/QaU;(– @A#-0&0*Q(*.6/#80.6/#(*$6.'21'(TK$-(+(&$$-.%6U;(• W/-00($B0-+2$%+*(.%(X.%1$*%(I0+V(#/-00(&$-0(.%(G+Q(?i:i;(
Data recovery by acoustic modem.
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!"#$%&'"()*+*,*(-.)/"+-0%12%/.+*&%-.
!"#$%&.)/"+-0%12%/.+*&%- 31)4.-4*/%.)%/,1+"$-
5()*+*,*(-.-*(/0%- 50*(-60.*#-%/2"6*+.7")4-
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7+5.6+2$%(IQ'#0&(>/+**0%60'(
• <10J1$50-(-0="10'(GP(-+%60(#$(s(:ji(9&;(
• GP('Q'#0&'(.&B-+121+*(K$-(4+'.%J'1+*0(60$*$1+2$%;(
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@A+&B*0(LC(E$"%=+-.0'(b(I/0*50'J(708(G$$-.%6(W01/%$*$6.0'(• E$"%=+-Q(1"--0%#'V(F"A0';(• E-$+=V('/+**$8('/0*50';(• @A1/+%60'(+1-$''('/0*KJ'*$B0('Q'#0&';(
>/+**0%60'(c )-$A.&.#Q(#$(&+6%021(B$*0;(c I&+**(=0K$-&+2$%(-+=."';((c <10(1$&B*.1+#0'($B0-+2$%';(c I/0*KV("BB0-($10+%(.10J#/-0+#0%0=;(c [BB0-($10+%(#/-0+#0%0=(4Q(.10;(c `0+5Q(*$6.'21'(4"-=0%;(
SEARCH Implementation Plan
Data recovery by acoustic modem.
X.6/#80.6/#V(@AB0%=+4*0(!.-J'0-5.10=(G$$-.%6'(
• Light-weight logistics • Low-cost, 3-year endurance
)-$Z*.%6(G$$-.%6'(
Pacific Winter-Transformed Water
Pacific Summer Water Upwelling?
• Arctic Winch provides CTD profiles to within 8 m or surface.
• ULS measures ice draft. • Profiler samples deeper waters.
Pickart (WHOI)
