0-Abbreviation & Acknowledgement · 2016. 7. 11. · sUhVIúy:a es)asi©n, kar:Ul sÞIekøI (CCC), eGmI GU‘CIda, hIur:Uts‘UhÁÚ GU‘CIda nigeqrIl GU‘r:asIum:a . r)aykarN_enHerobcMeLIgeRkamkarshkar

km<úCa PaBRkIRkGacbnßyBak;kNþal)aneTnaqñaM 2015?

karvaytMélPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM 2006

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BakübMRBYj nigGkSrkat; ACLEDA smaKmTIPñak;garGPivDÆesdækic©mUldæanenA

km<úCa CoM RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI

AFSC KN³kmµaFikaresvarbs;mitþGaemrik CPR 1> FnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm 2> GRtaTUeTAénkMeNIt

ASEAN smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuEb:kGaeKñy¾ CPUE plTTYl)ankñúgmYyÉktaénkarxitxMRbwgERbg ATC kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIvaynP½NÐ nigsMelokbMBak; CSD mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm BAT Rkumh‘unfñaMCk;Gaemrik-Gg;eKøs CSES karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa C/S XMu ¼ sgáat; CSO GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil CAS 1>yuT§saRsþCMnYysMrab;RbeTs

2>mCÄmNÐlsMrab;karsikSaCan;x<s; CSR karTTYlxusRtUvsgÁmkic©rYYmKña

CCA karvaytMélrYmsMrab;RbeTs ¬rbs;GgÁkar shRbCaCati ¦

DAC KN³kmµaFikarCMnYyGPivDÆn_

CCC KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikarsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa DALYS GayukalBikarPaBEdlRtUv)anEksMrYltRmUv CCLS karGegátBlkmµkumarenAkm<úCa ¬qñaM2001¦ Danida TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_GnþrCati daNWm:ak CDC RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa DFID RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs CDHS karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa DHS karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB CDRI viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,I

GPivDÆn_km<úCa DK km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

CE sm½ykalRKwsþsasna DPSIC naykdæanEpnkar sißti nigshRbtibtþikar GnþrCati

CEDAW GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;erIseGIg RbqaMgnwgnarIePT

DPT Cm¶Wxan;søak; nigettaNUs

CEO RbFanm®nþIRbtibtþi EC shKmn_GWrub CG RkumBieRKaHeyabl; EF mUlniFismFm’ CIPS karGegátCMerOnRbCaCnenARbeTskm<úCa EFA karGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CLS karGegátBlkmµkumar ¬b¤karGegátBlkmµkumar

enARbeTskm<úCa¦

EIC viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa

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shRbCaCati MOH RksYgsuxaPi)al

GDCC KN³kmµaFikarsMrbsMrYlrvagm©as;CMnYy nig rdæaPi)al

MOI RksYgmhaépÞ

GDP plitplkñúgRsuksrub MOP RksYgEpnkar GNI R)ak;cMNUlCatisrub MOPS karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk GSP RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA MOT RksUgeTscrN_ GTZ TIPñak;garGaløWm:g;sMrab;shRbtibtþikarbec©eTs MOWA RksUgkic©karnarI HSSP EpnkaryuT§sa®sþEpñksuxaPi)al MOWRAM RksUgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym IDRC mCÆmNÐlRsavRCavGPivDÆn_GnþrCati MPA kBa©b;Gb,brimaénskmµPaB IFAPER karvaytMélelIkareRbIR)as;fvikaeGaycM

eKaledArYm nigkarRtYtBinitücMNaysaFarN³ MRD RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT

IFI sßab½nhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati MTEF RkbxNÐkarcMNaysMrab;ry³eBlmFüm ILO GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati NBC FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa IMR GRtasøab;rbs;Tark NCD Cm¶WEdlminqøg JFPR mUlniFiCb:unsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk NGO GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al KR ExµrRkhm NIS viTüasßanCatisißti LEB GayukalCamFümenAeBlekIt NPRS yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk M&E kartamdan nigkarvaytMél NSDP EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþCati MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT NTFP GnupléRBeQW MBPI KMnitpþÜcepþImpþl;R)ak;ebovtSr¾edayEp¥kelIsñaédl¥ O&M Rbtibtþikar nigkarEfrTaM MCH suxPaBmþay nigkumar ODA CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar MDG eKaledAGPivDÆn¾shsSvtSr¾

OECD GgÁkarsMrab;kic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic© nig karGPivDÆ

PSU ÉktakareFVIKMrUfñak;dMbUg

OOPS karcMNayelIkarxatbg; SME shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm p.a. kñúgmYyqñaM SMP EpnkaremsMrab;sißti p.c. kñúgmnusSmñak;² SWAp GPiRkmTUTaMgvis½y PAP kmµviFIskmµPaBCaGaTiPaB SWIM karRKb;RKgTUTaMgvis½y PETS karGegáttamdancMNaysaFarN³ TA CMnYybec©eTs PFM karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³

TCM eRKOgcRkvaynP½NÐ nigsMelokbMBak;;;;

PFMRP kmµviFIkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ TWG Rkumkargarbec©keTs

PIP EpnkarvinieyaKCaGaTiPaB TWG-PPR Rkumkargarbec©keTs-kareFVIEpnkar nigkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

PPA karvaytMélkarcUlrYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk U5MR GRtakarsøab;rbs;kumareRkamGayu 5qñaM PRK saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa¬qñaM1979-1989¦

PRS yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk UNDAF RkbxNÐCMnYyGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarsh RbCaCati

PRSP ÉksaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk UNTAC GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCati enARbeTskm<úCa

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

ÉksarenH)anTTYlkarENnaMd¾x<g;x<s;BI elakbNÐit GUn B½n§munñIr½tñ ¬RbFanRkumRbwkSaesdækic©Cati Can;x<s; nigCardæelxaFikarRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦ elakbNÐit hg; CYnNar:un GKÁelxaFikarRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú Ék]tþm vgSI visSút GKÁelxaFikarrgRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú Ék]tþm c½nÞ tugGIuv rdæelxaFikar RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT Ék]tþm suk cinþa GKÁelxaFikarénRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa Ék]tþm eQog y:aNara: GKÁelxa FikarrgénRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa elakRsI h‘ag esoklI GKÁelxaFikarrgRksYg Epnkar elak lI sIuNa naykEpñk énnaykdæanéRBeQI RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT elakRsI jN suciRta naykénnaykdæansmPaBEynD½r RksYgkic©karnarI Ék]tþm QYn qam GKÁelxaFikarrgénRkumRbwkSa kMENTMrg;rdæ)al nig elakRsI G‘uc sarum TIRbwkSa UNDP sMrab;RksYgkic©karnarI .

BRgagelIkTI1énr)aykarN_enH)ancUlrYmcMENkeday lVIhS xd (Louise Cord) nig xaFI lID½t (Kathy Lindert) EdleFVIkarenAFnaKarBiPBelak nigeday sIuy:am ébép (Shyam Bajpai) FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu elak hug suxXag shkarIenAkmµviFIGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP) ehELn GaepøIfun

(Helen Appleton) enARksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs (DFID) elak sux hac (Sok Hach)

nigelak lIm visal (Lim Visal) viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) eRbt ebLat (Brett Ballard) LarI E®sþg (Larry Strange) nig elak sU suvNÑariT§i nigenAviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCav edIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa. eyIgk¾sUmEføgGMNrKuN y:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHviPaKTanbEnßm nigeyabl;BI yUs‘UhV Gaemd (Yusuf Ahmad)

EGnrIk GaledhSxar:Ul (Enrique Aldaz-Carroll) Gan RKIEsþnEsn (Anne Christensen) eGlIhSaEbt daebIc ¬salaesdækic©sþúk xum¦ dYg kkáda (EIC) Ignas Dümmer ¬danIda¦ GIuCIr:U hay:asIu (Eiichiro

Hayashi JICA) elak cn GanRdU John McAndrew (ADI) elak tUmUKI hVÚCIGI Tomoki Fujii,

buKÁlikrbs;GgÁkar UNFPA DIedI RkitebIt Didier Grebert (AFD) rUeCI EhkKI Roger Hencke (CAS)

CUElnda CUnkat Jolanda Jonkhart (EC) elak Lúg Bisidæ (Danida), xarUlIn xsEsøn Caroline

McCausland (Concern Worldwide), r:UnIn makUsS Roneen Marcoux (NEP), elakRsI xala hÁIsun Karla Quizon (IFC / MPDF), naK smEsn (EIC), cn ENlem:s John Nelmes (IMF), nU EkvsuFa (EIC), ém:xl EsÞhVin Michael Stephen (Mekong Bank), tUma:s m:akUEsn Thomas Markussen, vIya: erA (WHO), em:A munIrtna (ADB), raMm saravanamUtU (WFP), sUhVIúy:a es)asi©n, kar:Ul sÞIekøI (CCC), eGmI GU‘CIda, hIur:Uts‘UhÁÚ GU‘CIda nigeqrIl GU‘r:asIum:a .

r)aykarN_enHerobcMeLIgeRkamkarshkar nigkarENnaMTaMgmUleday elak GinedImIt CIl (Indermit

Gill) RbFanEpñk nig elakRsI nIsa GaRkava:l nayikaRKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak . esckþIsegçb erobrageday

elak FIm xunev nig cUrCIg ehÁa . CMBUkTI1RtUv)ansresredayelak FIm xunev . CMBUkTI2 nigTI3 RtUv)antak;Etg eLIgeday cUrCIg ehÁa. CMBUkTI4 RtUv)aneroberogeday elak eGrIk sIudvIk (Eric Sidgwick)

CMBUkTI5 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayelakRsI cUrCIg ehÁa elak RKIsþ hSak;sun (Chris Jackson) nigelak c½nÞ supl . CMBUkTI6 RtUv)antak;EtgeLIgedayelak FIm xunev FUm:as ):alU nig eGnDI r:ahÁat (Andy Ragatz). CMBUkTI7 RtUv)ansresredayelak FIm xunev nig emo h‘un. CMBUkTI8 RtUv)anerobcM eLIgeday emo h‘un/ FIm xunev nig m:aKIku harIsun (Makiko Harrison - World Bank). Tinñn½y]bsm<½n§erobrageday elak Ca hYt .

ÉksarenH)ancUlrYmcMENkBIm®nþIFnaKarBiPBelakCaeRcIn dUcCa elak daEj:l GaFø½r EpñkGPivDÆn_ sgÁm elak ebg sIuemt GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS (HD)lVIs EbnevnIesþ Luis Benveniste (HD) GamItava b‘ÍsVas Amitava Biswas (Consultant) sIuemINa Edl kaPIyU: (Ximena del Carpio HD) xøÚs ednInC½r (Klaus Deininger) EhSsun hVIúD½r (Gershon Feder) m:UNa ehedt (Mona Haddad) mInNa haj Minna Hahn (HD) hYt Ca (PREM) sÞivin mIg (RD) elakRsI nil vNÑa (SD) sÞúIv NUXIs (Steve

Noakes) eNt Pin’r (Nat Pinnoi) sIúþvin sunb½rhÁ½r (RD) edon s<inagC½r (Consultant) elak r:UebIt talIsüÚ (PREM) . karENnaM CaTUeTAKW elak eGon ptF½r naykFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMkm<úCa nig elak hÁasIu m:akTIn Kazi Mahbub-Al-Matin RbFanesdæviTURbcaMkm<úCa . kar)a:n;RbmaNPaBRkIRkfñak;CatisMrab;qñaM 2004 Edlr)aykarN_)anepþat ya:gsMxan;enaHRtUv)anerobcMeday elak CIm NUels sMrab;CaÉksarbec©keTs Edlnwge)aHBumÖdac;edayELk .

elak b‘U saerOn m®nþIÉkeTsTMnak;TMngB½t’man GñksMrbsMrYlsMrab;karEksMrYlmkCaPasaExµrsMrab; r)aykarN_enH . kBaØa GIuvÉk nwmnYn nigGñkRsI ehSlINa CaDIGU k¾)anCYyerobcMr)aykarN_enHEdr .

RbPBKnøwHénTinñn½ysMrab;r)aykarN_enH )anmkBIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) enA qñaM 2004 EdlerobcMeLIgedayviTüasßanCatisßiti (NIS) karsikSaRsavRCav sþIBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)

nigkarvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYmenACMuvijbwgTenøsab (PPA) viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCav edIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) nigkarsikSaelI 4 krNIenAfñak;x½NÐ-RsukRbkbedayPaBxus² KñaCamUldæankñúg kMeNInlUtlas; nigkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdleFVIeLIgedayviTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) . karsikSa rbs; CDRI MOPS nigkarsikSaesdækic©tamRsukrbs; EIC KW]btþmedayFnaKarBiPBelak ehIy)andak; cBa©ÚleTAkñúgr)aykarN_vaytMélenH . karsikSaenaHnwgGace)aHBumÖpSBVpSaydac;edayELkBIKñaeTAtamGgÁkar nimYy²enAkñúgqñaM 2006 enH . karsikSa PPA rbs; CDRI enAtMbn;Tenøsab KaMRTedayFnaKarBiPBelak dUcenHeyIgsUmEføgnUvGMNKuNdl; CDRI nig ADB sMrab;karGnuBaØateGayeyIgeRbIR)as;muneKsMrab;kar rkeXIjnana dak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH .

taragmatikar xøwmsarsegçbsMrab;Rbtibtþi

karBinitüemIlCarYm ................................................................................................ i

TMrg; nigRbPB ...................................................................................................... iii

ehtukarN_KnøwH .................................................................................................... iii

karBinitürkedImehtuénvibtþi ................................................................................... vii

]bsKÁcMbgnana................................................................................................. xiii

karKitsMerccitþelIkargarEdlRtUveFVIbnþ nigkaremIleTAxagmux..................................... xvii

GaTiPaBeKalneya)ay ...................................................................................... xxii CMBUk 1³ bribTénRbeTs

xøwmsarsegçb ....................................................................................................... 1

PUmisa®sþ nigkalanuvtþPaB...................................................................................... 3

mrtkénRbvtþisa®sþ ............................................................................................... 6

RbFanbT nigRbPB.............................................................................................. 18

xøwmsarsegçb ..................................................................................................... 24

CMBUk 2³ rbt;PaBRkIRkqñaM 1994-2004

xøwmsarsegçb ..................................................................................................... 27

karedaHRsayPaBRkIRkkñúgeBlknøgmk .................................................................... 29

rbkKMehIjKnøwH ................................................................................................... 34

clnaFøak;cUl nigeKcecjBIPaBRkIRk³karviPaKTinñn½yCMnaj.......................................... 47

CMBUk 3³ sßanPaBénPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCaqñaM 2004

xøwmsarsegçb ..................................................................................................... 55

kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar ........................................................................................ 57

PaBRkIRkkñúgqñaM 2004.......................................................................................... 58

TidæPaBénPaBRkIRkkñúgRKYsar.................................................................................. 62

PaBRkIRkenATIRkug³ kgVHxaténkarFanafa manpÞHsMrab;sñak;enA nigGsnþisux¬PaBminR)akd¦ énkarrkR)ak;cMNUl ............................................................................................. 73

vismPaBmankMritx<s;............................................................................................ 75

PaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH .......................................................................................... 78

CMBUk 4³ RbPBénkMeNInesdækic© xøwmsarsegçb ..................................................................................................... 83

karBinitüsikSaemIlkMeNInesdækic©bkeRkayeLIgvij ................................................... 85

vis½yksikmµ ...................................................................................................... 89

vis½y]sSahkmµ ................................................................................................. 97

]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkMeNInksikmµ nigkMeNInGaCIvkmµksikmµ...........................................107

]bsKÁlMdab;TI 2 cMeBaHkMeNInGaCIvkmµksikmµ³ tMélcMNayx<s;sMrab;mUlFn ........……..113 CMBUk 5³ karekIneLIgénR)ak;cMNUlksikmµ

xøwmsarsegçb ....................................................................................................115

vis½yksikmµ .....................................................................................................117

pldMNaMTaMgLaymankMritEdlsßitenAkñúgcMeNamkMritTabCageKbMputkñúgtMbn;……………119

mUldæanFnFanFmµCati .........................................................................................121

vis½yClpl.....................................................................................................122

vis½yéRBeQW.....................................................................................................126

dIFøI³ RTBüFnsMxan;rbs;CnRkIRk ............................................................................127

ktþaTaMgLaysMrab;elIkkMBs;plitPaBksikmµ ..........................................................132

CMBUk 6³ karGb;rM suxPaB nigRTBüsm,tþi xøwmsarsegçb ....................................................................................................139

karGb;rM muxCMnaj nigkMeNInesdækic© .......................................................................142

suxPaB nigRTBüsm,tþi ........................................................................................164

CMBUk 7³ karksagrdæRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB nigeqøIytbtamsMNUmBr xøwmsarsegçb ....................................................................................................197

karksagsmtßPaBsßab½nrdæ nigsmtßPaBvis½ysaFarN³ ............................................199

karbeBa©jeyabl; karcUlrYm nigkarTTYlxusRtUvsgÁm ...............................................222

CMBUk 8³ PaBCaédKUfµIsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

xøwmsarsegçb ....................................................................................................233

etIRbeTskm<úCaGacsMerceKaledAénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;xøÜn)anb¤eT?....................237

EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþCati (NSDP) nigeKaledAGPivDÆn¾shsSvtSr¾km<úCa (CMDGs)240

karKaMRTEpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþCati (NSDP)³ RbsiT§iPaBrbs;CMnYyenARbeTskm<úCa.....244

CMnYy nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk qñaM 1993-2004 …..………………………………246

karrIkcMerInénkarRtYtBinitü nigkarvaytMél…...……………………………………..259

Éksareyag …....……………………………………………………………………267

]bsm<½n§ 1³ brisidæ¬esckþIbEnßm¦bec©keTs…...……………………………….267

]bsm<½n§ 2³ lT§plénPaBGn;fykñúgCMBUk 5..................................................277

]bsm<½n 3³ taragnana .......................................................................................285

taragGtßbTkñúgs‘um RbGb;1³ karlM)akkñúgkarbegáItrbt;PaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCa ..........................................iv

RbGb;2³ EpñkepSg²éntMbn;CnbTmanbTBiesaFn_elIkMeNInesdækic©xus²Kñaq¶ay ..............viii

RbGb;3³ PaBKµandIbgábegáInpl TnÞwmnwgkarTukecaldIEdlh‘umB½T§rbg[enATMenrenA kñúgRsukPñMRsYc ............................................................................................xi

RbGb;4³ {BwgEp¥kelIemX}³ edayKµanehdæarcnasm<½n§RtYtBinitüTwk ksikrRtUvBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug elITwkePøóg .............................................................................................xiii

RbGb;5³ karGb;rM nigGnÞak;PaBRkIRk ...........................................................................xv

RbGb;6³ Cajwkjy bBaðasuxPaBd¾søútrn§t;KWF¶n;F¶rCagkarxUcxatpldMNaMeTAeTot.............xvi

RbGb;7³ GMeBIBukrlYyeFVI[CnRkIRkbnþRkIRkeTAeTot ..................................................xvii

RbGb;8³ EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati (NSDP) qñaM 2006-2010³ karebþCJacitþ .............................................................................................xxi

RbGb;1>1³ R)asaTGgÁr eTscrN_ nigkMeNInesdækic© .......................................................6

RbGb;1>2³ EpøBuRTa)anebIkkalanuvtþPaB nigbegáItlT§PaB[manCIvitRbesIrCagmun.............14

RbGb;1>3³karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgsgÁmnanaeRkayeBlCMelaH³ emerondkRsg;ecj BIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati.................................................................................15

RbGb;1>4³kareRbobeFobtameBlevla nigTIkEnøg³ eKalKMnitmUldæankñúgkareRbITinñn½y énkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES).............................................19

RbGb;1>5³zamBlrbs;RKYsar nigTsSn³vis½yrbs;CnRkIRk³karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkar ecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)...........................................................................23

RbGb;2>1³ kareRbobeFobplitplEpøsVay nigEpøeck³ karvas;PaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCa qñaM1993-2004 ......................................................................................31

RbGb;2>2³ karvas;PaBRkIRk³ GRtaPaBRkIRk Kmøat nigPaBF¶n;F¶r.....................................35

RbGb;2>3³ kareFVIcMeNalbkeRkayénkar):an;sµanPaBRkIRkfñak;Cati sMrab;qñaM 1994..........................................................................................36

RbGb;2>4³ karyl;eXIjsþIBIvismPaBkñúgcMeNamyuvCnenACnbT.....................................47

RbGb;3>1³kareRCIserIsbnÞat;PaBRkIRk³ kareRbobeFobbnÞat;PaBRkIRkfñak;CatiCamYy nwgbnÞat;PaBRkIRkrbs;RkumEdlrkR)ak;cMNUl)anmYyduløakñúgmYyéf¶...................60

RbGb;3>2³ eynD½r nigPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCa...........................................................65

RbGb;3>3³ CnCatiPaKtic nigPaBRkIRk.......................................................................67

RbGb;3>4³CnRkIRkenATIRkug³ brimaNtic b:uEnþ etIBYkKat;RtUv)anRsg;sßitiminGs; nigbrimaNecHEtekIneLIgEmnb¤eT?..............................................................74

RbGb;4>1³ eTsnþrRbevsn_BlkmµkñúgRbeTs nigqøgEdn..................................................93

RbGb;4>2³ kic©snüabgábegáInpl-RsUvRkGUb nigfñaMCk;....................................................98

RbGb;4>3³kargarenAeragcRkkat;edr nigkarepJIluyeTApÞH³ TsSn³TTYl)anBIeragcRk nigPUmi...................................................................................................101

RbGb;4>4³ vis½yeTscrN_ nigCnRkIRk.......................................................................107

RbGb;5>1³ erOgr:avsþIBIeCaKC½yenARsukm:aéL.............................................................133

RbGb;5>2³ kartamdanPaBjwkjab; nigPaBFøn;F¶rénCMelaHdIFøI........................................133

RbGb;5>3³karekIneLIgénPaBKµandIbgábegáInpl TnÞwmnwgkarTukecal[enATMenrnUvdI EdlGacdaMduH nigh‘umB½T§rbgenAkñúgRsukPñMRsYc .............................................134

RbGb;5>4³ R)ak;cMNUlekIneLIg b¤Føak;cuHtambrimaNTwkePøóg........................................136

RbGb;5>5³ Cajwkjy bBaðasuxPaBd¾søútrn§t;KWF¶n;F¶rCagkarxUcxatpldMNaMeTAeTot..........138

RbGb;6>1³snþiPaB karekIneLIgénbrimaNsalaeron nigkarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)aybg;R)ak;)an begáInkarcUleronenAkMritbzmsikSa.............................................................143

RbGb;6>2³ «BukmþaysisSmankarRBYy)armÖBIKuNPaBénkarbeRgon................................146

RbGb;6>3³ kmµviFIskmµPaBCaGaTiPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>153

RbGb;6>4³ karbeRgonbEnßmCaRkumtUc²qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIkarsikSaenAsalaeron saFarN³>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>155

RbGb;6>5³ GñkPUmiyl;dwgBITMnak;TMngrvagkarGb;rM nigkalanuvtþPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>157

RbGb;6>6³ karBnül;BIkarcUleron nigkarbnþkarsikSa³ rbkKMehIjBIkarviPaKelIktþa Ebøk²eRcIn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>162

RbGb;6>7³GaharUbkrN_CYykumarIénRKYsarRkIRk[bnþkarsikSaenAsalaeron teTAeTot >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>163

RbGb;6>8³ karTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)al nig{CMgWfµI²}>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>167

RbGb;6>9³ karrt;eTArkGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)aledIm,ITTYl)anesvasuxaPi)al>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>191

RbGb;7>1³ tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;vinieyaKin RbeTskm<úCaenAEtbnþsßitkñúgkMritTab>>>>>>>>>>>>>202

RbGb;7>2³ BIR)ak;ebovtSbEnßmeTAkMENTMrg;R)ak;ebovtS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>208

RbGb;7>3³kmµviFIkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú (PFM) pþl;nUvrebobvar³R)akdniym sMrab;karEksMrYlcMNaytameKalneya)ay>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>209

RbGb;7>4³ kar):an;sµandMbUg²énFnFaneRbg\nÞn³ nig]sµ½nrbs;RbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 211

RbGb;7>5³karerobrab;rbs;RbCaBlrdæbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;BIkarrIkduHdal nigPaBF¶n;F¶rén GMeBIBukrlYy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>213

RbGb;7>6³ ]Rkidækmµ nigGMeBIhwgSaKWCabBaðaBitR)akdEdlRbEhlCaekIneLIg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>217

RbGb;7>7³ PaBRkIRk nigGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarCMrujKñaeTAvijeTAmk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>220

RbGb;7>8³ karRsavRCavBIKuNPaBbBa¢ak;BIkarfycuHénGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarenAPUmimYy cMnYn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>221

RbGb;7>9³ karsMrbsMrYlskmµPaBGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAEtCabBaðaRbQmd¾sMxan; dEdl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>226 RbGb;7>10³ kareRbIR)as;eRKOgejónKWCabBaðaF¶n;F¶r nigecHEtekIneLIgsMrab;yuvCn km<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>227

RbGb;7>11³ RbCaCnkm<úCaenACnbTkMBugRbkan;yksNæanfµIénskmµPaBrYmKñaedIm,I karBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkKat;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>229

RbGb;8>1³ yuT§sa®sþénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk³ kmµsiT§i karcUlrYm niglT§plénPaB RkIRk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>242

RbGb;8>2³ EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati (NSDP) qñaM 2006-2010³ karebþCJacitþK...........................................................................................244

RbGb;8>3³ kmµsiT§i karEksMrYl nigsuxdumPavUbnIykmµ³ eKalKMnitmUldan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>248

RbGb;8>4³ karEklMGlT§pl b¤karksagsßab½n?>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>249

RbGb;8>5³ EpnkarskmµPaBsuxdumPavUbnIykmµ nigkarEksMrYlrbs;RbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>254

RbGb;8>6³ suxdumPavUbnIykmµ nigkarEksMrYl³ ]TahrN_sMrab;karGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgmYy cMnYn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>256

RbGb;8>7³ eq<aHeTArkKNenyüPaBeTAvijeTAmk³ emeronTaMgLayEdldkRsg;ecjBI RbeTs tg;hSanI nigRbeTs m:UhSaMb‘Ík>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>258 RbGb;8>8³ karTamTaredaysegçbrbs;RbB½n§RKb;RKg nigvaytMél (M&E) elIPaBRkI Rkfñak;Cati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>261

taragrUbPaB

rUbPaB 1³ kñúgTsvtSknøgeTA tamkar):an;sµan PaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;cuHRbmaN 12 PaKry tamkarKitCaBinÞú>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> i

rUbPaB 2³ kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar)anekIneLIg 32 PaKry edayKitTUTat;GtiprNarYc>>>iii rUbPaB 3³ mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnRkIRkCageKbMputmanRTBüFneRcInCag nigTTYl)anGKÁIsnI

RbesIrCag 10 qñaMmun>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>v

rUbPaB 4³ CnRkIRkCageKbMput 20 PaKryk¾rs;enAkñúgpÞHEdll¥RbesIrCageBlmunEdr>>>>>v

rUbPaB 5³ RbeTskm<úCamanRbsiT§iPaBKYr[kt;sMKal;kñúgkarbnßy nigkarbþÚrTisénkarrIkduH dalrbs;vIrus HIV>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>vi

rUbPaB 6³ karrYmviPaKTanrbs;vis½y]sSahkmµdl;plitplsrubkñúgRsuk (GDP) )anekIn eLIgBIrdg b:uEnþ enAEtpþl;kargarRtwmEt 8 PaKryénkmøaMgBlkmµb:ueNÑaH>>>>>>> ix

rUbPaB 7³ ePaKpldMNaMRsUv - GaharCaRbcaMrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa - mankMritTabNas; ebI eRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> x

rUbPaB 8³ RbeTskm<úCaminTan;sMerc)annUvkMeNInksikmµkMritx<s;CanirnþrPaB EdlP¢ab; CamYynwgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©sMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVgenAeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>x

rUbPaB 9³ FnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm - Clpl nigéRBeQW - mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHbBa©PaK RkIRkbMput b:uEnþ RKan;EtsMxan;Fmµtab:ueNÑaHcMeBaHbBa©PaKman

RTBüsm,tþibMput>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xii

rUbPaB 10³ kMeNInksikmµkMritx<s;Cagmunnwgpþl;y:agrh½sCagmunnUveKaledAénkarkat;bnßy RTBüsm,tþi>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xviii

rUbPaB 11³ ksidæanxñattUcCabMNgR)afñaEpñkesdækic©l¥RbesIrCagksidæan xñatFMTUlay>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xxiii

rUbPaB 1>1³ RbeTskm<úCaTajykplcMeNjBIlT§PaBTTYl)ansmuTÞ plRtITwksabd¾sMbUr nigkMeNInesdækic©kñúgRbeTsCitxag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 4

rUbPaB 1>2³ eTsPaB nigFnFanFmµCatibegáItPaBEbøk²kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic© rbs;RbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21

rUbPaB 2>1³ enAcenøaHqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 tamkar):an;sµan PaBRkIRk)anFøak;RbmaN 12

PaKry>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29

rUbPaB 2>2³ PaBRkIRk - nigPaBRkIRkes,ógGahar - )anFøak;cuHTaMgenAtMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn; CnbT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>38

rUbPaB 2>3³ CMerAénPaBRkIRk)anfycuHTaMgenAkñúgTIRkug nigenACnbT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 38

rUbPaB 2>4³ kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;²)anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg kñúgry³eBl 10qñaMknøgeTA enH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>39 rUbPaB 2>5³ kareRbIR)as;)anekIneLIgkñúgtMbn;CnbT-b:uEnþkñúgkMrityWtCagenAtMbn;TIRkug>>>>>40

rUbPaB2>6³ \LÚvenHRKYsarTaMgGs;-rYmTaMgRKYsarRkIRk-GacmanlT§PaBcMNayelIsMPar³ eRkABIes,ógGahareRcInCagmun>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 40 rUbPaB 2>7³ mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnRkIRkCageKbMputmanRTBüFneRcInCag nigTTYl)anGKÁIsnI

RbesIrCagqñaM 1994>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 41

rUbPaB 2>8³ CnRkIRkCageKbMputcMnYn 20 PaKryk¾rs;enAkñúgpÞHEdll¥RbesIrCageBlmunEdr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>42

rUbPaB 2>9³ karcUleronBitenAkMritbzmsikSamanPaBRbesIreLIgsMrab;RKb;RkumTaMgGs;>>> 43

rUbPaB 2>10³ kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMknøgeTAenH kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;² kñúgcMeNamCnRkI RkbMputcMnYnmYyPaKR)aM )anekIneLIgEt 8 PaKryb:ueNÑaH - ebIeRbobeFob CamYynwgkarekIneLIgdl;eTA 45 PaKrykñúgcMeNamGñkmanRTBüsm,tþibMput cMnYnmYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44

rUbPaB 2>11³ PaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuHy:agelOnenARkugPñMeBj nigenAtMbn;eqñrsmuTÞ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>44

rUbPaB 2>12³ vismPaBekItmanenAtMbn;CnbT nigenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>45

rUbPaB 2>13³ zamBlrbs;RKYsar nigkarpøas;bþÚrsmasPaBénR)ak;cMNUl qñaM2001-qñaM2004 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53

rUbPaB 3>1³ PUmiPaKCnbTx<g;rab nigCnbTTenøsabmankareRbIR)as;CamFümTabCageKbMput ........................................................................................................59

rUbPaB 3>2³ kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;enAtMbn;x<s;mankMritRtwmEt 75 PaKryénmFümPaK fñak;Catib:ueNÑaH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 57

rUbPaB 3>3³ kMritCIvPaBrs;enAmankMritTabCageKbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKPñM¼x<g;rab nigTenøsab>59 rUbPaB 3>4³ PaKeRcInénCnRkIRkrs;enAkñúgextþéntMbn;valrab nigextþCab;Tenøsab>>>>>>>>>>>>>61

rUbPaB 3>5³ GRtaPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;bMputenAextþkMBg;s<W esomrab nigkMBg;FM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63

rUbPaB 3>6³ RKYsarEdlemRKYsarCaburs b¤RsIþsßitkñúgGayueBjkMlaMgénCIvitrbs;BYkKat;¬Gayu cenøaH 30-50qñaM¦ begáIt)anCabrimaNeRcInCageKbMputénCnRkIRk nigmanGRta PaBRkIRkx<s;CageKbMput>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63

rUbPaB 3>7³ KµanPaBxusKñaEpñksißitikñúgTinñn½ykarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES)

rvagGRtaPaBRkIRkkñúgRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaburs b¤RsþIeT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64 rUbPaB 3>8³ RKYsarFMTMngCaRkIRkCagedaysarmanpleFobbnÞúkRKYsarF¶n;Cag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>65 rUbPaB 3>9³ RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaGñkbMerItampÞH nigCaksikrKWCaRKYsarRkIRk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69 rUbPaB 3>10³ ehdæarcnasm<½n§xSt;exSaybMputRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgextþnanaénPUmiPaKPñM¼ x<g;rab nig extþesomrab>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71 rUbPaB 3>11³ CnRkIRkRtUv)anpþac;zamBl Twks¥at nigGnam½y>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72 rUbPaB 3>12³ CnRkIRkbMput nigRkumbBa¢aPaKRkIRkbMputbnÞab;hak;dUcCamankarFanatictYckñúg

karTTYl)ankmµsiTi§kan;kab;dI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72 rUbPaB 3>13³ vismPaBenARbeTskm<úCamankMritx<s;CaBiessenAtMbn;TIRkug>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>76 rUbPaB 3>14³ vismPaBenARbeTskm<úCamankMritx<s; ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsCitxagkñúg tMbn;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>76 rUbPaB 3>15³ karEbgEckénkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar nigPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80 rUbPaB 4>1³ kareFVIviPaKTandl;kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuk (GDP)Bit>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>86 rUbPaB 4>2³ viPaKTanrbs;Gnuvis½ydl;kMeNInvis½yksikmµ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89

rUbPaB 4>3³ dIrab;Ban;hittaEdlkMBugpþl;sMrab;plitkmµksikmµ)anmkCaBiessedaykar kab;qáaéRB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>92

rUbPaB 4>4³ karBinitürkedImehtuénkMeNInesdækic©>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>110 rUbPaB 5>1³ ksikmµ nigkarTTYl)anFnFanFmµCatiKWmansar³sMxan;caM)ac;sMrab;CnRkIRk>>>117 rUbPaB 5>2³ R)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIplitpleQIGar nigeRkABIeQIGar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>126

rUbPaB 5>3³ ksidæanxñattUcCabMNgR)afñaEpñkesdækic©l¥RbesIrCagksidæanxñatFMTUlay>>>>131

rUbPaB 6>1³ cMNaysaFarN³elIkarGb;rM - CaBiesstMélcMNaycrnþ - )anekIneLIgy:ag xøaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>144

rUbPaB 6>2³ kñúgkareRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsÉeTotkñúgtMbn; karGb;rMkMritbzmsikSaenA RbeTskm<úCaenAmansPaBGn;exSayenAeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>146

rUbPaB 6>3³ mankarRbkasTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³fa vismPaBkñúglT§plénkarGb;rM enAman enAeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>147

rUbPaB 6>4³ kumarénRKYsarRkIRkenAtMbn;GeKñy_ nigBay½Bühak;dUcCa)anbBa©b;kareronsURt kMritbzmsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>148

rUbPaB 6>5³ karcUleronBitenAbzmsikSamanPaBRbesIreLIgsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>149

rUbPaB 6>6³ GñkEdlmankarGb;rMl¥hak;dUcCaminRkIRkeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>158

rUbPaB 6>7³ R)ak;QñÜl nigR)ak;rk)anCamFümekIneLIgtamlMdab;fñak;énkMritkarGb;rM>>>>>>>159

rUbPaB 6>8³ RbeTskm<úCa)ansMercedayeCaKC½yKYr[kt;sMKal;kñúgkarbEgVTisénkarrIkduH dalénvIrus HIV>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>169

rUbPaB 6>9³ GRtaénkgVHxatGaharUbtßmÖenARbeTskm<úCamankMritx<s;RCul>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 170

rUbPaB 6>10³ ®sþIRkIRk nigKµankarGb;rMmankUneRcInCag®sþIÉeTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>175

rUbPaB 6>11³ kMritkarGb;rMrbs;mþaymanTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMg nigCaviC¢mancMeBaHkarcak;fñaMbgáar dl;kUn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>177

rUbPaB 6>12³ karCk;)arIKWCaTMlab;PaKeRcInelIslubrbs;burs ehIyRtUv)anCH\T§iBly:agxøaMg CaGviC¢manedaysarkarGb;rM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>179

rUbPaB 6>13³ edayeRbobeFobCamYynwgGñkmanRTBüsm,tþi CasmmaRt CnRkIRkcMNayelIfñaM Ck;eRcInCag EtcMNayelIkarEfrkSasuxPaBticCag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>180

rUbPaB 6>14³ PaBjwkjab; ¬PaKryénÉktþCnTaMgLay¦ nigcMnYnTwkR)ak; ¬R)ak;erolCamFüm sMrab;mnusSmñak;² RtUv)anbgðajedayTMhMénrgVg;¦ cMNaypÞal;sMrab;karEfrkSa suxPaB kñúgry³eBl 4 s)aþh_cugeRkay tambBa©PaKénkareRbIR)as;

qñaM2004 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>184

rUbPaB 6>15³ db;PaKryénRbCaCnEdlmansuxPaBGaRkk; b¤GaRkk;xøaMgcMNayelIkarBüa)al suxPaBGs; 64° éncMNayTaMgGs;kñúgRKYsar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>185

rUbPaB 6>16³ karpÁt;pÁg;fñaMeBTüminsmRsb tMélcMNayesva nigcMgayeTAkan;mCÄmNÐl suxPaBRtUv)anemIleXIjfa KWCabBaðaKnøwHénesvasuxaPi)al>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>187

rUbPaB 6>17³ cMeBaHCnRkIRk cMgayeTAkan;mCÄmNÐlsuxPaBGacmansar³sMxan;dUcKñanwgtMél cMNaysMrab;karBüa)alEdr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>187

rUbPaB 7>1³ bBaðaGPi)alkic© - GMeBIBukrlYy nigkariyal½yFibetyü - RtUv)anemIleXIjfa KWCa]bsKÁsMxan;CageKbMputénkarGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>203

rUbPaB 7>2³ GMeBIBukrlYyenAtulakarRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³CageK - b:uEnþ GMeBIBuk rlYykñúgvis½yGb;rMmanplb:HBal;edaypÞal;xøaMgCageKbg¥s;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 214

rUbPaB 7>3³ RcksMrab;karTamTarrbs;RbCaBlrdæGacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaypÞal; b¤eday Rbeyal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>223

rUbPaB 8>1³ karBwgEp¥kelICMnYyrbs;RbeTskm<úCa³ kMBugfycuHy:agyWt b:uEnþenAEtmankMrit x<s;enAeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>238

rUbPaB 8>2³ sßanPaBénsuxdumPavUnIykmµ nigkarEksMrYlenAqñaM 2004³ sUcnakrTaMgLay EdlRtUv)an eRCIserIs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>252

bBa¢Itarag

tarag 1³ tarag 2³ tarag 2>1³ tarag 2>2³ tarag 2>3³ tarag 3>1³ tarag 4>1³ tarag 4>2³ tarag 4>3³ tarag 4>4³ tarag 4>5³ tarag 5>1³ tarag 5>2³

TidæPaBénCnRkIRkenAqñaM 2004>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>vii GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmankMritl¥ b:uEnþRbeTsmYycMnYnepSgeTot)an GnuvtþRbesIrCag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xviii bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGahar nigbnÞat;PaBRkIRk TaMgGs;naeBlbc©úb,nñ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>34 taragTinñn½yGnþrkalénsßanPaBRKYsar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>49 karERbRbYlénkareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;² nigkarERbRbYlénTItaMgkñúgkar EbgEckR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsar qñaM 2001-2004>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>50 GRtaPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;bMputkñúgtMbn;CnbTénPUmiPaKTenøsab nigPñM¼x<g;rab EdlrYmKñaeTAtMNageGayesÞIrEtBak;kNþalénCnRkIRkTaMgGs;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 62 RbPBénkMeNIntamskmµPaBesdækic©sMxan;² qñaM 1994 - 2004>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>87 karGnuvtþn_kargarvis½yksikmµkñúgtMNak;kaldMbUg²énkarGPivDÆn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>90 edayeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsCitxag RbeTskm<úCamandIdaMduHtictYcEdl TTYl)anRbB½n§Farasa®sþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>92 elIkElgEtplitpleBatecj pldMNaMPaKeRcInKµankarEklMGeT enATsvtS cugeRkayenH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>95 kMeNIneTscrkñúgRsukkan;EtmankMritx<s;eLIg² kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH>>>>>>>>>106 plitkmµ nigkarbriePaKes,ógGaharrbs;RKYsarEdlrs;enACnbTtambBa©PaK nImYy²>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>118 plitPaBksikmµenARbeTskm<úCa nigenARbeTsepSgeTot qñaM 2003>>>>>>>>119

tarag 5>3³ tarag 5>4³ tarag 5>5³ tarag 5>6³ tarag 6>1³ tarag 6>2³ tarag 6>3³ tarag 6>4³ tarag 6>5³ tarag 6>6³ tarag 6>7³ tarag 6>8³ tarag 6>9³ tarag 7>1³

RsUvKWCaRbPBsMxan;bMputénR)ak;cMNUlksikmµrbs;RKYsarksikrenARbeTs km<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>120 RsUvenAEtCaplitplEdldwkmuxeKbg¥s;enARbeTskm<úCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>122 kareRbobeFobRKYsarEdlRbkbGaCIvkmµensaT nigeRkABIensaT tamR)ak; cMNUl nigtamkareRbIR)as;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 125 plb:HBal;tamkar):an;sµanénehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl; nigmUlFnmnusSeTAelI plitPaBksikmµ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>137 mankarEklMGy:ageRcInkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§vis½yGb;rM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>145 GRtaBlkmµkumarenARbeTskm<úCasßitkñúgcMeNamGRtarbs;RbeTsEdlmankMrit x<s;CageKenAtMbn;GasIuEb:kGeKñy_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>155 kumarEdlmanmþayCaGñkecHdwghak;dUcCaKµankgVHxatGaharUbtßmÖeLIy>>>>160 eTaHbImankarrIkcMerInxøH kñúgkareRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTskñúgtMbn; RbeTs km<úCaenAmankaryWty:avxagEpñksuxaPi)alenAeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>165 CMgWqøgKWCamUlehtud¾sMxan;énCMgWsMrab;RKb;RkumTaMgGs; eTaHbICMgWminqøgman sPaBxøaMgkøasMrab;GñkmanRTBüsm,tþik¾eday>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>166 GRtamFüm¬°¦énkgVHxatGaharUbtßmÖmFüm nigF¶n;F¶rkñúgcMeNamkumarEdl manGayueRkam 5 qñaM tambBa©PaKénkareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;² qñaM 2004 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>171 enAeBlQW CnRkIRkhak;dUcCaminEsVgrkkarBüa)alsuxPaBeLIy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>181 eRkABIenATIRkugPñMeBj nigextþCab;bwgTenøsab RTBüsm,tþieFVI[manPaBxusKña q¶aysMrab;kareRbIR)as;karBüa)alsuxPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>182 ÉktþCnkñúgbBa©PaKmanRTBüsm,tþibMputhak;dUcCaeRbIR)as;esvamnÞIreBTüR)aM dgeRcInCagÉktþCnkñúgbBa©PaKRkIRkbMputBIrxageRkam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>182 briyakasGaCIvkmµenARbeTskm<úCamankarTak;TajticCagmFümPaBenAkñúg tMbn;q¶ay>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>202

tarag 8>1³

GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCamankMritl¥ bu:EnþRbeTsepSg eTotmYycMnYneFVI)anRbesIrCag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>236

i

xøwmsarsegçb TidæPaBTUeTA

karGegáttamRKYsarfµIbMput ¬qñaM 2004¦ )anrkeXIjfa RbCaCnkm<úCa 35 PaKry rs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat; énPaBRkIRkCati KWc uHTabCagtYelx 47 PaKry EdleK)an):an;sµaneXIj kalBIdb;qñaMmun ¬eTaHbICakarGegát TaMgBIrenH minGaceRbobeFobKña)anedaypÞal;k¾eday ¬sUmemIlrUb 1 nigRbGb; 1¦. db;qñaMknøgeTAenH RbeTs km<úCa)anBRgwgsnþiPaB nigseRmc)ankMeNInesdækic©RbcaMqñaM RbmaNCa 7 PaKry. sUcnkrTaMgLayEdl minTak;TgnwgR)ak;cMNUl dUcCaPaBCam©as;elIvtßúeRbICab;)anyUr/ KuNPaBénpÞHsEm,g nigkarGb;rMrbs;sala eron bgðajfa sþg;daCIvPaBrbs;RbCaCn rYmTaMgRbRCaCnRkIRkpg mansßanPaBRbesIrCagBIcenøaHqñaM 1994 nig 2004. pll¥TaMgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjenAkñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁm EdlGacekItman)antaMgBI edImTsvtSqñaM 1990 mk enAeBlEdlkm<úCa)ancab;epþImdMeNIrqøgkat;CabImuxRBYj ecjBIs®gÁameTArksnþiPaB/ ecjBIneya)ayÉkbkSeTArkBhubkS nigecjBIesdækic©EdlenAÉeka nigRTRTg;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg eTArkesdækic © EdlEp¥kelITIpSar nigebIkcMheTArkBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.

Ep¥kelImUldæanénsmiT§plenH RbeTskm<úCa)anQanmYyCMhanFM eq<aHeTArkkarseRmceKaledATImYy sþIBIsmamaRtRbCaCnEdlrs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRk énbNþaeKaledAGPivDÆn_qøgshsvtSrbs;km<úCa

rUb 18³ kñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH PaBRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTskm<úC a )anfycuHRbmaNCa 12 xñatPaKry.

RbPB³ karGegát 1993¼4/ GegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004

ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006

ii

EdlraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaebþCJacitþ seRmc[)anenAcenøaHqñaM 1993 nig 2015. edaycab;epþImecjBImUldæanmYy

RbkbedaylT§pld¾Tab nigPaBRkIRkd¾x<s; naedImTsvtSqñaM 1990 snþiPaB nigesrIPavUbnIykmµ esdækic© )anbgálkçxNÐsmRbkbsRmab;TsvtSénkarrIkcMerInd¾qab;rh½s nigkarfycuHelOnCabgÁÜrénPaBRkIRk. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay EdleK)aneRCIserIs cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk smnwgTTYl)anKuNsm,tþi cMeBaHkarFana nigrkSasnþiPaB ¬eTaHbICamanbBaðaQanfyeRkaymþgmáal¦/ cMeBaHkarvinieyaKsMxan;²mYycMnYneTAelIpøÚvfñl; nigesvanana RBmTaMgcMeBaHkarRtYtBinitüdwknaMdMeNIrkarmYy eFVI[km<úCaTak;Taj)ankarvinieyaKBIGnþrCati nigbegáIt)ankMeNInesdækic©kñúgGRtad¾x<s; EdlnaMmuxedaykarnaMecj . eKalneya)ayEdleRCIserIsyk BaNiC¢kmµ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ BitCa)anCYyy:ageRcIn.

fVIebIkñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énsgÁm suT§EtTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_kþI sþg;daCIvPaB)anek In x<s;CagenAtamTIRkug nigenAkñúgkVan;TIl¬RkummnusS¦énRbCaCnEdlmanCageK. RbCaCnRkIRkCageKbg¥s; ¬20 PaKry énGñkEdlenATabq¶ayCageK eRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRkcMNIGahar¦ TTYl)ankMeNInesdækic©énkar eRbIR)as;Bit yWtCageKCaxøaMg eFobnwgGñk{RkFmµta}. enAeBlEdlPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT CarYm fycuH)anEt 22 PaKry ÉenAPñMeBjvij vafycuH)an 60 PaKry ehIyenAtamTIRkugepSg²eTot vafycuH)an 44 PaKry. kñúgqñaM 2004 RbmaN 91 PaKry énRbCaCnkm<úCaRkIRkrs;enAtamCnbT. GRtaénPaBRkIRk mankMritx<s; CageK enAtamCnbTdac;RsyalEdlxVHxatpøÚvfñl; xVHlT§PaBcUleTAkan;;TIpSar nigxVHlT§PaBTTYl)an esvamUldæanTaMgLay.

EpnkarGPivDÆyuT§sa®sþCatiqñaM 2006-2010 (NSDP) sRmab;ry³eBlR)aMqñaMrbs;rdæaPi)al TTYl sÁal;fa GaTiPaBx<s;CageKmYy KWRtUvKitKUrGMBIkarGPivDÆCnbT nigeFVI[CIvPaB nigrbrciBa©wmCIvitTaMgLay enAtamCnbTRkIRk )anRbesIreLIg. edayGnuelamtamEpnkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþCatienH r)aykarN_enH BicarNaeXIjfa karEklMGCIvPaB nigrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAtamCnbTRkIRk KYrEtCaGaTiPaBx<s;CageKmYy rbs; rdæaPi)al nigfa karBenøÓnkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm< úCa KWmYyEpñkFM RtUveFVIy:agNa CYybegáInplitPaB nig begáInR)ak;cMNUlBIvis½yksikmµ. eKRtUvbMeBjeTAelIk,alm:asIunnanaénkMeNInesdækic© Edl)anGUsTajkarrIk cMerInnana cab;BIedImTsvtSqñaM 1990 mk ¬eBalKWkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;/ eTscrN_ nigsMNg;¦ edaybEnßm RbPBepSg²eToténkMeNInesdækic© EdlTak;TgnwgCnbTeRcInCagmun manmUldæanFMTYlayCag nigKitKUdl; RbCaCnRkIRkCagmun. edIm,IBenøÓnkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayEklMGplitPaB niglT§PaBTTYl)anplkMér rbs;ksikrtUctac eKRtUv ¬1¦ FanasiT§iCam©as;elIdIFøIÉkCn CaBiess cMeBaHksikrtUctac/ ¬2¦ ykcitþTukdak; eTAelIksikrtUctac TaMgEpñkkMeNInesdækic© TaMgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ ¬3¦ pþl;lT§PaBTTYlpledayesµI PaB BIFnFannanaCakmµsiT§irYm EdlCaRbPBd¾sMxan;énR)ak;cMNUl nigsnþisux sRmab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenAtam CnbT/ ¬4¦ kMeNInkarvinieyaKeTAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlEklMGplitPaB nig ¬5¦ EklMGkarGPivDÆ

xøwmsarsegçb

iii

rUb 2> kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar )anekIneLIg 32 PaKry kñúgn ½yBit.

RbPB³ SESC 1993/4, CSES 2004

kareRbobeFob NB KWCakareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar enAkñúg EdnénsMNakénkarGegát qñaM 1993¼4 EdlGac eRbobeFobKña)an eTAtamPUmisa®sþ.

FnFanmnusS nigmUlFn¬Tun¦mnusS EdlGacseRmc)antamry³karpþl;esvamUldæandUcCakarGb;rM nigsuxPaB EdlKit dl;RbCaCnRkIRk.

rcnasm<½n§ nigRbPBnana

ÉksarsegçbenH CaR)aMEpñk. TImYy Cakardak;ecjnUvGgÁehtusMxan;² sþIBIFmµCatiénPaBRkIRk kñúgqñaM 2004 nigTMenarénPaBRkIRk -CaelIkTImYy enAkm<úCa- ¬RbGb; 1¦. EpñkenHkt;sMKal;GMBIeCaKC½y kñúg karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk RBmTaMgTajcMNab;GarmµN_ eTAelIbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxEdlkan;EtrIkFMeLIg² Tak;Tgnwg karraldalénvismPaBTaMgLay. TIBIr CakarkMNt;lkçN³ énTMnak;TMngrvagkMeNInesdækic©/ sßab½nTaMgLay nigPaBRkIRk edayrMelc[eXIjBIPaBcaM)ac; RtUvykcitþTukdak;eTAelIesdækic ©CnbT. TIbI CakarviPaKelIsm<½n§ én]bsKÁnana cMeBaHkarEckrMElkkMeNInesdækic© edaykt;sMKal;CaBiess elItYnaTIénsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþinana/ ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT nigTunmnusS. TIbYn Cakar):an;sµanCaTUeTA edayeRbobeFobKuNPaBkargarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkrbs;RbeTskm<úC a CamYynwgRbeTsepSg²eTot/ kardak;ecjnUvCMerIséncMeNalPaBRkIRk sRmab;ry³eBl 10 qñaMxagmux nigkarBiBN’naGMBIEpnkarGPivDÆn_R)aMqñaMfµI rbs;rdæaPi)al . CabBa©b; KWCakarBiPakSaRtYs² GMBI GaTiPaBéneKalneya)ay d¾TUlaysRmab;skmµPaB saFarN³ edIm,ICMrujkMeNInesdækic©/ kargarpþl;esva nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

RbPBB½t’mansMxan;² EdlCamUldæan énkarvaytMél PaBRkIRkenH rYmmankarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 2004 (CSES) EdlmanlkçN³CatMNagsRmab;RbeTs TaMgmUl nigkRmgÉksarsikSarbs;viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) nigviTüasßan esdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) EdllaycUlKña nUvkarviPaKCa KuNPaB nigCabrimaN edIm,IedaHRsay TidæPaBnImYy² énkarviPaKPaBRkIRk.

GgÁehtusMxan;²

GRtaénPaBRkIRk)anfycuH enAeBlEdlsþg;da


iv

CIvPaBrgkarEklMG

cenøaHkarGegáttamRKYsarelIkTImYy qñaM 1993¼4 nigkarGegátcugeRkayeK kñúgqñaM 2004 kareRbIR)as; Bit kñúgRKYsar kñúgmnusSmñak; ¬tMélEdleKeRbIsRmab;vas;sþg;daCIvPaB nigsRmab;kMNt;ExSbnÞat;énPaB RkIRk¦ )anekIneLIg 32 PaKry. PaKcMENkéncMNIGahar enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;srub )anfycuH edaysar RKYsarTaMgLay manlT§PaBcMNayeTAelItRmUvkarepSg²eTot ¬rUb 2¦. kMeNInénkareRbIR)as;CamFüm kñúgmnusSmñak;)anekIt manenAkñúgcMeNamkVan;TIlénRbCaCnRkIRkCageK ¬enaHKWRbCaCn 20 PaKryEdlRkCag eK¦ RBmTaMgenAkñúgkVan;TIl¬Rkum¦GñkmanCageK.

CalT§pl cMnYnRbCaCnRkIRkEdlrs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRk )anFøak;cuHCagmYyPaKbYn. enAkñúg tMbn;EdleK)anGegát enAkñúgqñaM 1993¼4 EdlGac[eKeRbobKñaedaypÞal;)an CamYyTinñn½yéntMbn;dEdl

RbGb; 1³ karlM)akTaMgLay kñúgkarkMNt;TMenarnana énPaBRkIRk enAkm<úCa.

karrYmcMENkd¾FMénr)aykarN_enH KWedIm,Ibgðaj CaelIkTImYy nUvkar):an;sµannanaEdlGaceRbobeFobKña)an énkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar nigPaBRkIRk enAkñúgqñaMepSg²Kña RBmTaMgedIm,IkMNt;FmµCatiénTMenarnana eFobnwgeBl. kar):an;sµanCapøÚvkarTaMgLay enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 minGac[eKeRbobeFobKña)an edaysarmUlehtumYycMnYn. TImYy kMrgénkar):an;sµanPaBRkIRknImYy² Ep¥kelIEdnPUmisa®sþénkaryksMNakxus²Kña. eyagtamsßanPaBénbBaðasnþisux karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 1993-94 ¬EdlCamUldæandMbUgbg¥s; sRmab;):an;sµanPaBRkIRk¦ RKbdNþb;elI 56 PaKry énbNþaP UmienAtamCnbT nigelI 65 PaKry énbNþaRbCaCnCnbT ehIyeKmin)anGegát enAtamtMbn; Edl sßitenAeRkamkarkan;kab; rbs;ExµrRkhmeT. enAkñúgkarGegátbnþbnÞab;mkeTot eK)anbBa©ÚltMbn;dac;RsyalCagmun nigRkIRkCagmun -eyagtamkarbBa¢ak;énkarGegátqñaM 2004- eTAkñúgEdnnanaénsMNak. karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 2004 KWCakarGegátTImYy Edl)anrYmbBa©ÚlPUmiTaMgGs;énRbeTskm<úCa eTAkñúgEdnénsMNakrbs;eK. enAeBlEdl tamRTwsþI y:agehacNas; eKKYrEtmanlT§PaBGaceRbobeFobkarERbRbYlrvagkarGegátnana enAkñúgbNþatMbn;Edl eK)anGegátkñúgqñaM 1993¼4 eKEbrCaminGaceFVIkarenH)aneLIy eRBaHkarBiBN’naGMB IEdnénkaryksMNak BIqña M 1993¼4 )anrgkar)at;bg;. CamYynwgkarrkeXIjvij nUvEdnénkaryksMNakenaH enAkñúgqñaM 2005 eKGacviPaKkar ERbRbYl enAkñúgGnuEdnénsMNakéntMbn;PUmisa®sþEdlGaceRbobeFobKña)an.

TIBIr PaBxusKñanana enAkñúgkarerobcMdMeLIg nigRKb;RKgkarGegátTaMgenaH enAkñúgqñaMxus²Kña nigviFIxus²KñaEdl eK)anykmkKNnaExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRk )anbegáItbBaðaecaTnanaCabnþmkeTot sRmab;GñkTaMgLayNa Edlcg;kMNt; karERbRbYlénPaBRkIRk enAcenøaHkarGegátTaMgenaH.

niyay[xøI eyagtamPaBxusKñaTaMgenH kareRbobeFobkar):an;sµankñúgqñaMxus²Kña b¤mYykarsnñid æanedayEp¥kelI mUldæanenHfa kñúgTsvtS 1990 km<úCakat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)antictYc b¤kat;bnßymin)anesaH K µann½yGVIeT. bc©úb,nñenH karrkeXIjvij nUvEdnénsMNakBIqñaM 1993¼4 rYmCamYyrcnasm<½n §EdlmanmUldæanrYmKña sRmab;CaKMrUénkareRbIR)as; rbs;kMrgsMNYrGegát Gac[eKeRbobeFobTinñn½yBIqñaM 2004 CamYynwgTinñn½yqñaM 1993¼4 )an.

xøwmsarsegçb

v

rUb 3> mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnRkIRkCageK manRTBü sm,tþieRcInCagmun nigmanlT§PaBTTYl)anGKÁisnI RbesIrCag kalBIdb;qñaMmun.

rUb 4> RbCaCnRkIRkCageK 20 PaKry k¾rs;enAkñúg pÞH l¥CagkalBImunEdr.

RbPB³ SESC 1993/4, CSES 2004

kñúgkarGegátqñaM 2004 eKeXIjfa c MnYnRbCaCnRkIRk)anfycuHBI 39 PaKry mkdl; 28 PaKry. kar):an;sµan tamcMeNaleTAeRkay bgðajfa GRtaPaBRkIRk enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl kñúgqñaM 1993¼4 manRbmaNCa 47 PaKry. enAkñúgqñaM 2004 cMnYn RbCaCnkm<úCaRkIRksrub )anFøak;cuHdl; 35 PaKry.

karfycuHénPaBRkIRk)ansayPay

RbkarsMxan;KW karfycuHénPaBRkIRk min)ankMhitenAkñúgtMbn;BiessNamYyeT³ PaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuH rvagmYyPaKR)aM ¬kñúgtMbn;CnbT¦ nigBak;kNþal ¬enAPñMeBj¦ nigenAkñúgtMbn;tMbn;ksi-eGkULÚsIu TaMgR)aMén RbeTsedayelIkElgEtmYyb:ueNÑaH ¬eKminGackMNt;TMenarnana enAkñúgtMbn;TIR)aMenH [R)akd)aneT¦. niyay[xøI TaMgbursTaMg®sþI suT§Et)anTTYl plRbeyaCn_BITMenarTaMgenH edaymanmnusSCaeRc In rk)ankargar eFVIenAkñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr nigmankarrIkcMerIn enAkñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa eday)anbnßyKMlat EynD½r enAkñúgGkçrPaB kñúgcMeNamRkumRbCaBlrdæ v½yekµgTaMgLay.

karFøak;cuHénPaBRkIRkTak;TgnwgkareRbIR)as; )anbBa¢ak;edaysUcnkrepSg²eTot

sUcnkrTaMgLay EdlminEmnCaR)ak;cMNUl CasuxumalPaB dUcCaPaBCam©as;elIvtßúeRbICab;)an yUr KuNPaBénpÞHsEm,g nigkarGb;rMrbs;sala eron )anbBa¢ak;BIrUbPaBénkMeNInTUeTA énsþg;daCIv PaBnana enAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCn nigCaBiesskñúg cMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ¬rUb 3 nig 4¦.

sUcnkrTaMgLayénkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS k¾bgðajBIkMeNInd¾efrEdr. cenøaHqñaM 1997 nig 2004 cMnYnsisS nigGRtabBa©b;karsikSaenAkMrit bzm )anekIneLIgCag 10 xñatPaKry kñúgc MeNam sisSecjmkBIRbCaCn 20 PaKry EdlRkCageK. kñúgkrNIÉeTot² dUcCa karRtYtBinitü hIuv¼eGds_ eKseRmc)aneCaKC½yKYr[kt;sMKal; edaysarman


vi

rUb 5> RbeTskm<úCaeFVIkarmanRbsiT§PaBKYr[kt;sMKal; kñúgkarbnßyel,Ón nigTb;sáat;karraldal;énhIuv¼eGds_ -karraldal):an;sµanénhIuv ¬° énmnusSFMGayu 15-49¦

2.1

2.9 3.0 2.82.5

2.2 2.1 1.9

2.7

1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03

RbPB³ mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ esIrEs,k nigkameraK (NCHADS) 2005

karebþCJacitþrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkarBRgwgsßab½n nana ehIyeK]anKaMRTeKalneya)aynana edaykarsRmbsRmYly:agmanRbsiT§PaB nUv CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬rUb 5¦.

eTaHbImankareCOnelOnkþI PaBRkIRk enAEt manvisalPaBFM nigmanmuxeRcIn

fVIebIGRtaPaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuH)anRbEhl 1 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaM knøg eTAenHkþI RbCaCnRbmaNmYyPaKbI enAbnþrs; enAeRkamExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRk ehIymnusSmñak; kñúgcMeNamR)aMnak; rs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat;énPaBRkIRkcMNIGahar. RbCaCnRkIRkRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaecaTCaeRc In Edlcak;eRsHcUlKña nigBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñ úgenaHmankgVHkarFanaelI siT§iCam©as;;dIFøI/ PaBq¶aydac;Rsyal BITIpSar nigesvanana/ kgVHTunskmµRbkbedayplitPaB/ karGb;rMmankMritTab nigpleFobénGñkenAkñúg bnÞúkx<s; ¬tarag 1¦.

RbCaCnenAtamCnbT )ancab;epþImBIkareRbIR)as;BitTabbMput enAkñúgqñaM 1993¼4 nigTTYl)ankMeNIn esdækic©ticbMput kñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH. CalT§pl tMbn;CnbTmankMriténkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; TabbMput nigkMriténkarekItmanPaBRkIRkx<s;bMput ehIyRbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT mancMnYnRbmaNCa 91 PaKry énRbCaCnRkIRksrub. dUcenH bBaðaPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa KWCabBaðad¾sMxan;mYy énrbrciBa©wmCIvitnanaenAtamCnbT.

karpøas;bþÚresdækic©y:agrh½s k¾kMBugpøas;bþÚrTMnak;TMngsgÁmnanaEdr edaymanplviC¢manxøH nigpl GviC¢manxøH. CaerOy² ®sþITaMgLayEdlmankargareFVIenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr Etgrs;enAkñ úgkMritlµmEtGac rs;)an edayxMRbwgsnSMR)ak;kéRmPaKeRcInrbs;xøÜn edIm,IepJIeTA[RKYsarrbs;BYkeK. cMENkÉGMeBIhwgSakñúg RKYsar enAEtbnþman nigenAEtCabBaðaecaTd¾F¶n;F¶r.

vismPaB)anekIneLIg kareRbobeFobkarGegátBIqñaM 1993¼4 nigqñaM 2004 bgðajfa eTaHbIRbCaCnRkIRkTaMgLay mankarrIk

cMerInkñ úgsþg;daCIvPaB lµmEtGacsMKal;eXIjkþI eKeXIjmankMeNInvismPaBKYr[kt;sMKal;. emKuN{CInI-Gini} pþl;rgVas;srubénvismPaB EdleKeRbICaTUeTA kñúgenH tMélsUnübg¥úlbgðajBIsmPaB\tex©aH kñ úgkarEbgEck R)ak;cMNUl b¤kareRbIR)as; rIÉtMél 1 bgðajBIvismPaBTaMgRsug. enAkñúgEpñknanaénRbeTskm<úCa EdleK)an

xøwmsarsegçb

vii

GegátkñúgqñaM 1993¼4 emKuNCInI sRmab;kareRbIR)as;BitkñúgmnusSmñak; )anekIneLIgBI 0/35 eTA 0/40. vismPaBenAkñúgRKb;cMNucénkarGegátrbs;km<úCa kñúgqñaM 2004 KW 0/42 EdleFVI[km<úCa køayeTACaRbeTsmYy EdlmanPaBminesµIKñaxøaMgCageK enAkñúgtMbn;enH. vismPaBenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa hak;dUcCamanPaBminFmµta kñúgn½yfa RbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñúgGasIuGaeKñy_ nigGasIubUB’a )aneXIjvismPaBkMritenH cab;epþImrIkFMeLIg enAkñúgdMNak;kalxageRkaybnþicénkarGPivDÆ KWenAeBlEdlR)ak;cMNUlmFüm nigkareRbIR)as;mankMritx<s; CagenH ¬ehIycMnYnénPaBRkIRk TabCagenH¦.

EpñkmYyénkMeNInvismPaB GaRs½ynwgkarrIkFMeLIg² énPaBxusKña rvagtMbn;TIRkug nigCnbT. k¾b:uEnþ EpñkmYyeTotrbs;va GaRs½ynwgkMeNInénPaBxusKña kñúgrgVg; RbCaCnenAtamCnbTdUcKña edaymankMritxusKñaKYr [kt;sMKal; eFobnwgGRta nigr)aykMeNInesdækic© enAkñúgTIkEnøgxusKña ¬RbGb; 2¦.

karvinicä½y GMeNayplPUmisa®sþCamUldæannanarbs;km<úCa -rYmmanTItaMgenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankMeNInesdækic ©elOn

CageK enAkñúgBiPBelak- )anpþl;[eKnUveRbobd¾FM elIRbeTsmanR)ak;c MNUlTabCaeRcIn EdlsßitenA kNþaldI/

tarag 1> sNæanénRbCaCnRkIRk kñúgqñaM 2004 kVan;TIl

GñkRk CageK

CiteTAGñk RkCageK

GñkkNþal CiteTAGñkmanCageK

Gñkman CageK

mandIksikmµ nigmankarFanaPaBCam©as; edayb½NÑkmµsiT§i (%)

15/6 21/6 24/5 25/3 28/6 cMgayeTAkan;pøÚvfñl;EdleFVIcracrN_)an RKb;rdUv (km)

5/2 3/7 3/3 3/1 1/9

cMgayeTAkan;pSarGcié®nþy_ (km) 10/8 9/6 8/1 7/1 4/2 RKYsarEdlmanm:asIunbUmTwk (%) 3 8 9 12 13 dIERs-cMkarEdlmanpøÚveTAkan;emTwk (%) 6 10 12 13 12 TMgn;énGñkenAkñúgbnÞúk ¬mnusScas;Cra+ekµg³ mnusSFMEdlskmµkñúgskmµPaBesdækic©¦

96/9 84/5 76/6 64/9 54/3

mnusSFMecHGkSr GayuelIsBI 15 qñaM (%) 29/3 38/3 43/2 51/1 60/8 kMritvb,Fm’ ¬kMritfñak;CamFüm EdlmnusS FM)aneroncb;¦

2/8 3/5 3/9 4/6 6/3

RbPB³ CSES 2004


viii

RbGb; 2> EpñkepSg²KñaéntMbn;eRkARkug CYbnwgbTBiesaFn_énkMeNInesdækic © nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk xus²KñaCaxøaMg

viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa )aneFVIkarsikSatamkrNInana GMBIKnøgpøÚvepSg²Kña eq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk Edl ekItecjmkBIRbPBepSg²énkMeNInesdækic© enAkñúgRsukCnbTcMnYnbYn kñúgextþbYn.

RsukBYk enAkñúgextþesomrab )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_mYycMnYn BIsMTuHénkarrIkcMerInkñúgvis½yeTscrN_ enAkñúgTIrYmextþ EdlbegáIt[mankargarkñúgEpñksMNg;/ kardwkCBa¢Ún/ CMnYjtUctac nigsib,kmµnana. k¾b:uEnþ ]bsKÁnanacMeBaHEpñk plitkmµ ¬dIminl¥/ KµanluysRmab;cMNayelImeFüa)ayplitkmµnana dUcCaCI/ K µanehdæarcnasm<½n§sRmab;RKb;RKgTwk b¤KµanpøÚvl¥¦ )anraraMgksikrmUldæanPaKeRcIn min[eqøIytb)an eTAnwgtRmUvkarksiplCacMNIGahar Edlkan;Etman eRcIn eLIg² BIsMNak;sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæanTaMgLay.

Rsukm:aéL enAkñúgextþbnÞaymanC½y KWCa]TahrN_d¾l¥mYy énkMeNInksikmµEdlmanmUldæanFMTUlay. CamYynwg smahrNkmµénGtIttMbn;ExµrRkhmenH eTAkñúgrdæaPi)alCati eK)anEbgEckdIeTA[RKYsarTaMgLayenAkñúgmUldæan. dImanCICatil¥bgÁÜr Edl)ankøayeTACameFüa)ayplitkmµ tamry³karbMElgdIéRB[eTACadIERs-cMkar/ rYmCamYy lT§PaBl¥kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnaMecjnana ¬Rsukm:aéL sßitenACab;RB MEdnéf¦ )annaM[mankMeNInCaxøaMgénplitkmµ ksiplsRmab;lk; nigkMeNInR)ak;cMNUl cMeBaHRKYsarPaKeRcIn.

RsukPñMRsYc enAkñúgextþkMBg;s<W -CaextþmYyEdlRkCageK- pþl;TidæPaBpÞúyKñaRsLH BIRsukm:aéL. enAkñúgRsukPñMRsYc karcb;TMnas; )anbgálkçxNÐl¥ [RbCaCnRkIRkrandIéRBEdlKµanm©as;. k¾b:uEnþ KuNPaBGn;éndIenaH RBmTaMgkarRbQm muxTl;nwgRBwtþikarN_minl¥epSg² eFVI[BYkRbCaCnPaKeRcIn minGackarBardIrbs;BYkKat;)an nigRtUvlk;dIenaH ehIyeTA kab;qáarrandIfµI nigcab;epþImsaeLIgvijmþgeTot. eKeXIjmankarRbmUldICaRbcaM kñúgkNþab;édGñkman EdlPaKeRcIn rs;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj cMENkÉsßanPaBrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkmUldæan rgkarERbRbYlEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH ehIysßanPaB RbCaCnCaeRcIn kMBugcuHdundabCagmun edaysarBYkKat;minGacrandIéRBCabnþeTAeTot)aneT.

Rsukemsag enAkñúgextþéRBEvg KWCatYy:agéntMbn;valTMnabenAPaKGaeKñy_Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaCnx<s; ehIyRbCaCn RkIRkRbmaN 40 PaKry rs;enATIenaH. edayRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkMeNInRbCaCn nigkarfycuHéndIEdleKGacrk)an RbCaCnRkIRkCnbTenAkñúgRsukemsag kMBugCYbnwgkarkMhitepSg² cMeBaHyuT§sa®sþnanaénrbrciBa©wmCIvitCaRbéBNI Edl Ep¥kelIkardaMRsUv nigkareRbIR)as;FnFannanaBIRbPBrYm. mUlehtuenH eFVI[BYkKat;BwgEp¥kkan;EtxøaMgeLIg² elIkar bBa¢ÚnsmaCikRK YsareTAkan;T IRkugPñMeBj edIm,IEsVgrkkargarkñúgvis½y]sSahmµvaynPNÐ/ sMNg; b¤kargardwkCBa¢Ún.

enAelIPñM b¤xSt;FnFan. pÞúyBIlkçxNÐGakasFatu b¤sNæandI PaBRkIRkbeNþaHGasnñrbs;km<úCa KWCa mrtkénTMnas;neya)ayCag 20 qñaM EdleFVI[exÞcxÞIehdæarcnasm<½n§/ bMpøajmUlFnmnusS nigeFVI[xUcRTg;RTay sßab½nsgÁm/ esdækic© nigneya)ayTaMgLay.

edaysarPaBRkIRkenAkm<úC a manRbPBecjmkBITMnas; enaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH manedImkMeNItenAkñúgkarksagsnþiPaBeLIgvij. karfycuHénPaBRkIRk RbRBwtþeTAedaysarmankarqøas;cUlKña nUvkMeNInesdækic©x<s; ¬GacekItmanedaysarcb;TMnas; nigkarebIkcMhkm<úCacMeBaHkarvinieyaK nigBaNiC¢kmµBI

xøwmsarsegçb

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rUb 6> PaKcMENkén]sSahkmµenAkñúgplitplkñúgRbeTs srub (GDP) )anekIneTVdg b:uEnþ vis½yenHpþl;kargar dl; kMlaMgBlkmµ )anEt 8° b:ueNÑaH

RbPB³ RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú/ viTüasßanCatisßiti

breTs¦/ sßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic© nigkarEklMG lT§PaBTTYl)anesvanana. k¾b:uEnþGRtaén karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk GacnwgmankMritx<s ; CagenH ebIsinCamankMeNInesdækic©eRc InCag mun enAkñúgvis½yksikmµ nigenAtamCnbT.

RbeTskm<úCaenAEtBwgEp¥kelIk,al m:asIunkMeNInesdækic©enAtamTIRkug

sNæannanaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk KW CaGVIEdleKGacrMBwgTukCamun)an edayeyag eTAtamTIkEnøg nigrebobEdlkMeNInesdækic © ekIteLIg. kMeNInesdækic©mFümRbcaMqñaM enA cenøaHqñaM 1993 nig 2004 KW 7/1 PaKry. k,alm:asIunsMxan;²énkMeNInesdækic © enAkñúg TsvtSknøgeTA ¬]sSahkmµkat;edr sRmab;naMecj nigeTscrN_¦ suT§EtpþúMenAtamTIRkug nig)anbegáItTMnak; TMngTIRkug-CnbT EtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. cenøaHqñaM 1993 nig 2004 PaKcMENkénvis½y]sSahkmµ enAkñúg esdækic©>)anek IneLIgCagBIrdg dl;kMrit 29 PaKry ÉPaKcMENkénesvakmµ sßitenARbmaNCamYyPaKbIdEdl. k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICa]sSahkmµekIneLIgy:agGs©arü nigmanPaKcMENkd¾FMenAkñúgesdækic©kþI enAkñúgqñaM 2004 vis½y enHpþl;kargardl;kMlaMgBlkmµ )anEt 8 PaKry b:ueNÑaH ¬rUb 6¦.

RBmKñaenH vis½yksikmµ EdlCakMrgyuT§sa®sþd¾sMxan;énrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk )anekIneLIg yWt² nigRbkbedayCMhanminesµI ehIymanqñaMxøH plitkmµ)anFøak;c uH edaysareRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigTwkCMnn;F¶n;F¶r. plitPaBénksikmµenAkm<úCa enAEtmankMritTab ebIeFobnwgRbeTsepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn;. TinñplRsUv -Edl sMxan;cMeBaHsnþisuxes,óg nigkarcBa©wmCIvitenAtamRKYsarCnbT nigRKbdNþb;elI 88 PaKry énépÞdIdaMduH Edl eK)anRbmUlplkñúgqñaM 2004- mankMritTabCageK enAkñúgtMbn; ¬rUb 7¦.

TMnak;TMngTIRkug-CnbT exSay

TaMgvis½ykat;edr TaMgeTscrN_ EdlCak,alm:asIunkMeNInesdækic©rbs;km<úCa )antaMgenA nigbnþRbmUlpþúM erogKña enAPñMeBj nigesomrab cMENkÉTMnak;TMngesdækic©rvagtMbn;TIRkug nigCnbT mankarkMhit. tamkar emIleXIj TMnak;TMngsMxan;bMput RbEhlCaTRmg;nanaCakarbBa¢ÚnR)ak;BITIRkugeTACnbT. k¾b:uEnþ manRKYsar


x

rUb 7> TinñplRsUv -Gahard¾sMxan;rbs;km<úCa- mankMritd¾Tab eFobnwgRbeTsCitxag

RbPB³ GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµ (FOA)/ GaMgDIkaT½rnana énkarGPivDÆBiPBelak

rUb 8> km<úCaenAminTan;seRmc)anGRtakMeNInksikmµ kñúg kMritx<s; RbkbedaynirnþrPaB EdlrYmdMeNIrCamYynwgkar GPivDÆesdækic©ry³eBlEvg enAeLIyeT

RbPB³ sUcnkrnanaénkarGPivDÆBiPBelak

CnbTEt 13 PaKryb:ueNÑaH Edl)anTTYl R)ak;BIsmaCikRKYsar EdleFVIkarenAtamTI Rkug ehIyR)ak;Edl)anTTYlenaH CamFüm mantMélticCag 10 PaKry éncMNaysrub kñúgRKYsar. fVIebIkMeNInd¾Gsa©rüénvis½y kat;edr pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;RKYsarCnbT CaeRcInkþI RKYsarTaMgenaH minEmncMCaGñkRk TaMgGs;eT ehIykñúgcMeNamenaH manRKYsar GñkRkbMput tictYcNas;³ kgVHcMeNHdwg ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn PaBcaM)ac;RtUvbg;R)ak ; QñÜleRkApøÚvkar edIm,ITTYl)ankargareFVI mann½yfa bNþaRKYsarRkIRk enAtamCnbT dac;Rsyal minEmnCaGñkEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_TaMgenaHeT.

>>> Évis½yksikmµ manTMhMFM EtrIkcMerInyWt²

fVIebIPaKcMENkénvis½yksikmµ kñúgesdækic © -rYmmanksipl/ stVc iBa©wm/ éRBeQI nigensaT- )anFøak;cuHBI 46 dl; 31 PaKry kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1993 nig 2004 vaenAbnþRTRTg;kMlaMgBlkmµCag 70 PaKry. kñúgTsvtS knøgeTAenH vis½yksikmµekIneLIg CamFüm 3/3 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM ehIykñúgry³eBlenaH manbIqñaM Kitcab;BIqñaM 1999 EdlmankMeNInGviC¢man. edayeyagtamGRtakMeNInkMlaMgBlkmµRbcaMqñaM kñúgvis½yksikmµ EdlesµInwg 2/7 PaKry plitPaBénkMlaMgBlkmµkñúgvis½yksikmµ )anekIneLIgy:agsþÜcesþIg 0/5 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM.

kMeNInénvis½yksikmµenAkm<úCa minRtwm EtTab eFobnwgkMeNInénvis½y]sSahkmµ nig esvakmµb:ueNÑaHeT vaEfmTaMgmankMritTab eFobnwgRbeTsCitxag EdlsßitenAkñúgdMNak ; kalGPivDÆn_Rbhak;RbEhlKña eTotpg. RbeTsGasIubUB’aCaeRcIn )ankt;RtaTuknUvGRtakMeNInRbcaMqñaM énvis½yksikmµ 5 PaKry

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RbGb; 3> PaBKµandIbgábegáInpl Edlh‘¿uB½T§eday dIB½T§rbg enARsukPñMRsYc

eyagtamGñkcUlrYmkñúgRkumeKaledA enAkñúgXMu ERtgRtywg/ G‘ U nigmhasaMg PaBKµandIbgábegáInpl enAkñúgtMbn;enaH manRbmaNCa 30-40 PaKry. eK):an;sµanfa dIGacbgábegáInpl)an manRbEhlCa 3 540 hicta. b:uEnþ GñkPUmidaMduH)anEtelIdICit 300 hicta b:ueNÑaH ÉdIsl;BIenaH RtUveKTukecal mineRbIeT EtGñkPUmiminGaccUleTA)an b¤minGacCYl ykmkeRbI)aneT. RKYsarGñkman² BIPñMeBj kan;kab; dId¾FMTUlay sRmab;Tuklk;ykcMeNj³ BYkeKkan;kab; dITaMgenaHedayKµanb½NÑkmµsiT§idIeT dUcenHeKminyl; RBmCYldITaMgenaHeT edaysareKxøacGñkKµandITaMg Lay TamTarsiT§iCam©as;elIdICYlenaH.

RbPB³ viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa 2006/ nwgecj pSaynaeBlxagmux

b¤elIsBIenH kñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtS b¤EvgCag enH ¬sUmemIlrUb 8¦. rgVas;epSg² énplitPaBksikmµrbs; km<úCa dUcCaTinñplksipl/ tMélbEnßmkñúgmYyÉktaBlkmµ b¤plkMérkñúgdI mYyhicta bgðajfa mankMritTab CageK nigenAbnþsßitkñúgkMritTabCageKbg¥s; kñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ nigGasIuxagt,Úg. bBaðaecaTnana Tak;TgnwgplitPaB nigplkMérksikmµTab nigmin eTogTat; )anRtUvbEnßm[kan;y:ab;yWun edaykMeNIn PaBKµandIbgábegáInpl RBmTaMgkarfycuHnUvRbPBFn FanrYmEdlman niglT§PaBTTYlplBIFnFanTaMgenaH.

PaBKµandIbgábegáInpl kMBugekIneLIg

smamaRténRKYsarCnbT EdlKµandIbgábegáIn pl )anekIneLIgBI 13 PaKry kñ úgqñaM 1997 dl; 16 PaKry kñúgqñaM 1999 nig 20 PaKry kñúgqñaM 2004. kMeNInPaBKµandIbgábegáInplenH mandMeNIrelOnbgÁÜr ebIeyagtamkarN_fa karEbgEckdIeTA[RKYsarTaMg Lay kñúgqñaM 1989 manPaBesµIKñal¥smlµm ¬eFobnwg kMlaMgBlkmµkñúgRKYsar¦. eTaHCaRKYsarEdlKµandIbgá begáInplTaMgLay minEmnsuT§EtCaGñkRkkþI ¬GñkxøH manRbPBR)ak;c MNUlminEmnBIksikmµl¥¦ BYkeKCaeRcIn BitCaGñkRkEmn ehIydUcCa»kaskargarnanaénrbr ciBa©wmCIvittamCnbTmYycMnYneTotEdr BYkeKRtUvBwg Ep¥kelIR)ak;c MNUld¾Tab nigmineTogTat; Edl)anmkBI R)ak;kMérénBlkmµ.

eKeXIjmankMlaMgmYycMnYn EdlenABIxageRkaykarekIneLIgénPaBKµandIbgábegáInplenH. GñkKµandIbgá begáInplmYycMnYnFM ¬dUcCa GñkTaMgLayEdlRtlb;mk BICMrMuCnePosxøÜnvij kñúgqñaM 1993¼4 nigKUsVamIPriya ekµg²EdleTIbnwgbegáItRKYsarfµ I¦ minEdlFøab;mandIeT. eKeXIjmanclnaFmµCatimYy xusKñaq¶ayBIkarEbg EckesµI²Kña³ kMeNInRbCaCn naM[dIdaMdMNaMmanTMhMkan;EttUceTA² enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRc In ehIydUcCaenAkñúgesdækic©ÉeTot²Edr RKYsarmYycMnYn)anlk;dI b¤mYytamyuT§sa®sþeRKagTuk edIm,IRbmUlR)ak; ykeTAvinieyaKelIskmµPaBminEmnksikmµ b¤mYytamrUbPaB minsUvviC¢maneT KWedIm,IedaHRsaytRmUvkar cMNaysMxan;² ¬dUcCaBüa)alCMgWF¶n;¦. CabBa©b; manFatutUcmYy eToténPaBKµandIbgábegáInpl Etmansar³ sMxan;neya)ayxøaMg EdlTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPykdIBIRbCaBlrdæ.


xii

bBaðaecaTenH mansPaBF¶n;F ¶rCabEnßmeTot edaysarbBaðaBak;B½n§KñaTaMgLay énsiT§iCam©as;elIRTBü sm,tþi ¬kñúgqñaM 2004 RbmaNCa 80 PaKry énRKYsarenAtamCnbTEdlmandI suT§EtKµanb½NÑkmµsiT§idI¦ nig kareLIgéfødI enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInénRbeTsenH - eTaHbIsßanPaBpøÚvc,ab;énkmµsiT§idI mansPaBminc,as;las; dUcenHkþI. Cavi)ak vaeFVI[man)atuPUtkMeNInPaBKµandIbgábegáInpl EdledIrTnÞwmKñaCamYynwgGtßiPaBéndI EdleK mineRbI edIm,IbgábegáInpl ¬RbGb; 4¦.

>>> ÉlT§PaBTTYlplBIFnFanBIRbPBrYm rbs;RbCaCnRkIRk kMBugfycuH

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Canic©kal lT§PaBTTYlplBIFnFanCakmµsiT§irYmnana dUcCaéRBeQI nigEdnTwkensaT KWCaFatud¾sMxan; énrbrcBa©wmCIvitd¾samBaØ² rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT - nigCaFatumYy EdlkøayeTACa kan;EtsMxan; kñúgeBlCYbsßanPaBy:ab;yWun ¬dUcCa eBlRbmUlplmin)anl¥¦ eRBaHkareRbIR)as;FnFanrYmTaMgenH pþl;nUvsMNaj;suvtßiPaB sRmab;RKYsarRkIRkTaMgLay. kñúgqñaM 2004 mYyPaKbYnénRbCaCnRkIRkTaMgLay BwgEp¥kelIplensaT nigplitpléRBeQInana EdlRtUvCaBak;kNþalénR)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkKat;. CamFüm plensaT nigéRBeQI tag[ 25 PaKry énR)ak;cMNUlkñúgRKYsarRkIRkTaMgLay ¬rUb 9¦. pÞúyeTAvij plensaT nigéRBeQI tag[Et 8 PaKry énR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsarGñkmanEtb:ueNÑaH. plensaTpÞal; nig plitpléRBeQI tag[erogKña 20 nig 10 PaKry énkareRbIR)as;srubrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk.

karsikSaCaeRcIn GMBIrbrciBa©wmCIvitenACnbT )anpþl;rUbPaBdUc²Kña sþIBIkarfycuHénlT§PaBTTYlplBI

FnFanrYmTaMgenH CaBiess cMeBaHGñkRk. mYyEpñkénkarfycuHenH bNþalmkBIkMeNInÉkCnnIykmµ énFnFan

rUb 9> FnFannanaBIRbPBrYm -CaBiessplensaT nigéRBeQI- mansar³sMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkVan;TIlén RbCaCnRkIRkbMput b:uEnþ v aminsMxan;b:unµaneT cMeBaHkVan;TIlénGñkmanbMput

RbPB³ CSES 2004

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RbGb;TI 4 {BwgEp¥kelIemX}³ edayKµanehdæarcnasmç½n§RtYtBinitüTwk ksikrBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelI TwkePøóg enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankMeNInksikmµx<s;dUcCa Rsukm:aéL b¤RsukEdlmankarrIkcMerInyWty:avdUcCa emsag b¤P ñMRsYc kgVHxatRbB½n§Farasa®sþ KWCa]bsKÁsMxan;énkMeNInenH. ksikrBwgEp¥kEtelITwkePøóg BIeRBaHKµanRbB½n§Farasa®sþ. enARsukm:aéL plsENþkesog nigRsUv)anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgedaysarKµanePøógFøak; enAqñaM 2005. enARsukPñMRsYc RbCaCnesÞIEtTaMgGs;)anTTYlrgkarQWcab; edaysareRKaHraMgs¶ÜtCabnþbnÞab;Kñakñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²knøgeTAenH. ksikr nigm®nþIraCkarenARsukemsagTTYlsÁal;fa RbB½n§Farasa®sþTamTarcMNayx<s; b:uEnþTTUcfa ebIKµanRbB½n§Fara sa®sþeT plvi)akrwtEtmantMélcMNayx<s;CageTAeTot.

RbPB³ viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa qñaM 2006 xagmux

TaMgLay EdlFøab;cMhpþl;lT§PaBeRbIR)as;rYmKña/ mYyEpñkeTot bNþalmkBIkarfycuHBitR)akdénFnFan EdlFøab;man edaysarcMnYnRbCaCn)anekIneLIg ehIykarGaRs½yplEbbBaNiC¢kmµ )annaM[mankareFVI GaCIvkmµhYskMrit KµannirnþrPaB.

]bsKÁcMbg kMeNInrbs;Epñkksikmµ nigk MeNInesdækic©enACnbTEdlmanskáanuBlTabCagkMritsþg;da GacRtUv

)anBnül;Ca sMxan; edaysar karpþl;niymn½yrbs;siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiminc,as;las; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ sMrab;RKb;RKgTwk nigkardwkCBa¢ÚnminsmRsb nigenAmankMritTab ¬RbGb;TI 4¦ mUlFnmnusSkMritTab nigPaB gayrgeRKaHenA fñak;RKYsarmankMritx<s; ¬RbGb;TI 6¦. karKaMRTy:ageRcInc MeBaHkarbeBa©jehtuplenHKWbBaða CamUldæanmYyén smtßPaBkMritTabrbs;rdæ. eTaHbImankarEklMGk¾eday k¾sßab½npøÚvkarEdlexSayminTan;)an pþl;mUldæanrwgmaM sMrab;karRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati b¤karpþl;esvasMrab;CYyCnRkIRkRbkbedaysmFm’ b¤ nirnþrPaBenAeLIyeT.

bBaðaTaMgLayEdlrdæaPi)alkMBugRbQmkñúgkarRKb;RKgGPivDÆn_CnbT GacRtUv)anykmkeRbICaEpñk tUcmYyénbBaðaRbQmGPivDÆn_fñak;Catid¾TUlMTUlay)an . kñúgesdækic©CarYm kareFVIvinieyaK EdlGacbegáInel,Ón nigGaceFVIBhukmµkMeNInesdækic©sMrab;CaplcMeNjdl;CnRkIRk)anenaH RtUv)anraraMgedaysmtßPaBenAman kMritTab kgVHxattmøaPaB RBmTaMgbTbBaØtþiminsmRsb nigEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþtamEtGMeBIcitþ. GPUtehtuTaMg enHCMruj[manKNenyüPaBpøÚvkarkMritTab ehIyGaRs½yehtuenH karenHnaM[karCMrujelIkTwkcitþmankMrit

TabsMrab;karsMerclT§pl[)aneCaKC½y . GPUtehtuTaMgenHk¾begáIt»kassMrab;GMeBIBukrlYyEdr . karenH begáIntMélcMNay nigbBa©úHkMriténPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;GaCIvkmµenARbeTskm<úCaEdlbg¥ak;kareFVIvinieyaK nig raraMgkarBRgIk shRKasxñattUc.


xiv

karpþl;niymn½yrbs;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIminc,as;las;kMBugeFVI[b:HBal;dl;kMeNInR)ak;cMNUl

tamTinñn½yénkarGegátsgÁmkic ©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) karpþl;niymn½yrbs;siT§ikan;kab;FnFan ÉkCn nigsaFarN³minc,as;las; KWCa]bsKÁcMbgbMputénplitPaB nigkMeNInksikmµ. eTaHbIkñúgkrNICaeRc In mankarTTYlsÁal;CaFmµtanUvkmµsiT§ifñak;mUldæan ehIykarCYl nigkarlk;dI)anRbRBwtþeTAedayKµankarTamTar kmµsiT§ik¾eday k¾BIeRBaHEtdImantMélx<s; nigsMBaténkMeNIn brimaNRbCaCnmankMritx<s;eLIg karxVHxat kmµsiT§IKWCabBaðaEdlekIteLIgkan;Etjwkjab;Cagmun . m©as;dIEdl)armÖfa kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIrbs;Kat;Gacman bBaðaRtUvRbQmenaH GacmankarraErkkñúgkareFVIv inieyaKEklMGdI b¤daMdMNaMGcié®nþy_EdlmantMélx<s; ¬]TahrN_ edImeQWhUbEpø¦ sMrab;R)ak;c MNUlyUrGEgVg . Kat;k¾jejItnwgCYldIEdlKat;mineRbIR)as;eTA[eK ¬edayP½yxøacfa éf¶eRkayeTAGñkCYlenaHGacTamTarykkmµsiT§i¦ EdleFVI[mankaryWty:avnUvkarGPivDÆn_ TIpSar CYldI EdlGacCYyEklMGPaBKµandIbgábegáInpl)anenaH.

karekIteLIgesÞIrRKb;TIkEnøg nigPaBF¶n;F¶rénbBaðaTaMgLayEdlekIteLIgedaysarkgVHkmµsiT§ikan; kab;tampøÚvc,ab;enAEtCaRbFanbTsMrab;karCECkBiPakSaKñaenAeLIy . bu:Enþ karviPaKtamkarvas;Evgesdækic © elITinñn½yénkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004 bgðajfa karFanakarkan;kab;kmµsiT§idI edayTTYlCab½NÑkan;kab;dIpøÚvkar)anbegáInpldMNaMy:agxøaMg ¬RbmaN 63 PaKry¦ tMéllk;dI nigtMélCYldI ¬RbmaN 38 PaKry nig 57 PaKry tam lMdab;¦ nigkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar ¬RbmaN 24 PaKry¦.

kgVHxatehdæarcna sm<½n§ begáInhaniP½ysMrab;plitpl nigtMélcMNayelIkarrkTIpSar smmaRténdIdaMduHEdlmanRbB½n§Farasa®sþenARbeTskm<úCamankMrit 7 PaKryenAqñaM 2002 EdlCa

kMritTabCageKbg¥s;enAtMbn;GasIuEb:kGeKñy_enH ehIyticCagBak;kNþalRbeTsEdlmankMritTabbnÞab; ¬RbeTsLav kñúgkMrit 19 PaKry¦. karviPaK CSES qñaM 2004 bgðajfa plitpldMNaMelIdIEdlmanRbB½n§ Farasa®sþmanbrimaN 10 PaKryx<s;CagplitpldMNaMelIdIEdlKµanRbB½n§Farasa®sþ sMrab;kareRbIR)as;ktþa epSgeTotkñúgkMritdUcKña ¬]TahrN_ RbePTdI nigBlkmµ mUlFn nigCIsMrab;karplitkmµ¦. CamFüm dIEdl TTYl)anRbB½n§Farasa®sþenArdUvR)aMgmantMélQñÜl 15 PaKry nigmantMéllk; 10 PaKryx<s;CagdIEdl minTTYl)anRbB½n§Farasa®sþeTenaH . karviPaKelIplitPaBfñak;ksidæank¾eFVI[gayyl;BIsar³sMxan;rbs; ehdæarcnasm<½n§epSgeTotenACnbTEdr dUcCapøÚvfñl;CaedIm. ksidæanEdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)anTIpSarkñúgPUmi manpldMNaMx <s;CagksidæanEdlKµanTIpSarkñúgPUmicMnYn 26 PaKry . ksidæanEdlenACitfñl;CageK k¾manpldMNaMx<s;CageKEdr³ karkat;bnßycMgayBIPUmieTAdl;pøÚvfñl;EdlmanRKb;rdUv 1 K>m begáIn)anplitPaB cMnYnRbmaN 30>000 erolkñúgmYyhitta.

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suxPaBexSay nigkarGb;rMkMr itTabrara MgplitPaB nigkarRbmUlplcMeNjenACnbT mUlFnmnusSenARbeTskm<úCamankMritTabCaBiess. Gnkçrkmµ karTTYlrgkarqøgCMgW nigkgVHxat

GaharUbtßmÖekItmanenARKb;TIkEnøg . dUcEdl)anrMBwgTukCamun CnRkIRkmanGRtakarsikSa nigkgVHxatGaha rUbtßmÖGaRkk;CagmFümPaBfñak;Cati ¬GaRkk;¦ eTAeTot .

karRsavRCavelIEpñkKuNPaBbgðajfa CnRkIRkdwgy:agc,as;BItMélénkarGb;rM sMrab;karEklMGlT§PaB CaviC¢manén»kaskargar nigR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;kUnrbs;BYkKat; - nigeFVI[gayyl;BIrebobEdlskmµPaBcaM )ac;CabnÞan;énkarbnþrs;ranrbs;RKYsarkñúgry³eBld¾xøI raraMgBYkKat;minGnuBaØatþ[kUnBYkKat;)ancUleronsURtkñúg salaeron EdlnwgeFVI[PaBRkIRkecHEtmanbnþBICMnan;mYyeTACMnan;mYyeTot ¬RbGb;TI 5¦.

karviPaKEp¥kelIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa qñaM 2004 pþl;CaKMnitfa karGb;rM )anelIkkMBs; y:agxøaMgnUvplitPaB PaBGacTajykplcMeNjBIksidæan nigkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarsMrab;mnusSmñak;²enACn bTénRbeTskm<úCa . karsikSabEnßmkñúgmYyqñaMsMrab;emRKYsar begáIn)anplitPaBCamFümRbmaN 40>000 erol kñúgmYyhitta.

CMgWbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;BIkarkat;bnßynUvkarpÁt;pÁg;Blkmµ nigR)ak;cMNUlRKYsar kñúgeBlCamYyKñaEtmþg RBmTaMg begáIncMNay³ kñúgbribTénkarBüa)alsuxPaBRbkbedayKuNPaBkMritTab nigtMélcMNayx<s; ducenH CMgWKW CaktþasMxan;kñúgkarBnül;BIkarFøak;cuHénRKYsarminEmnRkIRkcUlkñúgPaBRkIRk nigRKYsarRkIRkcUlkñúgPaB TIT½lRk . karsikSaRsavRCavmYycMnYn)anKUsbBa¢ak;BItYnaTIénCMgW ¬nigtMélcMNayénkarBüa)al¦ kúñgkar bNþal[manPaBRkIRk b¤bnþsßitenAkñúgPaBRkIRkCaGcié®nþy_ CaBiessCaKnøwHénkarlk;dIedaysarPaBGasnñ ¬RbGb;TI 6¦.

bBaðaGPi)alkic © - smtßPaBkMritTabmineqøIytbnwgsMNUmBr nigKµanRbsiT§iPaBrbs;sßab½nrdæ-begáIt mUldæanénkarbeBa©jehtuplelIbBaðaTaMgenHCaeRcIn .

RbGb;TI 5³ karGb;rM nigGnÞak;énPaBRkIRk edaysareyIgRkIRk kUneyIg)anQb;eTAsalaeronkñúgv½yekµg b¤bnÞab;BIeron)anBIr-bI qña M edIm,ICYy«Bukmþay rkR)ak;pÁt;pÁg; CIvPaB. CaGP½BV BYkeKTaMgLayminGaceron)anEvgq¶aydUckUnGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiEdlGacTTYl )anCMnajsMrab;ciBa©wm C IvitenaHeT. edaysareyIgRtUvCab;GnÞak;Gnkçrkmµ eyIgmankaryl;dwg exSay nigKµan KMnit enAEtemIlmineXIjEvgq¶ay nigKµanGMNacdEdl.

karBiPakSarbs;Rkumkargar extþkMBg;FM karsikSasþIBIkareKcecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)

RbPB³ viTüasßanbNþHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<Ca (CDRI)qñaM 2006 xagmux


xvi

karGnuvtþn_kargarm:aRkUesdækic©y:agxøaMgkøakñúgTsvtSknøgeTA RKan;EtbiT)aMgbBaðasIuC MerAmYycMnYn)an mYy EpñkkñúgGPi)alkic ©esdækic ©b:ueNÑaH . enAeBlEdlkUta nigkic ©karBarrbs;GgÁkar sMrab;kic ©shRbtibtþikar esdækic© nigkarGPivDÆn¾)anbegáIn]tþmPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCasMrab;naMecjplitplkat;edr ehIyR)asaTGgÁr)an Tak;TajeTscrenaH GaCIvkmµkñugvis½yepSgeTot )ants‘UTl;nwg]bsKÁCaeRcIn . sar³sMxan;CageKbMputénbBaða

TaMgenHBak;B½n§nwgtMélcMNay EdlekIteLIgBIkic©Rbtibtþikarrbs;sßab½nrdæ nigeKalneya)ay. bBaðaTaMgenHrYm mankarTamTarniy½tkmµEdlminpþl;plcMeNj KµankarFanaelIsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi karGnuvtþn_c,ab; min eTogTat; dMeNIrkarRbKl;kic©snüavis½ysaFarN³KµantmøaPaBEdlCajwkjynaM[)anTTYlTwkR)ak;tic nigrwt EtjwkjyCagenHeTAeTotKWRbePTEbøk²énGMeBIBukrlYy.

karEklMGkarpþl;esvanwgTamTarCasMxan;nUvkMENTMrg;Casarv½nþénkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ (PFM) nigrdæ)alsaFarN³. rdæaPi)al)anbegáItkmµviFIEdlman 4 dMNak;kalsMrab;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú saFarN³ (PFM) enHKWCaCMhanviC¢manmYyy:agsMebImEdlkarGnuvtþn_Cakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRksMrab;ry³eBlyUrd¾man sar³sMxan;b Mput.

GMeBIBukrlYyKWCasBaØaedImehtuénPaBTn;exSayEdlRtUv)ankt;sMKal;xagelI. b:uEnþ visalPaBén bBaðasMrab;karemIleXIjrbs;RbCaBlrdæ GaCIvkr nigm©as;CMnYyKWfa KYrEtcab;GarmµN_cMeBaHerOgenH . GMeBIBuk rlYyeFVI[RbCaCnenAEtRkIRk³ BYkKat;RtUvbg;R)ak; ¬b¤bg;R)ak;elIs¦ edIm, ITTYl)anTMnij nigesvakmµ pl cMeNjsMrab;BYkKat;RtUv)anbEgVreTA[GñkepSg ehIyPaBGMeNaypl nigkmµsiT§irbs;BYkKat;RtUv)andkhUt edayGyutþiFm’ kñúgkrNIEdlmanCMelaHCamYy RkumepSgeTotEdlGacmanlT§PaBbg;R)ak;eRcInCagsMrab;kar sMercCapøÚvkarEdlmanplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHRkumeK ¬RbGb;TI 7¦. esvakmµnana)anTTYlmUlniFieRkamkMritkMNt;

RbGb;TI 6³ Cajwkjy bBaðasuxPaBd¾rn§t;mansPaBF¶n;F¶rCagkarxUcxacpldMNaMeTAeTot lT§plénkarGegátnanaeFVIeLIgkñúgPUmiBIEdlsßitenAxagt,ÚgRkugPñMeBjpþl;CaKMnitfa enAeBlEdlkarxUc xatpldMNaM nigCMgWCabBaðaEdlbMpøicbMpøajnaM[mankarxUcxatEpñkesdækic©dUcKñaenaH ¬CamFüm rab;Esnerol¦ RK YsarTaMgLay yl;fa karEfrkSaGñkCMgWCakarlM)akCag. plvi)akGviC ¢manénbBaðasuxPaBd¾søút rn§t;manlkçN³bMpøicbMpøajCIvPaB rs;enATaMgsMrab;ry³eBlxøI nigry³eBlEvgCagkarxUcxatpldMNaM BIeRBaHCMgWF¶n;F¶rTamTarR)ak;sMrab;ecjéføkar Büa)alCabnÞan;. edaysarRKYsarPaKeRcInKµanR)ak;snSMRKb;RKan; ¬ehIyTIpSar\NTanenACnbTmandMeNIrkarminl¥¦ Cajwkjy RKYsarTaMgLayRtUvbgçMcitþlk;RTBüFnsMrab;plitedaysarPaBGasnñ ¬EdlrYmmanTaMgdIpgEdr¦ nig¼b¤Cab;bMNulyUrGEgVg Edlkat;bnßyRbPBcMNUlnaeBlGnaKt nigbegáInkarcMNayeRkABIkareRbIR)as;. karenHbBa¢ak;y:agTUlMTUlaybEnßmBIelIrbkKMehIjénkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;GgÁkarGUsVam (Oxfam) EdlrkeXIjfa karlk;edaysarPaBGasnñ cMnYnBak;kNþal b¤RbmaN40°énkrNIRKYsarEdlmandIrYcehIy )at;bg;dIeTAvijKWeday sarvibtþisuxPaB. RbPB³ y:ahÁÚr:a (Yagura) qñaM 2005 b‘ÍDul (Biddulph) qñaM 2004 )aLat nigsU (Ballard and So) qñaM 2004

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BIeRBaHkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlminRtUv)aneFVIeLIy ehIykareFVIvinieyaKRtUv)anbBaÄb; nigkarpþl;kargarRtUv)anlub ecal. plb:HBal;srubénGMeBIBukrlYykñúgkarraraMgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic ©minGacvas;)aneLIy b:uEnþR)akdCaman kMritx<s;. RbGb;TI 7³ GMeBIBukrlYyeFVI[CnRkIRkenAEtRkIRkbnþeTAeTot kñúgeBlRbLg sisSRtUvsUkemRbeyaK edIm,IemIlcMelIyrbs;sisSd¾éT b¤k¾lak;Éksar . nKr)al b¤ nKr)aleyaFa KWCaGñklk;eRbg\nÞn³xusc,ab; . enAeBleyIgcab;ecarEdllYcsMNaj;eyIg ehIybBa¢Ún BYkvaeTATIsñak;karnKr)al>>> RbEhlBIrnaTIeRkaymkEtb:ueNÑaH ecarTaMgenaHRtUv)anedaHElgeGayrYcxøÜn edaysarR)ak;sMNUk b¤GMNac . CnRkIRk KWCaGñkrgeRKaH nigCaGñkxusCanic© eTaHbIB YkKat;RtUvk¾eday BieRBaHCnRkIRk Kµanluy nigKµanGMNac . karBiPakSarbs;Rkumkargar MOPS extþkMBt RbPB³ CDRI qñaM 2006 karBinitüemIlGVIEdlman nigkaremIleTAxagmux

karvaytMélsMrab;TsvtSknøgmk karGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmanlkçN³KYr[eKarB b:uEnþminEmn Biess

enaHeT. mindUcRbeTsCaeRc InEdleTIbegIbBIs®gÁamsIuvil RbeTskm<úCa)aneKcputBIkarvileTArkCMelaHvij. b:uEnþ k¾manRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTabmYycMnYn)ansMerceCaKC½y y:agsem,Imkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúg GRtaRbcaMqñaMkMritx<s; ¬tarag 2¦. kñúgcMeNamenaH rYmmanRbeTsmYycMnYnEdlmanRbvtþisa®sþ dUcRbeTs km<úCaEdr EdleTIbegIbBICMelaHenAkñúgTsvtSqñaM 1990 ¬RbeTsm:UhSaMb‘Ík¦ b¤EdlenATTYlrgkarQW cab;edaysarCMelaHkñúgEpñkxøHénRbeTsenAeLIy ¬]TahrN_RbeTs G‘UhÁanda¦. enHKWCasBaØaKYr[elIkTwkcitþ BIeRBaHkarenHpþl;CaKMnitfa edayBicarNaelIkal³eTs³xageRkARbkbedayGMeNaypl nigeKalneya)ay l¥rbs;rdæaPi)alenaH eyIgmanlT§PaBminRKan;EteFVI[mannirnþrPaBb:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgGacbegáInGRta énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknaeBlGnaKteTotpg.

kareFVIcMeNalrbt;TaMgLaysMrab;TsvtSxagmux

rUbPaB 10 eRbIR)as;karsnµtnanaBIkarP¢ab;rvagGRtakMeNInkñúgvis½y nigR)ak;cMNUlrbs;CnRkIRk edIm,IKUscMeNalqøas;BIrsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgry³eBl 10qñaMxagmux. ebIRbeTskm<úCaenAEtbnþekIn eLIgCamYynwgGRtarYmdEdl ¬7/1 PaKry¦ nigTMrg;kMeNInkñúgvis½yEdlman kúñgTsvtSknøgeTAenaH PaBRkIRk


xviii

hak;dUcCanwgFøak;cuHkñúgGRtaTab ehIyRbeTskm<úCaminGacsMerceKaledAkñúgkarbnßyPaBRkIRk[)anBak; kNþalenArvagqñaM 2015 eLIy. b:uEnþ ebIGRta kMeNInrYménplitpl kñúgRsuk (GDP) bnþenAefr ehIyvis½y tarag2: GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmansPaBl¥ - b:uEnþ RbeTsmYycMnYnepSgeTot)ansMerc

eCaKC½yRbesIrCag

RbeTs ry³eBl % eRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk

qñaM cab;epþIm

q ñaM bBa©b;

kñúgqñaM cab;epþIm

kñúgqñaM bBa©b;

GRtaénkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkRbca Mqña MCa

mFüm nIhÁarahÁ½r 1993 2001 50 56 0.5 km<úCa

1993/4 2004 47 35 1.1 Lav 1993 2003 46 33 1.3 mUsaMbiuc 1997 2003 69 54 2.5

G‘Ukg;dar 1992 2000 56 35 2.6 evotNam 1993 2002 58 29 3.2 taCIKIsßan 1999 2003 75 57 4.5

RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2003 karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004 saFarNrdæRbCamanit Lav qñaM 2003 KN³kmµaFikarsMrab;TVIbGa®hVIúk qñaM 2005 RkumkargarPaBRkIRk qñaM 2003 FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2005

ksikmµekIneLIgkñúgGRta 4 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM RbeTskm<úCaRbEhlCasMerc nigekInhYseKaledAénkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeTotpg. rUbPaB10 GRtakMeNInbc©úb,nñnwgminkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anBak;kNþalenArvagqñaM 2015 eLIy -

evorElgEtvis½yksikmµmankMeNInx<s;CagenH

RbPB³ cMeNaleFVIeLIgedayFnaKarB iPBelak ¬bkfyeRkay nignaeBlGnaKt¦ edayeRbITin ñn½yénkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdæk ic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 1993¼4 nig karGeg átsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004 nigsßit iPaBRkIRk

47%

24%

35%

GRta)a:nRbmaNRbcaMqñaM 1993 - 2004

¬GRtakMeNInRbcaMqñaMCa mUldæan PovStats ¦

21% karTsSnÞTayenAcMNucdUcKña

(7% srubkMeNIn

b:uEnþRbEhlCa 4% sMrab;kMeNInksikmµ

0

10

20

30

40

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

cMnYnP

aBRkIRk

(%

)

28%

niTsSmUldæan³ PovStats cMeNalmUldæanqñaM 1993-2004

kMeNInsrub 7 ° visüydUcKñak¾cUlrYmEdr

PaBRbesIrEdlxitCit PovStats

Kar)a:nRbmaNPaBRkIRk 1993-2004

CMDG mUldæan (1993/4) nigTisedA (2015)

xøwmsarsegçb

xix

etITsvtScugeRkayCamKÁúeTsk_l¥sMrab;TsvtSeRkayb¤eT?

cMeNalbnÞat;eKalkñúgrUbPaB 10 KWRKan;EtCacMeNalExSbnÞat;samBaØEdlsmRsbCageKbMput sMrab; rbt;PaBRkIRkkñúgTsvtSknøgeTA. karpøas;bþÚrktþakMNt;nanaenAqñaMxagmux nwgeFVI[dUceRcIn b¤ticnwgcMeNal TaMgenHCaR)akd EdlEp¥kelIkarGnuvtþn_kargarkMeNInknøgmk nigkarP¢ab;rvagkMeNIn nigPaBRkIRk nwgRtUv)an sMerc ehIyfa nwgQandl;karsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_ qñaM 2015.

karvaytMélelIrbt; nigkarERbRbYlénktþaTaMgLayRbkbedayskáanuBl EdlGacrujbnÞat; tMNag karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkbnþic[enABIelI b¤enABIeRkambnÞat;Rtg;éncMeNalenH KWmansPaBsµúKsµaj. rbt;CaeRc In hak;dUcCasßitenACaGMeNaypldl;RbeTskm<úCa³

kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH karxitxMRbwgERbgCaRbcaM edIm,IRbmUlpþúMGñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;[CYy vis½ysuxaPi)al nigGb;rMeRkamkardwknaMényuT§sa®sþRKb;RKgTUTaMgvis½y)ancab;epþImpþl; CalT§plehIy.

bc©úb,nñenH rdæaPi)al)ancab;epþImGnuvtþkmµviFIkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ (PFM)

Rbkbedaymhicäta EtGaceFVI)an EdledaHRsay]bsKÁcMbgmYycMnYnsMrab;kar EklMGkarpþl;esva. dUcKñaenHEdr karebþCJarbs;rdæaPi)aledIm,IEkTMrg;sßab½n nignItiv iIsMrab;karsMrYlBaNiC¢kmµ pþl;skáanuBl

dl;kMeNInesdækic©RbkbedayBhukmµ nigKMnitCaeRc InCagmun. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkm<úCananakMBugkøayCaGñkcUlrYmviPaKTanEdlmansmtßPaB nigbT BiesaFn_eCOn

elOn sMrab;karGPivDÆn_Cati kñúgnamCaédKUsMrab;karpþl;esva nigkñ úgnamCasßab½nsMrab;bBa¢ÚnKMnitnana CUnm®nþIrdæaPi)alEdleFVIesckþIsMerccitþ.

bc©úb,nñenH m©as;CMnYykMBugcab;epþImedaHRsaybBaðaGPiRkmEdlKµankic©shkarKña nigdwkmuxedaym©as; CMnYy EdlkMNt;lkçN³énbrimaNCMnYyd¾sMebImkñúgTsvtSknøgeTA.

CaTIbBa©b; bc©úb,nñenH rdæaPi)almanEpnkarfµIsMrab;ry³eBlmFüm - EpnkarGPivDÆn_Ca yuT§sa®sþfñak; CatisMrab;qñaM 2006-2010 - EdlbgðajBIGPiRkmrYmCayuT§sa®sþsMrab;karGPivDÆn_Cati.

enAeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr manktþamYycMnYnEdlGacKMramkMEhglT§PaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCaedIm,IBenøÓnGRta énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbcaMqñaMBI 1 eTA 1/5 PaKry.

TaMgvis½ykat;edr nigvis½yeTscrN_nwgminGacRsUbykedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;nUvyuvCnCag 200>000 nak; EdlRtUvQancUlkñúgTIpSarBlkmµCaerogral;qñaMenAkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaMxagmux edaysarlT§plénkar ekIneLIgd¾eRcInsMebImrbs;TarkenAedImTsvtSqñaM 90 enaH eLIy.

RKYsarminEmnRkIRkCaeRcInenAEtgayTTYlrgeRKaHy:agxøaMg edaysarkMritkareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusS mñak;²sßitenAelIbnÞat;PaBRkIRkEtbnþicb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH BYkKat;enAEtgayTTYlrgeRKaH edaysar


xx

RbePTCaeRcInénvibtþid¾søútrn§t;fñak;RKYsar fñak;shKmn_ nigfñak;Cati EdlGacrujRcanRKYsarCaeRc In [Føak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRkvij kñúgry³eBld¾xøI.

karfycuHénlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFanRTBüsm,tþiFmµta CaRbPBBiessénPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigCa KMramkMEhgd¾F¶n;F¶rcMeBaHlT§PaBrbs;CnRkIRkedIm,IEsVgrkRckecjBIPaBRkIRk ¬b¤CMnH]bsKÁd¾lM)ak edaymin[Føak;cUleRCAkñúgPaBRkIRkEfmeTot¦.

ktþacugeRkayTaMgBIrk¾Gacb:HBal;CMhanénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMxagmuxEdr . TImYy RbeTskm<úCakMBugqøgkat;GnþrkalRbCasa®sþ. TarkCacMnYnd¾eRc InEdl)anekItBI 15 eTA 25 qñaMmunkMBug qøgkat;TIpSarBlkmµ enAeBlCamYyKñanwgGRtamankUnkMBugFøak;cuH EdlnaM[man karFøak;cuHTabCagmunénGRta TTYlxusRtUvbnÞúkRKYsar. ebICMnan;enHmanlT§PaBTTYl)ankargar nig»kasGaCIvkmµRbkbedayplitPaBx<s; skáanuBlsMrab;kMeNInesdækic©Rbkbedayel,ÓnelOnnwgRtUv)anEklMG. b:uEnþ ebITIpSarminGaceqøIytbeTAnwg karpÁt;pÁg;BlkmµeTenaH nikmµPaB ¬PaBGt;kargareFVI¦rbs;yuvCn nigPaBRkIRknwgRbEhlkøayCabBaðad¾F¶n;F¶r.

ktþacugeRkayEdlk¾Gacb:HBal;dl;CMhanénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMxagmuxEdr enaH KWGNþÚgeRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCatid¾FMEdlhak;dUcCaRtUv)anbBa¢ak;c,as;xøaMgeLIg²fa sßitenAkñúgEdnTwkénRbeTs km<úCa. ebIRKb;RKg)anl¥ karenHnwgnaMmknUvskáanuBlsMrab;elIkkMBs;kMritc MNayrbs;rdæeTAelIkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_GnþrCatipþl;CaKMnitfa kñúgRbeTsEdlsmtßPaBrdæmankMritTab nig sßab½nsaFarN³exSay nigKµankarBnül;BIehtupldl;saFarNCn FnFaneRbg\nÞn³KimIEbbenHGacnwgnaM [ man{eRKaHmhnþrayFnFan}EdleFVI[karGPivDÆn_ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkyWty:aveTAvijeT . ebImankar bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;BIGNþÚgeRbgenaHehIy KWCakarsMxan;kñ úgkarbegáIty:agRbugRby½tñnUvynþkarénsßab½nEdl nwg elIkkMBs;tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB edIm,I[FnFanEr:TaMgenaHCYyCaCagbgÞúcbg¥ak;min[RbeTskm<úCaeKc ecjputBICYrénRbCaCatiRkIRkenaH.

EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati qñaM 2006-2010

kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH m©as;CMnYyGnþrCatiEdl)aneronsURtBIeCaKC½yrbs;RbeTsnana dUcCaRbeTs G‘UhÁanda )anKaMRTRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;c MNUlTab[eroberogyuT§sa®sþRKb;RCugeRCay sMrab;ry³eBlmFüm edIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNeKalneya)ayCaGaTiPaBsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . kñúgqñaM 2005knøgeTA rdæaPi)al)aneroberogyuT§sa®sþEbbenHEdlmaneQµaHfa EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati (NSDP) qñaM 2006-2010. karenHpþl;n UvRkbxNÐkargarEdlnwgRtUv)ansMritsMraMgeLIgvij eFVIRbtibtþikarPavUbnIykmµ nigRtYtBinitüeLIgvij tamry³karBieRKaHeyabl;RbcaMqñaM nigEdlnwgtMrg;TiscMNaysaFarN³ ¬TaMgR)ak;cMNUl pÞal;xøÜn nigmUlniFiCMnYy GPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA¦ eq<aHeTAkan;eKaledAGaTiPaBEdlkMNt;kñúgeKaledA

xøwmsarsegçb

xxi

GPivDÆn_shsvtS enAkm<úCa (CMDGs). GtßbTkñúgRbGb;TI 8 segçbBIkarebþCJacitþelIeKalneya)ayKnøwH kñúgEpnkar GPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati (NSDP). RbGb;TI 8 EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT §sa®sþfñak ;Cati (NSDP)qñaM 2006 - 2010³ karebþCJacitþKnøwH

1> GPi)alkic©l¥

o viFankarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIB ukrlYy kMENTMrg;c,ab; nigtulakar kMENTMrg;rd æ)al vimCÄkar nigsh vimCÄkar nigkMENTMrg;eyaFa.

2> brisßansMrab;karGnuvtþn_yuT§sa®sþctuekaN

o FanasnþiPaB esßrPaBneya)ay nigsNþab;Fñab;sgÁmtamry³kare)aHeqñat BRgwgPaBCaédKUGPivDÆn_ eFVI[mannirnþrPaBm:aRkUesdækic© nigbrisßanhirBaØvtßúEdlmanGMeNaypl elIkkMBs;EfmeTot smahrNkmµesdækic©kñúgtMbn; nigkñúgBiPBelak edaHRsayPaBRkIRkedayFanafa yuT§sa®sþTaMgGs; epþatelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

3> elIkkMBs;vis½yksikmµ o eroberog nigGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþksikmµ nigFnFanTwkRKb;RCugeRCay EklMGplitPaB nigBhukmµvis½y

ksikmµ kMENTMrg;rdæ0al nigkarRKb;RKgdI kMENTMrg;EpñkClpl nigéRBeQW eFVIvinieyaKelIkarGPirkS brisßan nigkarGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT.

4> bnþsþarnItism,Ta nigksagehdæarcnasm<½n§r Ubv½n þ o sþareLIgvij nigksagehdæarcnasm<½n§sMrab;k ardwkCBa¢Ún EklMGkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk nigRbB½n§

Farasa®sþ GPivDÆkarEckcayzamBl nigGKÁIsnI RKb;RKgFnFan nigR)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIeRbg\nÞn³ nig]sµ½nnaeBlGnaKt GPivDÆbec©kviTüaB½t’man nigKmnaKmn_.

5> kMeNIn nignieyaCn_énvis½yÉkCn

o GnuvtþEpnkar 12 cMNucrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigGnusasn_kñúgkarGegátbriyakasvinieyaK elIk kMBs;shRKasxñattUc nigmFüm (SMEs) BaNiC¢kmµ nigeTscrN_ RBmTaMg\NTanCnbT begáItkargar nigFanaEklMGl½kçx½NÐkargar begáItRbB½n§suvtþ iPaBsgÁmsMrab;Cny:ab;yWun

6> ksagsmtßP aB nigGPivDÆFnFanmnusS o elIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rM EklMGkarpþl;esvasuxaPi)altamry³EpnkarskmµPaBsuxaPi)al CMruj

smFm’eynD½r[rIkcMerIneLIg GnuvtþeKalneya)ayRbCaCnedIm,IbnßyPaBmankUn nigelIkMBs;kar BnüakMeNIt.


xxii

GaTiPaBéneKalneya)ay

kareFVI[mannirnþrPaB nigkarBenøÓnrbt;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenArvagqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 TamTarnUvkarRbmUlpþMúskmµPaBrYmKña. edIm,IsßabnaedayEp¥kelIrbt;CaviC¢manenH GaTiPaBTI1 KWkarrkSaGRta x<s;énkMeNInesdækic© nigbegáIncMENkénkMeNInesdækic ©enHsMrab;pþl;dl;RKYsarRkIRk.

CaBiess karenHTamTar kardkykecjnUv]bsKÁnanaEdlsBVéf¶kMBugbnßyplitPaB niglT§PaB TajykplcMeNjBIGñkcUlrYmkargarksikmµtUctac ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHkareFVIv inieyaKelIGPi)alkic© esdækic©s¥ats¥M elIehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþ nigelImuxCMnaj edIm,IeFVI[mannirnþrPaB RBmTaMgeFVIBhukmµelIkMeNInén karbegáItkargar nig»kassMrab;vis½y]sSahkmµ nigesvakmµ.

esckþIRtUvkarclkrTI 3 énkMeNInesdækic©

edIm,IbegáIncMENkénkMeNInesdækic©EdlbgÁrsMrab;CnRkIRk RbeTskm<úCaRtUvEtrkSasnÞúHrbs;clkrén kMeNInesdækic ©EdlmanRsab;TaMgBIr nigGPivDÆclkrTI 3 [rIksuHsaydl;CnbT nigCYyCnRkIRkCagmun . bTBiesaFn_GnþrCatiKaMRTbEnßmesckþIsniñdæany:agc,as;fa kMeNInénvis½yksikmµnwgmanplb:HBal;y:agxøaMg CageKbMputedaypÞal; nigedayRbeyalelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRksMrab;ry³eBlxøI mFüm nigEvg. CMhanTaMg LaysMrab;sMrYlkarEklMGplitPaB nigkMeNInksikmµKWCal½kçx½NÐEdlRtUvbMeBjrYcral;CamunsMrab;karkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk.

vis½yksikmµ

karviPaKelITinñn½yénkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004 pþl;nUvPsþútagy:agrwg maMsMrab;KaMRTkarsikSaRsavRCavxñattUceBlmunEdlrkeXIjfa dITMhMtUcmanRbsiT§iPaB Epñkesdækic©Cag³ ksidæantUc²manplitPaB ¬plkñúgmYyhitta¦ niglT§PaBTajykplcMeNj ¬R)ak;cMNUlkñúgmYyhitta¦ x<s;CagksidæanFM² ¬rUbPaB 11¦.

mankarbBa¢ak;eKalneya)aysMxan;BIrEdlelcecjBIrbkKMehIjenH. TI1KWfa eKalneya)ay ksikmµ RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlkarsnµtCaTUeTAy:agrwgmaMEdlGMeNaypldl;GaCIvkmµksikmµtUctacCaCag GMeNaypldl;kmµ siT§i nigplitkmµenAerabndæanKMrU ¬cMkardMNaMFM²rab;ryhitta¦. TI2RtUvBRgwgkargarsMrab;karRbKl;kmµsiT§i dIFøICaRbB½n§edaypþl;GaTiPaBTI 1 dl;tMbn;EdlksikrtUctacRkIRk rs;enAeRcInkuHkr.

karpÁt;pÁg;rbs;rdæaPi)alnUvdIEdlmanTMhMsmehtupl ¬edaymanesvabEnßmCaBiess¦ dl;RKYsarKµandI sMrab;bgábegáInpl eRkamkmµviFI{sm,TandIsgÁmkic ©}manskáanuPaBkñúgkarEklMGsnþisux es,óg plitPaB nig

xøwmsarsegçb

xxiii

R)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarRkIRkenACnbT. dUckarÉkPaBrbs;karGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic ©enAkm<úCa (CSES) nigkarGegáttamtMbn; ebIdIbgábegáInplrbs;RKYsartUcman plitPaBx<s;CagdIbgábegáInplFMTUlayenaH krNI EbgEckdIFøIeLIgvijminEmnRKan;EtmanlkçN³{sgÁmkic ©}b:ueNÑaHeT ¬karEklMGkarEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©¦ b:uEnþ k¾manlkçN³ {esdækic©} pgEdr ¬cMeBaHGRtaénkarrIkduHdalplitplrYm¦.

rUbPaB 11 ksidæanxñattUc²nanaTTYlplRbesIrCagksidæanFM²

k¦ksidæanxñattUc²nanaTTYlTinñplx<s;CagkñúgmYyhitta … (y axis p lots log of output value / ha.)

TMhMksidæan ¬hitta visalPaBkMNt;Rta¦

x¦ …nigR)ak;cMNUlpldMNaMx<s;CagkñúgmYyhitta (y axis plots crop income / ha.)

TMhMksidæan ¬hitta visalPaBkMNt;Rta¦

RbPB³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm< úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004


xxiv

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Casegçb RcksMxan;sMrab;rdæaPi)aledaHRsayplitPaB niglT§PaBTajykplcMeNjkMritTab KW³ ¬1¦

nItiv iFIsMrab;pþl;kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIRtUvbegáInel,Ón mantmøaPaB GnuvtþvimCÄkar nigman tMélefak ¬2¦ viFan sMrab;TTYl)anFnFanRTBüsm,tþiFmµtaRtUvc,as;las; nigmansmFm’Cagmun nig ¬3¦ karlubbM)at;ecalnUvbT b,BaØatþiEdleRcInRCul nigminsmRsb RBmTaMgGMeBIBukrlYy EdlmanP¢ab;CamYykargarenH EdlkMNt;lkçN³ BIGnþraKmn_rbs;rdækñúgskmµPaBvis½yÉkCn.

karGPivDÆn_mnusS

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eKalneya)ayTaMgLaysMrab;EklMGsmtßPaB sMrab;rkSa nigsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrMlwkeLIgvij dl;mUl FnmnusS rYmman ¬1¦ karBRgwgsmiT§iplEdlTTYl)ankñúgkarbegáInkarcUleronenAbzmsikSa RBmTaMgedaH RsaykarfycuHénkareronsURtenAbzmsikSakMritx<s; nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaB karbeRgon ¬2¦kareroberog nigGnuvtþkmµviFIGkçrkmµCasklsMrab;mnusSeBjv½y edIm,IelIkkMBs;muxCMnaj nigplitPaBsMrab;mnusSEdl skmµkñúgEpñkesdækic©CMnan;sBVéf¶enH ¬3¦ karelIkkMBs; KuNPaB nigkarkat;bnßytMélesvasuxaPi)al saFarN³ edIm,Ikat;bnßyedaypÞal; nigedayRbeyalnUvplb:HBal;elICnRkIRkEdlmanCMgW nigkat;bnßy cMNaypÞal;xøÜn sMrab;karBüa)al suxPaB nig ¬4¦ GPivDÆkmµviFIBhuvis½y edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasuxaPi)al saFarN³rauMér: dUcCakgVH xatGaharUbtßmÖd¾F¶n;F¶r nigkarsøab;rbs;;mþay k¾dUcCakareFVIskmµPaBdMbUg² edIm,IelIk kMBs;kar pøas;bþÚr\riyabTkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðasuxPaBEdleTIbnwgekIteLIgfµI² manCaGaT×karCk;)arI.

xøwmsarsegçb

xxv

PaBCaédKUd¾manRbsiT§iPaBCagmunsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

karsMerckarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknwgTamTarkarEklMGbEnßmeTotnUvxøwmsarsmRsb nigRbsiT§iPaB éneKal neya)ay nigcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al. edayBicarNaelIsar³sMxan;énCMnYyGPivDÆn_ breTsenARbeTskm<úCa KuNPaBénTMnak;TMngrvagrdæaPi)al nigm©as;CMnYy RBmTaMgRbsiT§iPaBénCMnYy KWmansar³sMxan;bMputkñúgkar EklMGkareFVIviPaCn_ nigRbsiT§iPaBéncMNaysrubsMrab;CyyCnRkIRk . kñúgTsvtSknøgeTA CMnYy)anedIr tYsMxan;sMrab;eCaKC½ymYycMnYnenARbeTskm<úCa. b:uEnþ kargarCaeRcInRtUv)aneroberogeLIg b¤Gnuvtþmin)anRtwm RtUv EdlnaM[manGRbsiT§iPaB nigbgá[manbBaðaGPi)alkic©rbs;rdækm<úCa.

GaRs½yehtuenH karQaneTAsMerceKaledATaMgLayénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdlkMNt;kñúgeKaledA GPivDÆn_shsvtSenAkm<úCa (CMDGs)nwgTamTarkarEklMGsmtßPaB nigGPi)alkic© fñak;Cati RBmTaMg RbsiT§iPaBénCMnYy. karenHnwgTamTarkarrIkcMerInelImuxRBYjbI³ kmµsiT§i karEksMrYl nigsuxdumPavUbnIykmµ.

kmµsiTi§bBa¢ak;fa CMnYyRtUv)antMrg;TisedayskmµPaBEdlkMNt;edayrdæaPi)al CaCagnaMmux edaym©as; CMnYy. edayKUsbBa¢ak;BIeKalneya)ay nigGaTiPaBéncMNaysMrab; 5 qñaMxagmux EpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþ fñak;Cati (NSDP) nwgbegáItRkbx½NÐkargarEdlm©as;CMnYyGac nigRtUvEtEksMrYlkmµviFICMnYyrbs;xø Ün. bc©úb,nñenH m©as;CMnYyRtUvkarKaMRTEpnkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati edayeFVIsuxdumPavUbnIykmµCMnYyrbs; xøÜn ¬]TahrN_ kic ©shRbtibtþikarrvagm©as;CMnYynana edIm,IeF VIniyamPavUbnIykmµRbB½n§RKb;RKg nigpøas;bþÚrKña eTAvijeTAmknUvkarviPaK¦ RBmTaMgsMrYlkargarenH[RsbtamGaTiPaB nigRbB½n§rbs;rdæaPi)al¬sMrab; Ca]TahrN_ tamry³kmµviFIkareFVIv inieyaKsaFarN³ b¤GPiRkmRKb;RKgTUTaMgvis½y¦. enAeBlEdlkar eCOnelOn Qaneq<aHeTAsuxdumPavUbnIykmµ nigkarEksMrYlRtUv)aneFVI kñúgqñaMknøgeTAenH rdæaPi)alRtUvkar eFVIkargarCaeRcIneTot.

TIbMput rdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nigsgÁmsIuvil RtUvkarbegáItPaBCaédKUd¾manRbsiT§iPaBsMrab;RtYtBinitü nigvaytMélelIkareCOnelOnkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ nigelIlT§plrbs;EpnkarGPivDÆn_Ca yuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati. Cafµ Imþg eTot kareCOnelOnRtUv)aneFVIeLIg ehIyEpnkaremsßiti EdleroberogedayviTüasßanCatisß iti pþl;nUveKal énkarGnuvtþn_ nigRbB½n§Cak;lak;sMrab;RbmUl nigeRbIR)as;Tinñn½ysgÁmkic©-esdækic © ehIykarEklMGkarksag smtßPaBTamTarkareFVI[kargarenHmannirnþrPaB. karEklMGnaeBlGnaKtedaykarsMritsMraMgsarCafµI rYc bnÞab;mkkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;Rkbx½NÐkargarénkarRtYtBinitü nigkarvaytMélEdlkMNt;kñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_ CayuT§sa®sþfñak;Cati KWCakarcaM)ac;sMrab;karRtYtBinitürYmelIkareCOnelOn énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

1> bribTénRbeTs xøwmsarsegçb

edaysarKuNPaBPUmisa®sþBIFmµCati RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)annUvlkçN³GMeNayplsMrab;karGPivDÆn_. eTaHbI dImansPaBminl¥CaBiess nigRbB½n§Farasa®sþsµúKsµajk¾eday k¾RbeTskm<úCamankMBg;EpsmuRTsMbUreTA edayvalrabEdlGacdaMduH)an RtITwksabRbkbedayplitPaBx<s; nig sm,tþiéRBeQWd¾FMeFg. RbeTskm<úCak¾ manskþanuBleTscrN_d¾xøaMgkøaEdr. sMxan;CagenHeTAeTotRbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankarlUtlas; y:agqab;rh½sedaymanRBMEdneKakEdlGacpþl; karcUleTAkan;TIpSarRbeTséf nigevotNam)an.

PaBRkIRkénRbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñKWbNþalmkBICMelaHCitbITsvtSr_CamUldæan. s®gÁamsIuvil)ancab;epþImenAqña M 1970 ehIyRtUv)anbBa©b;edayC½yCMnHrbs;ExµrRkhm (KR) EdlBIqñaM 1975 dl; qñaM 1979 )ansMlab; esÞIrEtmYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnkm<úCa b¤mYyedayectna b¤tamry³eKalneya)ay dwknaMxusTis. enAkñúg TsvtSr_qñaM 80 RbeTskm<úCa)anegIbeLIgvijy:agyWtkñúg bribTénCMelaHEdlman {RbBlPaBkMritTab} nigPaBÉekaBIshKmn_GnþrCati . CMelaHenH)anbMpøajehdæarcnasm<½n§ kMeTcmUlFnmnusSrbs;RbCaCati nig)aneFVI[Tn;exSay b¤bMEpøgsßab½n sgÁmkic© esdækic© nig neya)ayTaMgLay.

cab;taMgBIcugTsvtS 1980 RbeTskm<úCa)anecjdMeNIrelImUldæanGnþrkalbIdMNak;kalBIs®gÁam mk snþiPaB BIneya)ayKNbkSEtmYymkBhubkS nigBIPaBÉekaEpñkesdækic© tMrg;T istamEbbEpn RKan;Et sMrab;rs; mkCaesdækic©EdlEp¥kelIeKalkarN_TIpSar nigeFVIsmahrNkmµcUlkñúgBaNiC¢kmµ RBmTaMglMhUr mUlFnGnþrCati. rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ KWmanry³eBl 14 qñaMehIycab;taMgBIGnþrkalmkRtUv)anerobcMCapøÚvkar enAkñúgqñaM 1991 bnÞab;B Imankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug):arIs RbeTskm<úCa bc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúgGnþrkal BIsgÁmeRkayCMelaHmkCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ{Fmµta}mYy. plb:HBal;TaMgLayenAEtRtUv)anemIleXIjenA eLIy CaBiesscMeBaHsßab½nEdlRtUv)antMrg;T is CadMbUg[rdæ mandMeNIrkarCanirnþrPaBsin EteqøIytbtictYc eTAnwgsMNUmBrTaMgLayrbs; {RbCaBlrdæ}. eTaHy:agNa kñúgmYyTsvtSénsmahrNkmµGnþrCati edaysarvinieyaK nig kMeNInesdækic©eK)anemIleXIjfa TaMgGñkdwknaM nigRbCaBlrdækñúgCMnan;bc©úb,nñcab;epþIm kan;kab; eCaKvasnarbs;xøÜn pÞal;edaykMNt;eKalneya)ay nigCIvPaB[)anecjputq¶ayBIsMNl;s®gÁam.

eTaHbIRbeTskm<úCamansPaBminFmµtakñúgkarqøgkat;ehtukarN_eRkayCMelaH ¬nig{bnÞab;BIeRkay CMelaH}¦ k¾enHminEmnCalkçN³BiesssMrab;RbeTsenHEtmYyEdr bBaðaTaMgLayEdlRbeTskm<úCaRbQmmux nig dMeNaHRsayEdlRbeTsenHGacRbkan;ykenaH GacRtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYy nwgbBaðaRBmTaMgdMeNaHRsay kñúgrdæEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab nigsßiteRkayeBlCMelaHd¾éTeTotEdr.

kñúgTsvtSTImYy bnÞab;B Ikic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug):arIs rdæaPi)al)ansMerceCaKC½ykñúgkarBRgwg snþiPaB nigelIkkMBs;kMeNInesdækic©. RbCaCnTTYlsÁal;fa snþiPaB)aneFVI[CIvitrbs;BYkKat;manPaBxusBImun y:ageRcIn. eRkABIPaBRbesIreLIgénsnþisuxCarUbv½nþ esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIdMeNIr kareFVIvinieyaKelIRTBüsm,tþi EdlGacTajykpl nigkarRbmUlpþúMFnFan )anebIk»kassMrab;C IvPaBy:agTUlMTUlayEmnETn. rdæaPi)al

2 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006

)anbnþy:agskmµnUvsmahrNkmµcUlkñúgrcnasm<½n§tMbn; nigBiPBelak dUcCasmaKmRbCaCati GasIuEb:k GaeKñy_ (ASEAN) nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO). cab;taMgBIcugTsvtSqñaM 90 rdæaP i)al k¾)ancat;EcgRbkbedaysuPvinicä½y [man»kasTTYl)ankic© RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ.

KWCakarsMxan;EdlkareCOnelOnmYyEpñkFMenAkñúgTsvtSTI1 )anekIteLIgmkedaysar{RbvtiþsaRsþén snþiPaB}EdlekItmaneLIgedaykRm³ snþiPaB nigkarebIkcMhresdækic©)aneFVI[manlT§PaBkMeNInesdækic© y:agqab;rh½s nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkBImUldæanfñak;eRkambMput. CMerIseKalneya)ayTaMgLaysþIBI BaNiC¢kmµ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§)anBRgIkRckkalanuvtþPaB EtmanlkçN³RtwmCamUldæanb:ueNÑaH tamn½yrbs; kMeNInesdækic©CarYm edaymankarykcitþTukdak;tictYcelIkar EbgEckkMeNInesdækic©enH. edayRbeTskm<úCa )ancUldl;TsvtSTI2énsm½ykaleRkayCMelaHesckþIsgÇwmR)afñacg;)anrbs;RbCaCnkMBugekIneLIg Edlnwg TamTar[mankMrgsßab½nmYyEdlfµI sµúKsµajCagmun nigmansmPaBCasarv½nþ RBmTaMgmankarpøas;bþÚr eKalneya)ay.

bribTénkm<úCa 3

PaB nigsßanPaBPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñ RBmTaMgdMeNIrkarEdlCYn kalPaBRkIRk ekIneLIgb¤Føak;cuH minGacRtUv)anyl;y:agsmRsbkñúgPaBÉeka énRbvtþisa®sþknøgeTAfµI²)aneLIy. CMBUkTI1 enH nwgpþl;cMeNHdwgmUldæanEdl

enAkñúgenaHsßanPaBPaBRkIRkbc©úb,nñ rbt;knøgeTAfµI² nigTidæPaBviC¢mannaeBlGnaKtenARbeTskm<úCa GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgbribTenaH nigGacRtUv)anvaytMél.

PUmisa®sþ nigkalanuvtþPaB

edaysarKuNPaBPUmisa®sþBIFmµCatiCapþl;eGay RbeTskm<úCa)an nigkMBugxitxMedIm,IsMerc eCaKC½y. mindUcRbCaCatiGPivDÆtictYcCaeRcIn ¬]TahrN_ RbeTsLav en):al; b¤ G‘UhÁanda¦ RbeTskm<úCaminEmnB½T§CMuvij edaydITaMgGs; b¤sß itenAÉekaBIRbeTsCitxagedaydIenaHeT ³ kMBg;Ep smuRTenA RkugRBHsIuhnu TItaMgrbs;RkugPñMeBjelI TenøemKgÁ nigRBMEdnvalrabd¾Evg CamYyRbeTsCit xagy:agticcMnYnBIrkñúgcMeNam RbeTsTaMgbI mann½yfaKµan]bsKÁEpñkPUmisa®sþsMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCatiCaFMdMueLIy ¬sUmemIlrUbPaB 1>1¦ 1

. CakarBitRBMEdneCIgeKakrvagkm<úCa nigéfRBmTaMg evotNam Edlmanesdækic©lUtlas;y:agqab;rh½s begáItCaskþanuBly:agFMeFgénesckþIRtUvkarnUv TMnij nigesva BIRbCaCnkm<úCa. edayemIl[q¶ayBIRbeTsCitxag km<úCasßitenAkñúgtMbn;Edl

manesdækic©lUtlas;y:agqab;bMputenAkñúg sklelak. eTaHbIvibtþihirBaØvtßúGasIuenA cugTsvtSqñaM 90 )ankat;bnßyGRtakMeNInesdækic© k¾RbeTskm<úCaR)akdCa)anTaj ykplcMeNjBI{plb:HBal;BI PaBCaRbeTsCitxag} edaymanskþanuBlTak;TajkarvinieyaKBItMbn; nigGaclk;enAkñúgTIpSartMbn;.

edayeRbobeFobCa mYynwgRbeTsPñMCaeRcIn ¬]TahrN_ RbeTsLav en):al; b‘Utg; b¤ tMbn;CaeRcIn rbs;evotNam¦ tMbn;RtUBikénRbeTs k¾pþl;GMeNaypldl;km<úCaEdr. tMbn;PñMTaMgLayenAtam RBMEdnxagTis]tþr \sanþ nignIrtImanskþanuBl plitPaBTab b:uEnþtMbn;PaKeRcInénRbeTskm<úCaCatMbn; rabesµIKYrsmEdleFVI[karbgábegáInplksikmµ nigkareFVIv inieyaKelIvis½yehdæarcnasm<½n§KmnaKmn_ minTamTarcMNayx<s;sMrab;karsMrbsMrYl nwgsßanPaBeTsPaBFmµCatidIGacdaMduH )an nigGnuBaØatþeKGac sßabnafñl;edaymin)ac;eLIgcMeNaTeT. bwgTenøsabenAcMkNþal RbeTs)anpþl;dl;PUmiExµr d¾eRcInnUv lT§PaBTTYly:agl¥RbesIrnUvkardwkCBa¢ÜnpøÚvTwkmkdl;PñMeBj nigCayfaehturhUtdl;PaKxagt,Úg RbeTsevotNam. bwgenHk¾CYyEfrkSaRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuEtmYyKt;Edl)anpþl;y:agehacNas;k¾rhUtmk

1 tMbn;RtUBikénRbeTskm<úCaGaceRbob)aneTA nwgRTnab;EkvmYy . tMbn;PñMRbkbedayéRBeQW CaBiessenAtMbn;\sanþ nignIrtI CMraleRCreTArk valrabd¾F MTUl MTUlay RBmTaMgbwgd¾FM nigrak;enAcMkNþal ¬bwgTenøsab¦ rYcbnÞab;mksresortam {CMral}eTATisGeKñy_tamTenøsab EdlP¢ab ; nwgTenøemKgÁehIyhUrkat ;valrabGaeKñy_ ehIycak;cUleTAkñúgtMbn;EdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ rbs;RbeTsevotNam.

visal


rUbPaB1>1³ RbeTskm<úCaTajykplcMeNjBIlT§PaBTTYl)ansmuRT plRtITwksabd¾sMbUr nigkMeNInesdækic©kñ úgRbeTsCitxag

dl;sBVéf¶enHnUvplRtITwksabRbkb edayplitPaBx<s;CageKbMputelIsklelak nigCaRbPBCIvCati RbUetGIund¾sMxan;sMrab;CaGaharrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa.

ehIyk_manbBa¢IeQaµHekrþ×mrtkmYyEdr enHCaGMeNayplsMrab;km<úCaEdlRtUvEtrab;bBa©Úlmrtk buraNvtßúR)asaTTaMgLayenAGgÁr nigskþanuBld¾FMeFg sMrab;vis½yeTscrN_Edl enHCatMNagTIRkug vb,Fm’ ¬sUmemIltarag 1>1¦. eTscrN_EdlTak;TajCabzmedayR)asaTGgÁr Caktþapþl;viPaK Tand¾sMxan; dl;kMeNInesdækic©enAkm<úCakñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH. b:uEnþplb:HBal;rbs;kargarenHeTA elIPaBRkIRkmankMrittictYc³ KYrkt;sMKal;fa extþesomrab EdlR)asaTGgÁr sßitenAenaH KWCaextþRkCag eKbMputlMdab;fñak;elx 3 kñúgRbeTsenAqñaM 2004. karTTYl)anplcMeNjCanirnþrPaBBI R)asaTGgÁr TamTarnUvGPiRkmCayuT§sa®sþ CagmunsMrab;GPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_enH.

CacugeRkay vahak;bIdUcCamankarekIneT,IgkñúgnaryHeBl BI bI qñaMeTotxagmuxeTot edaykm<úCa nwg manRbPBcMNUld_sMxan;mYy KWeRbg nig]sµ½nenAkñúgsmuRTkm<úCa . tamkarGHGagBIkarrkeXIjenaH )anbBa¢ak;fa EpñkéntMbn;mYyGacmaneRbgBI 400 eTA 500 lan)aErl nig]sµn½RbmaN 2 eTA 3

bribTénkm<úCa 5

mYyBan;Ban;lanEm:tKUb ¬trillion¦. tamkar):an;sµankarrukrkenAkñúgtMbn;enH nigtMbn;epSgeTotGacman eeRcInCagenH . eTaHbIvamankarlM)akkñúgkar)a:n;RbmaNCamunnUvcMNUlEdlGacyk)an nigTMhMén brisßanFnFanTaMgenaH nigtMéleRbgnaeBlGnaKtk¾eday vanwgRbEhlCaGacpþl;CacMNUltam BaNiC¢kmµxñatFMRbmaN 2 Ban;landuløa GaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM ¬Vallely, Dapice and viksan; Wilkinson 2006 . RbsinebImankarRKb;RKg)anl¥ vanwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_d_FMkñúgkarelIksÞÜydl;kar GPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkm<úCa CaBiesseGaymanlkçNH RbesIreT,Igkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkI Rk2eGay)anqab;rh½s.

enHminEmncg;bBa¢ak;fa RbeTskm<úCa minTTYlrgkarQWcab;edaysarktþaminGMeNaypl PUmisa®sþenaHeT. CaTUeTA dI rbs;RbeTskm<úCamanKuNPaBTab ¬edaymankarelIkElgKYrkt;sMKal ;EtmYycMnYn b:ueNÑaH¦. RbeTskm<úCak¾manRbB½n§ Farasa®sþsµúKsµajEdlenArdUvvsSa kareCarCn;TwkenA TIRbsBVrbs;TenøemKgÁ nig TenøsabnaM[TenøsabhUrRtLb;eTAkñúgbwg vijEdlBRgIkvisalPaBrbs;xøÜn 10 dg FMCagTMhMenArdUvR)aMg ehIyeRCACag 2 dg elIépÞ EdlRKbdNþb;edayTwkCMnn;enaH.

enAeBlEdlTwkCMnn;y:agxøaMgTaMgenHCaEpñkmYyénxYbRbcaMqñaMCaFmµta nigsMxan;cMeBaHkardaMduHRsUv nigeGkULÚsIurbs;Tenøsab edayKµankarRtYtBinitü ehdæarcnasm<½n§TwkeTenaH TwkCMnn;FMCagFmµtaGac nwgbMpaøjplksikmµ pÞHsMEbg nigCIvPaBrs;enAy:agFMeFg.

b:uEnþCatulüPaB KµanTidæPaBénTItaMg tMbn;RtUBikEdlminGacpøas;bþÚr b¤k_FatuGakasNaGacbgçaMg RbeTskm<úCamin[sMercTisedAGPivDÆn_rbs;xøÜneLIy. mankardMNalfa enAqñaM 1969 RbeTskm<úCa

)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;mnusSmñak;² nig eTscreRcInCagRbeTséf eTAeTot ¬TsSnavdþI Financial

Times qñaM 1995 diksun -Dixon- qñaM 1995¦. karRtLb; b®B©aasénP½BVsMNagtaMgBIeBlenaHmk

KWbNþalmky:agc,as;edaysarkarcab;epþIménGVIEdl ERbkøayeTACas®gÁamsIuv ilGs; ry³eBlCit 3 TsvtS enAcugTsvtSqñaM 60.

2 eTaHbIya:gNak_manRbeTsdéTeTotmYycMnYnmanbBaðakñúgkarRKb;RKgdUcCaRbeTs nIC½rIya (Nigaeria)Ca]TahrN_Rsab; CakarBitNas;kñúg karrkeXIjeRbg nwg]sµ½n KWCaRTBüd_Gs©arürbs;RbeTskm<úCa ebIsinCamankaryWtya:v n wgkarRKb;RKg min)anl¥va nigminpþl;plRbeyaCn_d _FM kñúgkarelIksÞÜydl;karGPivDÆn_ . emIlCMBUk 7 elIkeTI,gnigTak;TgGMBIGtßbT .


RbGb; 1>1³ GgÁr eTscrN_ nig kMeNIn b¤sKl;énGriyFm’Ex µrmanmUldæanelI{\NÐa PavUbnIykmµ}elIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamdgvalrablicTwktamdg TenøemKgÁ nigTenø sab. BIstvtSTI1 dl;stvtSTI 8 sgÁmEdlEp¥kelIkarcgRkgCaPUmi enHRtUv)andak; [sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgGCJaFrvimCÄkarEdl rIklUtlas;kñúgcRkPBGgÁr. GMNac Exµr)anlatsn§wgelITwk dImYyEpñkFMéntMbn;GasIu Eb:kGeKñy_enArvagstvtSTI9 nigTI13 Edlkñúgry³ eBlenaHkMrgR)asaTd¾Gs©arü tamEbbhiNÐÚ nigRBHBuT§sasna RBmTaMgR)asaTsMrab;BiFIbUCaRtUv)ansßabnaeLIg CadMbUgenAGgÁrkñúgtMbn; \sanþénRbeTskm<úCa . eTaHdkRsg;ecjBIRbéBNI\NÐa k¾sil,³ nigsßabtükmµGgÁrmanlkçN³Ca Exµry:ag Cak;lak; RbkbedaylMnaMEbøk²KñaCaeRcIn eTAtamsm½ykalepSg². CamYynwgkarvilRtLb;énsnþiPaB mankarekIneLIgCaRbcaMnUveTscr EdlmkTsSnaGgÁr ehIyEdlsñak;enAkñúgTIRkugesomrab (Siem Reap). \LÚvenHlMhUrenH)an eLIg dl;mYylannak;kñúgmYyqñaM. eTaHCaya:gNak_eday RbeTskm<úCak_)anTTYl plcMeNjBI vis½yeTscrN_ya:gsn§wksn§ab;pgEdr dUcCabegIánkargarmYycMnYnsMrab;CnRkIRk CaBiessxag épñksagsg;sNæaKar nigtMrUvkarTMnijmYycMnYn)anekIneT,Ig . kartP¢ab;EpñkGaCIvkmµeTscrN_ nigesdækic© CatiBImun nigeBlxagmux)anekInmkvij ]TahrN_ tamryHkardwkCBa¢ÚnePJoveTscr fµI²enHtMrUvkarplitpl cMNIGaharmandMeNIrkarl¥ ehIyGtßRbeyaCn_nwgpþl;eGay CnRkIRksMrab;begáInC IvPaB)anRbesIrCag eBlbc©úb,nñ.

mrtkénRbvtþisa®sþ RbeTskm<úCaeRkaysm½yGNaniKm³ s®gÁam karbdivtþn_ nigkaregIbeLIgvij

RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMgenAqñaM 1954 kñúgrC¢kalRBHmhakSt neratþm sIhnu Edl)andak; raCenAqñaM 1955 edIm,IeXasnakare)aHeqñat. RbCaCnExµrcas;² CaeRcInenAcg caMry³eBlenaHfa KWCayuKÁsm½yd¾rugerOgy:agxøaMg. b:uEnþenArvagBak;kNþalqñaM 1960 bBaðaesdækic© GMeBIBukrlYy nigkgVHxatkarGt;»nGnueRKaHrbs; rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkarRbqaMg tamEbbRbCaFibetyü)annaM[vNÑ³ bBaØav½nþkñúgTIRkugEdlminsb,aycitþ BicarNarkCMerIs neya)aymUlvivdþniym ¬CaeqVgb¤sþaM niym¦. rdaæPi)alkm<úCak¾Bi)akrkSaRbeTs [rYcputBI s®gÁamenAevotNam nigBIkarKabsgát;rbs;PaKI;CMelaH TaMgsgxag[ KaMRTbuBVehturbs;BYkeKerog²xøÚn.

enATIbMput skmµPaBeFVItulüPaBTTYl braC½y. enAqñaM 1970 semþc sIhnu RtUv)anpþÜlrlMedayrdæ RbharEdlerobcMeLIg eday ]tþmesnIy ln; Nul. RbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;y:ag rh½seTAkñúgPñk;ePøIg s®gÁamsIuvild¾bgðÚrQamy:ageBjTMhwg. enAnIreTsxøÜn semþc sIhnu )anbegIát {rN³sirSbRgYbbRgYm Cati} CamYyBYkkMmµúynIsþEdlkøayeTACaExµrRkhm (KR) ehIyEdlcab;epþImTak;TajkarKaMRTy:ag TUlMTUlayBIRbCaCnCaelIkTI1. b:uEnþenAkñúg rNsirSenaH ExµrRkhm)anBRgwgGMNacxøÜnedaye)as

bribTénkm<úCa 7

sMGatRkumsIhnu niym nigRkumniymkNþal. CamYynwg eCaKC½yrbs;ExµrRkhmenAExemsaqñaM 1975 bnRCulniymeBareBj edayKMnitdac;xat esñhaCatiRCul nigkarebþCJacitþ GnuvtþksikmµkMmµúynIsþniym EdlKµankarsMruHsMrYl )anmkRtYtRtardæbdivtþkm<úCa RbCaFibetyü (DK). TIRkugTaMgLayKµan RbCaCnrs;enA ehIysasna nigrUbiyvtßú RtUv)anlubbM)at;ecal. eTaHbIPaBtwgEtg énkarbdivtþn_ ERbRbYltamtMbn;nana k¾CIvit enARKb;TIkEnøgmancriklkçN³Cakargar BlkmµF¶n;F¶rKµanQb; sMrak karbg¥t; Gahar nigkarKMramkMEhgsMlab;ecal3

. mankar):an;sµanfa enArvagqñaM 1975 nig 1979 RbCaCnRbmaN 2 lannak; - elIsBImñak;kñúgmnusS 5 nak; - )ansøab;kñúg {sV½yRbl½yBUCsasn_} enH. RbCaCnPaK eRcIn)ansøab;edaykarGt;Xøan karenOyht;)ak;kMlaMg nigCMgW EtmnusSRbEhl

200>000 nak;RtUv)anRbharCIvitCaRbB½n§. nayTahan nigm®nþIrbb ln; Nul RtUv)ansMlab;enAqña M 1975. enAqñaMeRkay² mkeTotGñkEdlRtUv)anRbharCIviteday karbdivtþn_ KWCaExµrRkhmxøÜn Égvij mþg.

kñugcMeNamktþaepSgeTot Rkumb:ul Bt RtUv)anGUsTajedaybMNgcg;TamTarykEdndIsNþTenø emKgÁmkvij Edl)an)at;bg;eTAk ñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNam taMgBIstvtSTI 17. karvaylukeTA elIPaKxagt,ÚgevotNam)ansMlab;CnsIuvilrab;Ban;nak; ehIynaM[mankar QøanBanrbs;evotNam enA ExFñÚ qñaM 1978. km<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtUv)anCMnYseday saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa (PRK) vij. mansmasPaBedayGtItExµrRkhmEdl)anrt; ePosxøÜnBIkare)assMGat saFarNrdæ RbCamanitkm<úCa (PRK) )anRtYtRtakñúgkMLúgTsvtS qñaM80. edaymhaGMNac eRkARbeTs)anKaMRTmçag²sarCafµIeTot RbeTskm<úCa )anvilRtLb;eTAkan;s®gÁamsIuvilCaelIkTI2rvagrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa (PRK) nigRkumsm<½nmitþT½BéRBEdleFVIRbtibtþikareyaFaxageRkACMrMCnePosxøÜnenAtamRBMEdnéf. s®gÁamenH manRbBlPaBkMritTabCagmuneT Et)aneFVI[RbeTsCatiexSayy:agFMeFg. CMelaHenH )anbnþ kñúgkMLúgTsvtSqñaM80.

rdæaPi)alenHminGacsMerc)ankarlUtlas;; b¤karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCadMukMPYneLIy ¬RbeTsenHRtUv )ankat;pþac;BaNiC¢kmµBI shKmn_eRkABIsmaCikRkumRbwkSasMrab; CMnYyesdæk ic©eTAvijeTA mk (COMECON) nigBIRbB½n§CMnYyGnþrCatiesÞIrEtTaMgGs;¦ EtrdæaPi)alenH)ancat;EcgeFVI[sßanPaB TuriÖkSmanesßrPaBenAqñaM 1979 ehIy)an eFVI[karsþareLIgvijnUvkarsikSa nigkarBüa)alCMgWCamUldæan manel,ÓneTAmuxyWt² EtCaRbcaM. RbCaCnRtUv)anerobcMCa{RkumsamKÁI}. smUhPavUbnIykmµfñak; eRkamenH )anFana[mansmPaBkñúgkarTTYl)ankMlaMgBlkmµburs EdlxSt; nigRbmUl)ankMlaMg 3 sMrab;TsSn³vis½yepSg eTot sUmemIlesovePA rbs;; b½rKø½r (Burgler) qñaM 1990 eqndø½r (Chandler)qñaM 1990 viKIrI (Vickery) qñaM 1984 XaEnn (Kiernan) qñaM 1996 . sMrab;PaBEbøk²RbcaMtMbn; sUmemIlesovePA rbs;; XaEnn (Kiernan) qñaM 1996 viKIr I (Vickery)qñaM 1984 )aent (Barnett)qñaM 1983.


stVGUsTajenAqñaM 1979-80 b:uEnþenAeBlesdækic©)anegIbeLIgvij karenHRtUv)anemIleXIjfa Ca]bsKÁdl; kMeNInesdækic©eTAvij. karrMsaysmUhPavUbnIykmµEdl\teRKagTukmanrUbrageLIgtam ry³esrIPavUbnIykmµ nigkarEbgEckdIenAqñaM 1989 )aneFVI[TinñplTTYl)anRbesIreLIg ehIyRtUv )ansVaKmeday RbCaCnesÞIrEtTaMgGs; eTaHbIRkumgayTTYlrgeRKaHTaMgLay)an)at;bg;EpñksMxan;én snþisuxsgÁmk¾eday. ¬esovePA elak®hVúIg-Frings-qñaM1993¦.

tMNak;kalTaMgbIrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúg sm½yGnþrkal³snþiPaB RbCaFibetyü nigesdækic©TIpSar

enAqñaM1989 evotNam)andkkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. CMelaHenH)aneFVI[sßanPaBeyaFa enARTwg nig eRkaymkRtUv)anedaHRsay edaykic©RBmeRBogRkug):arIsenAExtula qñaM 1991. karenHnaM [mankic© Rbtibtþikar rbs;kgrkSasnþiPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlTamTarcMNayy:ageRcIn nigvisalPaB FMminFøab;manBImunedIm,IRtYtBinitü sm½yGnþrkal BIrdæEdlmanRbB½n§bkSEtmYy nigs®gÁamsIuvilmkCa lT§iRbCaFibetyüBhubkSRbkbeday snþiPaBvij. GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCati enA RbeTskm<úCa (UNTAC) manGNtþiRtYtBinitükardkGavuF nigkarrMsaykgT½B erobcMmatuPUminivtþn_ nigsmahrNkmµCn ePosxøÜncMnYn 350>000 nak; BIRBMEdnéf sMrbsMrYlCMnYy GnþrCatisMrab;kar sßabna CatieLIgvij nigFana[manlkçxNÐsMrab; kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ rvagPaKI kñúg s®gaÁmsIuvil EdlkøaymkCaKNbkSneya)ayvij. sßab½nhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati )ancab;epþIm manTMnak; TMngCamYykm<úCavij ehIyTIPñak;garCMnYy nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alGnþrCatiEdleFVIkarenATUTaMg RbeTs)ankekIteLIgdUcpSit4.

taMgBIqñaM 1993 RbeTskm<úCamankMeNInesdækic©CamFümx<s;kñúgry³eBlCagmYyTsvtSEdldwk muxedayGnuvis½ysMNg;vis½y eTscrN_ nigcab;taMgBIcugTsvtSqñaM90 mkkaregIby:agqab;rh½s énvis½ykat;edr Edl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaH eRkamkic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ (MFA) nigkUta sMrab; plitsMelokbMBak; tamsþg;dakargar TTYlsÁal;edayGgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ¬sUmemIlCMBUk 4¦. b:uEnþ GesßrPaBneya)ayenA EtmaneRkayBIkarbegáIt lTi§RbCaFibetyüBhubkSmk³ PaBtantwg rvag KNbkSTaMgBIr enAkñúgrdæaPi)alcMruH elIkTI 1 )annaMeTAkan;CMelaHGavuF enAqñaM 1997 . karvileTArk 4 sMrab;karvaytMélqøas;BIplb:HBal;rbs;GaCJaFr beNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatienARbeTskm<úCa (UNTAC) sUmGan esovePAGgÁkar shRbCaCati (UN) qñaM1995 G‘utTIg (Utting)qñaM1994 hVIúneL (Findlay) qñaM1995 mIt (Metzl)qñaM1995 nigRhVúIsun (Frieson) qñaM1996.

bribTénkm<úCa 9

GMeBIhwgSaneya)ayCYnKña nwg\T§iBlénvibtþihirBaØvtßúenAGasIu enARbeTséf nigkardkecj rbs;GgÁkar mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCatiEdlCakayvikartbteTAnwgcMNucexSay kñúgkarRKb;RKgR)ak;cMNUléRBeQI Edl ecHEtmanbnþ )anbegáItnUvkarcuHfy esdækic©kñúg ry³eBlxøIenAcugTsvtSqñaM90.

b:uEnþcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkkaregIbeLIgvijénesdækic©man el,ÓnKYrsm. karrIkcMerInRtUv)anBRgwg edaykardYlrlMcugeRkayrbs;kub,kmµExµrRkhmenA qñaM1999. eTaHvis½yksikmµ)anbnþekIneLIg y:agyWtedaysarTwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üty:agF¶n;F¶r kñúgry³eBl 3 qñaMcugeRkayEdlCaTUeTAeFVI [GRtaTab énplitPaB b¤R)ak; cMNUlriwtEt mansPaBF¶n;F¶rCagmun ¬sUmemIlCMBUk5¦ k¾mankarrIk duHdalén»kasrkR)ak;enAPñMeBjeRkABIkardaMduH b¤qøgEdn eTARbeTséf EdlnaM[mankarekIteLIg énBlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_ ehIykarepJIR)ak; eTApÞH CaTidæPaBsMxan;énCIvPaB nigkar pøas;bþÚr sgÁmkic©-esdækic© enACnbT. b:uEnþ sßab½nneya)ay nigRbéBNIénkarRbkYtRbECgneya)ayedaysnþiviFIenAEt mansPaBGn;fyenAeLIy.

smtßPaBrbs;;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarTb;sáat;)atukmµRbqaMgéf kMu[ecjput BIkarRKb;RKgkøayeTACa clacl ¬nigkic©RBmeRBogsgEdlmantMélx<s;¦ enAkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM 2003 nigkarxkxanrbs; KNbkSneya)aykñúgkarRBmeRBogbegáItrdæaPi)alcMruHGs;ry³eBl1 qñaM bnÞab;BIkar e)aHeqñatqña M 2003 )anbBa¢ak;fa karGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©Gac nwgTTYl rgkaredIrfyeRkaymYyry³Edl bNþal[manplitplfµIrbs;KURbECg neya)ay. elIEpñkviC¢man kare)aHeqñat XuM¼sgáat;enAqña M 2002 )anbegáItrdæ GMNacmUldæanTUTaMg RbeTselIkTI1 CamYynwgkarsnüafa nwgmanplcMeNj CabnþbnÞab;kñúgkarcUlrYm nigkarTTYlxusRtUv ¬esovePA haEslsáÚk -Hasselskog etal-qñaM 2000 nij nigehk-Ninh and Henke- qñaM 2005 5 . b:uEnþ CarYmraCrdæaPi)alenAEtRtUv)anrMxaneday kMritsmtßPaBTabFnFan nigKNenyüPaB. CajwkjyEmnETn raCrdæaPi)almin)aneqøIytb b¤Kµan RbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigCaBiessrbs; RbCaBlrdæ 1 PaK 3 Edl rs;eRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk ¬xøwmsarenHman erobrab;y:agek,aHk,ayenAkñúg CMBUk7¦.

edaysegçbmk RbeTskm<úCa)an nigkMBug GnuvtþeKalkarN_TaMgbIkñúgsm½yGnþrkal taMgBIedImqña M 1990 (h‘UC -Hughes- qñaM 2003). TImYy RbeTskm<úCa)anecjputBIs®gÁamsIuvil mksnþiPaB. TIBIrRbeTskm<úCa)anGnuvtþBIneya)aybkSEtmYymkBhubkSkñúg sm½yGnþrkal. TIbMputRbeTs km<úCa)anrYcputBIesdækic©Éeka mankMeNInTabRKb;RKgedayrdæ nigtMrg;TisedIm,IRKan;Etrs; EdlkúñgenaH 5 rcnasm<½n§rd æ)alrbs;RbeTskm<úCamanTaMgGs; 23 extþ¼Rkug ehIyfñak;eRkamBIenHmanxNÐ¼Rsuk XuM ¬b¤sgáat;sMrab;T IRkug¦ nigPUmi.


mnusSPaKeRcInsßitkñúg PaBRkIRkdUcKña mkCaesdækic©TIpSarEdlebIkcMhdl;lMhUr mUlFnTMnij nigBlkmµGnþrCatiEdlkñúgenaH kMeNInesdækic©)anTajRbCaCnmYycMnYnFMecjBIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk b:uEnþ vismPaB )anekIteLIgy:agelOn³ mnusSmYycMnYnFMmin)anEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©eT ehIyGñkxøHkMBug TTYlrgkarFøak;cuHénkMritCIvPaB. kñúgsm½yGnþrkalenH RbePTkargarmYycMnYnRtUv)ansMerceRcInCag RbePTkargarepSgeTot.TnÞwmnwgenHsm½yGnþrkalenH)anpþl;dl;kMrgénkarpøas;bþÚrsgÁmkic© nig esdækic©nUvkMeNIn Edlman\T§iBlxøaMgkøa b:uEnþenAEtminRtUv)anyl;y:agc,as;las;enAeLIy. karpþl;niymn½ydl;Bakü{eRkay CMelaH} GMeBIhwgSaneya)ayEdlmanry³eBlyUrCagkar rMBwgTukman plb:HBal;GviC¢man y:ageRCAdl;karGPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTskm<úCarhUtmk dl;éf¶enH. ry³eBl 3 TsvtSénCMelaHépÞkñúgEdleFIV[rwtEtmansPaB GaRkk;CagmunedaysarKURbqaMg kñúgs®gÁamRtCak;min RKan;EtsMlab;CIvitmnusSrab;lannak;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾)aneFIV[xUcRKwHCaeRcInénkarGPivDÆn_CatiEdr.

karbMpøajehdæarcnasm<½n§

ekrþI_dMENlbnSl;BICMelaH RtUv)anemIleXIjc,as;las; BIkarFøak;cuHya:gxøaMgénmUlFnrUbv½nþ nigmUlFnmnusSrbs;RbCaCati. vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§-pøÚvfñl; s<an RbB½n§RKb;RKgTwk mnIÞreBTü salaeron-RtUv)anbMpøícbMpøaj nigRtUvEtsagsg;sarCafIµeLIgvij. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ dwkCBa¢Únminsm Rsb)ankMhittMél nigkarBnüaeBl eFIVdMeNIrEdlbegIántMélTMnijenATIpSar b¤ tMélvtßúFatuedImsMrab; plitkmµ RBmTaMg kMNt;lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)alEp¥k elImUldæansMPar³nigesvaGb;rM. rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgTwkmanlkçN³Gn;fy EdlTuk[RbCaCn CaeRcInTTYlrgeRKaH edaysarTwkCMnn; b¤eRKaHraMgs¶Üt ¬b¤Cajwkjab;eRKaHmhnþrayTaMgBIr enHkñúgqñaMEtmYy¦. eTaHbItaMgBIqñaM1993 mk salaeron nigmnIÞreBTü CaeRcInRtUv)ansagsg; k¾bnÞb;eronnigERK mnIÞreBTüenAEtminRKb;RKan;sMrab; esckIþRtUvkarrbs;RbCaCnenAeLIy.

karFøak;cuHya:gxøaMgénmUlFnmnusS

RbeTskm<úCaminRKan;Et)at;bg;sMPar³rUbv½nþ sMrab;skmµPaBesdækic© nigkarpþl;esvab:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ RbeTsenHk¾)an)at;bg;mUlFnmnusScaM)ac;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_pgEdr - enaHKWbBaØav½nþRbkbeday suxPaB l¥ EdlGaceFIVkargarGaCIvkmµya:gRbesIr nigpþl;CMnajviC¢aCIv³kñúgesvasaFarN³. bBaØav½nþTaMgenaH EdlenAqñaM1975 TTYl)ankarGb;rMya:gl¥RbesIr hak;dUcCaRtUvsøab;kñúgkMritvismmaRt kñúgsm½ykm<úCa RbCaFibetyü³ ebIBYkKat;bnþrs;ranmanCIviteRkaymk BYkKat;hak;dUcCaGacnireTsxøÜn kñúgkMrit vismmaRtEdr ehIyksagCIvitCafIµenAbreTs. CalT§pl RbeTskm<úCa)an)at;bg;mnusSeBareBj edaysmtßPaBx<g;x<s;CaeRcInehIyRtUv Etsßabnardæ nig esdækic ©km<úCaeLIgvijCamYy nwgevC¢bNÐit

bribTénkm<úCa 11

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bribTénkm<úCa 13

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bribTénkm<úCa 15

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RbeTsm:UhSaMb‘Ík sRgÁamsiuvild¾yUrGEgVgEdlbeBaäHedaymhaGMNacbreTs )ancab;epþImeT,IgenARbeTsm:UhSaMb‘Ik enAqña M

1975 ehIy)ansMlab;RbCaCnCit 1 lannak; muneBlkarsMercsnþiPaBenAqñaM 1992 ehIykare)aHeqñat BhubkSelIkTI1RtUv)aneFIVeT,IgenAqñaM 1994 . cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk kMeNInesdækic© d¾xøaMg ¬12° kñúgmYyqña M kñúgTsvtSqñaM 90¦ )ansßitenACaniirnþrPaB edaysarkarxitxMRbwgERbgya:ghµt;ct;EdlKaMRTedaym©as;CMnYy edIm,IEklMGGPi)alkic©nigeKalneya)ay. rdæaPi)al)anedaHRsay CaBiessedIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIreT,IgnUv briyakasGaCIvkmµ EdleGayman karekIneT,IgeTVdgnUv vinieyaKÉkCnkñúgnamCacMEnkmUyénplitplkñúg Rsuksrub ¬GDP¦ enArvagqñaM 1998 nigqñaM 2002. BIqñaM 1996mankarebþCJacitþkñúgkarxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IEk


lMG karRbmUlR)ak;cMNUledayRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarlYcbnøM nigkareKcBn§RBmTaMgkarGnuvtþn¾viFankar sMrYlBaNiC¢kmµ. sBVéf¶karC¿rH TMnij)anRbRBwtþeTA 40 dgelOnCag muneBlmankarEkTMrg;. kñúgry³eBl 2qñaMdMbUgénkMENTMrg;Ky karnaMcUl)anFøak;cuH 0/2° b:uEnþR)ak;cMNUlKy)an ekIneLIgRbmaN38/4°. kMeNInR)ak;cMNUl )annaMeGaymancMNayelIvis½ysgÁmkic©kñúgkMritx<s; Cag nigmanRbsiTi§PaB Cagmun. kMritx<s;énCMnYyeRkamkmµsiTi§rbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlmansmtßPaB k¾hak;dUcCa)anedIrtYnaTImYyya:gsMxan;Edr³ yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_epþatelIPaBRkIRk sMrab;ry³eBl mFümrbs; RbeTsm:UhSaMb‘Ík EdlEp¥kelImUldæan karRsavRCavtMrg;T iseKalneya)ay nigkarcUlrYm ya:gTUlMTUlayrbs;sgÁmsIuvil kardak;bBa©Úlmun eKnUvGPiRkmÉksaryuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk (PRSP) enAfñak;BiPBelak. m©as;CMnYy)anTTYl karbBa©úHbBa©Úl edayGñkdwknaMRbeTsm:UhSaMb‘Ík BITsSn³vis½yCayuT§saRsþ nig PaBesµaHRtg;kñúg karebþCJacitþeFIVkMENTMrg;. ehtuenHm©as;CMnYy)an yl;RBmsMrYlTwkR)ak;CMnYy tamry³GPiRkmTUTaMgvis½y. CasMxan;GRtakMeNInesdækic©x<s;manCanirnþrPaB eTaHbIenAeBlGnu)at CMnYy)anFøak;cuHya:gxøaMgk¾eday. karenHpþÜcepþÍmKMnitfaCMnYy RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaysuPvinicä½y edIm,Isagsg;RKwHsMrab;karrIkduHdalesdækic© RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. karpþú¿kMeNInesdækic© nigkarpþl;esvaEdlkan;EtRbesIreLIg)annaM[TTYlnUvpl cMeNjya:gTUlMTUlaysMrab;kMritCIvPaB. enAcenøaHqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2002 karsøab;rbs;kumar EdlmanGayueRkam 5qñaM )anfycuH BI 277 mkenARtwm 135 kñúgkMeNItkumarcMnYn 1>000. enArvagqña M 1999 nigqñaM 2003 cMnYnsisSenAbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa)anekIneLIgcMnYnRbmaN 43°. PaBRbesIreLIgTaMgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgkñúgGRtaPaBRkIRk EdlFøak;cuH 14° kñúgry³eBl 6qñaM B I 69° enAqña M 1997 mkRtwm 54° enAqñaM 2003.

RbPB³ BIrun (Piron) nig NUtun (Norton) qñaM2004-hVÚsþ½r (Foster) nig mIhSú‘mb‘Í (Mijumbi) qñaM 2004-mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati (IMF) qñaM 2003 FnaKarBiPBelak (World Bank) qñaM 2005 KN³kmµaFikar sMrab;TIVbGaRhVik (Commission for Africa) qñaM 2005-DIy:UehÁa (Diogo) qñaM 2005 –hVl (Falck) ElnhVl (Landfald) nig rIb‘ÍL Ú (Rebelo) qñaM 2001.

karRKb;RKgsniþPaB nigkarGPivDÆn_ ³ kar ERbRbYlesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©kñúgry³eBl eRkayCMelaHenARbeTskm<úCa

BIqñaM1993 rdæaPi)al)ancat;Ecgya:gskmµ edIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlRbeTskm<úCaeLIgvijeTA kñúgTMnak;TMng tMbn; nigBiPBelak ¬]TahrN_ tamry³karbnþsmaCikPaB smaKmRbCaCati GasIuEb:kGaeKñy_ (ASEAN) nigbnÞab;mkeTot GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO)eRkayBI PaBÉekaGs;ry³eBl 2TsvtSmk. karenHkMBugmanplb:HBal;eTAelI esdækic© nigsgÁm km<úCaEdlraCrdæaPi)alkMBug sVHEsVgyl; nigRKb;RKg edIm,Icg¥úlpøÚvénkaregIbeLIgvijrbs; Cati nigkarGPivDÆn_.

bribTénkm<úCa 17

kñúgn½yénkarERbRbYl esdækic© kareFVIv inieyaK nigBaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCatikMBugbegIþtkalanuvtþPaB sMrab;kargar b¤karrkR)ak;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa b¤ k¾kñúgzan³CaBlkreTsnþrRbevsn_kñúgRbeTséf Citxag. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH karbþÚreTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar)anpþl;tMél BaNiC¢kmµEdlminFøab;manBImun eTAeGaydI nigFnFanFmµCati ¬CaBiess sm,tiþ éRBeQI nigClpl¦. edayKµansßab½nRbkb edaytmøaPaB b¤KNenyüPaBsMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanTaMgenH mankarRbmUlRTBüsm,tiþ Edlkan;EtekIn eLIgeTAkñúgédGñkmansþúksþmÖ. Cajwkjy karRbmUlpþú¿FnFanTaMgenH )anb:HBal;eTAelIkarcMNay pÞal;rbs;shKmn_ RkIRkenAmUldæanEdl BwgEp¥kelIlT§PaBTTYl)anpléRBeQI nigTwkedIm, I edaHRsayesckIþRtUvkarrbs; RKYsarKat;pÞal; b¤edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl. elIsBIenHeTAeTot Cajwkjy m©as;kmµsiTi§fIµTaMgenH TTYl)anFnFanEdleTIbRtUv)aneFIVÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ CamYynwg Gb,har y:ageRcIn ¬eBalKW raCrdæaPi)al min)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUlEdlxøÜnrMBwgfa RtUv)anehIyEdlsMrab;ykmk pþl;hirBaØb,TanedIm,IeFIVvinieyaKkñúgkarGPivDÆn_enaHeT¦ nig RKb;RKgFnFanTaMgenaH edayepþatelIkar TajykplcMeNjEtmþgsMrab;ry³eBld¾xøICaCagTTYl)an lMhUrénplcMeNjRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigrIkraldalTUlMTUlaysMrab;ry³eBlyUrGEgVg.

TMnak;TMngsgÁm tMél nigkaryl;eXIj k¾kMBugEtERbRbYlEdr edaymankarKitKUrdl;kat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. sBVéf¶karGnuvtþn_ Cak;Esþgénkic©shRbtibti þkar b¤karedaHdUreTAvijeTAmkenAfñak;PUmi kñúgBlkmµ b¤karciBa©wmstVkMBugebIkpøÚvya:geBjeljdl; karcat;EcgeFIVBaNiC¢kmµ³ karbþÚreTACaBlkmµ TTYlR)ak;ebovtSGacnwgpþl;plcMeNj dl;CnRkIRkkñúgry³eBleRcInqñaM b:uEnþk¾GacbegáInPaBgay rgeRKaHEdr. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaH karBwgEp¥kelIBlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_kñúgry³eBlxøI b¤ Evg CayuT§sa®sþsMrab;bnþkarrs;ranCIvit nigCYnkalbnþcat;TukfaCaeCaKC½ykMBugman\Ti§Blya:gRCaleRCA eTAelIlT§PaBCMnHTukçRBYyrbs; rcnasm<½n§RKYsar nig shKmn_ - b:uEnþk¾kMBugcab; epþImpþl;kMeNIndl; rebobfIµénkarKaMRT eTAvijeTAmk ¬KN³kmµFikaresvarbs;mitþGaemrik AFSC- GgÁkarmUlniFi shRbCaCatiedIm,I kumar UNICEF nigmCÄmNÐlRsavRCavGPivDÆn_ GnþrCatiRbeTskaNada IDRC-

qñaM 2000.

kñúgTsvtScugeRkaykarekIneLIgénkar EvkEjkBIeKalKMnitneya)ayfIµ ¬]TahrN_ siTi§rbs; buKÁl nigkarTTYlxus RtUvrbs;m®nIþraCkarcMeBaHm©as;eqñat¦nigKMrU énGgÁkarsgÁm ¬]TahrN_ GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al nigshCIB¦ kMBugEtpøas;bþÚrrebobEdlRbCaCnkm<úCaKitGMBITMnak;TMngrbs;BYkKat; CamYyrdæaPi)al. karGb;rMEdlrIksayPayCagmun kargayRsYleRcInkñúg kareFIVdMeNIrtamdgpøÚv l¥RbesIrRbkbedaysniþsux nigkarekIneLIg énkarpSBVpSay TUrTsSn_kñúgRsuk nigbreTs bTePøg nig B½t’mantamRbB½n§pSBVpSay kMBugbegáInkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaCnsIþBIBiPBelakEdlenAq¶ayBIshKmn_ rbs;BYkKat;. kñúgdMeNIrenH\Ti§Bl sgÁm nigvb,Fm’fIµTaMgenH kMBugelIkkMBs; karrMBwgR)afañcg;)an nig


begáInkMritmnsikar nigkgVl;rbs;RbCaCn sIþBIv ismPaBEdlecHEtekIneLIg rvagGñkmanRTBüsm,tþi nigCnRkIRk.

karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;r)aykarN_enH nigRbPBTinñn½y

karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;r)aykarN_enHRbRBwtþeTAkñúgry³eBltaMgBIsm½yGnþrkal 3 dMNak;kal ³ - BIs®gÁammk sniþPaB BIneya)ayKNbkSmYymkBhubkS RBmTaMgBIkar dwknaMesdækic© nig PaBÉekarmkTIpSar Edlcab;epþImtaMgBiTsvtSTI 80. karviPaKesIÞrEtTaMgGs; kñúgCMBUkteTA eTotenH nigepþatCa Biess elIry³eBlBIqñaM 1994 dl; 2004 BIeRBaH \LÚveyIgmanTinñn½y sgÁmkic©-esdækic©RKYsarfñak;CatiEdldkRsg;ecjBIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa qñaM 1993¼4

(SESC) nigkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdæk ic© enAkm<úCa qñaM 2004 (CSES) sMrab;qñaMTaMgBIrenH7. Tinñn½yenH GnuBaØateGayeyIgtamdankarERbRbYlénGRtaPaBRkIRk nigTidæPaBPaBRkIRk enAcenøaHkalbriecäT TaMgenH8 .

karrkeXIjsMxan;BIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa 2004 (CSES 2004) nigkareRbob eFobkarGegátenH CamYynwgkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdæk ic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 1994 (SESC 1994)

RtUv)ansegçbenAkñúg CMBUkTaMgBIrbnÞab;eTAenH. edaysarTinñn½y qñaM 1993¼4 enAmankMrit Tinñn½ykarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©qñaM 2004 nigRtUv)anykmkeRbItamrebobxusKñaedIm,IBinitü emIlsßanPaBRkIRknigsþg;dars;enA kñúgqñaM 2004. GtßbTkñúg RbGb;1>4 pþl;xøwmsarlMGit mYycMnYnsIþBITMrg;Tinñn½y nigkarviPaKrbs;karGegát sgÁmkic© esdækic©qña M 2004³GtßbTkñúgenH k¾)anBnül; BIkarEbgEckkMritepSg² tamPUmisa®sþ ¬tMbn; PUmiPaK nigextþ ¦ EdlRtUv)anykmk eRbIR)as;kñúgr)aykarN_enHTaMgmUl ehIyCaBiesskñúgCMBUk2 nigCMBUk 3. 7 edIm,IPaBgayRsYl (SESC) nwgRtUv)aneyageTAelI karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic ©enAkm<úCaq ñaM 1993¼4. dUcKña Edr

CSES nwgRtUv)aneyageTAdl; karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 eTaHbI tamkarBitkarGegátmanry³eBl 15 Ex edaycab;epþImBIcugqñaM 2003 rhUtdl;edImqñaM 2005. 8 enHKWCakMNt;sMKal;sMxan;mYy karGegátsgÁmkic© -esdækic©enAkm<úCaq ñaM 2004 Edl)andkRsg;Tinñ½yRKYsartam rbobBIya:gxus²Kña TImYytamryH karehAeFVItammUldañn Recalled Based dUckarGegátBImunenAkm<úCa nwgTI2 tamrebobfµIKWkareFVIRbcaMéf¶ Diary based module . r)aykarN_enHRtUv)aneRCIykeTAeRbIsMrab;ehATinñ½y Recalled

based data edIm,IRbIR)as;CamUldañnenAkñ úgkarvaytMélPaBRkIRke eRBaHvaCaEpñkmYysMrab;kareFVIeRbobeFob nwgsÞab;sÞg;emIlsMrab;PaBRkIRkqñaM 1993¼94 cMENkkarsresrRbcaMéf¶minRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;eT . ehtuenHRtUv)an elIkykmkBiPakSaedIm,ICakarlMG itbEnßmeTot enAkñ úg]bsm<½n§ 1 . CamYyenHpgEdrenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 )anniyayGMBI saßnPaBRbmaNemIl BIPaBRkIRkr)aykarN_ vis a vis b¤k_CaÉksarEdleTIbnigecjfµI² k_eRbIsMrab;karGegát sgÁmkic© -esdækic ©enAkm< úCaq ñaM 2004 ehIykrNImYyeTotRtUv)anykmkeRbIsMrab;karvaytMélénkareRbIR)as; .

bribTénkm<úCa 19

r UbPaB1>2 bBa¢ak;fa etIextþNamYyRtUv)an kMNt;[siþtenAkñúgtMbn;NamYykñúgcMeNamtMbn; ksi-eGkULÚsIuTaMg5 EdlmanniyayenAkñúgRbGb; 1>5 nwgykmkeRbIkúñgkarviPaKenH?

karviPaKelITinñn½yGegátKMrUdkRsg;ecjBIkar GegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©qñaM 1993¼4 nig qñaM2004 RtUv)anbMeBjbEnßm edayB½t’man)anBIRbPBCaeRcInepSgeTotsIþBIsßanPaB nigkarERbRbYl kñúgkMritCIvPaBbc©úb,nñ nigPaBRkIRkkñúg ry³eBl10qñaMcugeRkay b¤yUr CagenH. kMrgTinñn½yfñak;Cati sMxan;² rYmmankarGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenA km<úCaqñaM2000 ¬CDHS¦ nigkarGegátCMerOn RbCaCnenAkm<úCa¬CIPS¦.elIsBIkarGegáttMNag[fñak;Cati TaMgenHr)aykarN_ enH)andkRsg;ecj BIkarsikSaRsavRCavbribTxñattUcCaeRcIn CaBiess karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecj BIPaBRkIRk ¬MOPS¦ Edl Casñaédrbs;viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬CDRI¦. GtßbTkñúgs‘ um 1>5 pþl;RbvtþikarRsavRCav enHmYycMnYnEdlnwgRtUv)aneyagkññúg r)aykarN_enHTaMgmUlCamYynwgkar GegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©qñaM 2004 ¬CSES¦9.

karsikSaRsavRCavepSgeTotelITItaMg b¤xøwmsarCak;lak; EdlkarvaytMélenHdkRsg;yk rYmman

karGegátelIkmµkrkñúgvis½y kat;edr karGegáttamdancMNay saFarN³ (PETS) sMrab;karGb;rM karsikSaBIGnuvis½yesdækic© b¤TidæPaBén CIvPaBenACnbT nig karrkeXIjdMbUg² dkRsg;ecjBIkar RbmUlpþúMénkarvaytMél karcUlrYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬PPAS) EdleroberogeLIgenAkñúgshKmn_ kñúgextþnana CuMvijbwgTenøsab. kMrgÉksareyagTMagRsug nwg RtUvbgðajenAxageRkayr)aykarN_enH .

RbGb; 1>4³ kareRbobeFobPaBRkIRktameBlevla nigTItaMg³ eKalKMnitmUldæankñúg kareRbIR)as; Tinñn½ykar GegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM2004 (CSES)

kñúgr)aykarN_enHTaMgmUl Tinñn½ydkRsg;ecjBIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©2004RtUv)anykmkviPaKtam rebobepSg²KñatamTMhMEbøk². RbGb;enHBüayamsegçbxøwmsarlMGitbnþeTAeTot RtUv)anpþl;enaHkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1. rbt;PaBRkIRk ¬BIqñaM 1993¼4 dl;qñaM 2004 ¦ TidæPaBénPaBRkIRkbc©úb,nñ ¬qñaM 2004 ¦

r)aykarN_enHnwgbBa©ÚlkarviPaKBIrbt; ¬karERbRbYlrvagkarGegátqñaM 1993¼4 nigkarGegátqñaM 2004¦ nigkarviPaKBITinñn½yPaBRkIRkenAeBlkMNt;NamYy ¬CaBiess karBiB’NnasegçbBI sßankarN¾bc©úb,nñ¦. Tinñn½y dkRsg;ecjBIKMrUqñaM 2004RtUv)anykmkeRbItamrebobxusKñasMrab;kar viPaKRbePTepSgKñaTaMgBIrenH.

9 karerobcMelIkdMbUgenH KWCaFatucUlmYydl;karBiPakSasþIGMBIPaBRkIRk karsikSaRsavRCavGMB Ikarcak;ecjBIPaB

RkIRk k¾)anedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;CakrNIsikSasMrab;karsikSananarbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksMrab;RbeTs nigKMeragEdl maneQµaHdUcKña .


enAeBlBiBN’naBIkMritCIvPaBrs;enAnigkarvas;kMritPaBRkIRkenAqñaM2004 karviPaKnwgEp¥kelITinñn½y dkRsg; ecjBIkMrgTaMgmUlénRKYsarnanakñúgKMrUqñaM2004. b:uEnþenAeBleyIgniyayBIrbt;-enaHKW karERbRbYléntMél ¬]TahrN_ GRtaPaBRkIRk ¦- CaTUeTA tYelxTaMgT,ayEdlbgðajsMrab;qñaM 2004 RtUv)anKNnaedaydkRsg; ecjBIGnuK MrUénTinñn½yqñaM 2004. GnukMrgenHrYmmanEtRKYsarEdlsißt kñúgtMbn;PUmisa®sþdUcKña EdlRtUv)an ykmkeRbIkñúgRkbxNÐeFIVKMrUenAqñaM 1993/4 ehIymanEt 56° énPUmienACnbTb:ueNÑaHEdlykmkeFIVCaKMrU. kñúgvaküs½BÞepSgeTot kareRbobeFobxwømsarkñúgqñaMNamYy CamYynwgxøwmsardUcKñakñúgqñaM mYyepSgeTot kareRbob eFobrvagqñaM 1993/4 nigqñaM2004 nwg KNnatYelxsMrab;qñaM 2004 edayeRbIR)as;EtGnukMrgénKMrUqñaM 2004 TaMgmUlEdlkMNt;edayTItaMg nigsNæan ¬nigmankarelIkElgmYy cMnYncMeBaHeKalkarN_enH³ eyIgBüayam KNnatYelx)a:n;sµan mYycMnYnsIþBIsUcnakrPaBRkIRkKnøwHenAkm<úCa sMrab;qñaM1993¼4 edayeRbIR)as;cMeNal bkmkeBleRkayvijdUcEdlmanBN’nakñúgCMBUk 2¦. EpnTIkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 bgðajtMbn;EdlRKbdNþb;elIRkbxNÐ KMrU EdlGaceRbobeFob)antamPUmisa®sþ.

ÉktaPUmisa®sþénkarviPaK³ tMbn;PUmiPaK nigextþ tamrebobPUmisa®sþ EpñknImYy²énRbeTs - nig ÉktakareFIVKMrUCadMbUg² (PSU) kñúgRkbxNÐkareFIVK MrUsMrab;

karGegátsgÁmkic©esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES) - RtUv)anEbgEckCaRbePT CalkçN³ TIRkug b¤CnbT. EpñkCaeRcInénr)aykarN_enH cab;epþImeLIgedaykarpþl;kareRbobeFob ya:gTUl M TUlayrvagtMbn; 3 ³ (i) PñMeBj (ii) TIRkugepSgeTot ¬eBalKW EpñkkNþalénTIRkugdUcCaTIrYmextþ ¦ nig (iii) CnbT.

eyIgGacEbgEckbnþeTAeTottamPUmisa®sþksi-eGkULÚsIuTaMg5 ³ PñMeBj valrab Tenøsab eqñrsmuRT nigx<g;rabPñM. RkumTaMgenHrYmCamYyextþnanaEdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaya:geRcIncMeBaHlT§PaBTTYl)an sßanPaBdI skmµPaBesdækic©.l.

PñMeBj PñMeBj valrab kMBg;cam kNþal éRBEvg sVayerog taEkv Tenøsab bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg kMBg;FM esomrab kMBg;qñaMg / eBaFisat; eqñrsmuRT kMBt eqñrsmuRTepSgeTot ¬Rkug RBHsIuhnu Ekb ekaHkug ¦ x<g;rab PñM kMBg;s<W x<g;rabepSgeTot/PñM ¬RkcH mNÐlKIrI RBHvihar rtnKIrI swÞgERtg ]tþrmanC½y nigéb:lin ¦

CaTIbBa©b; sMrab;extþTaMgLayEdlmanRbCaCneRcIn ¬ehtuenHcMnYnRKYsarya:geRcInkñúgKMrYkarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 ¦ eyIgmanlT§PaBKNnakar)a:n;sµanCasßitisMrab;extþTaMgenaH. cMeBaHextþtUc² cMnYnRKYsarEdlmankñúgkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© mankMritticRCulminGaceFIVkarviPaKsMrab;fñak;extþenaH )aneT.

kñúgkrNImYy² karbBa©ÚlKMrUnanaBIextþBIrCab;Kña begáIt)anCatYelx)a:n;sµansMrab;extþTaMgBIr b:uEnþminGacbMEbk eGaytUcbnþeTAeToteT ¬dUcCatYelx)a:n;sµan sMrab;GnuKMrU {eBaFisat;/kMBg;qñaMg:¦. Cajwkjy extþenAsl;Edl manRbCaCnticminGacpþl;tYelxKMrU sMrab;fñak;extþ RtUv)anbgðajkñúgtaragkñúgRbePTCa {epSgeTot : ¬]TahrN_

PUmiPaK extþ ¼karRbmUlpþúMextþ

bribTénkm<úCa 21

{eqñrsmuRTepSgeTot :¦. taragxagelIsegçbkMriténkarEbgEckEdlGaceFIVeTAekIt. rUbPaB 1>2 bgðajenA EpnTIBIextþnana EdlsißtkñúgtMbn;ksikmµeGkULÚsiunImYy².

rUbPaB 1>2 eTsPaB nigFnFanFmµCatibegáItPaBEbøk²kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©rbs;km<úCa

RbGb; 1>5³ zamBlRKYsar nigTsSn³vis½yrbs;CnRkIRk³ karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecj BIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)

kñúgry³eBlqñaM 2004-5 viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) )aneFIVkarRsavRCav edayeRbIviFIsa®sþbBa©ÚlKña ¬enaHKW karRsavRCavEdlbBa©ÚlkarviPaKbrimaN nigkarviPaKKuNPaB eTAkñúgRTBü Fnfñak;P Umi nigfñak;RKYsar RBmTaMgzamBlénPaBRkIRk. karenHBak;B½n§nwgkareFIVTsSnkic©eLIgvijkñúgPUmicMnYn9 edayGegátRKYsarcMnYnCit 1>000 ¬sUmemIltarag ¦ EdlviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) )anGegátsMrab;karsikSaRsavRCav sMrab;edImqñaM 2001.


PUmitamtMbn; extþ lkçxNÐmUldæansMrab;kareRCIserIs PUmiPaKTenøsab GNþÚgRtac )at;dMbg RsUvrdUvvsSa BlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_ RksaMg )at;dMbg RsUvrdUvvsSa GñkvilRtLb;mktaMglMenACafIµ xSac;C Irs; kMBg;FM RsUvedjTwk karensaTkñúgbwgTenøsab

PUmiPaKvalrab ERBkekµg kNþal RsUvrdUvR)aMg karensaTCaRbePTRKYsar )ae)a:g éRBEvg RsUvrdUvR)aMgCaRbePTRKYsar

PUmiPaKx<g;rab¼PñM kBa¢r RkecH RsUvrdUvR)aMg FnFanéRBeQI dgkþar kMBg;FM RsUvrdUvvsSa FnFanéRBeQI RtBaMgéRB kMBg;sW< RsUvrdUvvsSa BlkmµykR)ak;kMér PUmiPaKeqñrsmuRT kMBg;etñat kMBt RsUvrdUvvsSa karensaT karplitGMbil

kMrgTinñn½yenH ¬enaHKW kMrgTinñn½ymYyEdltamdanRKYsardEdlenAcenøaHkarGegátpÞÜn²Kña¦ pþl;xøwmsar bMeBjbEnßmmantMélcMeBaHkarGegátKMrU edaymineRCIserIsCamunrbs;skmµPaBbnþbnÞab;Kña énkarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) . CaBiess kMrgTinñn½yenHpþl;B½t’manfa etIRKYsar b:unµan)anecj putBIPaBRkIRkkñúgry³eBl3qñaM? - nigpÞúyeTAvij etIRKYsarb:unµanEdlminRkIRk enAqñaM2001 )anFøak;kñúgPaBRkI RkenAqñaM 2004? nig etIRKYsarb:unµanEdlsßanPaB ¬RkIRk b¤minRkIRk¦ minpøas;bþÚr?. CamYynwgB½t’manenH eKGac)a:n;sµanfa etIsmmaRtCnRkIRkenAeBlkMNt;NamYyRtUv sißitkñúgPaBRkIRkCaRbcaM ebIeRbobeFobCamYy nwgCnRkIRkbeNþaH GasnñEdlGacCYnkalsßitkñúgPaBRkIRk nigCYnkaleTotGacecjputBIPaBRkIRk tamkarERb RbYlkñúgvdþrbs; RBwtiþkarN_ b¤karb:HTgÁic F¶n;F¶rrbs;RKYsar?. TnwÞmnwgenH smasFatuKuNPaBénkar RsavRCav)aneRbIkic©smÖasn_CaRkum nigÉktþCnkñúgPUmiTaMg9 edIm,ITTYl)anTsSn³rbs;BYkKat; sIþBIrebob EdlCIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;ERbRbYl nig BIktþaGIVEdlCYyBnül;BIkarERbRbYlTaMgenHenAfñak;RKYsar fñak;P Umi b¤fñak;Cati. karviPaK nigkarrkeXIj CadMbUg² BIkarsikSaRsavRCavsþIB IkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)

RtUv)anraykarN_enAkñúgÉksarenH³ KMeragRsavRCavTaMgmUlnwgRtUvbgðajenAqñaM 2006 kñúgrUbPaBCaÉksar kargarmYy b¤eRcInrbs;viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆkm<úCa (CDRI).

bribTénkm<úCa 23

RbGb; 1>5³ zamBlRKYsar nigTsSn³vis½yrbs;CnRkIRk³ karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecj BIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)

kñúgry³eBlqñaM 2004-5 viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) )aneFIVkar RsavRCav edayeRbIviFIsa®sþbBa©ÚlKña ¬enaHKW karRsavRCavEdlbBa©ÚlkarviPaKbrimaN nigkarviPaKKuNPaB eTAkñúgRTBüFnfñak;PUmi nigfñak;RK Ysar RBmTaMgzamBlénPaBRkIRk. karenHBak;B ½n§nwg kareFIVTsSnkic©eLIg vijkñúgPUmicMnYn9 edayGegátRKYsarcMnYnCit 1>000 ¬sUmemIltarag ¦ Edl viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) )anGegátsMrab;karsikSaRsavRCav sMrab;edImqñaM 2001.

PUmitamtMbn; extþ lkçxNÐmUldæansMrab;kareRCIserIs PUmiPaKTenøsab GNþÚgRtac )at;dMbg RsUvrdUvvsSa BlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_ RksaMg )at;dMbg RsUvrdUvvsSa GñkvilRtLb;mktaMglMenACafIµ xSac;C Irs; kMBg;FM RsUvedjTwk karensaTkñúgbwgTenøsab

PUmiPaKvalrab ERBkekµg kNþal RsUvrdUvR)aMg karensaTCaRbePTRKYsar )ae)a:g éRBEvg RsUvrdUvR)aMgCaRbePTRKYsar

PUmiPaKx<g;rab¼PñM kBa¢r RkecH RsUvrdUvR)aMg FnFanéRBeQI dgkþar kMBg;FM RsUvrdUvvsSa FnFanéRBeQI RtBaMgéRB kMBg;sW< RsUvrdUvvsSa BlkmµykR)ak;kMérPUmiPaKeqñrsmuRT kMBg;etñat kMBt RsUvrdUvvsSa karensaT karplitGMbil

kMrgTinñn½yenH ¬enaHKW kMrgTinñn½ymYyEdltamdanRKYsardEdlenAcenøaHkarGegátpÞÜn²Kña¦ pþl;xøwmsar bMeBjbEnßmmantMélcMeBaHkarGegátKMrU edaymineRCIserIsCamunrbs;skmµPaBbnþbnÞab;Kña énkarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) . CaBiess kMrgTinñn½yenHpþl;B½t’manfa etIRKYsar b:unµan)anecj putBIPaBRkIRkkñúgry³eBl3qñaM? - nigpÞúyeTAvij etIRK Ysarb:unµanEdlminRkIRk enAqñaM 2001 )anFøak;kñúg PaBRkIRkenAqñaM 2004? nig etIRKYsarb:unµanEdlsßanPaB ¬RkIRk b¤minRkIRk¦ min pøas;bþÚr?. CamYynwgB½t’manenH eKGac)a:n;sµanfa etIsmmaRtCnRkIRkenAeBlkMNt;NamYyRtUv sißitkñúgPaBRkIRkCaRbca M ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgCnRkIRkbeNþaHGasnñEdlGacCYnkalsßitkñúgPaBRkIRk nigCYnkaleTotGacecjput BIPaBRkIRk tamkarERbRbYlkñúgvdþrbs;RBwtiþkarN_ b¤karb:HTgÁic F¶n;F¶rrbs;RKYsar?. TnwÞmnwgenH smasFatu KuNPaBénkarRsavRCav)aneRbIkic©smÖasn_CaRkum nig ÉktþCnkñúgPUmiTaMg9 edIm,ITTYl)anTsSn³rbs;BYkKat; sIþBIrebobEdlCIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;ERbRbYl nig BIktþaGIVEdlCYyBnül;BIkarERbRbYlTaMgenHenAfñak;RK Ysar fñak;PUmi b¤fñak;Cati. karviPaK nigkarrk eXIjCadMbUg² BIkarsikSaRsavRCavsþIB IkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS)RtUv)anraykarN_enAkñúgÉksar enH³ KMeragRsavRCavTaMgmUlnwgRtUvbgðajenAqñaM 2006 kñúgrUbPaBCaÉksarkargarmYy b¤eRc In rbs;viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆkm<úCa (CDRI).


xøwmsarsegçb karFanasniþPaB esßrPaBneya)ay nigTMnak;TMngkic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati KWCaeKaledA

CaGaTiPaBrbs;raCrdæaPi)alTaMg3 EdlekIteLIgedaysarkare)aHeqñat taMgBIqñaM1993 10 . sBVéf¶ sniþPaBRtUv)ansMercehIy. kñúgvisalPaBFMeFg plcMeNjkñúgkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkkñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH tMNageGay{plcMeNjsniþPaB : EdlmanedaykRmenaH KW karekIneLIg dMbUgd¾rh½s BImUldæankMritTabEmnETn BIeRBaHkarksagsniþPaBeLIgvij karTTYlsÁal;BIshKmn_ GnþrCati )anbgálT§PaBCafIµmþgeTot[mankMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk bnÞab;BICMelaH kñúgry³eBl2TsvtSmk nigbMeBjbEnßm RBmTaMgBRgIktamry³ {plcMeNjeKalneya)ay : ¬eTaHbI sniþPaBsMxan;CagsMrab; eBlenHk¾eday¦. rdæaPi)alskþismTTYlkitiþyskñúgkarFana nigEfrkSa sniþPaB ¬edaymankarfyeRkayd¾xøI kñúgeBlxøHk¾eday¦. rdæaPi)alk¾skþismTTYlkitiþys pgEdr sMrab;kareFIV[)anTTYlplcMeNj bEnßmeTotBIkMeNInesdækic©Edl)anBIpl cMeNjsniþPaB tamry³ karbnþya:gskmµ nUvsmahrNPaBkñúgtMbn;nigGnþrCati ¬edaycUlCasmaCiksmaKmn_RbCaCati GasIuEb:kGaeKñy¾ (ASEAN) nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak(WTO) tamry³kareqøIytbd_man RbsiTi§PaBeTAnwg»kasEdl pþl;edaylT§PaB)anTTYlPaBGnueRKaH TIpSarenAGaemrik xageCIg nigGWrWub sMrab;plitplkat;edr nigtamry³karRtYtBinitü vinieyaKsMrab;karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² dUcCafñl;Cati EdlkMBugcab;epþImtP¢ab;lMhesdækic©kñúg RbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsCitxag. dUcEdl)an BiBN’naenAkñúgCMBUkbnÞab;enHkarpøas;bþÚr enHmanRbsiT§iPaBEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk eGay)an 25° fycuH BI 10 eTA15° kñ úgcMeNam 35° enAqñaM 2004. enH)anCMrujRbeTskm<úCa eGayeq<aHeTArkeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSsMrab;km<úCa rYmCamYy nwgkarebþp¤arbs;raCrdæaPi)aledIm, I kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk BIBak;kNþalqñaM 1993 dl; 2015 RksYgEpnkar 2003 -2015

eTaHya:gNa karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;ya:gRbugRby½tñ nigya:gman\Ti§BleTAelIkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRkminRtUv)anRbkasya:gc,as;kñúgkareroberogeKalneya)ayeT³ manGIVmYy)aneFVI[ exSaynUvkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)aykñúgkMritNamYy. edaysar\T§iBlénplcMeNj sniþPaBcab;epþImcuH exSayeTARbeTskm<úCa nigRtUvkarRbkan;ykeKayneya)ayCYyCnRkIRkfIµ sµúKsµajCagmun nigRbug Rby½tñCagmun ebIkm<úCacg;enAmannirnþrPaB b¤BenøÓnkarlUtlas;fIµ²enH kñúgkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk. ehtuenH bBaðaRbQmsMrab; qñaMxagmun KWkarBRgwgsm½yGnþrkalneya)ay ehIy ksagelIGnþrkalenHedaykarxitxMbRgYbbRgYmKañCayuT§sa®sþ nigshkarKñasMrab;karkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk RbkbedaynirnþPaB. r)aykarN_enHsVHEsVgpþl;TsSn³CarYmedaysegçb EtGacyl;)anBIGIVEdl

10 sUmemIlyuT§sa®sþTIekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa qñaM 1998 nig yuT§sa®sþctuekaNqñaM 2004.

bribTénkm<úCa 25

ekIteLIgcMeBaHPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa cab;taMgBIqñaM1993 nigBIehtupledIm,IKaMRTrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuv il km<úCa kñúgkareroberogcMelIyCayuT§sa®sþsMrab;eqøIytb nigbBaðaPaBRkIRk. r)aykarN_enHBüayam KUsbBa¢ak;BIesNavIy:UmYycMnYnEdlGacekIteLIgTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðafaetIkarekIteLIgsßanPaB nigmUl ehtuénPaBRkIRkGacpøas;bþÚrya:gdUcemþckñúgry³eBl 5qñaMxagmux. nigfaetIkarenHGacRtUv)anb:HBal; edaykareRCIserIseKalneya)ayb¤eT.

2> ninñakarénPaBRkIRkqñaM 1994-2004

xøwmsarsegçb

enAkñúgtMbn;kNþalénRbeTskm<úCa EdlRtUv)aneFVIkarGegátmþg enAkñ úgqñaM 1993¼94 nigmþg eTotenAqñaM2004 ¬Rkbx½NÐeFVIKMrUtamPUmisaRsþ EdlGaceRbobeFob)an¦ GRtaPaBRkIRk )anFøak;cuH BI39° mkRtwm28° kñgGMLúgeBl10qñaMenH.

eTaHbICay:agenHk¾eday tMbn;dac;Rsyal nigtMbn;x<s;epSgeTot EdlminRtUv)aneFVIkar Gegát enAqñaM1993¼94 man¬ehIyenAEtman¦ PaBRkIRkCag. eyIgGac):an;RbmaN)anBI GRta PaBRkIRkenATUTaMgkm<úCakñúgqñaM 1993¼94 edayEp¥kelI ninñakarenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeFVIKMrU tamPUmisaRsþEdlGaceRbobeFob)an nigGVIEdleyIg)andwgGMBIRbCaCn nigPaBRkIRkenA kñúgtMbn;dac;RsyalTaMgenaH. edayeRbIR)as;Bt’manTaMgenH eyIgGac):an;RbmaNfa GRta PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCaTaMgmUlFøak;cuHBI 47° enAqñaM1994 ¬):an;RbmaNfyeRkay¦ mkRtwm 35° ¬Edl)anvas;Evg¦ enAqñaM2004. edaysarmanmniÞlBI ):araEm:tmYycMnYn nig PaBminli¥tl¥n;kñúgkarTajyklT§plenH vamansuvtßiPaBCagkñúgkarniyayfa GRtPaBRkIRk enAkm<úCaenAqñaM1994 sißtenHcenøaH 45 eTA 50°. dUecñH eyIgGac)a:n;RbmaNfa rvagqñaM1994 nig 2004 GRtaPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa Føak;cuHrvag 10 eTA15°.

kñúgRkbxNÐkareFIVK MrUtamPUmisaRsþEdlGaceRbobeFob)anenH GRtakareRbIR)as;kñgRKYsar kñúgmnusSmñak; - karvas;BIsuxumalPaBEdlRtUv)anykmkeRbIkñúgÉksarenH nigEdlsMrab; bBa¢ak;BIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk - )anekIneLIg32° kñ úgn½yBit ¬eBalKW edayKitTaMgGtiprNa ¦.

PaBRbesIreLIgénGRtakareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; nigkarFøak;cuHénGRtaPaBRkIRk RtUv)an BinitüeXIjTaMg kñúgtMbn;CnbT nigkñúgtMbn;TIRkug RBmTaMgRKb;tMbn;ksi-eGkULÚsIuTaMgGs; elIkElgEttMbn;mYyecj. ¬enAkñúgtMbn;TIR)aM - KWtMbn;PñMnigx<g;rab - eyIgminGackMNt;BI ninñakarTaMgenaH)an edaysarEtKMrUrgsMrab;tMbn;enHenAqñaM1994 manTMhMtUceBk edIm,IGac pþl;lT§pl):an;RbmaN caM)ac;tamlkçN³sißti.

ktþakMNt;eRkABIrUbiyvtßú énsuxumalPaB )anpþl;rUbPaBCaPsþútag énkMritCIvPaBCamFüm EdlekIneLIg nigGRtaPaBRkIRkEdlFøak;c uH. KuNPaBénsMPar³pÞHsMEbg sUcnakr énkarGPivDÆn¾FnFanmnusS lT§PaBTTYl)anRbPBfamBlTan;sm½y nigkmµsiTi§Cab;lab; rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; suT§EtbBa¢ak;BIplcMeNj EdlKYrkt;sMKal; rYmTaMgsMrab;GñkRkIRkpgEdr .


enAeBlEdlRbCaCn)anqøgkat; karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk GRtaénkarEklMGmindUcKñaeT. CIvPaB énRbCaCnenACnbT - Edl)ancab;epþImCamYynwgkMritTabbMput énkareRbIR)as;Bit CamFümenA qñaM 1994 - )anekIneLIgkñúgGRtayWtbMput. vismPaB)anekIneLIg CaBiess kñúgcMeNam RbCaCnCnbT. dUecñH enAeBlEdlCnRkIRkbMputenACnbTmankarlUtlas;enaH vamankMrit TabbMputtamn½ydac;xat ehIyBYkeKbnþFñak;cuHkan;Etq¶ayBIeRkaytamn½yeRbobeFob enA eBlEdlkMritCIvPaBénRkumdéTeTot ekIneLIgenAel,ÓnelOnCagenH.

enH Tinñn½yénkarGegátRKYsarfIµ² bBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;fa PaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuHya:gxøaMg kñúgTsvtScab;taMgBIRbeTskm<úCa egIbeLIgBICMelaH ehIycab;epþImeFIVdMeNIr elIpøÚv GPivDÆn¾ {Fmµta} mk. edaysarskmµPaBesdækic©)anegIbeLIg kareRbIR)as;TMnij

nigesvakmµ)anekIneLIg ehIycMnYnRbCaCnEdlrs;kñúgRKYsarEdltMélénkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; sißtenA eRkamExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkenaH )anFøak;cuH. kar)a:n;sµand¾RtwmRtUvbMputBIvisalPaB énkarERbRbYlenH bgÐajfa GRtaPaBRkIRk - KWcMnYnRbCaCn Edlrs;enA eRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkEp¥kelIkareRbIR)as; - )anFøak;cuHBI 47° enAqñaM 1994 mkRtwm 35° enAqñaM 2004 ¬sUm emIlrUbPaB 2>1 ¦ . edayKitBIkarsgS½y mYycMnYn GMBItYelx BitR)akdénkarrab;RbCaCnenAqñaM 1994 eyIg GacniyaykarBar edaymankareCOTukcitþfa PaBRkIRk enAqñaM 1994 GacsßitenAcenøaH 45° nig 50°. Ep¥k elImUldæan enHeyIgGacniyayfa PaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuH RbmaNBI 10 eTA 15° kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMcugeRkayenH b¤RbEhl 1° kñúgmYyqñaM. karenHbBa¢ak;BIkaryl;xus cMeBaHkarcab;GarmµN¾TUeTAelIkMenInesdækic© faman\Ti§Bl tictYc rWk¾Kµan\T§iBlelIPaBRkIRkesaHenaH . enHKWCa karcab;GarmµN¾ EdlekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkar):an; sµannanaBIPaBRkIRk dkRsg;ecjBIkarGegátkñúg TsvtSqñaM90 RtUv)anykmkeRbobeFob eTaHtamkarBit kar):an;sµanTaMgenaH minGaceRbobeFob)aneT . tamdanPaBRkIRktameBlevla \T,ÚvenH KWCaelIkTImYyEdlman karviPaKelIninñakarPaBRkIRk

karGegátRKYsarEdlmanKMrUFMmYycMnYn RtUv)aneFIVeT,IgenARbeTskm<úCa taMgBIedImTsvtSqñaM90 ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 2>1¦. karGegátTaMgenH )anpþl;lT§PaByl;dwgtamkMritxus²KñaBIRbePT énkareRbIR)as; RBmTaMgBIcMnYnRbCaCn EdltMélkareRbIR)as;sßitenAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk . b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;eBlenH

\LÚv

rUbPaB 2>1³ enAcenøaHqña M 1994 nig 2004 tamkar):an;sµan PaBRkIRk)an Føak;RbmaN 12°

47%

35%

1993/4 2004

% o

f pop

ulat

ion

livin

g un

der p

over

ty li

ne

cMNaM³ GRtaPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 1994 RtUv)an):an; sµanedayeFVIcMeNalfyeRkay RbPB³ SESC 1994/ CSES 2004/ kar):an;sµanedaybuKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak


eKminGacvas;ninñakarPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa)aneT BIeRBaHkar)a:n;sµanPaBBIRkIRk EdldkRsg;ecj karGegátTaMgenH minGaceRbobeFob)aneT,Iy edayEp¥kelIehtuplxus²Kña CaeRcIn .

TImYynigsMxan;bMput KWKµankarGegátNamYy)anRKbdNþb;TUTaMgRbeTs nigRbCaCnTaMgmUl enA eT,Iy. b:uEnþtamRTwsþIeKRtUvEtmanlT§PaByl;dwg)anmYycMENkBIninñakarenAkñúgtMbn; EdlRKbdNþb; edaykarGegátelIkTImYy edayeRbobeFobkarvas;PaBRkIRkEdl)anmkBIkarGegátenAeBlepSg²Kña kñúgRkbxNÐkareFIVKMrUtamPUmisaRsþrYmmYy. Gacniyay)anfa edaykarkMnt;GnukMrgénKMrUEdlRKb dNþb;enAkñúgkarGegþtelIkeRkay tamPUmisaRsþ FMCagmun ehIyEdlRtUv)anTajykmkEtBIRkbx½NÐ KMrUPUmisaRsþ Edl)ansikSaenAkñúgkarGegátTIm Yy - enaHKWedaykarkMnt; nigGnuvtþRkbxNÐkareFIVKMrUtam PUmisaRsþ EdlGaceRbobeFob)an ¬qñaM1993¼94¦ cMeBaHTinñn½yEdlRbmUl)anBIkarGegþteRkay mkeTot -eKKYrEtGacTTYl)an nUvkar)a:n;sµanelIkarERbRbYlKYreCOTukcitþ)an kñúgtMbn;enaH. CaGkusl rhUtmkdl;qñaMenH karkMnt;RkbxNÐénkareFIVK MrUEdlRtUv)anykmkeRbIsMrab;karGegátelIkTIm Yy ¬kar Gegátesdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCa qñaM1994 - SESC) RtUv)an)at;bg;CaGciéRnþy¾ EdleFVIeGaykareRbob eFobCamYyrgVas;eKal minGaceFIVeTA)an eTaHbIsMrab;EtEpñkmYy énRbeTsk¾eday .

TIBIr karERbRbYlnanakñúgTMrg;énkarGegát nigkarGnuvtþn¾BIkarGgátmYy eTAkarGegátmYyeTot man n½yfa Tinñn½y ¬CaBiess Tinñn½yénkareRbIR)as;sMxan;² EdlRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;sMrab;KNnabnÞat; PaBRkIRk nigGRtaPaBRkIRk¦ RtUv)anRbmUltamrebobxus²Kñáa. CalT§pl karrkeXIjBIkarGegátmYy minGaceRbobeFob edaygayRsYl rWTukcitþ)an CamYynwgkarrkeXIjBIkarGegátmYyepSgeToteLIy sUm,IEteKGaceRbobeFob KMrU tamPUmisaRsþdUcKñarvagkarGegátTaMgenaHk¾eday.

enABak;kNþalqñaM2005 ÉksarelIRkdasmYyc,ab; énRkbx½NÐkareFVIKMrU kñúgkarGegÁtelIkTI1 ¬kar Gegátesdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCa qñaM1994 - 1994 SECS¦ RtUv)anrkeXIjenAviTüasßanCatisißti(NIS). edayKYbpSMCamYynwgPaBsIuKñarvag karbegáItKMrUkareRbIR)as;kñúgkarGegátesdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004enaH karenH)anGnuBaØati eGayeKGaceRbobeFob kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar nigPaB RkIRkkñúgtMbn;PUm isaRsþdUcKña enAcenøaHqñaM 1994 nig qñaM 2004 CaelIkTI 1.

ninñakarénPaBRkIRkqñaM 1994-2004 31 RbGb; 2>1 ³ kareRbobeFobEpøsVayCamYynwgEpøeck ³ karvas;PaBRkIRkenA km<úCaqña M 1994 - 2004 CamYynwgkar]btßmÖBIm©as;CMnYy viTüasßanCatisßiti ( NIS ) énraCrdæaPi)al)anerobcMkarGegátKMrUfñak ; CatimYycMnYn sþIBIkareRbIR)as; nigPaBRkIRkkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRbCaCnkm<úCa cab;BIkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB TIRkug )a:rIs. karGegátTaMgenaHman :

- karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM 1993¼4 ( SESC ) – sMrab;kargayRsYlkarGegát enHRtUv)ankMNt;Ca ³ SESC 1994. - karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM 1996 ( SESC 1996 )

- karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM 1997 ( CSES 1997)

- karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM 1999 ( CSES 1999)

- karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM2004 ( CSES 2004 ) (karBitkarGegátenH RtUv )aneFVIeLIgCag15Ex edaycab;epþImBIcugqñaM2003 rhUtdl;qñaM2005 : b:uEnþevorElgEtman karbBa¢ak;epSgBIenH tYelxdkRsg;ecjkarGegátenH nwgRtUv)anTajecjBITinñn½yEdlRbmUl )ankñúgry³eBl12ExénqñaM2004Etbu:eNÑaH ehIykarGegátenHRtUv)ankMNt;Ca “CSES 2004” minEmn “CSES 2003 – 2005”enaHeT ). eTaHCay:agNa edaysarbBaðasnþisuxenAeBlenaH karGegátsdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCa qñaM2003¼4 GacRKbdNþb;EtRtwm 56° énPUmienACnbT nig65°énRbCaCnCnbT. cMeBaHtMbn; {TIRkugepSgeTot} manEt84°énÉktaKMrUb:ueNÑaHEdlRtÚv)anbMeBj. tMbn;nanaEdlmin)anTTYlkarGegátenAqñaM1993¼4 KWCatMbn;EdlExµrRkhmenAeFVIskmµPaB nigCaEpñkdac;RsyalxøHénextþCaeRcInEdlkareFVIdMeNIr RtÚvCYb nwgkarlM)aky:agxøaMg. ebIniyayeGayTUlMTUlayeTA tMbn;TaMgLayEdlpat;ecjBIkarGegát qñaM1993¼4 KwCatMbn;x<s;dac;RsyalsßitenAkñúgéRBeRCAtamRBMEdnEb:knIrtI bUBa’ nig ]tþrénRbeTs EdlenATIenaH RbCaCntictYcrs;enAkñúgkMritPaBRkIRkxøaMgCag Gñkrs;enAvalrabkñúgextþsñÚlénkarGegátq¶ayNas;. kñúgkarGegáteRkaymkeTot visalPaBénRkbx½NÐkareFVIKMrUrIkFMCagmunedayCabnþbnÞab;RKbdNþb ; tMbn;RkIRk nigdac;Rsy:al)aneRcInCagmun . edayKUbpSMCamYyPaBxusKñakñúgTMrg;karGegát nigGnuvtþn _ Rkbx½NÐénkareFVIKMrUEdlrIksuHsayCagmun mann½yfa GaRtaPaBRkIRkEdldkRsg;ecjBIkar Gegátnana kñúgTsvtSqñaM90 minGacykmkeFIVkareRbobeFob)aneLIy nigminGaceRbIR)as;sMrab;KNnaTinñn½y PaBRkIRk tameBlevlabnþbnÞab;)aneLIy. karGegátsgÁmkic© - esdækic©enAkm<úCa qñaM2004 (CSEC)

KWCakarGegátelIRKYsarkm<úCaelIkTI1 EdlEp¥kelIRkbx½NÐénkareFIVKMrUedaybBa©ÚlPUmiTaMgGs; (EdlRtUv )aneRbIR)as;CaÉktaKMrUbzm ) sMrab;TUTaMgRbeTs edaydkRsg;ecjBICMerOnRbCaCnelIkTImYyrbs; RbeTs ( erobcMeLIgenAqñaM 1998 ) . KYrKt;sMKl;faenAkñúgCMBUkenHeyIgeRbIEtB½t’mandkRsg;ecjBIkarGegátelIkTI1 (1994 SESC)

ehIy mineRbIkarGegátepSgeTot EdlerobcMeLIgenAkñúgTsvtS90eLIy . manehtuplCaeRcInsMrab; Bnül;erOgenH .

32 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 • karGegátqñaM 1996 (1996 SESC) )anRbmUlB½t’manmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn b:uEnþTMrg;kar

eRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarmankMritticeBk ¬Tinñn½ysþIBIkareRbIR)as;es,ógGahar manEtmYyRbePT b:ueNÑaH KWes,ógGaharTaMgGs; EdlbriePaKenAs)þah_knøgeTA ¦. CalT§pl kareRbIR)as; rbs;RKYsarRtUv)an)a:n;sµanTabRCul ¬ehIyPaBRkIRkRtUv)an)a:n;sµanx<s;RCul ¦ ebIeRbobeFob Ca]TahrN_CamYynwgkarGegátqñaM 1994 (CSES 1994).

• karRbmUlTinñn½ysMrab;karGegátqñaM1997 (1997 CSES) )anRbRBwtþeTAEtmYydgb:ueNÑaH ¬Exmifuna-kkáda-1997 ¦. CaGkusl ry³eBlenHpÞÜnKñaCamYynwgkarFøak;cuHkan;EteRCA eTAénvibtþi neya)ay EdlQandl;GMeBIhwgSaneya)ayrvagédKUkñúgrdæaPi)alcMruH. manehtuplRtwmRtUvEdl RtUveCOCak;fa RKYsar)ankat;bnßykareRbIR)as;muneBlclaclneya)ay. edayBicarNaelIkar lUtlas;én sUcnakrsuxmalPaBepSgeTot tMélcMNaysMrab;kareRbIR)as;Tab nig GRtaPaB RkIRkx<s; EdlRtUv)ankt;RtaenAkñúgkar Gegát qñaM1997 (CSES 1997) minqøúHbBa©aMgkMritCIvPaB Cak;EsþgenA 6Ex edImqñaM1997 eT. edaysarehtuplenH eyIg)ansMercminbBa©ÚleTAkñúg Tinñn½yqñaM1997eT .

• CaTIbBa©b; Tinñn½yRbmUl)anenAkñúgkarGegátqñaM 1999 (1999 CSES) bgðajPaBxusKña q¶ay minGacTTYlyk)anrvagkarGegátTaMgBIrelIk. mankarRBmeRBogKñafa sþg;daénkar bNþúHbNþal nigkarRtUtBinitüenAelIkTI1minsmRsbEdlnaMeGaytYelxénkareRbIR)as; RtUv)ankt;RtakñúgkMrit TabRCul ehIyPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;RCul cMENkkMritkareRbIR)as; rbs;RKYsarkt;RtaenAelIkTI2 ¬bnÞab;BIkarbNþúHbNþalRtUv)anEklMGy:ageRcIn nigmankarRtYtBinitüd¾RtwmRtUvmk¦ mankMritx<s; CagmuneRcIn ehIykar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRkmankMritTabeRcIn. bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSad¾eRcInrbs;Gñk CMnajkar nigrdæaPi)almankarRBmeRBogKñafa Tinñn½ykareRbIR)as;kñúgkarGegátqñaM 1999 (1999

CSES) minKYreGayeCOTukcitþ ehIyKµanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkareRbobeFobGRtaPaBRkIRk kñúgkar GegátepSgeToteLIy .

GaRs½yehtuenH CMBUkenHnwgpþl;CaelIkTI mYynUvB½t’mansþIBIninñakarkMritCIvPaB ¬kareRbIR)as;Bit rbs;RKYsarsMrab;mnusSmñak;¦ nigGRtaPaBRkIRkenAcenøaHqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004. CMBUkenHpþl;B½t’man EbbenH CaelIkdMbUg edayeRbobeFobkarERbRbYlkñúgGnukMrg EdlGaceRbobeFob)an tamPUmisaRsþ rbs;karGegát qñaM2004 (2004 CSES) CamYynwgTinñn½yeKaldkRsg;ecjBIkarGegátRKYsarkm<úCa elIkTI1 KW karGegátesdækic© sgÁmenAkm<úCa qñaM 1993¼ 94 (SESC) .

eday)anpþl;karviPaKBIninñakarkñúgCMBUkenH CMBUkbnÞab;eTAeTotenH nwgBiBN’nalMGitCagmun BITidæPaBKnøwHénPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa enAqñaM2004 edayeRbIR)as;KMrUkarGegátqñaM 2004 TaMgRsug (CSES

ninñakarénPaBRkIRkqñaM 1994-2004 33

2004) - eBalKW Tinñn½yRbmUl)ankñúgqñaM 2004 BIRKYsar kñúgRkbxNÐKMrUtamPUmisaRsþ EdlGac eRbobeFob)aneTAnwgqñaM 1994 nig Tinñn½yBIRKYsar sißtenAeRkARkbxNÐenH .

karkMNt;bnÞat;PaBRkIRk

karkMNt;bnÞat;PaBRkIRk KWCakarBüayamkMNt;y:agCak;lak;nUvkMritkareRbIR)as;TMnij nigesvarbs; ÉktþCn ¬RtUv)anvas;tamry³cMNay - TwkR)ak;cMNay - b¤GVIEdlsmmUlnwgcMNay¦ caM)ac;sMrab;kMrit CIvPaBsmrmü. ebIniyaytambec©keTsbnÞat;PaBRkIRk eKalrbs;RbeTskm<úCarYmman sMNMues,óg GahareKalfñak;CatimYy nigR)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógRbcaMtMbn;cMnYn3. tMéleKalTaMgLay RtUv)an KNnaCaluyerolkñúg qñaM 1993¼4 nigsMedAelIkMritkareRbIR)as;es,ógRbcaMéf¶kñúgmnusSmñak; .

bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar Ep¥kelItMélcMNay)a:n;sµansMrab;mðÚbmYykERBa©g Edlnwgpþl;rbb GaharsMrab;RTRTg;CIvitcMnYn 2>100 kaLÚrI kñúgmYyéf¶. karenHEp¥kelIbrimaNénGaharxus²Kña Edl briePaKedaymnusS kñúgbBa©PaKTI3 énkarEbgEckkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; ¬edaysarEtenHKWCa bBa©PaKTI1 kñúgkarGegátqñaM 1993¼4-1993/94 SESC- Edl)anbMeBjkMritGb,brimacMnYn 2>100kaLÚrI¦. GñkNamñak;EdlbriePaKticCagbnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógenaH min)anTTYlbrimaNes,óg Gb,brima ¬kaLÚrI¦ caM)ac ;sMrab;RTRTg;suxPaB rbs;xøÜneLIy ehIyebItamRTwsþI KWKµanlT§PaBbMeBj esckþIRtUvkarénkareRbIR)as; eRkABIes,óg mandUcCa sMelokbMBak; CMrk karBüa)alCm¶W nigGVI²epSg eTot.

CakarBit sUm,ICnRkIRkxøaMgk¾RtUvkareRbIR)as;TMnij nigesvaeRkABIes,ógGahar CaGb,brimaEdr. edIm,IKNnabnÞat;PaBRkIRkCarYm R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGahar RtUv)anTajecjBIkareRbIR)as;eRkA BIes,ógGaharrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlmankareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;RbcaMRKYsar kñúgmnusSmñak;esµInwgbnÞat; PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar³ mann½yfa R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGahar KWCabrimaNénkareRbIR)as;Edl ÉktþCnxVHxates,ógGahar bEgVrBIkarbriePaKes,ógGahar eTA CakareRbIR)as;eRkABIes,ógGaharvij.

R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGaharbUknwgbnÞat; PaBRkIRkes,ógGaharesµInwg bnÞat;PaBRkIRkrYm. tarag 2>1 bgðajBIbnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGaharbc©úb,nñ R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGahar nigbnÞat;PaBRkIRkrYm sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa.

]bsm<½n§1 BiPakSalMGitBInItiviFIEdlRtUv)an ykmkeRbIedIm,IkMNt;bnÞat;PaBRkIRksMrab; karviPaK Tinñn½ykarGegátqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 (SESC/CSES) EdlrYmmanbBaðadUcCa etIR)ak ;]btßmÖRtUv )aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaB y:agdUcemþcedIm,IKitbBa©ÚlTaMgGtiprNa?


tarag 2>1³ bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGaharbc©úb,nñ R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIes,ógGahar nigbnÞat ;PaB RkIRkTaMgGs;

PUmiPaK 1993/94 2004

bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar ¬R)ak;erolsBVéf¶sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgmYyéf¶¦ PñMeBj 1,185 1,782

TIRkugepSgeTot 996 1,568

CnbT 882 1,389

R)ak;]btßm ÖeRkABIes,ógGahar ¬R)ak;erolsBVéf¶sMrab; mnusSmñak;k ñúg1éf¶ ¦

PñMeBj 393 569

TIRkugepSgeTot 269 384

CnbT 236 364

bnÞat;PaBRkIRkTaMgGs; ¬R)ak;erolsBVéf¶sMrab; mnusSmñak;kñúg1éf¶ ¦

PñMeBj 1,578 2,351

TIRkugepSgeTot 1,265 1,952

CnbT 1,118 1,753

RbPB ³ SESC 1994/ CSES 2004

karvas;PaBRkIRk enAeBlbnÞat;PaBRkIRk RtUv)ankMNt;rYc ehIy

karEbgEckénkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar kñúg mnusSmñak;RtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYy nwgbnÞat; enH edIm,IKNnarkrgVas;xus²KñaénPaBRkIRk. RbGb;2>2 BN’na CaTUeTA BIrgVas;PaBRkIRk TaMg3 EdlRtUv)anykmkeRbICaFmµta ehIy EdlsMrab;eFVICaxøwmsareyagkñúgÉksarenH .

KMehIjsMxan;² GRtaPaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuHenAtMbn;CnbT nig tMbn;TIRkuug

kñúgRkbxNÐKMrUtamPUmisaRsþ EdlGac eRbobeFob)anGRtaPaBRkIRk ¬KWPaKryén RbCaCnEdlrs;eRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk¦ )an Føak;cuHBI 39° enAqñaM 1994 mkenARtwm 28° enAqñaM 2004 . enAeBlGRta énkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkEdlRtUv)ansÁal;enH )anpÁÜbpSMCamYy tYelx)a:n;sµannana énkarEbgEckkñúgcMeNam RbCaCnTaMgGs; rvagtMbn;nanakñug nigeRkA RkbxNÐkareFVIKMrU qñaM 1994 eyIg)a:n;sµanfa PaBRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl )anFøak; cuHBI 47°mkenARtwm35° kñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 2>3 ¦.

CamYyplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) cMnYn 211 duløasMrab;mn usSmñak;kñúgTwkR)ak;efr cMnYn 2000 duløaGaemrik GRtaPaBRkIRk cMnYn47° sMrab;RbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM 1994 minTMngfaminsmehtupleT. enARbeTsCitxag Lav GRtaPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 1993 KW 46° CamYynwgplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) cMnYn 247duløa sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgTwkR)ak;efrcMnYn 2>000duløaGaemrik ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2005¦ cMENkenARbeTsevotNam GRtaPaBRkIRk RtUv)an)a:n;sµanfa mankMrit 56° enAqñaM 1993


CamYynwgplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) cMnYn 265 duløasMrab;mnusSmñak; kñúgTwkR)ak;efrcMnYn 2>000 duløaGaemrik ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM 1999¦. kñúgn½ymYyeTot GRtaPaBRkIRkcMnYnBI45° eTA50° enAqñaM1994 hak;dUcCaKYreGayeCO)ankñúgbribTénplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) rbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgeBlenaH.

edayRkeLkemIlEt ninñakarkñúgRkbxNÐkareFIVKMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)an ¬eBalKWninñakarEdlpÞúy BIGRtaPaBRkIRkEdlRtUv)aneFVIc MeNalmkeRkay¦ KWCakarc,as;fa GRtaPaBRkIRk )anFøak;cuHTaMgenA tMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;CnbT ¬sUmemIlrUbPaB 2>2 ¦. dUckarrMBwgTukbrimaNRbCaCnrs;enAeRkam ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógTab nigF¶n;F¶r k¾)anFøak;cuHkñúgGRtaRbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr ¬yWtCagbnþicenAkñúg tMbn;TIRkugelOnCagkñúgtMbn;CnbT ¦ .

RbGb; 2>2³ karvas;PaBRkIRk ³ GRta Kmøat nigRbBlPaB karGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgCaGnþrCati nUvsþg;dasMrab;vas;PaBRkIRk eRbIR)as;snÞsSn_PaBRkIRkbIEdl Tak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk tamEbbKNitviTüa Edlelak hVÚsþ½r (FOSTER) elakeRhÁó (GREER) nigelak sUb‘ÍX (THORBECKE) )anelIkbgðajCaelIkdMbUgkalBIqñaM 1984. rgVas;rg Val;PaB RkIRkTaMgenH - EdlRtUv)ansÁal;fa CargVas;rgVal; FGT - KW ³

snÞsSn_GRtaPaBRkIRk (P0)³ EdlCYnkaleKehAfa CaGRtaPaBRkIRk . enHKWCakarvas; EdlRtUv)aneRbICaFmµta ehIyEdlgayyl;CageKbMput. edaysamBaØ bMput snÞsSn_enH bBa¢ak;B IPaKryénRbCaCn EdlmankareRbIR)as;k ñúgmnusSmñak; eRkambnÞat ;PaBRkIRk.

snÞsSn_KmøatPaBRkIRk (P1): EdlCabrimaNxusKñaCamFüm kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTaMg Gs; rvagkareRbIR)as;rbs;ÉktþCnkñúgmnusSmñak; Edlkt;RtaTuk nigbnÞat;PaBRkIRk CamYynwg tMélsUnü ¬0¦ Edl)ansnµt sMrab;RbCaCnsßitelIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk.

snÞsSn_RbBlPaB énPaBRkIRk (P2) ³ eKKNna edaydMbUgRtUvelIkKmøatPaBRkIRk ÉktþCnCakaer munnwgeFVImFümPaKtYelxTaMgenaH. karenHeFVIeGaybrimaN KmøatPaBRkIRk ekIneLIg nigpþl;karyl;dwgBIkarEbgEck tMélcMNaysMrab; kareRbIR)as;TabbMput ¬eBalKW PaBRkIRkRCul ¦ .


RbGb; 2>3 ³ cMeNalbkeRkayénkar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRkfñak;CatisMrab;qñaM 1994 eTaHbIkarGegátesdækic©sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM2004 (CSES 2004) CakarGegátelIkTI1 Edl)anRKbdNþb;

TUTaMgRbeTs k¾eyIgGaceRbIB½t’manEdlmanRsab; nigGacGnuBaØatþieGayykeTAeRbICamUldæannUvtYelx samBaØ EdleyIgsnµtfa RtwmRtUvedIm,I)a:n;sµankarvas;PaBRkIRksMrab;EdltMbn;EdlsßitenAeRkAkarGegát enAqñaM 1994 ehIyeFVIcMeNalbkeRkaynUvkarvas;PaBRkIRksMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl kñúgqñaM1994. kareFVI cMeNalbkeRkayenHmanRbeyaCn_ BIeRBaHvapþl;nUvkar)a:n;sµanmYyd¾l¥RbesIrbMput sþIBIsßanPaBRkIRk kñúgRbeTsTaMgmUlenAqñaM 1994. eTaHkar):an;sµanGacCaGVIk¾eday vaGac[mankarBiPakSaGMBIfa etIsmµtikmµNaRtUve)aHecal? ¬]TahrN_ karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk efr tictYc b¤elOn ¦ nig etIkar)a:n;sµan TaMgenaHsmehtupl edayBicarNaelIsßanPaBeBlenaH nigeBlsBVéf¶. tMrUkarcaM)ac;sMrab;kargarenH KW ¬k¦ cMENkRbCaCn éntMbn;sßitkñúg b¤eRkARkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUkarGegátkñúg SESC qñaM 1994 TaMgkñúgqñaM 1994 nig 2004 nig ¬x¦ rgVas;PaBRkIRk éntMbn;Edl)anrab;bB©ÚlkñúgqñaM 1994 nig qñaM 2004 nig tMbn;EdlenAeRkARkbxNÐKMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)ankñúgqñaM 2004 .

edaypÁúMRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUqñaM 1994 nig qñaM 2004 nig cMeNalRbCaCncenøaHqñaM 1993-2004 Edl RtUv)anKNna BICMerOnRbCaCnqñaM1998 (Neupert, 2005) eyIg)an)a:n;sµan ¬k¦ cMENkRbCaCnenAtMbn; eRkARkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUkarGegát qñaM1993¼4 (SESC 1993/4) sMrab;qñaM 1994 nig qñaM 2004 nig ¬x¦cMENk énRbCaCnenAtMbn;kñúgRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUkarGegát qñaM1993¼4 (SESC 1993/4) sMrab;qñaM1994 nigqñaM2004. edayTajecjBIkarGegátqñaM 1994 (SESC 1994) nigkarGegátqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004) eyIgGac)a:n; sµanGRtaPaBRkIRksMrab;¬k¦ tMbn;kñúgRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUrbs;karGegátqñaM 1993¼4 (SESC 1993/4) sMrab;qñaM 1993 nig qñaM 2004 nig ¬x¦ tMbn;eRkARkbxNÐkareFVIKMrU rbs;karGegátqñaM 1993¼4 (SESC 1993/4) sMrab; qñaM2004. eKGacbegáItesNarIy:UBIrbI sMrab;GRtakat;bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgtMbn;eRkARkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUrbs; karGegátqñaM1994 (SESC 1994). GtßbTsMxan;bgðajesNarIy:UEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlkñúgenaHGRtakat;bnßy PaBRkIRkkñúgtMbn;eRkARkbxNÐRtUv)ansnµtfa dUcKña nwgGRta kñúgtMbn;kñúgRkbxNÐsMrab;RbePTdUcKña. esNarIy:U1 ³ kar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRkl¥bMputsMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;kñúgqñaM 1993¼94


ehIyCMerAénPaBRkIRkk¾Føak;cuHEdr… edaysar GRtaPaBRkIRk nigPaBRkIRkes,ógGahar)anFøak;cuH eyIgRKan;EtGacrMBwgfa CMerAénPaB

RkIRkk¾)anfycuHEdr. rUbPaB 2>3 bgðajBIkarERbRbYlénsnÞsSn_KmøatPaBRkIRk EdlCaBiess vas; brimaNCamFüm énkarFøak;cuHeRkamExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk énkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;rbs;CnRkIRk. edaykMritCIvPaBrbs;CnRkIRk ¬dUcRtUv)anvas;edaykareRbIR)as;Bit kñúgmnusSmñak;¦ manPaBRbesIr eLIg edaykñúgkrNImYy cMnYn)anrujBYkKat;eGayqøgputBIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk nigkñúgkrNIepSgeTot)an naMBYkKat;eGayeLIgeq<aHmkkan;bnÞat;PaBRkIRk. ehtuenHKmøatPaBRkIRkRtUv)ankat;bnßy. dUckar rMBwgTukPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;xøaMgenACnbT nigTabenAPñMeBj.

enHKWCakarsnµt RtwmRtUvRbesIrCageKbMput BIeRBaHKµanTinñn½yCaÉksarRkdasepSgeToteT ¬dUcCa plitplkñúgRsuksrub RbcaMextþ b¤R)ak;cMNUlksikmµ ¦ edIm,IpþÜcepþImKMnitepSgBIenH. b:uEnþ esNarIy:U epSgeToténkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk k¾smehtuplEdr ehIyeyIgnwgbgðajesNarIyU:BIrepSgeTotenA xageRkam. TImYy PaBRkIRkRtUv)ansnµtfa enAefr ¬eBalKWKµankarkat;bnßy¦ kñ úgtMbn;eRkARkbxNÐ¦nig TIBIr PaBRkIRktMbn;eRkARkbxNÐ ¬CnbT nigTIRkug¦ Føak;cuHkñúgGRtadUcKñanwgkñúgtMbn;TIRkug EdlRtUv )anbBa©ÚlkñúgRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUqñaM 1994 Edr. esNarIy:Uqøas;BIrénkar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRksMrab;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUlenAqñaM 1993¼94

karsnµt ¼ esNarIy:U GRtaPaBRkIRk ¬°¦

KmøatPaBRkIRk ¬°¦

RbPBénPaBRkIRk ¬°¦

¬1¦ PaBRkIRkenAefr ¬Kµankarkat;bnßy ¦ kñúgtMbn;eRkARkbxNÐTaMgGs; 41.1 10.5 3.8

¬2¦ PaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbT nig TIRkugeRkA RkbxNÐ)anFøak;cuHkñúgGRtarbs;tMbn;TIRkug 55.2 14.0 4.9

RbPB ³ SESC 1993¼94/ CSES 2004 RkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUsMrab;karGegát - qñaM 1993¼94 nig qñaM 2003-5/ nUP½t (NEUPERT)qñaM2005


tMrUvkarBitR)akd)anekIneLIgya:gx øaMg rUbPaB2>4 bgðajBIKMnUsénkarEbgEcksrub énkar

eRbIR)as;Bit kñúgmnusSmñak; edayEp¥kelIKMrU EdlGac eRbobeFob)antamPUmisaRsþ ¬eBalKWRKYsarmkBIPUmi EdlbBa©ÚlkñúgRkbx½NÐ kareFVIKMrUsMrab;karGegátqñaM 1993 ¼94 (SESC 1993/94)) k¾dUcCabnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,óg Gahar nigbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCarYmtamtMélenAPñMeBj kñúgqñaM 1993¼94. KMnUsenHbgðajfa kareRbIR)as;BitkñúgRKYsar

kñúgmnusSmñak; )anekIneLIg sMrab;RKb;c MENkénkarEbg EckRbCaCnenAcenøaH qñaM1994 nig2004 dUcRtUv )aneXIjy:agc,as;tamry³karbþÚry:agc,as;eTAxagsþaMkñúgkarEbgEcksrub. lT§plsMxan;m YyKWfa GRtaPaB RkIRk RtUv)an)a:n;sµanfa )ancuHkñúgry³ eBl 10qñaMenH sMrab;RKb;bnÞat;PaBRkIRk. kareRbIR)as;)anekIneLIg BImUldæanTabmYy enACnbTk¾dUcCaenATIRkug RKan;EtkñúgbrimaNmYyticCag. kñúg RkbxNÐEdlGaceRbobeFob)antamPUmisaRsþ kareRbIR)as;BitR)akd ¬kMNt;kñúgn½y CakareRbIR)as;RbcaM RKYsarkñúgmnusSmñak;kñúgmYyéf¶ CamFümedayKNnaCaR)ak;erolenAqñaM 1993 ¼94¦ )anekIteLIg

rUbPaB2>2³ PaBRkIRk nigPaBRkIRk es,óg Gahar )anFøak;cuHTaMgenAtMbn;TIRk ug n igtMbn; CnbT

- PaKryénRbCaCnEdlsßiteRkambnÞat;PaBRkI Rk ¼ bnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGaharqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 ¬KMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)an tamPUmisaRsþ¦

A. Poverty line (food plus non-food)

43%

37%

11%

5%

21%

34%

0%

25%

50%

Rural Otherurban

PhnomPenh

19942004

B. Food poverty line

22%20%

6%

17%

3%

13%

0%

25%

Rural Otherurban

PhnomPenh

19942004

RbPB ³ SESC 1993¼94/ CSES 2004

rUbPaB 2>3³ CMerAénPaBRkIRk)anfycuHenAkñúgTIRk ug nig enACnbT - KmøatPaBRkIRk ¬c MgayCamFümEdlkareRbIR)as;CnRkIRk

Føak;cuHxIøBIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk¦q ñaM1994 nigqñaM2004¬RkbxNÐ EdlGaceRbobeFob)antamPUmisaRsþ¦

-10.0 -9.7

-3.1

-9.2

-7.8

-5.7

-1.2

-6.7

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

RuralOther urban

Phnom Penh Cambodia

1994 2004

RbPB ³ SESC 1993¼94/ CSES 2004


rUbPaB 2>4³ kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;²)anekIneLIgsMrab;TaMgGs;KñaenAcenøaHqñaM1994 nigqña M 2004

F oo d po ve rty line

P ov ert y l ine

020

4060

8010

0pe

rcen

t

5 0 0 10 00 200 0 40 00 80 00 16 00 0 3 200 0P e r c ap ita c on su m ption (R ie l p e r da y , 1 99 3 /9 4 P hn om P e nh p r ice s )

1 9942 004

RbPB ³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 1994 (SESC 1994) karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (SESC 2004)

32° ¬BI2/228eroleTA 2/932erolsMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgmYyéf¶¦ kñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl. karekIneLIg y:agqab;rh½sbMputénkareRbIR)as;CamFüm¬36°¦ RtUv)anrkeXIjenAtMbn;TIRkug eRkABIPñMeBj ehIy karekIneLIgy:agyWtbMput ¬24°¦ RtUv)anrkeXIjenAtMbn;CnbT ¬rUbPaB2>5 ¦.

PaKry


rUbPaB 2>5 ³ kareRbIR)as;)anekIneLIgkñúgtMbn;CnbT-b:uEnþkñúgkMrit yWtCagenAtMbn;TIRkug

- kareRbIR)as;CamFümsMrab;mnusSmñak;² ¬KitCaR)ak;erol kñúgmYyéf¶tamtMélefrkñúgqñaM 1993¼94 ¦

1,857

2,782

4,367

2,2282,303

3,770

5,501

2,932

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

CnbT eRkABITIRkug PñMeBj km<úCa

1994 2004


rUbPaB 2>6 \LÚvenHRKYsarTaMgGs;-rYmTaMgRKYsarRkIRk-GacmanlT§PaBcMNayelIsMPar³eRkABIes,ógGahar eRcInCagmun

- kareRbIR)as;sMPar³eRkABIes,ógGaharK itCaPaKryénkareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;rbs;RKYsarqñaM 1994 nigqñaM2004 tambBa©PaKkareRbI R)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;²

25% 28% 30% 33%42%

32%33% 33% 36%42%

56%

40%

0%

25%

50%

75%

RkIRkbMput RkIRkbMputbnÞab; mFüm manbMputbnÞab; manbMput km<úCa

1993/4 2004


>>>>>>>eq<aHeTAkan;karcMNayekIneLIg elIsMPar³eRkABIes,ógGahar edayBRgwgkarcab;GarmµN_BIkarekIneLIg énkMritCIvPaB nigkarFøak;cuHénPaBRkIRk/ rUbPaB 2>6 bgðajfa

cMENkénkareRbIR)as; eRkABIes,ógGahar)anekIneLIgenARKb;RkumbBa©PaKTaMgGs; enArvagqñaM 1993¼94 nigqñaM2004. edayehtufa GaTiPaBTI1 énkareRbIR)as;RbcaMRK YsarCanic©Cakal KWes,ógGahar nigfa cMENkénes,ógGaharkñúgkareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;KW Tak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyRTBüsm,tþienaH karekIneLIgnUv cMENkeRkABIes,ógGahar bBa¢ak;CaPsþútagBIkarFøak;cuHénGRtaPaBRkIRk . enHbBa¢ak;fa


sBVéf¶RKYsarRkIRk nigminRkIRk GacmanlT§PaBcMNayeTAelIesckþIRtUvkareRkABIes,óg Gahar)aneRcInCag enAqñaM1994.

kMritCIvPaBx<s;RtUv)anbBa¢ak;kñúg sUcnakrepSgeTot>>>>> karGegátRKYsarenAkm<úCa)anRbmUlTinñn½y BIsUcnakrsgÁmkic© - esdækic©mYycMnYnFMbEnßmBIelIkar

eRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar. CamYynwg cMENkeRkABIes,ógGahar sUcnakrsgÁmkic©-esdækic© TaMgenaHman sar³RbeyaCn_Nas; edIm,IBinitüføwgEføgBIR)akdPaBénrUbPaB karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlTTYl)anmkBI karvas;bnÞat;PaBRkIRkénbrimaNRbCaCnCMerA nigRbBlPaB. CakarBitNas; Cajwkjy sUcnakr sgÁmkic ©-esdækic ©TaMgenaHRtUv)ancat;Tukfa KYreCOTukcitþCagkareRbIR)as; b¤R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMRKYsar kñúg karvas;RTBüsm,tþiBit. sUcnakrTaMgenHk¾pþl;karyl;dwgBITMhMénPaBRkIRk eRkABIrUb iyvtßúdUcCasßanPaB karGb;rM nigsuxaPi)al EdlGacnwgminRtUv)ankt;RtakñúgTinñn½ykareRbIR)as;enaH. sUcnakreRkABIR)ak; cMNUlepSgeTot dUcCa kmsiTi§yUrGEgVgRbcaMRKYsar KuNPaB pÞHsMEbg nigkareRbIR)as;RbPBfamBl TMenIb bBa¢ak;fasßanPaB rs;enAénRbCaCnCaTUeTA nigkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRk manPaBl¥RbesIrKYreGay kt;sMKal; rvagqñaM 1993¼94 nig2004. kñúgcMeNambBa©PaKRkIRk bMputTIR)aMénRbCaCn kmµsiTi§ TUrTsSn_ )anekIneLIgeTVmYyCadb; ¬BI3>4 eTA36°¦ enAeBlEdl lT§PaB eRbIR)as;m:asI unePøIg rWePIøgGKiÁsnI eRbIedayGaKuy ekIneLIgBI 1>6 eTA 28° ¬rUbPaB 2>7¦. enAkñúgcMeNambBa©PaK eRkambMputenH cMnYneRcInCagmun manpÞHRbk;eday dMbUls½gásI rWGaluymIj:Úm ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgdb; qñaMmun enAeBlEdlpÞHPaKeRcInRbk;eday dMbUlswøk ¬rUbPaB 2>8¦. rUbPaB 2>7 mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnRkIRkCageK manRTBü sm,tþieRcInCagmun nigmanlT§PaBTTYl)anGKÁisn I RbesIrCag kalBIdb;qñaMmun.

karpþl;esvaCamUldæanepSg² RtUv)anEklMGy:ageRcIn. karenHkMBugcab;epþIm elceLIgkñúgsUcnakr

mYycMnYn énlT§plGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS. enAcenøaHqñaM 1997 nig2004 GRtacUleronBit nig


GRtabBa©b;karsikSakMritbzmsikSarbs;kumar )anekIneLIgCag10° kñúgcMeNamkumarmkBIbBa©PaKRkIRk bMputTIR)aMénRbCaCn ¬sUmemIlrUbPaB 2>9¦. rUbPaB 2>8 RbCaCnRkIRkCageK 20 PaKry k¾rs;enAkñúgpÞHl¥CagkalBImunEdr.

RbPB ³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 1994 karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004

eTaHy:agNa TMhMénkarekIneLIgkñúgkareRbIR)as;manPaBxusKña KYreGaykt;sMKal; enAeBlkareRbIR)as; )anekIn eLIgenARKb; bBa©PaKTaMgGs; enAcenøaH qñaM1994 nig qñaM2004enaH

kMeNInenH min)anRbRBwtþeTA edayesµIKñaeLIy edaytMbn;CnbT ekIneLIg y:agyWtbMput ¬sUmemIlrYb PaB 2>5 ¦ nig)anbgðajBIkMritPaBRkIRk EdlbnþeLIgx<s; ¬rUbPaB 2>2¦. enAqñaM1994 kareRbIR)as; BitenAtMbn;CnbTKW 67° énkareRbIR)as;BitenAtMbn;TIRkugepSgeTot³GRtaenHFøak;cuHdl; 61°enA qñaM2004.

tamlMnaMdUcKñaEdr kMeNInkareRbIR)as;minÉkPaBKñaeT kñúgcMeNamRkumbBa©PaKeRbIR)as;TaMgLay. rYbPaB 2>10 bgðajy:agc,as;fa enAeBlkareRbIR)as;BitkñúgmnusSmñak;)anekIn eLIgy:agxøaMgenARKb; RkumbBa©PaKTaMgGs; kñúgry³eBlBIqñaM 1994 dl;qñaM 2004 plcMeNjeFobTak;TgnwgkMritedIm énkareRbIR) as;CamFümsMrab;mnusSmñak;². kareRbIR)as;BitkñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput)an ekIneLIgRbmaNEt8° b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþ)anekIneLIgdl;eTA 45° cMeBaHbBa©PaKmanbMput. CalT§pl cMENk kareRbIR)as;rbs;CnRkIRk kñúgcMeNamkareRbIR)as;TaMgGs; rbs;RbeTs)anFøak;cuHkñúgcenøaHeBl qñaM1994 nig qñaM2004. rUbPaB 2>9 ³ karcUleronBitenAkMritbzmsikSamanPaBRbesIr eLIgsMrab;RKb;RkumTaMgGs; bBa©PaKkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;²


0

20

40

60

80

100

RkIRkbMput RkIRkbMputbnÞab; mFüm manbMputbnÞab; manbMput

karcUl

eronB

it¬°¦

1997 2001 2004

RbPB³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 1997 karGegátBlkmµkumarenAkm<úCaqñaM 2001 karGegátsgÁmkic© -esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmankMritminesµIKña>>>

vDÆnPaBkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkk¾manPaBminesµIKñaEdrkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRkdUcKña . CnRkIRkxøaMg mankarekIneLIgkñúgkareRbIR)as;BityWtCagCnRkIRk {mFüm} ya:gxøaMg. edaykarGegátesdækic ©sgÁm enAkm<úCaTaMgBIrelIk ¬SESC/CSES¦ minEmnmanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña ¬eBalKWkarGegátesdækic© sgÁmenAkm<úCaqñaM2004 min)aneRbIR)as;KMrURKYsarénkarGegát qñaM1994 eLIgvijeT¦ eyIgminGaceFVI GtßaFib,ayedaypÞal;eTAelIkarQaneTArk nigcakecjBIPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaCn)aneT. eTaHCay:agNa k¾edayB½t’manénEpñknImYy²enAEtGnuBaØat eGayeyIgsnñidæan)anfa brimaNeRcInbgÁÜrénCnRkIRkFmµta ¬eBalKW CnEdlmankareRbIR)as;zitenAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRktictYc¦ )ancakecjBIPaBRkIRk rIÉTMhMén PaBxVHxatkareRbIR)as;rbs;CnRkIRkRCul nigbrimaNénCnRkIRkRCulkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRksrubkñúg qñaM2004 enAEtmankMritRsYcRsavdUcqñaM 1994 dEdl.


rUbPaB 2>10³ kñúgry³eBl 10qñaMknøgeTAenH kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;² kñúgcMeNamCnRkIRk cMnYnmYyPaK R)aM)an ekIneLIgEt 8° - eRbobeFobeTAnwg 45° kñúgcMeNamGñkmanRTBüsm,tþic MnYn mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCn

- mFümPaKBiténkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarsMrab;mnusSmñak; enAqñaM 1994 nig 2004 kñúgRkbxNÐKMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob )antamPUmisa®sþ

951 1,33

6

1,69

6

2,27

1

4,88

3

2,22

8

1,02

6

1,53

7

2,07

7 2,95

4

7,06

7

2,93

2

0

2500

5000

7500

RkIRkbMput RkIRkbMputbnÞab; mFüm manbMputbnÞab; manbMput km<úCa

1994 2004

RbPB ³ (SESC 1994, SESC 2004)

rUbPaB 2>11 ³ karFøak;cuHkñúgPaBRkIRkenAcenøaHqñaM1994 nig qñaM2004 tamkarRbkasCaBiessenARkugPñMeBj nig extþtameqñrsmuRT GRtaPaBRkIRk ¬PaKryénRbCaCneRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk ¦ qñaM 1994 nig qñaM 2004 ¬KMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)an tamPUmisaRsþ ¦ tamtMbn;ksi-eGkULÚsIu

11%

40% 42%46%

40% 39%

5%

17%

31% 33%

58%

28%

0%

20%

40%

60%

PñMeBj eqñrsmuTÞ valrab Tenøsab x<g;rab¼PñM km<úCa

1994 2004

RbPB ³ SESC1994, qñaM2004 (CSES 2004) KYUrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbIkar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRkRtUv)anbBa©ÚlsMrab;extþx<g;rab¼PñMedIm,IbRgÁb; k¾T MhMtictYcénkarRKb dNþb;rbs;KMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)an enAkñúgextþTaMgenHmann½yfa kar)a:n;sµanTaMgenH - ehIykarcab;GarmµN_ BIkar ekIneLIgénPaBRkIRkkñúgextþx<g;rab¼PñM -minmanlkçN³ rwgmaMeT ebIeyagtamkargarsßiti.


EbbEpnénkMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkk¾kMBugEtbegIánPaBxusKñaénGaRtaPaBRkIRk kñúgEpñk epSg²rbs;RbeTs. PaBRkIRk)anFøak;cuHya:gelOnenATIRkugPñMeBj nigenAtMbn;eqñrsmuRT Edl)annaM muxy:ageRcInCagenAtMbn;Tenøsab nigtMbn;TMnab ¬sUmemIlrUb 2>11¦ . >>>ehIyvismPaB)anekIneLIg emKuNCInI (GINI) )anpþl;karvas;EvgvismPaBedaysegçbnigmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarEbgEckR)ak; cMNUl b¤kareRbIR)as;³ tMélsUnümann½yfa manPaBesIµKñal¥\tex©aHkñúgkarEbgEckR)ak;cMNUl xN³ EdltMél 1 )ancgú¥lbgðajfa manvismPaBTaMgRsug. kar)a:n;sµanemKuN GINI sMrab;km<úCa)an bBa¢ak;fa vismPaB)anekIneLIgy:agxøaMgenAtamtMbn;EdlGaceRbobeFobKña)anrvag qñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 PaBminesµIKña)annaMmuxCabzm enAtMbn;CnbT ¬sUmemIlrUb 2>12¦ . GaRtaénkMeNInvismPaB enAkm<úCa RtUv)aneK emIleXIjfa manel,ÓnelOnminFmµta . edaypþac;ecjBIKñaénkarERbRbYlvism- PaB[eTACaRkum² nigkarERbRbYlkñúgRkum eyIgeXIjfa 86° énkarekIneLIgvismPaBsrubKWbNþal mkBIkarekIn eLIgénvismPaBenAtMbn;CnbT ehIymanEt 14° b:ueNÑaHEdlbNþalBIkarekIneLIgén vismPaBrvagCnbT nigTIRkug .

rUbPaB 2>12 ³ vismPaBekIneLIgenAtMbn; CnbT nigenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl -emKuNCInI (GINI) (0=smPaB\tex©aH 1= vismPaB\tex©aH¦ sMrab;kareRbIR)as;Bitkñúg mnusSmñak;² qñaM 1994 nig qñaM2004 ¬RkbxNÐKMrUEdlGaceRbobeFob)an¦

0.44

0.39

0.35

0.33

0.44

0.37 0.

4

0.27

CnbT eRkABITIRkug PñMeBj km<úCa

emKuN

CInI

1994 2004

RbPB ³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM1994 (SESC1994) karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa qñaM2004 (CSES 2004)


karcab;GarmµN_elIkareLIgy:agqab;rh½sénvismPaBrvagtMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;CnbT KWCaGVI mYy EdleKKitfaCakarBiPakSad¾manRbCaRbiyPaB kñúgenaHrYmTaMgenAfñak;PUmipgEdr. RbGb; 2>4 )ansegçb BIkarGFib,aymYycMnYn Edl)anBIkarGegátenAmUldæanmYy kñúgcMeNamTItaMgTaMg9 rbs; MOPS³ GFib,ayRbhak;RbEhlKñaenH enATItaMgepSgeTot k¾RtUv)ankt;RtaTukpgEdr .

tamBit karekIneLIgénvismPaBKW CaRbkarEdlminGaceCosput)ankñúgGnþrkalesdækic©Edl manEpnkarBIfñak;kNþal nigRkIRk eGayeTACaesdækic ©mYyEdlQrelIeKalkarN_TIpSar. drabNa vismPaB)anekIneLIgRsbeTAnwgkarFøak;cuHénPaBRkIRkxøaMg eKGacGHGagfa vismPaB EtÉkÉgKWmin manbBaðaGIVeT . b:uEnþ karRsavRCav EdlmanlkçN³GnþrCatikan;EteRcIn )ancg¥úl[eXIjfa manTMnak; TMngxøaMg rvagkMritx<s;énvismPaB nigPaByWty:av énGaRtakMeNInesdækic © nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬sUmemIl ]TahrN_ FnaKarBiPBelak 2005/ Naschold 2002). GVIEdlCacMNab;GarmµN_GMBI esckIþGFib,ayrbs; MOPS KWCakarKitfa vismPaBkMBugekIneLIg minRtwmEtkñúgn½yCasmiT§ipl b:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgkñúgn½y»kasEfmeTot . mankaryl;eXIjmYyfa CnRkIRkEdlmanRTBüsm,tiþ TMnak;TMngsgÁm nigkalanuvtþPaBtictYcsMrab;karGb;rM RtUv)anCab;KaMgenAkñúgkic ©kar EdleRbIR)as; CmnajTab nigkic©kareFIVedayéd minmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgkñúgn½yesIµPaBKña CamYy Gñkman)aneT.

RbFanbTenHnwgRtUv)anBnül;;kan;EtlMGitenACMBUkbnÞab; EdlBiPakSaBIkMriténvismPaB kñúgqñaM 2004. b:uEnþ sMrab;eBlenH KWeyIgRKan;Etkt;sMKal;fa RbsinebIGtßRbeyaCn_ énkMeNInkñugry³eBl 10qñaMknøgeTAenHRtUv)anEbgEck[manPaBesIµKñakan;EteRcIn rvagGñkman nigGñkRk em:øHGaRtaénkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRtUv)anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg . bTBiesaFn_énbNþaRbeTs¬]> evotNam¦ Edl)anbegIátkMeNInEdlmanmUldæan TUlMTUlay Edl)anrab;bBa¢Úl CnRkIRk)aneRcInkñúgkMritmYyenaH )anbgðajfa EbbEpnénkarEckrMElkkMeNInEbbenHmanesßrPaBCag ¬Cajwkjab;x<s;Cag¦ EbbEpn kMeNIn ¬dUcEdleK)aneXIjkñúgRbeTskm<úCa¦ EdlRtUv)anQrelIEtvis½yBIr bIb:ueNÑaH ehIykñúgenaH GtßRbeyaCn_énkMeNIn)anbUkbEnßmEtelIGñkEdlmanRsab;.


RbGb; 2>4 ³ TsSn³epSg² BIvismPaBkñúgcMeNamyuvCnenACnbT ebIsinCamankaryl;dwgBI sniþsux nigesrIPaBCamUldæanxøaMgCagmun kñúgshKmn¾CnbTenaH k¾nwg mankaryl;dwgBIvismPaBkan;EtFMeLIg nig kalanuvtþPaB sMrab;kUnecARKYsarGñkman nigGñkRk.

GñkmanmanmðÚbGaharsMrab;briePaK enAeBlEdlGñkRkKµanGVIesaH . Gñkmankøahan nigmanGMNac cMENkGñkRkKµanlkçN³TaMgenHeT. kUnGñkmanesøókBak;exaGavs¥at nig l¥Nas; cMENk´ EdlCakUnGñkRkmanEtsMelokbMBak;kxVk; ¬yuvCn ¦. taMgBIqñaM 1998 mksuxmalPaBrbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgshKmn_enH )anRbesIreLIgy:agxøaMg. Gñkman kan;EtmaneTA cMENkGñkRkenACab;GnÞak;PaBRkIRk rWWFøak;xøÜnRkCagmun . ehtupl EdlnaMeGaymanvismPaB rvagRbCaCnkñúgshKmn_+enH KWfaGñkmanluyeRcIn mandIRbkbeday CICati nigmanlT§PaBCYlGñkRk nigGñkxVHxatxøaMgeGayeFVIkareGayBYkeK . BYkeKRKan;Et eRbIxYrk,al nigluyedIm,IrkcMNUl)anx<s; enAeBlEdleyIgeRbIBlkmµxøaMg Et)anTTYlR)ak;k Mér tictYcmkvij ¬yuvnarI ¦.

GñkxøH)ankt;sMKal;fa vismPaBxagRTBüsm,tþi mann½yfa GñkmanmanlT§PaBeRbI esrIPaBy:ag rIkray EdlenHRKan;EtCaRTwsþIsMrab;GñkRkb:ueNÑaH.

eyIgmanesrIPaBeFVIGVIEdleyIgcg; CaBiessrkkargareFVITaMgenAkñúg nigeRkAPUmi edIm,IRkBH eyIgpÞal; nigrbs;smaCikRKYsareyIgepSgeTot. b:uEnþGñkmanRTBüsm,tþi manesrIPaBCagGñkRk BIeRBaH BYkeKmanluy ehIyGackMsanþsb,ayenAeBlNaBYkeKcg;. ¬yuvnarIkñúgRKYsarRkIRk ¦ ebIeyIgcg;eTAcUlrYmBiFIkñúgshKmn_enAeBlyb; eyIgRtUvsMukarGnuBaØatiþBI«BukmþayeyIgsin. b:uEnþ CaFmµtaeyIgminGaceTAeT BIeRBaHtamkarBiteyIgKµanluy ehIyeyIgRtUveFVIkarF¶n; enAeBlRBwkeTo. ¬yuvnarI ¦ ebIcg;manesrIPaB Rt Uvman)ayRKb;RKan;edIm,IbriePaKsin. ¬yuvnarI ¦

RbPB ³ MOPS / CDRI 2006a ¬e)aHBum<enAeBlxagmux¦

karFøak;cUl nigcakecjBIPaBRkIRk³ karviPaKTinñn½yCaRkum

karGegátelIKMrUtamkareRCIserIsedayécdnü)an[dwgfa karERbRbYlsrubkñúgPaKryénPaBRkIRk rvagcMNucBIr )aneFIVeGayeyIgeXIjnUvkarERbRbYlrvagrUbPaBBIr b:uEnþ KnøgénPaB ERbRbYlBitR)akd rbs;RKYsarmanPaBminc,as;las;kñúgry³eBlenaH . karERbRbYlCaPaKry Gaclak;kM)aMglkçN³ cMruHepSg²CaeRcInkñúgbTBiesaFn_Cak;Esþgrbs;mnusSmñak ;² b¤RKYsar. m:üagvijeTot karERbRbYldUcKña énGRtaPaBRkIRkCaTUeTAGacCaplitplénPaBRbesIreLIg CaTUeTAbnþicmþg²nUvkMritCIvPaB kñúgenaHCn minEmnRkIRksßitenAeRkAPaBRkIRk ehIyCnRkIRk mYycMnYn)anrYcputBIPaBRkIRk b¤sßanPaBmYyEdl sVahab;CagenHKWfa mnusSmYycMnYnFMrYcputBIPaBRkIRk b:uEnþCnminRkIRkBImunmYycMnYnFMEbrCarMkil


bRBa©asTisFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRkeTAvij. tulüPaBrvagkarpøas;bþÚrTaMgBIrenHnaMeGaymankarERbRbYlBit R)akdénPaKry. RbkarenHmansar³sMxan; BIeRBaHbTBiesaFn_kñúgRbeTsepSgeTotbgðajfa eCaK C½ykñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTamTarCaBiess nUvkarKYbpSMMdMNak;kalnana - begáItkalanuvtþPaB sMrab;CnRkIRk [eKcputBIPaBRkIRk- nigsMNaj;suvtþiPaB EdlTb;sáat;CnminEmnRkIRkkMueGay Føak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk b¤CnRkIRkkMueGayFøak;cUlkñúgPaBTIT½lRk. eKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIEdlcaM)ac; sMrab;edaHRsayPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH Cajwkjab; xusKñaBIeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIsMrab;CYyCnEdl kMBugRkIRk . dUcKñaenHEdr CnRkIRkrauMér: b¤yUrGEgVgtMrUv[manEbbEpnCMnYyepSgBIKña edIm,ICYyBYk eK[qøgeTAkan;CnRkIRkry³eBlxøI.

etIRbePTCnRkIRk nigCnminRkIRkmanesßrPaBy:agdUcemþc? edIm,IesIubGegátbBaðaEdlmanyUrmkehIyenH karsikSaBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS) EdlerobcMeLIg nigeFIVkarGegáteday CDRI RtUv)aneFIVGegáteLIgvij 2004¼05 enH )aneFVIGegátsarfµIeLIgvij RKYsarCit1>000 EdlRtUv)anGegátrYcBIqñaM 2001. lT§plénkargarenH mankMrgkaryl;dwgBI tulüPaB kñúgry³eBl 3 qñaM rvag ¬k¦CnRkIRkrauMér: ¬GñkEdl enARkIRkkñúgry³eBl2qñaM¦ ¬x¦Cnmin EmnRkIRkefr ¬K¦ GñkEdl)aneKcecjputBIPaB RkIRk nig¬X¦ GñkEdl)anFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk1. karvas;Tis nigvisalPaBénkarERbRbYl kMritCIvPaBRKYsar

edaysarmankarlM)ak kñúgkarvas;eRbIR)as;eGay)anRtwmRtUv rWlMGitenAkñúgkarGegátRKYsar Edl eFIVeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgeRcIn mankgVl;smehtuplmYyfa karviPaKEdlKitEtfa etIRKYsarTaMgLay)an qøgputbnÞat;PaBRkIRkR)akdmYyrWenA Gacnwgpþl;karcab;GarmµN_xus sþIBIPaBR)akdénkarviPaK. CMnYseGaykarEbgEckEtCaBIrEpñk GñkRk nigGñkminRk eyIgsMerceFVIkarviPaKedIm elITidæPaBepSg²én RKYsarkñúgkMrgTinñn½yrbs; MOPS tamkarEbgEcksuxmalPaBRKYsarCabIRbePTenAeBlNamYy . viFIsaRsþenH EbgEckc,as; rvag GñkRk ¬GñksßitenAeRkamdac;BIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ehAfa {CnRkIRkxøaMg} ¦ GñkminRk ¬GñksßitenAelIdac;BIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk {GñkFUrFa}¦ nig GñkEdlenAcenøaH 20°xagelI nigxag eRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkehAfa {CnRkIRklµm}. Ep¥kelImUldæancMNayRbcaMRKYsarkñúgmnusSmñak; Edl)an

1 karsikSaCMnaj)anykcitþTukdak;CaBiesselIPaBxusKñarvagCnRkIRkraM uér: ¬b¤eKehA {CnRkIRk rhUt}¦ nigCnRkIRk Gnþrkal ¬b¤ {CnRkIRkmþg máal}¦EdlFøab;sßitkñúgPaBRkIRkmunnwgeKcecjput ¬ehIyGacnwgFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk vijmþgeTot enAeBleRkay ¦. enHKWCarebobEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGackMNt;CnRkIRkGnþrkalenA eBlEdlmancMNuc eBlevlacMnYn 3 sMrab;BinitüGegát ³ edayrhUtdl;sBVéf¶Rkumkargar {karsikSaRsav RCavsþIBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk }(MOPS)eTIbEtbBa©b; kargarBIrdg¬qñaM2001nigqñaM2004¦ eyIgenAminTan;GackMNt; RkumCnRkIRkGnþrkalenAeLIy.

49 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 kt;RtaenAkñúg MOPS RKYsarnIm Yy² kñúgcMeNamRKYsarcMnYn 890 EdlRtUv)anGegátenAqñaM 2001 nig2004 RtUvEbgEck[sßitenAkñúgRbePTNamYykñúgcMeNamRbePTTaMgbI sMrab;karGegátTaMgBIrqñaM . edayeRbob eFobsßanPaBkñúgqñaM2001 nig 2004 eyIgTTYl)an nUvRkumcMnYn 9 dUcEdlbgðaj kñúgRbGb;cMnYn 9 kñúg tarag 2>2 EdlRbGb;nImYy² kMNt;BIclna ¬b¤Gclna ¦ rbs;RKYsarkñúgry³eBl3qñaMenAcenøaHkarGegátTaMgBIr .

RbGb;RsGab;3 Edlrt ;kat;bBaäitcuHeRkam cMkNþal tarag 2>2 tMNageGayRKYsar EdlminbþÚr sßanPaBenAcenøaHqñaM2001 nig qñaM2004. minfaBYkeKsißtkñúgRkumRkIRkNas; RkIRklµm b¤ FUrFarenAqñaM 2001 BYkeKenAEtsßitkñúgRkumdEdlenAqñaM 2004. GñkEdlenARkm RkIRkNas; TaMgBIrelIk RtUv)an ehAfa {CnRkIRkraM uér:}. RkumenHmanRbmaN 14° énKMrUrbs; (MOPS). Rkum {mFüm efr} Edl)ancab;epþIm nigbBa©b;kñúgRbePT {RkI Rklµm} manRbmaN 14°Edr. cugeRkay {Gñkman} Edl enAEtFUrFaTaMgkñúgqñaM 2001 nig qñaM 2004 CaRkumEdlFM CageKbg¥s;kñúgtaragGnþrkalenH CamYynwg GRta24°énKMrU. rYmbBa©ÚlKña GñkEdlminmanclnaTaMgenH manRbmaN 51° énKMrUTaMgGs; bBa¢ak;fa mankMritesßrPaB mYysMrab;RKYsarCnbTCaeRcIn Edlya:gehacNas;vasßitesßrkñ úgry³eBly:agxøIbIqñaM nigenAkñúgRkum d¾TUlMTUlayTaMgbIenH.

b:uEnþ RKYsarenAsl; 49° )anbþÚrsßanPaBrbs;xø ÜneLIgelI b¤cuHeRkammYy b¤BIrTItaMg. RKYsarEdl eFIVclnaeLIgelI ¬24/5° rYmmanRkumTaMgbIenARbGb;bIRCugxagsþaMxagelIéntarag 2>2¦ manbrimaN eRcInCagRKYsarEdlmanclnacuHeRkambniþc ¬22/3° EbgEckkñúgcMeNam bIRkumenARbGb;bIxageqVg xageRkaméntarag¦.

tarag 2>2 ³ taragGnþrkalénRKYsarCaRkum 2004

RkIRkxøaMg RkIRklµm FUrFar

RkIRkxøaMg 14° ¬1³ RkIIRkraMuér:¦

10° ¬6a³ eLIgBIPaBRkIRk¦

4° ¬6b³ BIRkIRkxøa Mg mkman¦

RkIRklµm 7° ¬4³ PaB RkIRkkan;EteRCA¦

14° ¬2³ mFüm efr¦

12° ¬7³ eLIgc Ulman¦ 2001

FUrFar 3° ¬5a: manmkRkIRk ¦

12° ¬5 b: Føak; cUlPaBRkIRk ¦ 24° ¬3³Gñkman¦

RbPB³ CDRI 2006a ¬e)aHBum<enAeBlxagmux¦

50 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 RKYsartictYcb:ueNÑaH ¬RbmaN 7°¦ )anbþÚrsßanPaBxøaMg EdlkMNt;edayclnaeLIgelI b¤cuH eRkamqøgdl;eTABIrRkum ¬eBalKW BICnRkIRkxøaMgeTACaGñkFUrFar ehAfa {BIsµÚmeTACaGñkman} b¤BIGñk FUrFaeTACaCnRkIRkxøaMgvij ehAfa {BIGñkmaneTACasµÚm¦. edaysarEtRkumTaMgBIrmanTMhMtUc ¬mYy² manEt 3>5°énKMrUPUmic MnYn 9 b¤RbEhl 30 RKYsar¦. eyIgdak;RkumTaMg BIrbBa©ÚlKñaCamYynwgRkum CitxagkñúgbMNg eFVIkarviPaK enAeBleRkayeTot ¬sUmemIltarag 2>2 nig tarag 2>3¦.

karBnül;BIkarERbRbYlénRTBüFnRKYsar

yuT§saRsþedaHRsayCIvPaB nigvisalPaBrbs;yuT§saRsþTaMgenaHmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj. ehtu enHminEmnCakargayRsYlkñúgkarkMNt; faetIGIVEdlmanshsm<½n§nwgkarERbRbYlénsßanPaBRKYsar

tarag 2>3 ³ karERbRbYlénkareRbIR)as;k ñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgTItaMgnIm Yy² énkarEbgEckR)ak;cMNUl RKYsar qñaM 2001-2004 Rkum karERbRbYl

TItaMg PaKryénRKYsar kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarsMrab;

mnusSmñak;CamFüm 2001 2004 KµanPaBERbRbYl

1> RkIRkraMuér: 0 14.0 PaKry 849 1,093

2> mFüm efr 0 14.3 PaKry 1,460 1,716

3> man 0 24.4 PaKry 2,931 3,362

sßanPaBy:ab;Cagmun

4> PaBRkIRkeRCA -1 7.1 PaKry 1,424 1,166

5> karFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk 15.2 PaKry 2,353 1,642

5a. BIRkIRkxøaMgmkman -2 3.3 PaKry

5b. rMkilcUlPaBRkIRk -1 11.9 PaKry

sßanPaBRbesIrCagmun

6> ecjBIPaBRkIRk 13.3 PaKry 968 1,960

6a. eLIgputBIPaBRkIRk +1 9.8 PaKry

6b. BIRkIRkxøaMgmkman +2 3.5 PaKry

7> eLIgeTAman +1 11.8 PaKry 1,459 3,296

RbPB ³ CDRI 2006a ¬e)aHBum<enAeBlxagmux¦


elIsBIkarTTYlykyuT§saRsþedaHRsay EdlelcecjBIenH. GaRs½yehtuenH enAdMNak;kalenH eyIgbgðajkarerobrab;Rtg;² BEkarERbRbYlcMbgénlkçN³sMKal;RKYsarsin. karviPaKlMGitCagenH nwgRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarsikSasMeyaKrbs; MOPS EdleFIVeLIgeday CDRI EdlnwgecjVpSay enArvagqñaM 2006.

karviPaKedIm elIkeLIgfa karekIneLIgénR)ak;cMNUlTaMgGs; )anCYyBRgwgTItaMgrbs;Cn minEmnRkIRk. TnwÞmnwgenaH CnRkIRkraMuér:hak;dUcCaCab;GnÞak;kñúgskmµPaBEdlpþl;R)ak;cMNUlTab Edl minGac[BYkeKsnSMR)ak; b¤eFIVvinieyaKEdlGacnaM[cakcjputBIPaBRkIRk)an. KµanGVIKYreGayPJak; ep¥IleT RKYsarEdlFøak;c UlkñúgPaBRkIRk )anqøgkat; karFøak;cuHénR)ak;c MNUlya:geRcIn. dUcKñaenHEdr RKYsarEdl)an dwgfakareRbIR)as;rbs;xøÜnfycuH ¬Føak;c UlkñúgPaBRkIRk nigPaBRkIRkkan;EteRCA¦ emIl eXIjtMélénRTBüFnRKYsar TaMgGs; fycuHEdr enAcenøaHqñaM2001 nigqñaM 2004 enAeBlEdlRkum epSgeTotTaMgGs;-EdlmanrYmTaMgCnRkIRkrauMér:-)anRbmUlRTBüFn EdlmantMélya:geRcIn.

TMnak;TMngrvagvisalPaBRKYsar nigkarERbRbYlsmasPaBénR)ak;cMNUlKYreGaycab;GarmµN_ Nas;. rUbPaB 2>12 bgðajBIPaKryénkarERbRbYlkñúgRbPBR)ak;cMNUlnImYy² sMrab;RkumnIm Yy². tYnaTIrbs;FnFankmµsiTi§rYm (CPR) kñúgR)ak;cMNUlRKYsar)anfycuHesIÞrEtRKb;RkumTaMgGs; cMENkÉ R)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIksikmµ )anFøak;cuHenAkñúgRKYsarEdl Føak;xøÜnRk b¤enAEtRkxøaMg ehIy)anekIneLIg enAkñúgRKYsarEdlFUrFar b¤ERbCaFUrFar nigRKYsarEdlrMkileLIgelI b¤enAEtkñúgRkumkNþalEdl CaRkumRkIRklµm. R)ak;cMNUlBIGaCIvkmµpÞal;xøÜn Blkmµ nigRbPB {epSgeTot})an køayCaman sar³sMxan;xøaMg edayBlkmµhak; dUcCasMxan; CaBiess kñúgkarCYyRKYsar [eKcecjBIRkumRkIRkxøaMg cMENkÉGaCIvkmµpÞal;xøÜn )anCYyRKYsarRkIRklµm[ cUleTAkñúgCYrénRKYsarGñkmanluy. sMrab;CnRkIRk raMuér: RbPBsMxan; bMputénR)ak;cMNUlenAqñaM 2004 ¬38°énR)ak;cMNUlTaMgGs;¦ KWR)ak;kMér)anmk BIkareFVIkareGayxøÜnÉg kñúgeBlEdl 23°)anmkBIBlkmµ nig 18° BIFnFankmµsiT§irYm (CPR). tYelx enH)anERbRbYlya:gxøaMgBIqñaM 2001 enAeBlEdlR)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIFnFankmµsiTi§rYm KWksikmµ ¬28°eRbobeFobnwg 33°¦ ehIyBlkmµ)anrYmviPaKTanEt28° énR)ak;cMNUlTaMgGs;.

RKYsarEdlFøak;kñúgPaBRkIRkRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarFøak;cuHénR)ak;c MNUlBIksikmµ nigBIFnFan kmµsiTi§rYm (CPR) nigkarekIneLIg ¬xøaMg b¤smmaRt¦ énR)ak;c MNUl)anmkBIGaCIvkmµpÞal;xøÜn nig Blkmµ. karenHqøúHbBa©aMgfa TwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgsøÜtCaeRcIn kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfI µ²enH )anb:HBal;karbgá begáInplRsUv. PUmiCaeRcInEdl MOPS eFVIkarsikSa k¾)anTTYlrgkarfycuH énkarensaTya:gxøaMgEdr. TaMgenHKWCa ninñakarEdlRKYsarCnbTCaeRcInepSgeTot )anqøgkat; dUcKñaenAkm<úCa.


kargarcuHeTAmUldæanrbs;Rkumkargar rbs ; MOPS– Edl)ansYrsMnYrCak;lak;BIkarERbRbYlxøaMg EdlRKYsarRbQm - elIkeLIgfaKµanPaBxusKñaCaFMdMueT rvagRkumCnRkIRk nigRkumGñkman. karenH bBa¢ak;fa enAeBlEdlRKYsarCnbTPaKeRcInGacRbQmnwg TidæPaBhaniP½ydUcKña ¬nigkMritx<s;Cag¦ RKYsarGñkmanCagk¾GacTb;Tl;nwgkarsøútrn§t; EbbenHEdr edaymincaM)ac ;RsvarkRTBüFn plitkmµ sMxan;² b¤rkyuT§saRsþrs;enAepSgeTot EdlxusEbøk BIGñkRkeLIy RbesIrCagkarFøak;cuHénplitPaB edaysarEtkarERbRbYlxøaMg EbbenH.

ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 53

rUbPaB 2>13 ³ TidæPaBepSg²kñúgRKYsar nigkarERbRbYlsmasPaBR)ak;cMNUlqñaM 2001-2004 Agriculture

-50% 0% 50% 100%

5. Falling into poverty

4. Deepening poverty

1. Chronic poor

2. Static middle

6. Escaping poverty

7. Climbing into w ealth

3. Comfortable rich

% change in income (riels p.c. per day), 2001-2004

Total

Agriculture

Common property resources

-50% 0% 50% 100%



1. Chronic poor

2. Static middle

6. Escaping poverty


3. Comfortable rich


Total

CPR

Self-employment

-100% 0% 100% 200% 300%



1. Chronic poor

2. Static middle

6. Escaping poverty


3. Comfortable rich


Total

Self-employed

Other

-150% 0% 150% 300% 450%



1. Chronic poor

2. Static middle

6. Escaping poverty


3. Comfortable rich


Total

Other

Labor

-100% 0% 100% 200%



1. Chronic poor

2. Static middle

6. Escaping poverty


3. Comfortable rich


Total

Labor

RbPB ³ CDRI 2006a ¬e)aHBum<enAeBlxagmux¦ {srub} KWPaKryénkarERbRbYl kñ úgR)ak;cMNUlsrub sMrab;RkumnImYy²rvagqñaM 2001 nig2004.

3> sßanPaBPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCaqñaM 2004

xøwmsarsegçb GRtaPaBRkIRkenAqñaM2004 KWmanRbmaN 35° mann½yfa 35°énRbCaCnkm<úCa RtUv)an

):an;sµanfars;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<úCaR)aMnak; rs;enAeRkambnÞat; xVHes,óg. PaBRkIRkenACnbT ¬39°¦ mankMritx<s;CagenATIRkug ¬5°enAPñMeBj nig 25° enAtMbn;TIRkug epSgeTot ¦.

PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCaKWCaGPUtehtuCnbTy:agelIslb;mYy. enAqñaM 2004 RbEhl 91° énCnRkIRk )anrs;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT.

tMbn;CnbTenAkñúgPUmiPaKTenøsab nigPUmiPaKPñM¼x<g;rab )anTTYlrgGRtaPaBRkIRkkMritx<s;bMput nig RbBlPaBénPaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶rbMput. GRtaPaBRkIRkenAPUmiPaKCnbT Tenøsab nig PUmiPaKCnbT PñM¼x<g;rab KW 45° nig 56° tamlMdab;. RbBlPaBénPaBRkIRk enAkñúgPUmiPaKTaMgBIrenH manTMhMBIr dgénRbBlPaKfñak;CatiCamFüm.

40° énCnRkIRkTaMgGs;enATUTaMgRbeTs rs;enAkñúgPUmiPaKvalrab. CnRkIRkCnbTkñúgPUmiPaK Tenøsab nig PñM¼x<g;rab mancMnYnRbmaN 50°.

kñúgTidæPaBmuxrbr RKYsarEdlemRKYsarRbkbmuxrbrksikmµ b¤eFVIkarCaGñkbMerItampÞHenaH sßitkñúg GRtaPaBRkIRkx<s;bMput ¬CamFümCag 40° ¦ nigkñúgRbBlPaBénPaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶rCageKbMput. RKYsarEdlemRKYsarRbkbmuxrbrmYykñúgcMeNammuxrbrTaMgBIrCamYyKña mancMnYnCit 2¼3 énCn RkIRkTaMgGs;enARbeTskm<úCa. RkummuxrbrEdlTTYl)anGRtaPaBRkIRkTabCageKbMput KWRkum RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsareFVIkarkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ .

RKYsarRkIRkmanGMErkBwgEp¥kkMritx<s; nigxVHxatmUlFnmnusS³ BYkKat;eRcInEtKµankarGb;rMKµan CMnaj nigKµansuxPaBl¥. CnRkIRk nigCaBiessCnRkIRkRCul)anRbmUlpþúMenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTdac; Rsyal EdlenATIenaH lT§PaBTTYl)anpøÚvfñl; TIpSar nig esvamUldæanenAmankMrit. BYkKat;k¾ KµankarFanakñúgkar)anTTYlkmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIBitR)akd niglT§PaBTTYl)anRbB½n§FarasaRsþEdr. bBaðasMxan;sMrab;CnRkIRkenATIRkug KWkarFanakñúgkar)anTTYlkmµsiT§ikan;kab;pÞH nigkalanuvtþPaB


sMrab;rkR)ak;cMNUl b¤kargarRbkbedayplcMeNj. Gñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GaNaFibetyü TamTarsiT§irs;enACamYynwgsiT§iTTYl)anesvakñúgkMritmYy b:uEnþKµansiT§ikan;kab;pÞHeT RBmTaMggay rgeRKaHBIkarbeNþjecjeTotpg.

sßanPaBPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 57

enHbgðajBIGgÁehtumUldæanmYycMnYn sþIBIkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar nigPaBRkIRk Ep¥kCabzm elIKMrUtMNagfñak;CatieBjeljsMrab;ry³eBl12Ex dkRsg;ecjBI karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa qñaM 2004 (CSES 2004). CMBUkmunerobrab;BI

rbt;énkarvas;PaBRkIRkEbøk² sMrab;tMbn; EdlGaceRbobeFob)antamPUmisaRsþ enA cenøaHqñaM 1994 nigqñaM 2004 cMENkÉCMBUkenH bgðajBIrUbPaB CarYménkMMritCIvPaBrbs; RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;kñúgqñaM2004. PaBxusKñarvagKMrU EdlGaceRbobeFob)antam PUmisaRsþ nigKMrUTaMgRsugenH KWCaPaBxusKña éntMélkñúgqñaM 2004EdlRtUv)anraykarN_ sMrab;ktþaGefrdUcKña¬]TahrN_ kareRbIR)as; CamFüm b¤GRtaPaBRkIRk¦ kñúgCMBUk2 nig CMBUkenH. ehtuenH Ca]TahrN_GRtaPaBRkIRk kñúgtMbn;CnbTenAqñaM 2004 RtUv)an raykarN_kñúgCMBUk 2 fa man 34° ¬sUm emIlrUbPaB 2>2¦ b:uEnþ enAkñúgCMBUkenHfa man 39°. tUelxmun KWCaGRtaPaBRkIRk kñúgcMeNamRKYsar EdlRtUv)anGegátenAqñaM 2004 EdlsßitkñúgRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrUqñaM 1994³ tYelxenHRtUv)anKNna edIm,IGac eFVIkareRbobeFobedaypÞal;CamYynwgtMél sMrab;tMbn;enH EdldkRsg;ecjBIkarGegát qñaM994. tMélx<s;CagsMrab;qñaM 2004 kñúgCMBUkenHqøúHbBa©aMgBIGRtaPaB RkIRkkñúgcMeNam RbCaCnCnbTrYm minEmnRKan;EtCa EpñkmYyEdlsßitkñúgRkbxNÐkareFVIKMrU EdlGaceRbob eFob)anenaHeT.

kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar

kMritCamFüménkareRbIR)as;kñúg mnusSmñak;ERbRbYly:agxøaMgrvag PUmi PaKnana RBmTaMgrvagtMbn;TI Rkug nigtMbn;CnbTEdlsßitkñúg rgVg;PUmi PaK. rUbPaB3>1 bgðajBI kar)a:n;sµanénkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgPUmiPaK ksi- eGkULÚsIu EdlEbgEckCa tMbn;TIRkug nig tMbn;CnbT kñúgrgVg;PUmiPaK. kar)a:n;sµanén kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;CamFüm RtUv)anbgðajtamtMélenARkugPñMeBjkñúgqñaM2004. RbCaCn

rUbPaB 3>2 ³ kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgtMbn;x<s;KWEt 75° énkareRbIR)as;fñak;CatiCamFüm kareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak;tamPUmiPaKRtUv)ankMNt;CasnÞsSn_elImFüm PaKenAkm<úCaTaMgmUlesµInwg100 qñaM 2004

-28.4 -13.3 -6.1

2.9

111.5

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Plateau / mountain

Tonle Sap

Plains Coastal Phnom Penh

Source: CSES 2004

CMBUk


RkugPMñeBjrIkrayy:agR)akdnwgkMrit x<s;bMputénkareRbIR)as;BitsMrab;mnusSmñak; EdlesµInwg CagBIrdgénkMritfñak;CatiCamFüm ¬rUbPaB 3>2¦. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH tMbn;CnbT énPUmiPaKTenøsab nigPUmiPaKPñMx<g;rab mankMritkareRbIR)as;BitsMrab;mnusSmñak; CamFümTabbMput. tMbn;CnbTRkIRkbMput TaMgBIrenH manRbCaCnCag 1¼3 énRbeTs rs;enA eBalKW 26° enAPUmiPaKTenøsab nigRbmaN 9° enAPUmiPaKx<g;rab¼PñM. edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgCnRkIRk enATIRkugpg PUmiPaK Tenøsab nigPUmiPaKPñM¼x<g;rabrYmKña manRbCaCn54°énRbCaCn RkIRkTaMgGs;Edl)anrs;enA. tMé;;lkareRbIR)as; CamFüm TabenAkñúgPUmiPaKTaMgBIrenH manbgðaj enAkñúg rUbPaB 3>3 . CaBiess extþkMBg;s<W nigkMBg;FMmankareRbIR)as;sMrab;mnusSmñak; Edlrs;enAkñúgextþkMritTabbMput ehIybnþbnÞab;mkKW extþesomrab nigextþenAbUBa’ nig ]tþrkñúgtMbn;PñM¼x<g;rab.

PaBRkIRkenAqñaM 2004

enAqñaM 2004 manRbCaCn35° rs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk ehIy20°rs;enAeRkambnÞat;xVHes,óg. PaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;CageKenAtMbn;CnbT ¬man39°¦ ehIymankMritTabCag enAtMbn;TIRkug ¬5°enAPñMeBj nig 25°enAtMbn;TIRkugepSg²eTot .

sMrab;CaB’tmaneyag GRtaPaBRkIRkenAqñaM2004 ebIEp¥ktambnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati1duløar1éf¶

Kwman 18/5° . k¾bu:Enþ enAkñúgr)aykarenHTaMgmUl PaBRkIRkRtUv)anviPaK tamsþg;darTUeTA KWEp¥kelI bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati Edl)anBiBN’naenAkñúgCMBUkmun. RbGb;3>1 erobrab;BirUbmnþénbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati 1duløar1éf¶ kareRbobeFobvaCamYybnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati nig mUlehtuEdlbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati RtUv)an cat;TukCaCMerIsl¥CagsMrab;karviPaKkMritCati .


rUbPaB 3>1 ³ PUmiPaKCnbTx<g;rab nigCnbTTenøsabmankareRbIR)as;CamFümTabCageKbMput

2,48

9

3,02

6

3,47

5

3,44

0

6,13

0

3,81

0

4,88

2

4,81

9 6,81

1

9,63

3

0

5,000

10,000

Plateau / mountain

Tonle Sap

Coastal Plains Phnom Penh

Rural Urban

rUbPaB 3>3 ³ kMritCIvPaBrs;enATabCageKbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKPñM¼x<g;rab nigTenøsab

RbPB ³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004)


RbGb; 3>1> kareRCIserIsbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ³ eRbobeFob bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati nig bnÞat;1duløar1éf¶

enAkñúgmYyTsvtSknøgmk shKmn_GnþrCati )ancab;GarmµN_xøaMgeLIg² cMeBaHkartamdanninñakarénPaBRkIRk enAkñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl CacMbgKWedIm,ItamdandMeNIrkareq<aHeTArkkarsMerc)aneKalbMngTI1 éneKaledAGPivDÆn_ shvtSn_ EdlTamTar[rdæaPi)al nig GgÁkarGnþrCati ebþCJakat;bn§yPaKryénRbCaCnRkIRkenAelIBiPBelakTaMgmUl [cuHfyGs;Bak;kNþalBIqñaM 1990 dl; 2015. edIm,ItamdanemIlPaBRkIRkfñak;BiPBelak eKcaM)ac;RtUvman rgVas;PaBRkIRkdac;xat EdlmanlkçN³CabTdæanrYm GaceRbobeFobBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy nig BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM edayCak;Esþg. tMrUvkar[mancMnucsMGagCaGnþrCatienH )aneFVI[eKRbkan;ykbnÞat;mYyEdleKehAfa :1duløarkñúg1éf¶ : EdlkMNt;bnÞat;PaBRkIRk Ep¥kelITMnij nig esva EdlGacTij)ansMrab;1duløark sMrab;mYynak; kñúgmYyéf¶ enAshrdæGaemrik kñúgqµaM 1993. dUecñH BaküeBjénbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati KW 1duløar1nak;kñúg1éf¶ BittamGMNacTijxus²Kña eFobnwgqñaM1993 .

tamry³karkMNt;dUcenH bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCatisMedATUTat;karERbRbYléføTMnij ¬KWTUTat;tamGtiprNa¦ nig TUYTat;taméføxusKñarvagRbeTsnana ¬KWTUTat;tamPaBsuxKñaéncMNaykñúgkarrs;enArvagesdækic©epSg²Kña¦. edaysar éføTMnij nig esva ¬CaBiesséføGahar ¦ enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_mYycMnYnFM mankMritTabCagenAshrdæGaemrik tMé;lBitR)akdénR)ak;1duløar KittamGMNacTijxusKña eFobnwgqñaM1993 enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgLayenaH mankMritTabCagtMélmYyduløarKittaméføbc©úb,nñ. enAkm<úCa bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCatiKit1duløar enAqñaM 2004 mankMritesµInwg 1>382 erol kñúgmYynak;kñúgéf¶ ¬ b¤ 0/34 duløar Kittaméfø enAqñaM 2004 ¦. dUcenH bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati1duløarkñúg1éf¶ mantMélCak;EsþgTabCag bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati EdlBiB’NnaenAkñúgtarag 2>1 nig EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as; enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH KwmantMél 1>753 erol ¬0/43 duløar¦ sMrab;1nak;kñúg1éf¶ enACnbT nig 2>351erol ¬0/58 duløar¦ sMrab;1nak;kñúg1éf¶ enAPñMeBj. dUecñH kareRbIR)as;bnÞat; PaBRkIRkGnþrCati naM[mankar)a:n;sµanGRtaPaBRkIRksMrab;qñaM 2004 ¬18/5°¦ TabCag GRtaEdl)anmkBI bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati ¬35°¦ eTaHbICaGRtaTaMgBIrenH Ep¥kelITinñn½ydUcKñak¾eday ¬KWTinnñ½ysþIBIkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar Kitkñúg1nak;kñúg1éf¶ )anmkBIkarsYr[RKYsarrMlwkBIcMNayknøgmk enAkñúgkarGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© 2004 ¦.

KMlatxusKñarvagbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCatiEdlmanlkçN³sBVRCugeRCay nig bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati Edlman kMritTabCagminEmnCaerOgminRbRktIenaHeT. kMriténbnÞat;PaBRkIRk sMrab;km<úCa mankMritRbhak;RbEhlKña eTAnwgRbeTsmancMNUlTab PaKeRcIn EdlmanbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati TabCagknøHduløarkñúg1éf¶Kittaméføbc©úb,nñ bu:Enþ mankMritenH vax<s;CagbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati1duløarkñúg1éf¶¶ ¬EdlnaM[manGRtaPaBRkIRkKittambnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati x<s;CagGRtaKittambnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati ¦. ]TahrN_ enAevotNam kalBIqñaM 1998 GRtaPaBRkIRkkMNt;eday bnÞat;GnþrCati1duløar1éf¶ KW 16/4° rIÉGRtaPaBRkIRkEp¥ktambnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati 4/900 dug ¬0/35 duløar¦ sMrab;1nak;kñúg1éf¶ tamkarGegátbTdæanrs;enA KW 37°. RsedogKñaenHEdr enARbeTsLav GrtaPaBRkIRkEp¥ktam


bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati1duløar1éf¶ KW 28/1° enAqñam 2002 nig 25/8° enAqñaM 2003. pÞúymkvij GRtaPaBRkIRkEp¥ktambnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati enAqñaM 2002-3 ¬ 3/065 Kib b¤ 0/26 duløar sMrab;1nak;kñúg1éf¶ ¦ Edl)anmkBIkarGegátesdækic© nig kareRbIR)as; ¦ mankMritx<s;Cag KW 30/7°.

dUecñH bnÞat;PaBRkIRkGnþrCati 1duløar1éf¶ pþl;nUvkarkMNt;PaBRkIRkEdlmansUvc,as;las;dUcbnÞat; PaBRkIRkCati eLIy. vamantYnaTIsMxan;Nas;kñúgkareRbobeFobec,al² rvagRbeTsnana BI1qñaMeTA1qñaM edIm,IBinitü emIlkarQaneTA sMerc)aneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSn_ . k¾bu:Enþ sMrab;karviPaKfñak;Cati nig karBiPakSaeKalneya)ay eKKYr eRbIR)as; bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati EdleKKNnaedayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_GnþrCati nig cegáam énkareRbIR)as; Cak;EsþgenAkñúgRbeTs. dUcenH r)aykarN_enHeRbIR)as;bnÞat;PaBRkIRkCati sMrab;KNna GRtaPaBRkIRkepSg² .

RbPB³ Knowles 2005a; Deaton 2001; Deaton and Grosh 2000.

tMbn;valrabEb:knirtITaMgLay manGRtaPaB RkIRkTabCagfñak;Cati ¬32° cMENkÉPUmiPaK Tenøsabman43° nigPUmiPaKx<g;rab¼PñM man 56°¦ b:uEnþ edaysardg;sIueténRbCaCn enATIenaHman kMritTab manRbCaCnrhUtdl;eTA 40°én CnRkIRkTUTaMgRbeTs )anrs;enAkñúgextþ valrab Eb:knirtITaMgenaH ¬sUmemIlrUb PaB 3>4¦. EpñkeqVgédéntarag3>1 bgðajBIkar vas;GRtaPaBRkIRk sMrab;tMbn;ksi-GakasFatu TaMgGs; EdlEbgEckCaEpñkTIRkug nigEpñkCnbT kñúgqñaM2004. EpñkxagsþaMéd kñúgtaragenH bgðajBIkarEbgEckRbCaCn RkIRktamtMbn; nigEpñk. cMeBaHRbBlPaBén PaBRkIRk CafµImþgeTot PUmiPaKCnbTTenøsab nigCnbTPñM¼ x<g;rab bgðajBItMélGaRkk;bMput CamFüm RbEhlmYydgknøH nigBIrdgén mFümPaK fñak;CatitamlMdab;.

rUbPaB 3>4 ³ PaKeRcInénCnRkIRk rs;enAkñúgextþvalrab nig extþCab;Tenøsab

A. Distribution of population

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Plains TonleSap

Mountain/ plateau

PhnomPenh

Coast

Urban

Rural

43%

30%

11% 9% 9%

B. Distribution of population under the poverty line

40% 37%

16%

1%6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Plains Tonle Sap Mountain /plateau

PhnomPenh

Coast

RbPB ³ karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004) nUP½t (NEUPERT) qñaM 2005


enAeBlTinñn½y RtUv)anEbgEcklMGitbnþ eKeXIjmanPaBxusKñay:ageRcIntam extþnImYy² b:uEnþextþRkIRkCageKbMput ¬kñúgn½yGRtaPaBRkIRk nigsnÞsSn_RbBlPaBén PaBRkIRk¦ enAEtKWCaextþenA tMbn;Tenøsab b¤ tMbn;PñM¼x<g;rabdEdl. extþEdlmanGRtaPaB RkIRkx<s;CageK KWkMBg;s<W esomrab nig kMBg;FM ¬rUbPaB 3>5¦ cMENkÉextþEdlman PaBRkIRkeRCACageKbMputKW esomrab kMBg;s<W nig kMBg;FM.

TidæPaBPaBRkIRkrbs;RKYsar

CaTUeTA CnRkIRkKWCasmaCikRKYsarEdl emRKYsarCanitiCneBjkmøaMgbMput

rUbPaB 3>6 eFVIviPaKelIGRtaPaBRkIRktam Gayu nigECn]½rénemRKYsar. Tinñn½ybgðaj[eXIjfa GRtaPaBRkIRkx<s;bMput nigmhaCnd¾eRcInbMputénCnRkIRk KWsßitkñúgcMeNamemRKYsarEdlmankmøaMgxøaMg ¬kñúgGayuBI30 eTA50qñaM ¦. buKÁlenAkñúgRKYsarTaMgenH tMNageGayRbmaN60° énCnRkIRkTaMgmUl.

tarag 3>1 ³ GRtaPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;bMputkñúgtMbn;CnbTénPUmiPaKTenøsab nigPñM¼x<g;rabEdlrYmKñaeTA tMNageGayesÞIrEtBak;kNþalénCnRkIRkTaMgGs;

snÞsSn¾GRtaPaBRkIRk karEbgEckRbCaCntamGRtaPaBRkIRk PaKryénCnRkIRkTaMgGs;

tMbn; TIRkug CnbT TaMgGs; TIRkug CnbT TaMgGs; PñMeBj 1

9

5 0 1 1

valrab 14

33

32 1 39 40

Tenøsab 28

45

43 4 33 37

eqñrsmuRT 20

30

27 1 4 6

x<g;rab ¼ PñM 33

56

52 1 14 16

RbeTskm<úCa 18

38

35 8 92 100



rUbPaB 3>5 ³ GRtaPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;bMputenAextþkMBg;s<W esomrab nigkMBg;FM


rUbPaB 3>6 ³ RKYsarEdlemRKYsarCaburs b¤RsIþsßitkñúgGayueBjkMlaMgénCIvitrbs;BYkKat; ¬GayucenøaH 30-50qñaM ¦ begáIt)anCabrimaNeRcInCageKbMputénRkIRk nigmanGRtaPaBRkIRkx<s;CageKbMput

36 38 3829 28 29

10

29 32

178

3

0

25

50

age <30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70 +

age of head of household

poverty headcount shares in total poor

Source: 2004 CSES


cMeBaHePTrbs;emRKYsar Tinñn½yénkarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa min)anbgðajfa RKYsar EdlmanemRKYsarCaRsþI RkIRkCag RKYsardwknaMedaybursenaHeT ¬rUbPaB3>7¦. enHminEmnCaehtukarN¾ ekIteT,IgminFmµtaenaHeT. kñúgRbeTsCaeRcInelIBiPBelak karGegátKMrUfñak;CatiminGacrkeXIj PaBxusKñarvagRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCabursnigCaRsþIeLIy eTaHbImanPsþútagCaerOy² ecjBIkarsikSa xñattUctamEbbKuNPaB bBa¢ak;famanPaBxusKña k¾eday. kargarcuHmUldæan enAkm<úCaTajesckIþ sniñdæanfa manPaBxusKñaEmn b:uEnþRbePTRKYsar EdlmanRsþICaemRKYsar minsmRsb cat;TukCaRbePT muxsBaØasMrab;karGegáteT BIeRBaH tamkarBit TaMg RKYsarRkIRk nig RKYsarmanFUrFa manRsIþCaemRKYsar TaMgGs;. GIVEdlcaM)ac;KW RtUvEbgEck rvagRbePT xus²KñaénRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaRsIþ edayBinitü emIllT§PaBénBlkmµ rbs;nItiCnepSgeTot nig rbbénbnÞúkRKYsar ¬Vlaar and Ahlers 1998; GtßbTkñúgRbGb; 3>2 ¦.

KµanPaBxusKñakñúgkarvas;PaBRkIRk tamsßanPaB RKYsareT ¬84°énemRKYsar)anerobkar nig13°Ca emma:y¦. TnwÞmnwgenHKµankarvas; PaBRkIRktamkar KNnaEbbsißti edayEbgEcktamCnCati b¤BikarPaB rbs;emRKYsareLIy ¬eTaHbI enHKWbNþalmkCaBiess edaysarTMhMKMrUénemRKYsarCaCnCatiPaKtic nigCaCn BikartictYck¾eday. karBiPakSa BIPaBRkIRk nigCnCati PaKticmanbgðajkñúg GtßbTkñúgRbGb; 3>3. rhUtmk dl;eBlenH esckIþsniñdæanTUlMTUlaydkRsg;ecjBIkar BiPakSasIþBITidæPaBPaBRkIRkKWfa rebobRbkbeday RbsiT§iPaBbMputsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk KWkarelIk tMekIgkMeNInesdækic© Ep¥kelIktþaTUlMTUlayedaysgát; F¶n; CaBiess elIkMeNInksikmµEdlpþl;plcMeNj edaypÞal;dl;RbCaCnCnbT EdlmancMnYn 91° énCn RkIRkTUTaMgRbeTs.

rUbPaB 3>7 ³ KµanPaBxusKñaEpñksißitikñúgTinñn½ykarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækicenAkm<úCa (CSES) rvagGRta PaBRkIRkkñúgRKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaburs nigRsIþ

35

83

34

17

0

25

50

75

100

povertyheadcount

shares in totalpoor

Male headFemale head

RbPB³karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004)


CnRkIRkxVHxatmUlFnmnusS

cMnYnqñaMénkarsikSa nigkMritGkçrkmµ rbs;emRKYsarTak;Tiny:agxøaMgnwglT§plénPaBRkIRk. GRtalT§PaBénkarsßitenAkñúgPaBRkIRk )anFøak;cuHeRcIn cMeBaHemRKYsarEdl)aneronsURtrab;qñaM ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgGñkEdlKµankarsikSaTal;;EtesaH. cMnYnqñaMénkarsikSaCamFüm kñúgcMeNamCnRkIRk KW 2>75qñaM rIÉRkumbBa©PaKEdlmanRTBüsm,tþielIeKTaMgBIr mancMnYn 5-6qñaM. CMBUkTI6 BiPakSaBI cMNgTak;TgrvagkarGPivDÆmnusS plitPaB nigPaBRkIRkEp¥ktamcMNay.

RKYsarRkIRkTMngCamanbnÞúkRKYsarF¶n;F¶r nigmansmaCikeRcIn

rUbPaB 3>8 bgðajBIGRtaPaBRkIRktamTMhMRKYsar. Tinñn½ybBa¢ak;fa GRtaPaBRkIRkman kMritkan;Etx<s; cMeBaHRKYsarEdlmansmaCikelIsBI 5nak; eLIgeTA ¬EdlmanTaMgGs;Bak;kNþalénRbCaCn¦. TMrg;enHman lkçN³Rbhak;RbEhly:agxøaMgeTAnwgTMrg; EdlmanenAkñúg TidæPaBPaBRkIRkmun².

eTaHCamankarKNnaKittamcMnYnÉktamnusScas;k¾eday k¾tMélcMNayBitR)akd mancMnYnkan;Ettic ebIRKYsarmansmaCikkan;EteRcIn. ]TahrN_ tMélcMNayBitR)akdKittamÉktammnusScas; mancMnYn 3>505 erol kñúgmYyéf¶ sMrab;RKYsarEdlmansmaCik3nak; bu:EnþmancMnYnEt 2>583 erol sMrab;RKYsar EdlmansmaCikcMnYn 9 nak; .

RKYsarEdlmansmaCikeRcIn eRcInEtmanGñkenAkñúgbnÞúkeRcIn eBalKWkumar nig cas;CraEdlRtUvRTRTg; edayv½ykNþalEdleFVIkargar . karGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© bgðaj[eXIjfa smamaRténGñkenAkñúgbnÞúk mancMNgTak;TgCitsñitnwgPaBRkIRk .


RbGb; 3>2³ ECnD½r nig PaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa

ÉksarsgÁmviTüa nig nrviTüa eRcInEtsgát;F¶n;elI :smPaBeRbobeFob : rvag burs nig RsþI enAkm<úCa ehIy EcgfaRsþIkm<úCa tamRbéBNIknøgmk manzan³sgÁm nig ÉkraCüPaB eRcInCagRsþIénRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa \Nða nig cin ¬ Ledgerwood 2005 ¦ . GaBah_BiBah_ mintMrUv[xagRsICUnCMnUneTAxagRbus ehIy cMNgTak;Tgsac;jati rvagxagRbusnigxagRsI nig RbéBNI[xagRbuseTAenACamYy»BukmþayxagRsIeRkayBIerobkar pþl;nUvkarKaMRTxagRKYsar dl;RsþI ¬UNDP 1998 ¦. RsþIcUlrYmy:agskmµ enAkñúgesdækic© ehIy BlkmµksikmµGacEbgEcktam RbePTkargarsMrab;burs nig RsþI ¬kan;EteFVIdUcenHeRcIneLIg ¦ . PaKeRcIn RsþICaGñkTTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarcat;Ecg R)ak;cMNUl nig cMNayrbs;RKYsar edaymankarsMerccitþrYmKñaelIbBaðaesdækic©cMbg² .

eTaHbICaTMnak;TMngrvagburs nigRsþI enAkm<úCa Gaccat;TukfamansmPaBCagenARbeTsdéTeTotk¾eday k¾enAmanvismPaBECnD½renAkñúgEpñkmYycMnYnénqakCIvitsgÁm esdækic© nig neya)ay . CayUrmkehIy vismPaBECnD½r mankMritx<s;enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ¬karbBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTAsalaeron RtUv)anyl;eXIjfa CakarmincaM)ac; b¤ eKmin[tMélEtmþg ¦ enAkñúgGMNacneya)ay ¬manRsþItictYcNas;Edlkan;kab;tMENgEdlGac[BykeK tak;EtgeKalneya)ay)an ¦ nig bnÞúkeTVenAkñúgkic©karpÞH EdlesÞIrEtCakargarrbs;RsþITaMgRsug enAxN³EdlBYkeK cUlrYmcMENkkñúgkargarksikmµpgEdr . CMerIskargar RtUv)ankMNt;CacMbgeTAtamECnD½r ehIymanRsþItictYcNas; enAkñúgtYnaTIGñkRKb;RKg enAkñúgvis½yNak¾eday .

kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg ]tþmKtiECnD½r KWCacMENkmYyénktþaCaeRcIn EdlkMnt;nUvzan³ ¬dUcCa Gayu RTBüsm,tþi kitþinam nig GMNac ¦ . ¬Ca]TahrN_ RsþIerobkarEdlmankUn GacmanesrIPaBeRcInCagkñúgkarniyay nig eFVItamcitþxøÜn eRcInCagRsþIekµg ¦ . TMnak;TMngECnD½rkMBugmankarERbRbYl dUcKñanwgsgÁmkm<úCaEdr . EpñkmYycMnYnén TMnak;TMngECnD½rCaRbéBNIkMBugERbRbYll¥Cagmun ¬eTaHbICaenATamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;EfmeTotk¾eday ¦ . KMlatECnD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rM nig Gkçrkmµ kMBugfycuH ¬sUmGanCMBUk 6 ¦ nig ehIykarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIenAkñúgneya)ay cab;epþImekItmaneLIgehIy eTaHbICamankMrittictYck¾eday . k¾buEnþ RCugxøHénkarERbRbYlesdækic© nig sgÁm kan;EteFVIRsþIGn;fyEfmeTot . edaysarmanburs eRcInCagRsþI)ansøab;enAkñúgsRgÁam énTsvtSn_ 1970 ¬nig enATsvtSn_ 1980 pg Edr ¦ km<úCa mansmamaRtePTxusKñaeRcInkñúgcMeNammnusSvi½ycMNas; . bursEdlGacerobkar)an mancMnYnticCagRsþI GacmanGakb,kiriyaminKb,ICamYyRsþI ehIyrYcxøÜn EdleKminGac Gt;»n[)ankalBImunmk . eTaHbICasmamaRtePTsMedArktulüPaBk¾eday k¾enAman\riyabfEdlbnSl;TukBImunmk EdlTMngCaktþamYybgá[manhigSakñúgRKYsar EdlmankMritx<s;xøaMg ¬sUmGacCMBUkTI 7 ¦. sRgÁam)anbnSl;Tuk edaypÞal; nig edayRbeyal nUvRKYsarEdlmanRsþICaGñkdwknaM ¬edaysarbursEdlenArs; Gace)aHbg;ecalRsþImñak; ehIy enAerobkar)andEdl ¦ . eTaHbICakarviPaKTinñn½y cMNay minbgðaj[eXIjfa RKYsardwknaMedayRsþI RkCagRKYsardwknaMedaybursk¾eday k¾karsikSatammUldæanmYycMnYn bgðaj[eXIjfa RKYsarEdlmanRsþICaGñkdwknaM BitCamankgVHxatsmtßPaBEpñkesdækic©mYycMnYn ¬ UNIFEM at al 2004 ¦.


RbB½n§suxaPi)alsaFarN³ minbMerI[RsþI)anl¥eT ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 6 ¦ EdlbNþal[manGRtamrN³matax<s; KYr[)armÖ ¬437 nak; kñúgcMeNam 100>000 nak; ¦. TMnak;TMng nig tMélECnD½r k¾CacMNucsñÚlpgEdr enAkñúgbBaðaRbQmd¾cMbgbMput KW vIrushIuv nig CMgWeGds_ . karGnueRKaHCaRbéBNIcMeBaHeBsüakmµ )anbgáCa bBaðaRbQmd¾FM EdlrdæaPi)aleqøIytb)anl¥ k¾bu:Enþ enAxN³EdlGRtaqøg)anFøak;cuH edaysarkarCMruj[ eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y enAkñúgesvapøÚvePT nig karrYmePTFmµta enAmankarlM)akkñúgkarCMruj[KURskr eRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y ehIykarenHeFVI[karqøgBIbþIeTARbBn§ nig BImþayeTAkUn mankarekIneLIg . eTaHbICakarGegátrkeXIjfa karsMerccitþkñúgkareFVIEpnRKYsar eRcInEt)aneFVIeLIgrYmKñak¾eday k¾karRsavRCavtam karcUlrYmbgðaj[eXIjfa RsþImanGMNactictYc edIm,Icrcar [mankarrYmePTRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nig kareRbIR)as; eRsamGnam½y enAkñúgkars;enACabþIRbBn§ ¬ CDRI 2006c minTan;ecjpSay ¦.

CacugbBa©b; RsþIPaKeRcInsßitkñúgvis½ykargarEdlmankMérTab ehIyTTYl)anR)ak;ticCagburs sMrab;kargardYcKña. karrIkcMerInqab;rh½s enAkñúgvis½ykat;edr )anpþl;CaRbeyaCn_eRcIndl;cMnYnRbEhl 200>000 nak; ¬ EdlmancMnYn elIsBI 90 PaKry enAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmµenAkñúgvis½yenH ¦ k¾bu:Enþ enHKWCamYyPaKtUcbu:eNÑaHénkMlaMgBlkmµsrub kñúgRbeTs . kmµkrkat;edrRsþI k¾mankarBwgBak;xøaMgBIRKYsarrbs;eK EdlbNþal[eKepJIR)ak;mYyPaKFMeTA[RKYsar nig naM[eKCYbRbTHnUvkgVHxatkñúgkarbriePaKpÞal;xøÜn ¬ ADB 2004; Dahlberg 2006 minTan;ecjpSay ;

ADI/CCC 2005 ¦.

RbGb; 3>3 ³ CnCatiPaKtic nigPaBRkIRk

RbeTskm<úCapÁúMeLIgedayCnCatinanakñúgkMritesµIsac;KYrsm ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgrdæepSgeTot enAkñúgtMbn; GasIuEb:kGaeKñy_³ RkumPaKeRcInKWCnCatiExµrEdlmanRbmaN 96°énRbCaCn. 4° enAsl;eTot KWCa RkumCnCaticMruH EdlmanlkçN³kMNt;Epñkesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© xusKñaq¶ayNas;cMeBaHTMnak;TMngrbs; BYkeK CamYyCnCatiExµrPaKeRcIn nigcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_énkarbRBa¢ab. TMhMtUcénRbCaCnCnCatiPaKtic ebIeRbobeFobnwgRkumPaKeRcIn )aneFVIeGayman karBi)akxøaMgNas;cMeBaHkarviPaKEdlEp¥kelIkarGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) BIeRBaHRKYsareRkABIExµr kñúgKMrUmancMnYntic ehIyCaBiessGRtaPaB RkIRksMrab;RkumtUc² EdldkRsg;ecjBIkarGegát (CSES) manlkçN³ minmaMTaM tamkarKNnatamsßiti.

CnCaticam ¬b¤Exµr\søam¦ mancMnYn 2/2° énRbCaCn ehIyrs;enACaTUeTAkñúgPUmiedayELk ¬eday RbmUlpþúMrs;enAenAkñúgextþkMBg;cam nigextþCitxagepSgeTot¦ b¤CitTIRkug. BYkKat;)anbgðaj BIkaresøók Bak; nigCMnajmuxrbrxusEbøkxøH b:uEnþ eRkABIenH BYkKat;rs;enAtamrebobmYydUcKñaeRcInnwgExµrPaKeRcInEdr. edayBRgwg karcab;GarmµN_enH karGegátqñaM2004 (CSES 2004) )anbgðajfa cMeBaHkar eRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar kñúgmnusSmñak;² BYkKat;)anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg (76°) eTAkñúgbBa©PaKkNþalTaMgbI.


CaTUeTA CnCaticin ¬0/2° énKMrUkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdæßkic© manRTBüsm,tþieRcInCagkMritmFümPaKfñak;Cati³ 71°énRKYsarEdl)anGegát )ansßitkñúgbBa©PaKTaMgBIrxagelI ehIy58°enAkñúgbBa©PaKx<s;bMputEtÉg. CnCatievotNam ¬0/4°¦ k¾manRTBüsm,tiþeRcInCagmFümPaKEdr 58° sßitkñúg bBa©PaKTaMgBIrxagelI b:uEnþk¾manCnCatievotNamCaRkumtUc²rs;enAkñúgsßanPaBRkIRkEdr ¬]TahrN_ kñúg smaKmn_ensaTenATenøsab¦.

CnRkIRkCageKbMput nigCaRkumCnCatimancMnYnticCageKbMputenARbeTskm<úCa KWCaGñkPñM ¬ExµrelI CnCati b¤ {Rkumkulsm<½n§PñM}¦ Edlrs;enA CaBiess kñúgtMbn;x<s;eBareBjedayéRBeQIkñúgextþ\sanþénRbeTs³ rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI RkecH nigsÞwgERtg. RkumcMnYn 17 sMxan;² EdlRkumnImYy²mancMnYnsmaCikEtBI rab;ryeTAdl; 19>000nak; rYmKñaeTAmanRbEhl 104>000nak; b¤ticCag 0/1°énRbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTs.

tamkMritxus²Kña RkumTaMgenHRbQm CaBiessnwg ¬k¦ bBaðaPasa ¬EdlraraMgBYkKat;min[Tajykpl RbeyaCn__)ankñúgTMnak;TMngEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigrdæ)al¦ CamYyGñkniyayPasaExµr ¬x¦PaBdac;RsyalRCul nigsnÞPaBRbCaCnTab ¬RBmTaMgCafµImþgeTot r)aMgPasa nigGtulüPaBGMNac¦ EdleFVIeGayBYkKat; lM)aknwgTTYl)anesva dUcCakarsikSa b¤karBüa)alCm¶W nig ¬K¦ karBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIéRBeQIsMrab; plitpleQI nigplitpleRkABIeQI RBmTaMgCakarpÁt;pÁg;dI sMrab;bþÚrevnkareFVIksikmµeKacr. edaypl RbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;rdæ - RBmTaMg CnCatiExµrEdlmkBITIkEnøgepSgénRbeTskm<úCa mktaMgTIlMenAfµI - kMBugTak;TajBYkeKy:agxøaMgeGaymkeFVIGaCIvkmµelIskþanuBlesdækic©rbs;éRBeQItMbn;x<s;enaH CnCatiPaKticPñM kMBugTTYlrghaniP½yénkar)at;bg;lT§PaBTTYl)anéRBeQI nigdI. kMrit GkçrkmµPasaExµrTab RbmTaMgkgVHxattMNag enAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;rdæaPi)alCati mann½yfa KWCakar lM)aksMrab;BYkKat;kñúgkarGacyl;dwgBIsiT§iEdlBYkKat;RtUvman BIeRBaHbrisßanpøÚvc,ab;minTan;manlkçN³ eBjelj³ c,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2001 manEcgBIbTbBaØtþisMrab;eGayshKmn_ PaKticCnCatiedImTamTar kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dI CakmµsiT§iÉktþCn b¤kmµsiT§ishKmn_ b:uEnþGnuRkwtüEdlkMNt; lkçxNÐpøÚvc,ab; sMrab;karTTYlsÁal;kmµsiT§ishKmn_minTan;RtUv)aneRBogenAeLIy.

GaRs½yehtuenH RkumTaMgenHmanTMenarsßitkñúgsßanPaBKµanGMNac nigmanTItaMgxSt;exSaykñúgkarcUlrYm karBiPakSa nigkarcrcasþIBIskmµPaBGPivDÆn_Edlb:HBal;CIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;. karGegáttUc²elIRkumTaMg enH rkeXIjBI ¬k¦ kMritx<s;énPaBRkIRk ¬x¦ kMritTabbMputénkarpþl; nigkarTTYlykesvasuxaPi)al Tn;exSayRCul RBmTaMg ¬K¦ sßanPaBGb;rMTabkñúgEpñkGnkçrkmµ karqøgCm¶WRKun nigCm¶WraK KµankarEfrkSaK’P nigkarxVHxatGaharUbtßmÖsMrab;kumar. RkumtUc²énPaBRkIRkeRCATaMgenH degðIyehAeGaymankareFVI vinieyaKEbbRbBlkmµelIkmµviFI EdlRtUv)anerobcM edayRbugRby½tñsMrab;karpþl;esva ¬eCaKC½yRtUv)an sMerckñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSaCaBIrPasa¦ nigkarpþl;GMNac dl;mUldæan. sMrab;RkumTaMgenHEdlhak;dUcCa min)anTTYlplcMeNjBIkarbRBa¢abkMeNInesdækic©Cati nigkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigTIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan; ehIyhak;dUcCanwg bnþeFVIdUecñaHeTot naeBl GnaKtd¾smRsb. RbPB³ FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu (ADB) qñaM2002 evTikarGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al (NGO Forum) qñaM2005 RkumsiT§i CnCatiPaKtic (Minorities Rights Group) qñaM 1995


rUbPaB 3>9 ³ RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaGñkbMerItampÞH nigCaksikr hak;dUcCaRkIRk - GRtaPaBRkIRkEbgEcktammuxrbrrbs;emRKYsar

50

41

39

32

32

32

29

28

13

0 20 40 60

Domestic worker

Self-employed, farm

Unemployed

Unpaid family worker

Not in labor force

Other (unspecified)

Private wage

Self-employed, nonfarm

Public sector

Source: 2004 CSES

RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaksikr nigCa GñkbMerItampÞHmanTMngCaRkIRkCageKeRcIn

rUbPaB 3>9 bgðajBIkar)a:n;sµanPaBRkIRktamsßanPaBkargarrbs;emRKYsar. GRtaPaBRkIRk mankMritx<s;bMputkñúgcMeNamksikr nig GñkbMerItampÞH. RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCaksikrbgábegáInpl edaypÞal;xøÜnÉg nig CaGñkbMerItampÞH mancMnYnCalMdab;bnþbnÞab; 48° nig 13° énRbCaCnTaMgGs;. RKYsardwknaMedayGñkbMerItampÞHk¾manGRtaPaBRkIRkx<s;CageKbMputEdr kñúgTidæPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 1994 ehIymancMnYnekIneLIgkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTaMgGs; ¬9° enAqñaM 2004 ¦. GRtaPaBRkIRk )a:n;sµanTabCageKbMput KWCarbs;RKYsarEdl manemRKYsarCamRnþI kñúgvis½ysaFarN³. TMrg;TaMgenHman tYelxdUcKñay:agTUlMTUlay CamYynwgrbkKMehIjénTidæPaBPaBRkIRkelIkmun.

GRtaPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s; bMputenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal

lT§PaBTTYl)anehdæarcna sm<½n§esdækic©¬pøÚvfñl; nigRbB½n§ FarasaRsþ ¦ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁmkic© ¬esvamUldæan rYmmanRbPBzamBlTMenIb Twks¥at nigGnam½y RBmTaMg salaeron nigsMPar³mUldæansMrab;kar Büa)alCm¶W¦ enAmankMritTabq¶aysMrab;CnRkIRk Cag sMrab;CnminEmnRkIRk.


CnRkIRk nig CaBiess CnRkIRkxøaMg ¬bBa©PaK)ateRkamEdlsßiteRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkes,ógGahar¦ manTMngCars;enAkñúgtMbn;dac;Rsyal nig ÉekaRCul EdlenATIenaHlT§PaBTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§ b¤esvamUldæanenAmankMrit. KmøatCamFümrbs;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig esvamUldæanekIneLIgCalMdab; enAeBlEdl eKecjBIRkumbBa©PaKEdlmankareRbIR)as; x<s;CageTAkan;RkumTabCagmYyeTot. CaBiess CnRkIRkes,ógGaharsßitenAÉekaBI lT§PaBTTYl)anTIpSar nigsMPar³mUldæan sMrab;karBüa)alCm¶W CaGciéRnþy_. enAeBlTinñn½yRtUv)anEbgEcktamextþenaH extþEb:k ]tþrkñúgtMbn;PñM¼x<g;rab ¬eBalKW rtnKIrI sÞwgERtg RBHvihar¦ nig extþesomrab kñúgtMbn;Tenøsabmanehdæarcnasm<½n§xSt;exSay CageKEdlRtUv )anvas;edayPaKryénPUmi EdlmanpøÚvfñl;RKb;rdUv b¤PUmiEdlmaneRbg \nÞn³CaRbPBfamBl ¬rUbPaB 3>10¦.

CnRkIRkTaMgLayesÞIrEtmin)anTTYl RbPB famBlTMenIb RBmTaMgTwks¥at nigGnam½y

CnRkIRkBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelI]sdut sMrab;CMnYseRbg\nÞn³ nigeRbgkatsMrab;karbMPøW eBlyb; cMENkÉCnminEmnRkIRk TTYl)anRbNitPaBedaymankarP¢ab;RbB½n§]sµ½n nig GKÁisnIsMrab;eRbIR)as;. enAeBlmanKmøat sþIBIRbPBGKÁisnIKYreGaykt;sMKal; rvagCn RkIRkenaH karpþac;lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at nigGnam½ymansPaBRsYcRsav CaBiesskñúg cMeNamCnRkIRk. manEt 2° énRKYsarRkIRkb:ueNÑaH manlT§PaBTTYl)anRbB½n§Twks¥at b¤ TwksaFarN³ ehIymanEt 3>5° énCnRkIRkbMputb:ueNÑaH manlT§PaBTTYl)anGnam½y smrmü ¬sUmemIl rUbPaB 3>11 ¦.


CnRkIRkbMputmYycMnYnFMenAtMbn;CnbT KµanlT§PaBTTYl)andIsMrab;bgábegáInpl

edaysarRbeTskm<úCaenAEtmanesdækic©ksikmµCalkçN³RKYsarEdlman 71° énkMlaMgBlkmµ kñúgEpñkksikmµ nig 91° énCnRkIRkrs;enAtMbn;CnbTenaHRTBüFnsMxan;bMput sMrab;CnRkIRkenACnbT KW Blkmµ nigdI. edaysarmUlFnmnusSmankMrit nigkgVHCMnaj CnRkIRk nigCnRkIRkxøaMg manlT§PaB tictYceFIV[kMlaMgBlkmµ rbs;BYkKat;manRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkalanuvtþPaB kargareRkABIkarbgábegIánpl )anNas;. ehtuenHdIkøayCaRTBüFnsMxan;bMput sMrab;CnRkIRkenACnbT.

rUbPaB 3>10 ³ ehdæarcnasm<½n§xSt;exSaybMput RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgextþnanaénPUmiPaK PñM¼x<g;rab nig extþesomrab



rUbPaB 3>11 ³ CnRkIRkRtUv)anpþac;zamBl Twks¥at nigGnam½y

A. The poorest 40% have virtually no access to water and sanitation

0%

25%

50%

75%

Poorest Nextpoorest

Middle Nextrichest

Richest

Water-piped or public tap

Toilet-water sealed, connected to sewage or septic tank

B. The poor are heavily reliant upon fuelwood and kerosene

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Poorest Nextpoorest

Middle Nextrichest

Richest

Use firewood for fuel Obtain light from kerosene


rUbPaB 3>12 ³ CnRkIRkbMput nig RkumbBa¢aPaKRkIRk bMputbnÞab; hak;dUcCa mankmµsiTi§kan;kab;dItictYc

15%

21%24%

21%

29%

0%

20%

40%

Poorest Nextpoorest

Middle Nextrichest

Richest


PaBKµandI EdlsMedAelIPaKryénRKYsarenACnbTKñdIeFVIksikmµ )anekIneLIgBI 12/6° kñúgkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©qñaM 1997 (CSES 1997) mkdl; 15/8° kñúgkarGegátqñaM 1999 (CSES

1999) nigdl; 19/8° kñúgkar GegátqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004). RKYsarTaMgenHKµandI min)anxI©dI b¤min)anCYldI nig minGaceRbIdIshKmn¾eT. enAqñaM 2004 RbmaN 15° énCnRkIRkxøaMg nig13° én RkumRkumRkIRkbnÞab; KµandIenA tMbn;CnbTeLIy.

>>>>enAeBlGñkEdlmandImankar FanatictYckñúgkarkan;kab;dI

kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmandIsMrab;bgábegáInpl RkumRkIRkxøaMg nigRkumRkIRk hak;dUcCaGac TTYl)ankmµsiTi§kan;kab;dItictYcCagRkummin EmnRkIRk. rUbPaB 3>12 bgðajfaEt15° én CnRkIRkxøaMgb:ueNÑaH )anTTYlkmµsiTi§kan;kab;dI ebIeRbobeFob nigRbmaN 29° énRkumbBa¢aPaKmanbMput. karTTYl)ankmµsiTi§ kan;kab;dIhak;dUcCa ekIneLIgtamR)ak;cMNUl.


RbB½n§siTi§kan;kab; dIRbkbedaykarFana nigkarRKb;RKgdIRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB mansar³sMxan;bMputsMrab; kMeNInksikmµ nigsMrab;sMrYlkarcakecjBIvis½yenH. plRbeyaCn_énsiTi§kan; kab;RTBüsm,tiþ RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;ya:gTUlMTUlay nig cgRkgCaÉksarc,as;las;enAkñúgkarRsavRCav GnþrCati.

PaBRkIRkenATIRkug³ kgVHxaténsiTi§ rs;enAkñúgpÞH nigGesßrPaBénkarrk R)ak;cMNUl

RbeTskm<úCaenAEtCasgÁmCnbTya:gelIslubenAeLIy b:uEnþmanehtupledIm,IsgS½yfa karGegát sgÁmkic©-esdækic©qñaM 2004 (CSES 2004) ¬Rbhak;RbEhlKñaCarYmCamYy nwgkarGegátkMritCIvPaBrs;enA enARbeTsd¾éTeTot¦ GaceFIVGegáttictYcelICnRkIRkenATIRkug ehIyPaBRkIRkenATIRkugenH enAEt skþ×smnwgTTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak; ¬sUm emIlGtßbTkñúgRbGb; 3>4 ¦.

karGegátelIPaBRkIRkenATIRkugmYycMnYn CaBiess TIRkugPñMeBj RtUv)aneFIVeLIgeday GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;lMenAdæan (UN-Habitat) nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. karGegát eFIVedaymCÄmNÐl FnFanTIRkug(URC) bgðajfa dUc)anrMBwgKitTukmunGBa©wg Gñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyüesIÞrEt TaMgGs; RbkbkargareRkApøÚvkarCaGñkrt;m:UtUDub kmµkrsMNg; GñkbMerItampÞH b¤Gñklk;dUrtUctactampøÚv cMENkmYyPaKtUceToteFIVkarCaGcié®nþy¾ ¬b¤ya:gehacNas;minmþgmáal TaMgRsugeBk¦ CakmµkrnieyaCik kñúg]sSahkmµkat;edr ¬CaBiessnarI ¦ b¤kñúgePaCnIydæan b¤CaGñksMGatpÞH ¬RbePTEdl rkeXIjkñúgkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© qñaM 2004 CSES 2004 EdlmanGRtaPaBRkIRk x<s;bMput 49° ehIymancMnYnticEtekIneLIg CalMdab;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn nigCnRkIRk ¦.

dUcenACnbTEdr karGegátnanaenAtMbn;TIRkugrkeXIjfa kumar)aneFIVviPaKTanya:gFM kñúgkarrkR)ak; cMNUlCYyRKYsarRkIRkedayrk )anRbEhl 4>000erol kñúgmYyéf¶edayeFIVkargarCaGñkerIssMram Gñkxat; Es,keCIg GñksMuTan b¤k¾enApÞHemIlbgb¥ÚntUc² enAeBl «BukmþayecjeTAeFIVkarxageRkA. bBaðarbs; CnRkIRkenATIRkugxusEbøkBIbBaðarbs;CnRkIRkenACnbT. CaTUeTA RbCaCnRbkbedaysuxPaBl¥ enACnbT GacrksMPar³sMNg; b¤Twk )anya:gRsYl b:uEnþenATIRkug eKRtUvEtTijvtßúTaMgGs;enH ehIyenAeBl tMbn;RKYsarGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiGactP¢ab; TTYlesvaBIRkug)an tMbn;RkIRkCaTUeTAKµanlT§PaBdUcenHeT ehIyRtUvTijTwk ¬Ca]TahrN¾¦BIGñklk;ÉkCnkñúgtMélx<s;CageRcIn. CaTUeTA R)ak;cMNUlenATIRkug)anx<s; CagenAtMbn;CnbT b:uEnþtMélTMnijk¾éføEdr. CnRkIRkenATIRkugCaeRcInBwgEp¥kelIBlkmµ mineTogTat; sMrab;rkR)ak;cMNUlEdlCaehtunaM[Bi)aksnSM. ebIbBaðaRbQmsMrab;CnRkIRkenATIRkug KWkarts‘UrkR)ak;


cMNUleGay)anRKb;RKan;enaH karKMramkMEhgsMxan;CagGIVTaMgGs;cMeBaHCIvPaBrs;enA nigsuxmalPaB rbs;BYkKat; KWkarFanaénTTYl)annUvsiTi§rs;enAkñúgpÞH. enAeBlc,ab;dIFøIpþl;siTi§mYycMnYndl;GñkkMBugrs;enA siTi§TaMgenHmantictYcsMrab;GñkEdl)antaMgTIlMenAelIGIV EdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ¬pÞúyBIdIÉkCn rbs;rdæ¦ ehIysUm,IEtGñkmansiTi§kan;kab;min Tan;eBjelj k¾gayTTYlrgeRKaHnwgkarxit xMBüayambþÚTIlMenArbs;BYkKat;Edr kñúgbribT énkareLIgéfødIya:gqab;rh½sEbbenH. CnRkIRkCaeRcIn manGarmµN¾fa CIvitrbs;BYkKat;manPaBRbesIreLIg taMgBI)ancakecjBICnbTmkenATIRkug KWCakarpøas;bþÚr EdlnaMBYkKat;[TTYl)ankalanuvtþPaBkargarRbesIrCagmun R)ak;cMNUleRcInCagmunRBmTaMgesvasuxPaB nigkarGb;rMRbesIr Cagmun. dUecñHehIy eTIbBYkeKminsUvcab;GarmµN_cMeBaHkarpþl;dIenAeRkATIRkugeLIy. CnRkIRkCaeRcInkñúgtMbn;sMNg; GnaFibetyüraykarN¾fa BYkKat;manlT§PaBEklMGpÞHsMEbg enAeBl eTIbmkdl;Pøam. b:uEnþkarbeNþjedaybgçM ¬salaRkug )anbeNþj 11>000RKYsarBIkNþalTIRkug enAcenøaHqñaM 1998 nigqñaM 2003 ¦ GacTajBYkKat;[cuHmkdl;kMritesIµ b¤GaRkk;CagBIGIVEdlBYkKat; )anqøgkat; muneBlmkdl;TIRkugeTAeTot. ¬kariyal½yrbs;]tþmsñgkarGgákarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúk siTi§mnusS - UNOHCHR - qñaM 2004 mCÄmNÐlFnFan TIRkug-URC-qñaM 2004 ¦.

kartaMgTIlMenAd¾kuHkrelIdWtUc k¾gayTTYlrgeRKaHb:HBal;ya:gTMlMTUlaydl;shKmn_TaMgmUl edaysarmhnþray dUcCaTwkCMnn; rI GKÁIP½yEdlGaceFIVeGayRKYsarrb;Ban;køay CaTIT½lRkkñúgeBl EtmYyyb;. cMeBaHÉkPaBsgÁm nigmUldæanshKmn¾sMrab;skmµPaB CasmUhPaB CnRkIRkenATIRkug mansmtßPaBRKan;ebICagCnRkIRkenACnbT sMrab;cMnucmYycMnYn nigGn;CagCnRkIRkenACnbTsMrab; cMnucmYycMnYnepSgeTot. müa:gedaymankarKaMRTBIGgákareRkArdæaPi)alshKmn¾RkIRk )anerobcMesñIsMu karpþl;esva b¤RbqaMgnwgkar beNþjecj. müa:geTot CnRkIRkbMputkñúg cMenamCnRkIRkenAkñúgTIRkug RKYsarEdlrs;BIkarerIseGtcayenAkEnøgcak;sMramrbs;TIRkug kumar b¤CnBikarKµanRKYsar Edlrs;enA tampøÚv GñkrksIupøÚvePTGacTTYlrgkarQWcab;kMritx<s;bMput edaysarkarpat;ecjBIsgÁm nigPaBgay TTYlrgeRKaH. b:uEnþ sUm,IEtkñúgcMeNamRkumTaMgenH manPsþútagmYycMnYn bB©aak;BikarbegþItCa RkumCMuvijkEnøgeFIVkar b¤ bBaðakarpþl;esva ¬USG qñaM 2004 KN³ kmµaFikaresvarbs;mitþGaemrik (AFSC)

nig ÉksarepSgeTot qñaM 2001¦ .

EpñksMxan;mYy kñúgcMeNamEpñksMxan;epSg eTotEdlxVHxatB½t¾man KW sßanPaBénkarERbRbYlesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©kñúgmCÆmNÐl bnÞab;bnSMnanakñúgTIRkug. eTaHbIkarerobcMRkugrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ykKMrUdUc TIRkugCMnan;cas;²y:ageRcIn ¬manTIRkugFM 2-3 eRkABIPñMeBj EdlmanRbCaCn 6dgénRbCaCn kñúgTIRkugFMCageKlMdab;TI2 enAqñaM1998¦ k¾bTBiesaFn_kñúgRbeTsepSgeTot pþÜcepþImKMnitfa TIrYmextþ


RbGb; 3>4 CnRkIRkenATIRkug³ etIbrimaNtic b:uEnþRtUv)anrab;min)ansBV nigecHEtekIneLIg Emnb¤eT?

sßitiPaBRkIRkKNnaecjBIkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© (CSES) GactMNag[CnRkIRkenATIRkugminsBV eBjeljedayehtuplEbøk². TI1 CnRkIRkbMputenATIRkugCaeRcIn ¬CaBiess enAPñMeBj¦ edktamdgpøÚv nigGacRtUv)anemIlrMlg edayRkbxNÐkareFIVKMrUkarGegát (CSES) EdlEp¥kelIEtlMenAdæan¼nievsndæan. esIÞrEtTaMgGs;énRsTab;sgÁmbnÞab;mk ¬RkIRk b:uEnþminEmnT½lRk¦ rs;enAkñúgtMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyü. enAeBlkartaMglMenAeRkApøÚvkarekItmaneLIgenAqñaM 1998 RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCMerOn ¬Edl)anpþl;RkbxNÐ kareFIVKMrUsMrab;karGegátqñaM 2004 ¬CSES 2004¦ kartaMgTIlMenATaMgenH )anekIneLIgya:grh½sBIeBlenaHmk edaysareTsnþrRbevsn¾BItMbn;CnbTTaMgLay. GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana )a:n;sµanfa cMnYnRKYsarCnRkIRk kñúgtMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyü )anekIneLIgBIrdgenAcenøaHqñaM 1997 nig qñaM 2003. ehtuenH eTIbmanRKYsar kñúgtMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyümYycMnYn minRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlkñúgRkbxNÐkareFIVKMrUkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© (CSES). eTaHbIRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyüminRkIRk TaMgGs;Kña k¾PaKeRcInCaCnRkIRk . dUecñH CakarBitEdlRbeTskm<úCamanPaBRkIRk ehIynwgenAEtRkIRk kñúgry³eRcInqñaMeTAmuxeTotya:gelIslubenA tMbn;CnbT cMEnkÉPaBRkIRkenAPñMeBj nigTIRkugepSgeTot R)akdCamankMritx<s;CagB½t’mankñúgkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© (CSES) . PaBRkIRkenATIRkughak;dUcCa kan;EtekIneT,IgtameBlevla BIeRBaHCnRkIRkecHEtcUlmkTIRkug nana edIm,IEsVgrkCIvPaBFøas;. kñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH karbþÚrTIlMenABICnbTmkTIRkughak;dUcCanWgekIneT,Ig CaBiess BIeRBaHTMrg;én kMenInesdækic© enAEtminesµIPaBKñaya:gxøaMg edayep¥ógmkrk]sSahkmµ nigesvaenATIRkug ehIyTuk[ ksikmµ nigesdækic©CnbTeGayyWty:avenAxageRkay. edayPaBKµandIbgábegáInplekIneT,Ig ehIy lT§PaBTTYl)anFnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm b¤plitPaBFnFanRTBüsm,tþifycuH eTsnþrRbevsn¾BICnbTmkTIRkug GacRtUv)anrMBwgfaekIneT,Ig. edaybBaðaGñkRkIRkenATIRkug mankarxusKñaBIGñkRkIRkenACnbT ehIy PaBRkIRkenA TIRkug RtUvedaHRsaytambribTénkareFVIEpnkarTIRkugsaMjúaM ¬TaMgesdækic© nig TIFøa ¦ eKRtUvmaneKalneya)ay nig kmµviFICak;lak; sMrab;GñkRkCnbT EdlxusBIeKalneya)aysMrab;GñkRkIRkenACnbT .

GacedIrtYy:agsMxan;kñúgkarGPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTrbs;xøÜn sMrab;karbegáIt]sSahkmµEdlEkécñ nigbEnßmtMél dl;plitplksikmµ RBmTaMgGacTajykBlkmµCnbTEdlRtUv)anEklMGlT§PaBdIkñúgmnusSmñak;² nigeFVIeGaymannirnþrPaBR)ak;kMérksikmµ nigtMélplitpl.

vismPaBmankMritx<s;


CMBUkmunmanEcgfa vismPaBenAkñúgtMbn;Edl eFVIkarGegátTaMgenAqñaM1994 nigqñaM2004 )anekIneLIg y:agxøaMg ¬BImYyCInI -Gini-esµInwg 0>35 dl; 0>40 edaykMNt;fa mYyCInIesµInwgsUnütMNageGaysmPaB suRkit ehIyGRtaCinIesµInwgmYy tMNag eGayvismPaB\tex©aH¦. tYelxtMNag eGayvismPaBkñúgqñaM2004 manlkçN³ F¶n;F¶rCagmun enAeBlEdlKMrUTaMgmUl RtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;eFVICamUldæan én karviPaK³ vismPaBénRbeTskm<úCa TaMgmUl enAqñaM2004 mankMritcMnYn 0>42 ¬sUmemIlrUbPaB 3>13¦. enH bBa¢ak;BIvismPaBkñúgkMritx<s;Cagmun kñúgxñatPUmiPaK ¬rUbPaB 3>14¦.

elIsBIenH vismPaBenAkm<úCa manlkçN³minFmµta BIeRBaHRbeTsCitxagEdlmankMeNInesdækic©x<s;

enAGasIuGeKñy_ nig GasIubUBar manvismPaBekIneLIgxøaMg enAeRkaymankarGPivDÆn_yUrmkehIy eBalKWenAeBlEdlkMritcMNUl nig cMNayKitCamFüm ekIneLIgx<s; ¬ehIy GRtaPaBRkIRkFøak;cuHTab ¦ .

rYbPaB 3>13 vismPaB enARbeTskm<úCamankMritx<s; CaBiess enAtMbn;CnbT>>>>>>>>>

0.34

0.43

0.370.42

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Rural Other urban

PhnomPenh

Cambodia


rUbPaB 3>12>>>>>CaBiesskñúgkareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxagRbeTskm<úCa

0.49

0.46

0.42

0.40

0.35

0.35

0.34

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Malaysia (1997)

Phillipines (2000)

Cambodia (2004)

Thailand (2002)

Laos (1997/8)

Vietnam (2002)

Indonesia (2000)

Gini

RbPB³karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004) FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2005


GVIEdlKYrycab;GarmµN_enAkm<úCa KWkarekItmanRBmKñanUvkMeNInvismPaB nig PaBxVHxatd¾eRcInelIslub . cMNuccugeRkayKW PaBRkIRkEdlmansBVTIkEnøg CamYyKñanig vismPaBx<s; TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak; BIEpñksgÁm nig neya)ay edaysarmankaryl;eXIjCaTUeTAfa GPi)alkic©Gn;exSay bNþal[Gñkman kan;EtmaneRbobCagGñkRkedayGyutþiFm’ ¬ dUcmanEføgenAkñúgevTikaCaeRcIn rYmTaMgkarsikSaBIkarcakecj BIPaBRkIRk ¦.

emeronEdlGacdkecjBIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati GacebIkcMhsMrab;karBiPakSa BIeRBaHrbkKMehIj BwgBak;xøaMgeTAelIkareRCIserIsRbeTs ry³eBlykmksMGag nig ticnicviPaK . rhUtmkdl;R)aMqñaM munenH karÉkPaBKñaCaÉkcä½nÞenAkñúgRTwsþIGPivDÆn_GnþrCati KWfa ¬!¦ vismPaB EtgEtekIneLIg CamYykar GPivDÆesdækic© nig karbþÚrBIsgÁmRbéBNI b¤sgÁmniym eTAsgÁmTIpSaresrI ¬@¦ k¾bu:Enþ karERbRbYl vismPaBtamTisedANak¾eday dMeNIkareTAyWt²bu:eNÑaH ¬#¦ kMeNInvismPaBminsUvsMxan;eT [EtPaB RkIRkCakEsþgfycuH ehIy ¬$¦ eKalneya)aysaFarN³ minGaceFVIGVI)aneTedIm,IRKb;RKgkMeNIn vismPaB KWBitCaminGaceFVI)anedayminkat;bnßyGRtakMeNInesdækic© nig PaBRkIRkeLIy .

k¾bu:Enþ enAkñúgbu:nµanqñaMcugeRkayenH mankarykcitþTukdak;kan;EtxøaMgeLIgEfmeTot cMeBaHTMnak;TMng rvagkMeNInesdækic© vismPaB nig PaBRkIRk ehIykarenH)anedjedal b¤bMeBjbEnßmcMeBaH karyl;dUc xagelI ¬ Naschold 2002; World Bank 2005 ¦. bc©úb,nñenH eKhak;dUcCaeCOfa vismPaBx<s; minRKan;Etkat;bnßylT§PaBEdlkMeNInesdækic©Gackat;bnßyPaBRkIRkdUckarrMBwgTukenaHeT ¬enaHKWCa PaKryénPaBRkIRkEdlfycuHedaykMeNInesdækic©1PaKry ¦ bu:Enþ vismPaBx<s;GacEfmTaMg eFVI[kMeNIn esdækic©fycuHpgEdr .

karenHmanehtuplmYycMnYn. mUlehtuTImYyKW enAkñúgTIpSarEdlGsuRkit vismPaBenAkñúgRTBüsm,tþi naM[man»kasesdækic©minesµIkña ehIynaMmankarxatbg;skþanuBlplitPaB nig karEbgEcgFnFan KµanRbsiT§iPaB. Gacniyay)anmü:ageTotfa buKÁlEdlmanR)aCJa nig ecHeRbIR)as;mUlFn dIFøI nig cMeNHdwg[manRbsiT§iPaBbMput GacKµanlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFanTaMgenH edaysarEt«BukmþayeKCaGñkRk.

mUlehutTIBIr EdlminemIlminsUveXIj KW vismPaBesdækic©d¾rwgmaM yUr²eTAmanTMngCitsñit eTAnwg vismPaBneya)ay nig kgVHxatkarGPivDÆn_sßab½n . enAkñúgsgÁmEdlKµansmPaBsßab½n ¬Epñkneya)ay esdækic© nig sgÁm ¦ køayCaGñkbMerICacMbgeFVI[GusbnøayvismPaB tamry³karrkSa [manCabnþnUv karmaneRbobrbs;GñkmanGMNac nig RTBüsm,tþi . sßab½nEbbenH eFVI[xUcxat dl;karelIkTwkcitþ


edaysarvaCaplGaRkk;dl;karvinieyaK nvanuvtþn_ nig karRbfuyRbfand¾RbugRby½tñ EdlkarenH eFVI[xUcxatdl;kMeNInesdækic©kñúgry³eBlEvg .

KYr[cab;GarmµN_enaH KwkrNIesdækic©EdlmanvismPaBtic EsþgeLIgCak;c,as;BIbTBiesaFn_ enARbeTsCitxagrbs;km<úCa. kMeNInx<s;enAkñúgxøaGasIuGeKñy_ nig GasIubUBar manPaBBiess knøgmkk¾dUcCabc©úb,nñ enARtg;kMritvismPaBTab ebIeRbobeFobnwgRbeTsmancMNUlmFüm enAGaemrik-LaTIn ¬EdlmankMeNInCamFüm TabCag GasIuGeKñy_ nig GasIubUBar ¦ b¤ ebIeFobnwgRbeTsmancMNUl Tab enAGnutMbn;sahara ¬EdlRbeTsmYycMnYnFM mankMeNInesdækic©Tab b¤ GviC¢man esÞIrrhUtmkkñúg BIrTsvtSn_knøgmk ¦ . enAkñúgkarBüayamBnül;faetIGVIeTAeFVI[RbeTskUer: étva:n; éf \NÐÚensIu b¤ eRkaymk cin ehIy ¬KYr[kt;sMKal;CageKbMput ¦ evotNam rIklUtlas;qab;rh½s kñúgry³eBl bu:nµanTsvtSn_knøgmkenH GñkviPaKmYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgfaktþamYyKW mkBIvismPaBTab mankMritTabenA kñúgdMNak;kaldMbUg ¬CaBiess kñúgkarkan;kab;dI RBmTaMgkMritGb;rM nig Gkçrkmµ ¦.

karenHminEmnniyayfa eKGacsMerc)ansmPaBTaMgRsug b¤k¾fa smPaBKYrEtCaeKaledA eKalneya)ayd¾caM)ac; enaHeT . k¾bu:Enþ cMnucsMxan;enaHKW kMritvismPaB KYrRtUv)ancat;Tuk[hµt;ct; faCaktþab:HBal;CaGviC¢mandl;kMritén karkat;bn§yPaBRkIRkpg nig dl;kMeNInesdækic©pg. y:agehac Nas; Gñktak;EtgeKalneya)ay Edlcg;)ankMeNInesdækic©cIrPaB nig esßrPaBsgÁm nig neya)ay KYrEtykcitþTukdak;tamdanvismPaBEdlekIneLIgqab;rh½s ¬b¤minekIneLIg EtmankMritx<s; ¦. karBinitü emIlPsþútagGnþrCatisBVRCugeRCaymYy )anGHGagfa kareRbIR)as;skmµPaBsaFarN³d¾hµt;ct; edIm,I beBa©óskMu[vismPaBekIneLIgkMritx<s;enaH KWCaeKalneya)ayesdækic©d¾smRsb ehIybEnßmfa pÞúyBIKti bNÐitEdleKÉkPaBkñúgTsvtSn_mun² maneKalneya)aymYycMnYnEdleKGaceRbIR)as; edIm,ICMruj[man smPaB EdlminxUcxatdl;kMeNInesdækic©eT EteFVIkan;EtmankMeNInx<s; nigesßrPaBneya)ayeTotpg ¬ Killick 2002 ¦ . eKalneya)ayTaMgenH minrab;bBa©ÚlnUvkarEbgEck eLIgvijCadac;xat nUvRTBü sm,tþi b¤cMNUl EdlBi)akGnuvtþtampøÚvneya)ayenaHeLIy. karvinieyaKenAkñúgkarGb;rMTUeTARbkbeday KuNPaB edIm,ICMruj[kUnGñkRk manlT§PaBcUlrYmesIµKña sMrab;rkkargar nigkalanuvtþPaB b¤ karvieyaKenA kñúgviFankarkarBarsgÁm ¬dUcCa esvasuxPaBtMélTab ¦ EdlnwgCYykarelIkTwkcitþkat;bnßyhaniP½yman kMritsmrmü sMrab;RKYsarRkIRk suT§EtGacCYybnßy kMeNInvismPaB nig begáInskmµPaBesdækic©epSg² .

PaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH


kar)a:n;sµankMriténPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH

karbBa©úHGRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk )an RbmaNBI 10° eTAdl; 15° kñúgry³eBl cenøaH qñaM1993¼94 dl;qñaM 2004 KWCa eCaKC½yd¾sMebImmYy. b:uEnþ karbkRsayRbkbedaytulüPaBBIrbt;enH TamTar[Kit dl;ktþabribTmYycMnYn. TImYy KWfa dUcmanEcgCMBUk 1 GBa©wg kñúgry³kalenH RbeTs km<úCa)anTTYledayrIkraynUvktþaRbvtþisaRsþ BiessmYycMnYn Edl)anCYyRbeTsenH [kat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. PaBRbesIreLIgmanlkçN³gayRsYlKYrsm enAeBlcab;epþImBImUldæanTabbMputmYy EdlRtUv)anbEnßm edayplcMenjénrbbkUtaelIkTI1 EdlrhUtdl;\LÚvenH rkSakarBarkarnaMecj plitplkat;edrrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeTot. eday\T§iBleBjeljénkarCMrujkMenInesdækic©EdlmanEtmþg ehIyedaykRmecHEt cuHexSayeTA²enaH RbeTskm<úCanwgRtUvEsVg rkRbPBénkMeNInesdækic©fµI² nig rebobrbb fµI² edIm,IedaHRsaykarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . ktþaTI2 EdleFIVeGaykarbkRsayelIrbt; PaBRkIRkenHmansuTidæiniymtic KWfa enAeBlEdlRbCaCnCaeRcIn)aneKcecjputBIPaBRkIRk mYyEpñkFMén CnminEmnRkIRkenAEtTTYlrghaniP½yEdlGacrujBYkKat;[vil cUleTAPaBRkIRkvijdEdl. rebobénkarqøúH bgðajerOgenHtamPUmisa®sþ KWedayemIlkarEbgEckénkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarsMrab; mnusSmñak;² ¬rUbPaB

3>15¦ . eyIgGacemIleXIjfa brimaNd¾sMebIménRbCaCn)an RbmUlpþMúy:agkuHkr b¤mYyeRkamb¤mYy elIbnþic CuMvijbnÞat;PaBRkIRk. müa:genH KWCadMNwgl¥ EdlbBa¢ak;fa CnRkIRkCaeRcIn TamTarkarekIneLIg efrénkareRbIR)as;EtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH edIm,IelIkBYkKat;CabnþbnÞab;[putBIPaBRkIRk. b:uEnþrUbPaBenHk¾ bBa¢ak;tamrebobpÞúy eTAvijEdrfa kñúgqñaM2004 kareRbIR)as; sMPar³sMrab;mnusSmñak;² RtUv)ankt;RtaTuk Edldak;BYkKat;[enARtWmbnÞat;PaBRkIRk bnþicb:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlkarenHmann½yfa BYkKat;RtUv)anEbg EckeGaysßitkñúgRbePTminEmnRkIRksMMrab;eBlenHenaH karFøak;cuHkMritCIvPaB rbs;RkumenHEtbnþicb:ueNÑaH nwgnaM[BYkKat;vilRtLb;cuHeTAenA BIeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkvijehIy. Cit 7° énRKYsarsßitenAcenøaH 10° elIbnÞat;PaBRkIRk³ eBalKW ebIkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarTaMgenHsMrab; mnusSmñak;² RKan;EtfycuHRbmaN 10° GRtaPaBRkIRknwgekInRbmaN 7° - BI 35° mkdl;40°. RbPBénPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH

RKYsarkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRbQmnwghaniP½y Ebøk²CaÉktþCn b¤CasmUhPaB EdlGacrujRcan sUm,IEt RKYsarmanRTBüsm,tþiKYrsm[Føak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk)an ehIyRKYsarRkIRk[Føak;cUlkñúgPaBTIT½lRk ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM2005¦. karsøútrn§t;rYm ¬enaHKW karsøút rn§t; Edlb:HBal;RKYsarCaeRcIn enAeBlEt


rUbPaB 3 >15 karEbgEckénkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar nigPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

household consumption (riels per capita per day)

%

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000

kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarKitCaerolkñúgmnusSmñak;²sMrab;mYyéf¶ ) RbPB³karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004)

mYy nighak;dUcCab:HBal;y:agelIslub cMeBaHyuT§saRsþedaHRsaysgÁm Ep¥kelIkarKaMRTkñúgRKYsar nigshKmn_ ¦ rYmman ³

TwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üty:agF¶n;F¶r ³ TwkCMnn;kñúgqñaM 2000 )anb:HBal;RbCaCnRbmaN 3lan 4Esnnak; bNþaleGayxUcxatpldMNaM nig eFVIeGayxUcxat pÞHsMEbg stV Bahn³y:agxøaMg eFVIeGayxUcxat sMPar³saFarN³ kñúgTMrg;Caehdæa rcnasm<½n§ nigeFIVeGaymanCMgWrIk raldal . eRKaHraMgs¶ÜtkñúgqñaM 2002 nigqñaM 2004 k¾b:HBal;RbCaCnrab;lan nak;Edr .

karERbRbYlBaNiC©kmµGnþrCatiEdl b:HBal;dl;GMeNayplrbs;TMnij nigesvarbs;km<úCa. vis½ykat;edr hak;dUcCaGacbnþskmµPaBeTAmuxeTot eTaHbImin)anBRgIkk¾eday bnÞab;BIkarbB©ab; kic©RBmeRBogvaynP½NÐ ¬MFA¦ edaymankarGnueRKaHbEnßmBIshB½nVVVVVGIur: ub nigkic© karBarrbs;shrdæGaemrikTl;nwgkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTscin. b:uEnþ karGnueRKaHTaMgenH nwgRtUv putkMNt; enAqñaM2008³ ebIsinminRtUv)anCMnYseTenaH nieyaKCikkmµkrCaeRcInkñúgvis½ykat;edr nwgRbQm nikmµPaB¬PaBGt;kargareFVI¦. vis½yeTscrN¾ nigsMNg;gay TTYlrgeRKaH


edaysarkarP½yxøac Cm¶Wsars¾ ¬SARS¦ RKunpþasaybkSI GesßrPaBneya)ay nigePrvkmµ . karpøas;bþÚresdækic©rbs;RbeTséf b¤ karpøas;bþÚrbTbBaØatþisIþBIeTsnþrRbevsn¾BlkmµExµr nwgeFIV[ RbCaCnCaeRcIn KµanlT§PaBTTYl)annUvkargarqøgEdndUrykR)ak;kMér nigpþl;plcMeNj ticdl; GñkepSgeTot .

cMeBaHshKmn_CnRkIRkrs;enAkñúg tMbn;sMNg;GnaFibetyüenATIRkug karbeNþj b¤GKÁiP½y EdlrIkraldaly:agrh½s KWCakarsøútrn§t;rbs; shKmn_TaMgmUl.

karsøútrn§t; b¤haniP½ycMELk - enaHKW karsøútrn§t; b¤haniP½yEdlb:HBal;EtRKYsarmYy edayminb:H Bal;GñkCitxageLIy rYmman ³

Cm¶WEdlRtUv)anrkeXIjfa CaktþasMxan;kñúgkarQaneTAdl;kar)at;bg;dI. edayRbB½n§suxaPi)al saFarN³Kµan KuNPaBx<s; minpþl;lT§PaB[TTYl)ankarBüa)al minGnuBaØatþ[GñkCm¶WRkIRkman lT§PaBbg;R)ak;RKb; Cm¶W - CaBiessCm¶W b¤ rbYsseRgÁaHbnÞan; - GacTamTarkarbg;R)ak; y:ageRcInsMebIm TaMgtMélBüa)al nig )at;bg;Blkmµrbs;GñkCMgW.

karxkxanRbmUlpldMNaM ¬ edaysarTwkCMnn; b¤eRKaHraMgs¶ÜtenA mUldæan b¤ karxUcxat bMpøajedaystV l¥it¦ b¤CMgW b¤kargab;stVBahn³ .

karlYc b¤GMeBIhwgSarYmTaMgGMeBIhwgSa kñúgRKYsar. RBwtþikarN_CIvitkñúgvdþsgSa dUcCa GaBah_BiBah_ mrNPaB b¤kMeNIt EdlBiFInImYy² Tak;Tinnwgkar

cMNay karxatbg;skþanuBlR)ak;cMNUl nigesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkareRbIR)as;EdlekIneLIg. karcMNaymYycMnYnGacRtUv)an)a:n;sµanmun y:agehacNas;k¾mYyEpñkEdr EdlCakargayRsYl kñúgkarkat;bnßy b¤edaHRsayplb:HBal; b:uEnþ karcMNaymYycMnUneTot minGacRtUv)an )a:n;sµanmuneT.

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4> RbPBénkMeNInesdækic© xøwmsarsegçb

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cMENkrbs;vis½y]sSahkmµkñúgesdækic©)anekIneLIgCagBIrdg rhUtdl; 29° enAeBlEdlcMENkrbs; esvakmµenAEtmankMritRbmaN 1¼3. kñúgqñaM 2004 eTaHbImankMeNInCaGBÖÚtehtu nigcMEnkd¾FMsMebIm rbs;vis½y]sSahkmµ nigvis½yesvakmµkñúgesdækic©k¾eday k¾vis½yTaMgBIrenH eRbInieyaKCikEt 8° nig 21° énkMlaMgBlkmµtamlMdab;b:ueNÑaH . TnÞwmnwgenaH esdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa k¾BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMg elIplitplEtBIrbImuxbu:eNÑaH. enAqñaM 2005 ]sSakmµkat;edrmankMrittMélcMnYn 80>4 PaKryénkar naMecjsrub. CamYyKñaenH k¾mantMrUvkarCabnÞan; nUvBhuPavUbnIykmµesdækic© edIm,IBRgIkbEnßmRKwH énkMeNInesdækic©pgEdr .

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kñúgvis½yksikmµ ]bsKÁcMbgsMxan;bMput KWkmµsiTi§kan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdlKµankarFanay:agR)akdfa nwgTTYl)an. kgVHxaténkarTTYl)anya:gR)akdnUvkmµsiT§ikan;kab;dI nwgraraMgkareFIVvinieyaK BIeRBaH


R)ak;cMNUlÉkCnEdlrMBwgTukfa mansMrab;eFVIvinieyaKelIdIFøIenaHminGacsmRsbRKb;RKan;eT,Iy. ]bsKÁ lMdab;TIBIrKWkgVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiessRbB½n§Farasa®sþ nigmUlFnmnusSkMritTab Edlkat;bnßy R)ak;cMNUlvinieyaKsMrab;sgÁmTaMgmUl .

kñúgGnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ]bsKÁcMbgsMxan;bMput KWGPi)alkic©exSay. R)ak;cMNayeRkApøÚvkareRcInRCul raraMglT§PaBTTYl)anplcMeNj b¤eFIVeGayR)ak;cMnUlÉkCnminR)akdRbCaxøaMg ehIyedaysarR)ak; cMNayeRkApøÚvkarmanTMngCaekIneT,Igy:agxøaMg tamvisalPaBénRbtibtþikarGaCIvkmµ R)ak;cMNayeRkA pøÚvkarTaMgenHraraMgkarrIkduHdal nigkMenInesdækic©. lT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan nigtMélcMNaysMrab; \NTan KWCa]bsKÁcMbglMdab;elx 2.

RbPBénkMeNInesdækic© 85

enH bgðajBIkarBinitüemIleTAeRkayvijelIRbPBKnøwHénkMenInesdækic©kñúg TsvtScugeRkay edayeRbITinñn½ysþIBIKNenyüCatiénkm<úCaqñaM1993-qñaM2004 EdlRtUv)anBinitüsarCafµIeT,IgvijkñúgeBlfµI²enH ehIyEdlpSBV

pSayedayviTüasßanCatisßiti nigpþl;karviPaKdMbUgBI]bsKÁKnøwH²cMbgsMrab;kMeNInénvis½yksikmµ ¬EdlrYmmanksi-GaCIvkmµ¦ EdlkñúgenaHCn RkIRkmYyPaKFMrs;enA nigbMeBjkargar1.

karBinitüemIleTAeRkayelIkMeNInesdækic©

eTaHbIeBlknøgeTA eBareBjedayPaBRcbUkRcbl; nigkarcuHfykñúgbrimaNd¾eRcIn² enAeBl eRkaybnÞab;mkeTot nUvmUlFnrUbv½nþ mUlFnmnusS nigmUlFnsgÁm RBmTaMgkarqøúHbBa©aMgBIplcMeNj Edl)anmkBIsm½yGnþrkalbItMNak;kal Edl)ancab;epþImenAedImTsvtSqñaM 90k¾eday ¬CMBUk1¦ k¾kMeNInesdækic©enARbeTskm<úCa kñúgry³eBlrvagqñaM 1993 nig qñaM 2004 mankMritCamFüm 7/1° kñúgmYyqñaM EdlCatYelxKYreGaycab;GarmµN_ ¬tarag4>1 nigrUbPaB 4>1¦. ktþaedImKnøwHkñúgkarGnuvtþ kargarkMeNInd¾l¥RbesIrenH rYmman ¬i¦ karbBa©b;CMelaHEdlmanry³eBlBIrTsvtSknøH nigEdlGac eGaymankarcab;epþImkarsnSMR)ak; nigkareFIVvinieyaKeT,Igvij ¬ ii ¦ karbegáItrdæaPi)alfµIedayman sßab½n nigeKalneya)aytMrg;Tiseq<aHeTAkan;TIpSar EdlrYmmanCaBiessnUvesrIPavUnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ cMeBaHTMnij esvakmµ mUlFn nigBlkmµ. kMeNInplitplsrubkñúgRsuk Bit)anQandl;kMritÉktþ kmµcMnYn 12/6°enAqñaM 1999 ehIytaMgBIeBlenaHmkmanmFümPaKRbcaMqñaM cMnYn 63¼4 PaKry2 .

ktþakMNt;sMxan;nanaénkMeNIn esdækic©taMgBIBak;kNþalsTvtSqñaM 90 KW brisßanma:RkUesdækic© EdlmanesßrPaBKYrsmEdlrYmmanlkçxNÐ nigTIpSarxageRkAmanlkçN³GMeNaypleKalneya)ay hirBaØvtßúkñúgRsukd¾RbugRby½tñ CaTUeTAkarbegáIt sßab½n esdækic©TIpSarsMxan;. b:uEnþcMeBaHplitplrUbv½nþ kMeNInesdækic© ekItecjBImUldæanceg¥ótEmnETn Edlmanvis½ykat;edr vis½yeTscrN_ nigvis½y sMNg;RBmTaMgvis½yksikmµkñúgvisalPaBmankMrit3. sMxan;CagenHeTAeTot enAeBlEdlR)ak;cMNUl Bitrbs;mnusSmñak;² nigkareRbIR)as;Bitrbs;RKYsarsMrab;mnusSmñak;² ¬eBalKW KitbBa©ÚlTaMg

1 karviPaKRKb;RCugeRCaysþWBIRbPBedIm nigktþa kMNt;énkMenInesdækic©kñúgTsvtScugeRkay nig]bsKÁcMbgKnøwHsMrab;kMeNInkñúg eBlGnaKt kMBugEtRtUv)anerobcMeT,Ig TnÞwmKñanwgkarsikSasþI BI {RbPBénkMeNIn} 2 kMeNInBitkñúgqña M 2005 ®tUv)anrMBwgfa man ®bmaN 61¼2 PaKry BIe®BaHkarRbemIlemIlmun énkarFøak;cuHplitplkat;edr bnÞab;BIkarbBa©b; ®bB½n§kUtaenAéf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ 2000 ¬sUmemIl xage®kay¦ min)anekItmaneT,Iy . 3 edayminKitBIvis½ykat;edr sMNg; nig eTscrN_ kMeNInesdækic©BitmanmFümPaK Et cMnYn 4/2° kñúgmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaHkñúgryH eBlenaH ¬ ehIyEt 2/7° b:ueNÑaH ebIvis½yksikmµmin®tUv )anKNnacUlEdrenaH ¦

CMBUk


GtipaNa¦ )anekIteT,Igkñúgry³eBlenH GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkminesµIKñaeT ehIyvismPaBkñúg PUmiPaKCnbTTaMgT,ay nig vismPaBrvagtMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;CnbT)anekIteT,Ig ¬CMBUk 2¦ .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot clkr sMxan;TaMgBIr ¬vis½ykat;edr nig vis½yeTscrN_¦ )anCMrujeGay mankMeNInesdækic©KYreGaycab; GarmµN_)an KWedaysarkal³ eTs³CYnKña RbkbedaysMNag l¥ nigkarGPivDÆn_Ep¥kelImUl dæan {RbePTtMbn;tUc²}CaCag edaysareKalneya)ayesdækic© RbkbedaysuvtßiPaB EdlnaM[ mankMeNInesdækic©ya:gTUlMTU lay nigkarRKb;RKgedayrdæRb kbedayRbsiTi§PaB nigeqøIytb tamsMNUmBrenaHeT. karsikSaRsavRCavmYycMnYneFVIesckþIsnñidæanfa sßab½npøÚvkarexSay nigeRcInRCul bTb,BaØatþiminc,as;las; nigRtYtKña )andak;kMhitnaM[mantMélcMNay ¬pøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkar¦ x<s;EmnETncMeBaHRKYsar nigRkumh‘unEdlmanbMNgRbkbGaCIvkmµenARbeTskm<úCa. GaRs½yehtuenH Ca]TahrN_ karGegátenAqñaM 2003 elIRkumh‘unkm<úCacMnYn 800 tamvis½ypøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkar )anrkeXIjfa cMENkénR)ak;cMNUlBIkarlk;EdlRkumh‘unRtUvsUk mankMritesµInwgBIrdgénR)ak;sMNUk enARbeTsbg;køaeds. kñúgkarkMNt;GRtaelIkTImYYyrbs;xøÜnenAqñaM 2005 GgÁkartmøaPaBGnþrCati)an pþl;BinÞúcMnYn 2/3 elIBinÞú 10 ¬EdlBinÞú 10 sMrab;pþl;[RbeTs EdlBukrlYyticCag eKbMput¦. karenH)annaM[RbeTskm<úCasßitenAelxTI 130 kñúgcMeNam RbeTsTaMg 159 b¤sßitkñúg cMeNamRbeTs 1¼5 EdlenAxageRkamtarag ¬FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2004 viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC)qñaM 2005 FnaKarBiPBelak nigsaCIvkmµhirBaØvtßú GnþrCat i(IFC) qñaM 2006 v:alWlI (Vallely) nigÉksarepSgeTot qñaM 2006¦. kñúgesdækic©Epñk ksikmµ nigeRkABIksikmµenACnbT bBaðaRbQm KWRtUvbegáItsßab½nKaMRTBaNiC¢kmµ edIm,ICMnHkarbMEbkTIpSar[eTACatUc² edayeCosragkMu[mansßab½n minsmRsb EdlBak;B½n§CamYy nwgbriyakasvinieyaK sMrab;vis½ypøÚvkar enATIRkug. RbFanbT GPi)alkic©esdækic©enHRtUv)anerobrab;CalMGitCagenHenAkñúgCMBUkTI 7.

rUbPaB 4>1 viPaKTancMeBaHkMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrubBit (GDP)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Cont

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ion

to R

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100

200

300

400

500

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RbPB³ KNenyüCatiénkm<úCa qñaM1993-qñaM2004 viTüasßanCatisßiti


edayemIleTAmux mUldæanRKwHsMrab;kMeNInesdækic©d¾puyRsYyenH enAEtgayTTYlrgvibtþiesdækic© EdlbNþalmkBIkMeNInBiPBelakkMritTab tMéleRbg\nÞn³x<s; eRKaHTwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üt EdlekIt eT,IgCajwkjab; kñúgqñaMknøgfµI²enH nigkarqøgraldalénCMgWRKunpþasaybkSI Edlnwgkat;bnßyya:g F¶n;F¶rnUvkMeNInEdlekIteT,Igedaysarvis½yeTscrN_. enAqñaM 2005 ]sSakmµkat;edrmankMrit tMélcMnYn 80>4 PaKry énkarnaMecjsrubrbs;RbeTskm<úCa EdleFVI[km<úCakøayCaRbeTsmYykñúg sklelakEdlBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIkarnaMecjEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yEtmYy CamYynwgPaBgayTTYl rgeRKaHRbkbedayskþanuBlEdlGacbNþalmkBIkarenH. kñúgkal³eTs³TaMgenH kareFIV[kMeNIn esdækic©man nirnþrPaB nigeFIVeGaykMeNInenHCYyCnRkIRkeRcInCagmun CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT EdlCn

RkIRkPaKeRcInrs;enAenaH nwgbegáItCabBaðaRbQmd¾sMebImdl;mRnþIEdlsMerckMNt;eKalneya)ay .

tarag 4>1 ³ RbPBénkMeNIntamskmµPaBesdækic©sMxan;² qñaM 1994 - 2004 cMENkénplitplkñúg

Rsuksrub (GDP) karERbRbYlPaKryRbcaMqñaM viPaKTandl;plitpl

kñúgRsuksrub (GDP)(1)

1994 2004 mFümPaK RbcaMqñaM 1994-2004



ksikmµ 45.9 30.9 38.8 9.9 -2.0 3.4 49.3 -8.7 20.2

dMNaM 17.7 15.0 16.8 2.7 -3.4 5.2 5.5 -7.4 11.3

RsUv 9.9 7.0 9.2 2.4 -12.3 3.7 2.8 -13.7 4.2

epSgeTot 7.8 8.0 7.5 3.1 6.0 7.1 2.8 6.4 7.1

stVBahn³ 7.9 5.0 6.5 -2.9 4.3 1.8 -2.8 2.9 2.2

Clpl 13.0 8.8 11.5 4.1 -3.3 3.0 6.0 -4.2 6.2

éRBeQI 7.3 2.0 4.0 87.5 0.2 3.9 40.5 0.1 0.5

]sSahkmµ 13.6 28.9 20.1 14.2 16.1 15.4 20.0 56.3 41.1

Er: 0.2 0.3 0.2 29.2 9.1 10.8 0.7 0.3 0.3

]sSahkmµ 8.0 21.8 14.4 9.0 17.4 17.4 7.9 45.3 33.8

kat;edr 0.9 16.3 7.5 25.1 24.9 43.6 2.0 45.6 28.9

ksi-GaCIvkmµ 5.2 3.3 4.7 8.2 -3.4 2.7 4.7 -1.6 2.4

GKIÁsnI ]sµ½n 0.3 0.5 0.4 8.6 4.6 11.9 0.3 0.3 0.7

sMNg; 5.0 6.4 5.1 23.4 13.2 11.9 11.2 10.4 6.4

esvakmµ 35.4 34.4 36.0 0.6 9.2 6.1 2.6 40.7 31.3

sNæaKar nig ePaCnIydæan

2.6 4.7 3.7 19.5 23.6 14.6 5.0 12.5 6.6

epSgeTot 32.8 29.7 32.3 -0.6 7.3 5.3 -2.4 28.3 24.6


Bn§dk R)ak;]btßmÖ 5.4 6.7 5.9 80.8 15.7 16.2 28.6 12.7 9.2

plitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP)

100.0 100.0 100.0 9.2 7.7 7.1 100.0 100.0 100.0

GnusSrN³eyaKyl; sþIBImuxrbs;

(GDP)dk kat;edr 99.1 83.7 92.5 9.1 4.9 5.5 98.0 54.4 71.1

plitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) dk vis½ykat;edr sNæaKar ePaCnIydaæn nig sMNg;

91.6 72.6 83.7 8.1 3.2 4.8 81.7 31.6 58.1

RbPB ³ viTüasßanCatisßiti

(1)viPaKTandl;plitplkñúgRsuksrub(GDP)RtUv)anKNna edayykPaKryénkarERbRbYlRbcaMqñaMKuNnwgcMENkplit plkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) kñúgry³eBlmun. kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) RtUvkMNt;ykesµInwg 100.


ksikmµ TMrg;énkMeNInksikmµ

vis½yksikmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCaEdlrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg pldMNaM stVBahn³ éRBeQI nigClpl )anekIn eLIgCamFüm 3/4°kñúgmYyqñaMkñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1994 nigqñaM2004 eTaHbI lT§PaB ERbRbYlén kMeNInenaH mankMritx<s;k¾eday. taMgBIqñaM 1999 vis½yenH )an qøgkat;kMeNInGviC¢mancMnYn3qñaMedayELkBIKña ³ RtUv)anb:HBal; edayclaclneya)ay vibtþihirBaØ vtßútMbn; enAcugTsvtSqñaM 90 eRKaHTwkCMnn;y:ag F¶n;F¶renAqñaM2000 nigeRKaHraMgs¶ÜtenAqñaM 2004 ¬EdlvilmkvijmþgeTot enAqñaM2005¦. GRta kMeNInRbcaMqñaMCamFüm kñúgry³eBlenaHmankMrit Taby:ageRcInCagvis½y]sSahkmµ nigvis½yesvakmµénesdækic©ehIycMENk énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP)rbs;vis½yksikmµ)anFøak;cuHBI45/9° mkRtwm 30/9°kñúgry³ eBlenaH. b:uEnþ brimaNén kMlaMgBlkmµ EdlmanmuxrbrsMxan;²kñúgvis½yksikmµ enAEtmankMritefr cMnYnelIs 70°dEdl.

eTaHbIKµankarERbRbYlFMdMuénTMrg;vis½yksikmµCarYm kñúgry³eBlenH k¾manPaBxusKñaénkarcUlrYm viPaKTanrbs;Gnuvis½yenH dl;kMeNInksikmµ ¬rUbPaB4>2¦Edr. CamFüm pldMNaM)ancUlrYmviPaKTan eRcInCageK bMput¬BinÞú56°¦ enAeBlEdlkarcUlrYmviPaKTan BIClpl¬BinÞú30°¦ nigstVBahn³ ¬BinÞú 11°¦mankMritticCag4. karcUlrYmviPaKTanénéRBeQImanlkçN³ viC¢manbnþickñúgry³eBlenHTaMgmUl ¬BinÞú Cag2°¦ b:uEnþGviC¢many:agsMebIm taMgBI qñaM1999.

kñúgGnuvis½ypldMNaM RsUvenAEtsßitCaskmµPaBxøaMgCageKq¶ay EdlmanRbEhlBak;kNþaléntM éldaMdulEdl)anmkBIpldMNaM rYmCamYynwgplitplsakvb,kmµ cUlKñaEdlCaRbePTsMxan;bnÞab; kñúgkMrit 10° éntMélpldMNaM. KµanpldMNaMepSgeTotman brimaNelIsBI 4° énpldMNaM TaMgGs;eLIy eTaHbImankarekIneLIgénplitpleBat nigsENþk EdlkMBugeqøIytbeTAnwgkMeNIn l¥énvis½ystVBahn³ kñúgtMbn;cab;taMgBIcugTsvtSqñaM 90 k¾eday. dUcRtUv)aneFVIviPaK edayl¥itl¥n; 4karcUlrYmviPaKTandl;kMeNInvis½yksikmµCarYmFmµta esµI nwg100kñúgqñaMnImYy² ¬]TahrN_ karcUlrYmviPaKTanénpldMNaMkñúg qñaM2003 KW ³ 3,6 X 100/4,0 = 90 mann½yfa³ BinÞú90°

rUbPaB 4>2 ³ viPaKTanénGnuvis½ydl;kMeNInvis½yksikmµ

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Cont

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ion

to A

gric

ultu

ral S

ecto

r Gro

wth

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Crops Livestock and PoultryFisheries Forestry

RbPB³ KNenyüCatiénkm<úCaqñaM 1993-qñaM 2004 viTüasßanCatisßiti


xageRkam]bsKÁcMbgKnøwH énplcMeNjx<s; nigBhukmµ KW³mnÞilsgS½ykñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§ikan; kab;dIFøI RbB½n§FarasaRsþexSay nigkgVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;²d¾éTeTotEdlrYmman pøÚvfñl;Gac cracr)anRKb;rdUv mUlFnmnusSexSay nigkgVHxaténkarTTYl)anmUlFn b¤tMélmUlFn.

tarag 4>2 karGnuvtþn_kargarkñúgvis½yksikmµkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkarGPivDÆn_ Cambodia China Laos Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia Thailand ry³kalénkareRbob eFob ¬dMNak;kaldMbUg énkarGPivDÆn_¦

‘93-‘03 ’80-‘90 ‘90’00

’90-‘00 ’70-‘80 ’70-‘78 ‘65-‘75

GRtakMenInCamFümén tMélbEnßmksikmµ¬°kñúg mnusSmñak;²¦ kñúgry³ eBlénkareRbobeFob

3.3 6.2 4.6 4.3 4.5 5.0 5.0

plitplkñúgRsuksrub(GDP) kñúgmnusSmñak;² ¬efrKitCaduløaGaemrik ¦ enAeBlcab;epIþmry³eBl eRbobeFob

266 180 227 227 245 1103 405

enAeBlbBa©b;ry³eBl eRbobeFob

314 364 326 397 397 1648 614

RbPB³ sUcnakrkarGPivDÆn_BiPBelak (WDI)

kñúgGnuvis½ystVBahn³ karciBa©wmbsubkSI nigkarciBa©wmRCUk)anekIteLIgCag 2° kñúg qñaMnImYy² x<s;CagGRtaplitplstVTMBareGog ¬1/7° ¦ bnþic. cMeBaHtMélkarciBa©wmbsubkSIenAEtCaskmµPaB tUctacCageK kñúgcMeNamkarciBa©wmstVBahn³TaMgbIRbePT ehIykarpÞúHeLIgénCMgWRKunpþasaybkSIhak; dUcCa mineFIV[b:HBal;CaGviC¢man xøaMgelIkMeNIn CarYménGnuvis½y eTaHbIkarqøgraldalénCMgWenHGac eFIV[mankarb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgdl; vis½yeTscrN_k¾eday.

tMélBitTaMgGs;Edl)anmkBIClpl mankMritx<s;Cag tMélBitTaMgGs;Edl)anmkBIplitpl RsUvbnþic. kñúgGnuvis½yensaT smasPaKClplTwksabmankMritCag 3¼4éntMélplitpl b:uEnþkMBug ekIneLIg y:agyWt bnÞab;mkKWbrimaNClplsmuRT ¬13°¦Edl)anrIkduHdaly:agrh½s nigcug eRkaybMputKWplvb,kmµ¬9°¦. RtIEdlcab;)anPaKeRcIn KWsMrab;karbriePaKkñúgRsukcMENkkarnaMecj - rvag40 landuløaGaemrik dl; 50landuløaGaemrik kñúgmYyqñaMcab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 dl; qñaM2003 EdlesÞIrEtTaMgGs;eTARbeTséf edaydwkCBa¢Ún tameCIgeKak- PaKeRcInminTan;Ekécñ. sßitipøÚvkarman TMngbgðajkar cab;RtITaMgGs;ticCagbrimaNBiteRBaHbrimaNRtIsmuRTEdlcab;)anmYyPaKFM RtUv)an lk;enAkñúglMhsmuRT EdlehtuenH minmankt;RtakñúgsßitipøÚvkareT. mankarbBa¢ak;fa karcab;RtITwk


sabBIbwgTenøsabkMBugQandl;kMrit kMNt;énkareFVIGaCIvkmµelIRbePTRtImYycMnYnehIy eTaHbIman karEklMGmYycMnYn k¾CMelaHelIkmµsiT§i enAEtbnþraraMgkMeNIn x<s;eTAeTot.

eTaHbIvis½yéRBeQI )anekIneLIgkñúgGRtaRbcaMqñaMCamFümcMnYn 3/9° kñúgTsvtScugeRkay k¾karGnuvtþkargarenHRtUv)anEkbMéPøBIkarBit edaykMeNInx<s;kñúgqñaM1994 nigqñaM 1997. cab;taMgBI eBlenaHmk Gnuvis½yenH)ancuHfyy:agxøaMgkñúgmFümPaK 7° erogral;qñaM. mUlehtusMxan;² énkarcuH fyenH rYmman karkab;bMpøajéRBeQI karRKb;RKgéRBsm,TanexSay nigkñúgeBlfµI²enH karp¥akbeNþaH Gasnñ GaCIvkmµéRBeQI.

kMeNInksikmµenAkm<úCa minRKan;EtmankMritTab ebIeRbobeFobnwgvis½y]sSahkmµ nigvis½yesva kmµb:ueNÑaHeT vis½yenHk¾minKYreGaycab;GarmµN_ ebIeRbobeFobnwgRbeTsCitxagkñúgdMNak;kalnana énkarGPivDÆ EdlGaceRbobeFob)anenaH. vis½yksikmµrbs;RbeTsCaeRcIn enAtMbn;GasIubUBa’man GRtakMeNInRbcaMqñaM 5° b¤ elIsCagenH kñúgmYyTsSvtS b¤yUrCagenH . Ca]TahrN_ RbeTséf nigma:eLsIu kñúgry³eBlcugTsvtSqñaM 60 dl;TsvtSqñaM 70 RBmTaMgRbeTscinkñúgTsvtSqñaM 80nig eRkayeBlenH ¬tarag 4>2 ¦.

ktþakMNt;sMxan;²énkMeNInksikmµ

kñúgTsvtScugeRkay karcUlrYmviPaKTanrbs;vis½yksikmµdl;kMeNInesdækic©CarYm )anmky:ag TUlMTUlay tamry³karRbmUlpþúMktþaplitkmµ-dI nigBlkmµ-CaEpñkmYy énkMeNInRbkb edayRbBlkmµ énskmµPaB edaymanEtPaBRbesIreLIgénplitPaB bnþicbnþÜcBIkMritTabbMputb:ueNÑaH. plitplRsUv enAEtCapldMNaMelIslubCageKdEdl b:uEnþBhukmµ nigÉkeTsPavUbnIykmµ tamtMbn;mYycMnYnGac kMBugelceLIg BIeRBaHksikrGacTajykGMeNayplBIlkçN³kMNt;ksi-eGkULÚsuIénRbB½n§ksikmµ xus²Kña nigBIkalanuvtþPaBTIpSar)an. kareFVIvinieyaKTaMgGs; ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn ¦ kñúgvis½yksikmµ kñúgTsvtScugeRkaymankMritexSayCarYm.

dIEdlkMBugnaMykmkeRbIkñúgvis½yksikmµPaKeRcIn KW)antamry³karkab;ranéRBykdI Edlman kMritCamFümRbmaN 1° kñúgmYyqñaM ¬rUbPaB 4>3¦. karekIneLIgy:ageRcIn éntMbn;eBjeljKWsMrab; dMNaMFBaØCati eTaHbIenHCakMeNInsmamaRtTabbMputk¾eday enAeBlEdlkMeNInya:gqab;rh½sCageK tamsmmaRt KWdMNaMeRbg dMNaMsMrab;eFVImðÚb nigdMNaMb£s RBmTaMgdMNaMemIm. tamn½ydac;xat nig n½ysmamaRtrbs;vaküs½BÞbEnø mankMeNInTab CageKbMputkñúgcMeNamRkumpldMNaMsMxan;².

enARbeTskm<úCamandIdaMduHEt 7° b:ueNÑaH EdlmanRbB½n§FarasaRsþkñúgkMritTab q¶ayBIRbeTsCit xagPaKeRcIn EdlmanbrimaNcMnYncenøaH 20° nig30° ¬tarag 4>3 ¦.


rUbPaB 4>3 ³ dIrab;Ban;hittaEdlkMBugpþl;sMrab;plitkmµksikmµ)anmkCaBiessedaykar kab;qáaéRB

0 500

1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Arable and Permanent Crops

Crops

('000 ha)

RbPB: FAOSTAT

tarag4>3 ³ cMENkéndIEdleRsacRsBedayRbB½n§FarasaRsþkñúgtMbn;smaKmn_RbCaCatiGasIuEb:kGeKñy_ dIEdleRsacRsBeday

RbB½n§FarasaRsþ dIdaMduH

('000 ha)

cMENkénRbB½n§Fara sa®sþKitCaPaKry

1990 2002 1990 2002 1990 2002 km<úCa 0.2 0.3 3.7 3.7 6% 7%

cin 48.0 54.9 123.7 142.6 39% 39%

\NÐÚensIu 4.4 4.8 20.3 20.5 22% 23%

saFarN³rdæRbCamanitLav 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 17% 19%

m:aeLsIu 0.3 0.4 1.7 1.8 20% 20%

PUma 1.0 2.0 9.6 9.9 11% 20%

BIlIBin 1.6 1.6 5.5 5.7 28% 27%

éf 4.2 5.0 17.5 15.9 24% 31%

evotNam 2.9 3.0 5.3 6.7 54% 45%

RbPB: FAOSTAT

RbeTskm<úCa)anbMBak;bEnßmnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§FarasaRsþdl;épÞdIRbmaNEt 20>000hictab:ueNÑaH

kñúgkMLúgTsSvtSqñaM 90 ehIytaMgBIqñaM1974mkKµanRbB½n§FarasaRsþCaRTg;RTayFM RtUv)anEklMG eLIy. sBVéf¶épÞdIsMrab;dMNaMRsUvRbmaNEt 10° b¤ 256>000 hictab:ueNÑaH ¬nigticCagenH eRcIn enArdUvR)aMg ¦ EdlRtUv)aneRsacRsBy:agmanRbsiT§iPaBedayRbB½n§FarasaRsþenaH edaysarsßanPaB cas;RTuDeRTamCaTUeTATMrg;edImxSt;exSay nigkarRKb;RKg minsmRsbelIehdæarcnasm<½n§FarasaRsþ. ehtuenHvis½yksikmµesÞIrEtTaMgRsugBwgEp¥k elIkarERbRbÜlEdlminGac):an;sµan)anrbs;ePøógrYmCa

pldaMduH nigGcié®nþy_ pldaMNaM


mYy nwghaniP½ykMritx<s;kñúgkareRbIsMPar³sMrab;plitkmµ EdlksikrtUctacTijBIpSarmk niglT§PaB tictYckñúgkarRbmUlpldMNMakñúgrdUvR)aMg. Blkmµkñúgvis½yksikmµ k¾kMBug;rIklUtlas;Edr.

cMnYnnItiCneBjGayueFIVkargarEdlsMrab;BYkKat; ksikmµ KWCavis½yskmµPaB sMxan;CageK)an ekIteLIgRbmaN 1¼4kñúgstvtScugeRkayenH b¤RbmaN2/7°Ca erogral;qñaMeBalKW 4lan 9Esnnak; kñúgqñaM 2003. edaysarkarRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµcUlkñúgvis½ylMdab;TIBIr nigTIbI;esdækic©enAman kMritenaH GRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s;enARbeTskm<úCa)anTuk[vis½yksikmµCaGñkRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµ fñak;CatiEdlecHEtekIneLIgenaHeTAvij ¬GñkcMNUlfµIEpñkBlkmµRbEhl 250>000 nak; kñúgmYyqñaM¦ eTaHbIBlkmµmYycMnYnCaeTsnþrRbevsn_enAeRkARbeTs EdlesÞIrEtTaMgGs;sMrab;kargarRbcaMrdUv b¤ beNþaH Gasnñk¾eday ¬RbGb; 4>1 ¦ .

plcMenjnanaénplitPaB vis½yksikmµ)anekIneLIgtictYcNas;tamry³kMeNInénplitPaB. karvas;samBaØ CageKbg¥s; KWplcMeNjCarUbv½nþénplitplTTYl)ankñúgmYyÉktadI nig¼b¤ Blkmµ cMNaysMrab;plitkmµ. enAeBlEdlplcMeNjénpldMNaMTaMgBIrRbePTdUcCaRsUv nigeBat)anekIn eLIgkñúgTsvtScugeRkay PaKeRcInénpldMNaMepSgeTotmindUecñaHeT ¬tarag 4>4 ¦.

CarYm edayBicarNaelIkarGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;RbeTsCitxag RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlplcMeNj KYrsmBIpldMNaM. tMélbEnßménplitplksikmµEdlRtUv)anbBa¢ak;tamBlkmµ nigplitPaBdIsMrab; RbeTskm<úCa mankMritTabCageKbMputkñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgGs;enATVIbGasIuenAqñaM 1978 nig)ansMerc karrIkcMerIntictYcNas; taMgBI 2 TsvtSknøgmkrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH ¬qñaM 1999¦ edayTuk[ RbeTskm<úCa rwtEtenAq¶ayEfmeTot.

RbGb; 4>1 BlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_kñúgRbeTs nigqøgEdn bgáeGaymancMnYneRcIn

karKYbpSMénktþaCMruj nigktþaTak;Taj)annaMeGayksikrmYycMnYnEbreTArkkargarbgábegáInpl ykkMér nigkargarepSgeRkABIkargarbgábegáInpl TaMgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCaqøgEdneTARbeTséfEdr. ktþa CMrujTak;TinnwgkMeNInesdækic©yWt nigPaBnwgfál;énesdækic©enACnbTkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInénRbeTskm<úCa³ karekIneLIgénPaBKµandIbgábegáInplRbB½n§FarasaRsþminsmRsb nigehdæarcnasm<½n§kardwkCBa¢Ún TIpSar \NTanminl¥ RBmTaMgsm<aFénkarekIneLIgrbs;tMélcMNayelITinñplcUl sMrab;plitkmµEdlKµan tulüPaB CamYynwgkarfycuH b¤karsßitenAnwgfál;rbs;tMélplitpl )aneFVIeGayCIvitRKYsarenACnbT CaeRcInmansßanPaBlM)akCagmun. pÞúyBIkarenH KWkarTak;Tajrbs;kargarRbcaMrdUv b¤kargarkñúgry³ kalyUr EtmineTogTat;enATIrYmextþ enAPñMeBj b¤RbeTséf. TaMgburs nigRsþI)ancUlrYmkñúgkargar ksikmµRbcaMrdUv edIm,ITTYlR)ak;kMérTaMgGs;Kña. enArdUvR)aMg bursEtgEteFVIeTsnþrRbevsþn_mkEsVgrk kargareFVICakmµkrsMNg; enAPñMeBj nigTIRkug epSgeTot enAeBlEdlRsþIeFVIkarkñúgeragcRkkat;edr b¤kñúg


]sSahkmµesvakmµ. karepJIluy eTApÞHrbs;eTsnþrRbevsnk³CabursminKYreGayTukcitþeT BIeRBaHkmµkr kat;edrmanR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMExefrCag kmµkrsMNg;EdlRtUv)anCYl nigTTYlR)ak;kMérRbcaMéf¶.

sar³sMxan;énBlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_sMrab;ry³eBlxøI b¤ry³eBlEvgRtUv)anRbkasCaBiess enAkñúg extþCab; RBMEdndUcCa )at;dMbg nigbnÞaymanC½y EdlenATIenaHeTsnþrRbevsn_ )ankøayCayuT§saRsþ sMxan;sMrab; edaHRsayCIvPaB b¤CaRbPBrkR)ak;cMNUlqøas;sMrab;CnRkIRk kñúgshKmn_CaeRcIn kñúg ry³eBl 4 b¤5qñaMcugeRkayenH. enAkñúgshKmn_xøHkñúgextþ)at;dMbgRbmaN 70°eTA80° énRbCaCn skmµkñúgesdækic©RKYsar )aneFVIkarenARbeTséf. sMrab;RKYsarmYycMnYnsBVéf¶-eTsnþrRbevsn_ KWCaRbPB R)ak;cMnUlsMxan; enAeBlEdl esÞIrEtRKYsarTaMgGs;mansmaCikxøHlk;Blkmµrbs;xøÜn enAeBlminTan; mankarbgábegáInplkñúgPUmi. edaysareTsnþrRbevsn_eRkARbeTs RbCaCnenAkñúgshKmn_enHGacrkR)ak;cMnUl edIm,ICYyRKYsarrbs; xøÜnedaylk;kMlaMgBlkmµd¾xøaMg nigKµanCMnajrbs;xøÜn. eyIgeFVIkarenARbeTséfry³eBl 1ExknøH ehIy eyIg)anykluymkpÞHcMnYnRbEhl 3/000)at ¬RbEhl 75duløarGaemrik¦ bnÞab;BIcMNaysMrab;esckþI RtUvkarRbcaMéf¶ nigcMNayepSgeToteTAelI lixitGnuBaØatikargar. RksYgEpnkarelIkykkic©BiPakSa rbs;Rkumkargar extþ)at;dMbg .

BlkmµeTsnþrRbevsn_enAextþtamRBMEdnGacEckecjCabIRbePTtamlMdab;sar³sMxan;³ BYkKat;Ca kmµkr ksikmµenARBMEdnéf CakmµkrksikmµenARBMEdnExµr nigCakmµkreRkABIksikmµeFIVkary:ageRCAkñúgTwk dIéf. kareFIVkargarkñúgTwkdIéftamRBMEdn)anTTYlR)ak;kMéreRcInCag ehIyCajwkjy kmµkr)an TTYlpl cMeNjeday)anTTYlEpøeQI nigbEnøeday\tKitéføRBmTaMgCaTUeTAtMélrs;enATab. BlkmµeTsþrRbevsn_ enARbeTséfRtUv)ansMrYledaykarpþl;nUvlixitGnuBaØatikargarpøÚvkarBIrdæaPi)aléf. kargarksikmµRbcaM rdUvedIm,ITTYlkMér)anekIneLIgenARsukma:éLkñúgextþ)at;dMbg EdlenATIenaH mankar)a:n;sµanfa RbEhlBak; kNþalkmµkr)aneFIVeTsnþrRbevsn_eTAeFIVkarb¤mYYykñúgRsukm:aéL b¤mYYykñúgRbeTséf. kmµkresIÞrEtTaMg Gs;Gacrkkargar)ansMrab;ry³eBlCamFüm 6Ex kñúg1qñaM edayrkR)ak;RbmaN 270 duløaGaemrik ebIeRbobeFob nwgR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaMrbs;ksikr CamFüm cMnYn 100 duløaGaemrik.

RbPB³ viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) qñaM2006 viTüasaRsþesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC)

qñaM2005

ÉkeTsPavUbnIykmµ³ tMbn;valrab nig Tenøsab sßitkñúgkMritx<s;CageK ebIKitBItMélplitpldMNaM TaMgGs; ehIytMbn;TaMgBIrenHTTYl)anBI 5 eTA 8 dgéntMélEdl)anmkBItMbn;eqñrsmuRT b¤PñM¼x<g; rab. elIkElgRkugPñMeBjecj tMbn;TaMgGs;)anTTYl 3¼4 b¤elIsenH éntMélpldMNaMTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn

Edl)anmkBIplitplRsUv nigEdlbBa¢ak;fa ÉkeTsPavUbnIykmµpldMNaM minTan;)ancab;epþImman \T§iBly:agsMebImelITMrg;plitkmµenAeLIyeT. eTaHCay:agNa PsþútagtamkarniTanbBa¢ak;faÉkeTs


PavUbnIykmµGackMBugekItmaneLIg. ]TahrN_ plitkmµeBat RtUv)anRbmUlpþúMkñúgextþ)at;dMbgkñúgkar eqøIytb nwgTIpSarqøgEdnP¢ab;Ca mYy nwgesdækic©stVBahn³ rbs;RbeTséfcMENkÉplitkmµ sENþk EdlPaKeRcInRtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún eTAevotNamxagt,ÚgedIm,IEkécñ¬PaKeRcInxñattUc¦ RtUv)anRbmUlpþúMy:agTUlMTUlay enAvalrab extþ kMBg;cam.

kareFVIvinieyaK³ vinieyaKsaFarN³RbcaMqñaMkñúgvis½yksikmµEdlrYmmanTaMgvinieyaKkñúgRsuk nigmUlniFim©as;CMnYy

)anekIneLIg kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH b:uEnþenAEtsßitkñúgkMritTabEmnETn kñúgcMnYnRbEhl 1/4° énplit plkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) sMrab;vis½yksikmµ ¬b¤RbmaN0/5°énplitplkñúgRsuksrubTaMgGs;¦. clkrsMxan;sMrab; vinieyaKEbbenH kñúgvis½yenH KWCakmµviFI nanarbs;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig

tarag 4>4 kMeNInénplcMeNjrbs;pldMNaMmin)aneFVIeGayRbesIreT,Ig eTbnÞab;BIrTsvtSknøgmk manEteBatRkhmeTEdlmankarekIneT,Ig

tMbn;TTYlpl plcMeNj (MT/Ha)

2004 ('000 ha)

1985 1995 2004

RsUv 2,093.0 1.2 1.8 2.0

eBat 91.0 0.9 1.2 2.8

dMLÚgQVa 8.5 3.0 4.2 4.0

dMLÚgK 22.0 2.1 6.6 6.4

sENþks¶Üt 35.5 0.5 0.8 0.7

sENþkesog 29.9 1.3 1.0 1.3

sENþkdITaMgsMbk 12.0 0.6 0.8 0.8

dUg 13.0 4.8 4.8 5.5

kb,as 0.2 1.1 1.5 1.4

sVay 3.5 10.0 12.9 10.0

kaehV ébtg 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8

eRmc 0.4 3.8 6.3 6.9

RkecA s¼Evg¼exµA 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.5

swøkfñaMCk; 9.7 0.5 0.8 0.8

ekAs‘UFmµCati 43.5 0.9 0.8 1.1

GMeBA 10.0 21.1 27.3 22.0

Source: FAOSTAT


ensaT (MAFF) RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym(MOWRAM) nigRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT (MRD). kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH lMhUrCMnYybreTsRtUv)anbEgVrecjy:ageRcInBIvis½yksikmµtaMgBIqñaM 1999 mk manEtRtwmBI 8° eTA10°b:ueNÑaH ¬tarag 4>5 ¦. PaKeRcInénhirBaØb,Tan enHKWsMrab;CMnYy bec©keTs CajwkjysMrab;karksag smtßPaBsßab½n ehIyplb:HBal; énCMnYybec©keTsenH)annwgkMBugnaM[ mankarxkcitþ. tamkar)a:n;sµanrbs;GgÁkar mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati (IMF) kareRbIR)as;mUlniFiBit R)akdénvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTssMrab; vis½yksikmµ)aneLIgx<s;bMputenAqñaM1996 b:uEnþeRkay mkeTot )ancuHmkenARtwmRbmaNcenøaH 2° nig 4°énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) kñúgry³eBl BIqñaM2000 dl; qñaM2004. Bak;B½n§nwgcMENknana vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs (FDI) sMrab;vis½yksikmµmankMritx<s;bMput cMnYn 21° enAqñaM2002 b:uEnþFøak;cuHmkvijenARtwm 1° nig 7° tamlMdab;kñúgqñaM2003 nigqñaM2004. TIbMputtamTinñn½yrbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDC) KMeragvinieyaKelIvis½yksikmµ b¤ ksi-GaCIvkmµ EtcMnYn5b:ueNÑaH EdlRtUv)anGnumtikñúgry³eBl4qñaM rhUtmkdl;cugqñaM 2004 ¬BIrCaCMnYyrbs; vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs- FDI - nigbICashRKasrYmKña ¦. KµanKMeragvinieyaKkñúgRsukRtUv)anGnumti eLIy. kMritTabénvinieyaKTaMgGs;sMrab;skmµPaBEp¥kelIksikmµkñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH KWCakarbBa¢ak; y:agc,as;fa TwkR)ak;rk)ansMrab;vinieyaKmankMritTab.

smtßPaBsßab½n³

R)ak;rk)ansMrab;eFVIvinieyaKelIvis½yksikmµk¾RtUv)ankat;bnßy edaysarkarpþl;EdlenAEtman kMritdEdl rbs;rdæaPi)alnUvsMPar³saFarN³eRkABIehdæarcnasm<½n§ BIeRBaHkarksagsmtßPaBenAbnþ eFVIkñúgEpñkKnøwHBIr³ bec©kviTüaksikmµ ¬karbgáat;BUC karsMrbxøÜn nigkarpSBVpSay¦ RBmTaMgsmtßPaB niy½tkmµsaFarN³. esvapSBVpSaysaFarN³minTan;)anksagsmtßPaBRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB edIm,I QaneTAdl;ksikrenAeLIy. ksikrticCag 1°)anTTYlesvapSBVpSay. kgVHxatniy½tkmµ TIpSar TinñplcUlsMrab;plitkmµ EdlenATIenaH Cajwkjy manGsmb,maN ¬karmanEpñkBIrpÞúyKña¦ énB½t’many:agxøaMg nigsMxan;enaH)aneFVI [ksikrEdlTijTinñplcUlsMrab;plitkmµBi)akdwgfa ³ etI RKab;BUCNa CaBUCEdleTIbbNþúH b¤BUCstVenaHmanKuNPaBl¥b¤eT? etICIenaHmanpÞúksarFatudUc pøak sBaØab¤eT? nigetIfñaMbM)at;stVl¥itenaHmanpÞúksarFatudUcpSayBaNiC¢kmµb¤eT? CIRbkbedayKuNPaB Gn; EdlmanpøaksBaØEkøgkøay BUCEdlmanGRtakekItexSay nigfñaMbM)at;stVl¥itEdlhYskMNt;eRbI b¤RtUv)anhamXat;TaMgGs; enHsuT§EtCa]bsKÁraraMgmineGayman plitPaBx<s;.

]sSahkmµ vis½y]sSahkmµ KWCavis½yEdlmankMeNInelOnCageKenARbeTskm<úCakñúgTsSvtScugeRkayknøg

eTAenH edaymankMeNInmFüm 15/4° kñúgmYyqñaM. cMENkénvis½yenH kñúgesdækic©)anekIneLIgCagBIr


dgkñúgcMnYn 28/9°enAqñaM2004 ehIyvis½yenH)ancUlrYmviPaKTan kñúgBinÞúCag41° énkMeNIn plitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) TaMgGs;kñúgry³eBl enaH ehIy\LÚveRbIbuKÁlikRbEhl8° énkMlaMg Blkmµ. kñúgvis½y ]sSahkmµ eragcRkkat;edr nigsMNg; KWCaclkrénkMeNInsMxan;² EdlcUlrYm viPaKTandl;kMeNIn CarYmkñúgmFümPaKBinÞú 28/9° nig 6/4° tamlMdab;bnþbnÞab;. munnwgviPaK ktþasMxan;² sMrab;kMenInCa GBÖÚtehtuénvis½ykat;edr EpñkbnÞab;eTAenH nwgBinitüsareLIg vijnUvkar Gnuvtþkargar énGnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ Edl)anTTYlrgPaBTn;exSayBIGsmtßPaBrbs;vis½yksikmµ kñúgkarbBa©ÚlExSsgVak;tMéleTAkñúg skmµPaBEkécñ eTaHbIplitplénTinñplEdlbBa¢ÚlsMrab;plitkmµ sMxan;² )anekIneLIg k¾eday.

Gnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ

Gnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµmansmasPaB CasMxan;KW mIRkUshRKasrab;muWnshRKas xñattUc nigmFüm (SMES)rab;ry nigRkumh‘un EdlmannieyaCikCag100nak;mYycMnYntUc. kMlaMgBlkmµEtRbEhl 11¼2

PaKryb:ueNÑaH )anbMerIkarkñúgGnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ EdlkñúgenaHmIRkUshRKas mankmµkrCamFüm cMnYn 2-3nak;. kñúgcMeNamshRKasxñattUc nigmFüm (SMES) m:asIunkinRsUvCaskmµPaBEdleK dwgB¤CaFmµtaCageKbMput cMENkÉeragcRk FBaØCatid¾éTeTotdUcCaeragcRkemS:AsENþk nigemS:AdMLÚgCa skmµPaBbnÞab;bnSMb:ueNÑaH. kar)a:n;sµantMélbEnßmkñúgkmµkrmñak;² ERbRbYly:agxøaMgkñúgcenøaH 300duløaGaemrik nig3>000 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM edayextþcMnYnbITTYl)an 95°énplitpl TaMgGs;³ kMBg;s<W ¬70°¦ sVayerog ¬16°¦ nig)at;dMbg ¬9°¦. extþTaMgbIenH suT§EtsßiteTAtam RckBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatisMxan;² EdlCakarbBa¢ak;d¾man\T§iBl BIplb:HBal;énkarP¢ab;BaNiC¢kmµeTA nwgplitpl.

edaysarkarbBa¢ak; nigkarvas;TaMgGs;Gnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ)anGnuvtþkargarminl¥kñúgTsvtScug eRkayenH edaymankMeNInCamFümEt 2/7°kñúgmYyqñaM ehIy cMENkrbs;Gnuvis½yenHkñúgplitplkñúg Rsuksrub (GDP))anfycuHBI 5/2° enA qñaM 1994 mkRtwm3/3°enAqñaM20045. pÞúyBIbT BiesaFn_kñúgRbeTskMBuglUtlas; CaeRcInepSgeTot nigedaysarehtuplBnül;xageRkam rYmCamYynwg GPi)alkic©exSay Gnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµenARbeTskm<úCaminTan;)anedIrtYKnøwHkñúgkarlutdMu nigBRgIk TMnak;TMngrvagkarbgábegáInpl nig]sSahkmµenAeLIy ehIytamry³enH BenøÓnsm½yGnþrkal[ QaneTAdl; rcnasm<½n§esdækic©TMenIb nigRbkbedayBhukmµCagmun.

5 KNenyüCati)ankMNt;dak;skmµPaBksi-GaCIvkmµeTAkñúgRbePT {eragcRk}. eragcRkTaMg enaHrYmmaneragcRkes,ógGahar ePsC¢³ nig fñaMCk; RBmTaMgRkdas nigekAs‘U.


dUc)anbBa¢ak;xagelI plitplRsUv)ancUlrYmviPaKTanBI 50°eTA 60°énpldMNaMTaMgGs;kñúg tMélbEnßm b:uEnþcUlrYmviPaKTantictYcdl;plitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) Ep¥k elImUldæankñúgmYyetan edaysarEtkgVHxatesÞIrEtTaMgRsugnUvkarEkécñsMrab;karnaMecj eTaHbITIpSarBiPBelakmanRbmaNBI 12 dl; 15dgénplitplelIsrbs;RbeTskm<úCa k¾eday. karnaMRsUvecjERbRbYly:agxøaMg edayKµanTMrg;c,as;las;enAeBlenaH BIeRBaHTinñn½½yTaMgenHminRtUv)anraykarN_CapøÚvkareLIy ehIy RsUvénRbeTskm<úCa eRcInEtRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;eTARbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNamedIm,IEkécñ. mYyEpñk edaysarxñatGaCIvkmµtUc Edlmanm©as;m:asIunRsUvtUctac nigdac;edayELkBIKña plcMeNj nigkMrit RbsiT§iPaB m:asIunTab RBmTaMgtMélcMNaysMrab;Rbtibtþikar nigcMNayeRkApøÚvkarkMritx<s; enaHR)ak; cMNUlBaNiC¢kmµ)anmkBIm:asIunRsUv mankMritTabNas;. BaNiC¢krRsUv KWCaGñkrksIutUctac nigÉkraC EdleFVIcMlgkarCamYyksikr nigm©as;m:asIunRsUvmYycMnYntUc EdlBYkKat;sÁal;y:agc,as; ehIym:asIun kinRsUCaeRcInminGaccab;epþImGaCIvkmµ)aneLIy. karelIkElgEdl l,Il,ajCageKKW {GgÁrksikmµ} EdleFVIGaCIvkmµ Ep¥kelImUldæankarerobcMkic©snüa bgábegáInpl ¬CamYynwgRkumh‘un fñaMCk; Gg;eKøs Gaemrik- BAT -sMrab; krNIfñaMCk;¦ . kic©snüabgábegáInplenH )anCYysMrYl]bsKÁrbs;skmµPaB EkécñmYycMnYn ¬sUmemIlGtßbTRbGb; 4>2 ¦.

RbGb; 4>2 kic©snüabgábegáInpl - GgárRkGUb nigfñaMCk; GgárRkGUb³ BUCRsUvRkGUb {nagmøiH} RtUv)andaMedaymineRbIfñaMbM)at;stVl¥it nigCIKImIkñúgtMbn;EdlRtUv )aneRCIssMraMgy:agRbugRby½tñ nigsßitenAkNþalRbeTskm<úCaEdlenATIenaHdIsMbUredayCICati pþl;nUv brisßanénkarlYtlas;x<s;bMput. KuNPaBénGgárRkGUbGaRs½yy:agxøaMgeTAelItMbn;daMduHkñúgextþ 4 énPUmiPaKkNþalRbeTs edayRbmUlpþúMenAextþkMBg;s<W ¬80° énksikrEdlcUlrYm¦ bnÞab;mk KWextþ kNþal extþkMBt nigtaEkv. CamFümksikrEdlcuHkic©snüaman lT§PaBRbmUlplRbEhl2etankñúg mYyhicta b¤rhUtdl; 3etankñúgmYyhicta ebImanRbB½n§FarasaRsþl¥RbesIr.

RKYsarcMnYnCit 80>000 kMBugcuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘unGgárGgÁr ¬qñaM 2004 ¦ edIm,IbgábegáInpl RsUvCamYyBUCnagmøiH. taMgBIKµanQµÜjkNþalmk Rkumh‘unGgárGgÁr)anRtYtBinitüdMeNIrkarplitkmµ RsUv TaMgRsugEtmþg. edIm,IkøayCasmaCikmYyrUb ksikrmñak;²RtUvRBmeRBogCamYyRkumh‘unGgárGgÁrfa nwgeFIVtamBiFIsarénkarbgábegáInplya:gx¢ab;x¢Ün. enAeBlcab;epþImrdUvdaMduHenAExkkáda Rkumh‘unGgár GgÁrEckBUCRsUvnagmøiHEdlRbkbedayKuNPaBx<s;eTA[ksikrCab;kic©snüa edayminRtUv)anGnuBaØatiþ eGaydaMBUCrbs;xøÜnÉgeLIy. kñúgrdUvbgábegáInpl buKÁlikRkumh‘unGgárGgÁrcuHmkemIlERs CaRbcaM edIm,Ipþl;nUvkarENnaMbEnßm nigkarKaMRT cMeBaHsmaCik. smaCikRbmUlpl ehIydwkeTAm:asIunkinRsUv EdlenATIenaHRkumRtYtBinitüKuNPaBRKab;RsUv. manEtRsUvEdlbMeBjtamsþg;dax<s; rbs;Rkumh‘un b:ueNÑaHEdlnwgRtUv)anEkécñenAm:asIunRsUv eBalKWmanEt RsUvl¥bMputb:ueNÑaH EdlmanTIpSar.


fñaMCk;xøaMg ³ taMgBIcab;epþImskmµPaBrbs;xøÜnenARbeTskm<úCakñúgqñaM 1996 mk Rkumh‘unfñaMCk; Gg;eKøs- Gaemrik (BAT) )anBRgIkkic©snüadaMfñaMCk;rbs;xøÜnCamYyGñkdaMfñaMCk;RbmaN 800nak; kñúg extþkMBg;cam. ksikr nigRkumh‘un BAT yl;RBmCaÉktþCnfa nwgesIerIBinitükic©snüaeLIgvij Ca erogral;qñaM. Rkumh‘un BAT )anpþl;eday\tKitéfø nUvBUCkUnfñaM nigkar]btßmÖkñúgkardaMeQIsMrab;dut cMhuyfñaMkñúgL erobcMCMnYybec©keTstamry³RKUbgVwkEdle)aHTItaMgkñúgPUmi RBmTaMgpþl;\NTan sMrab; kareFVIvinieyaKksikmµeTotpg. ksikryl;RBmlk;søwkfñaMCk;kñúgbrimaNCak;lak; nigkñúgtMélkMNt;Ca muneTAeGayRkumh‘un ehIymansiT§inwglk;plitplEdlelIsBIkarkMNt;eTA[TIpSar)an. edayTTYl CMnYyBIkarcat;Ecg nigesvarbs;kic©snüaenH ksikrCab;kic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘un BAT )anTTYlpl cMeNjCagBIrdg )ankat;bnßytMélcMNayesÞIrEtBak;kNþal nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkKat;y:ag eRcIn. ksikrTaMgenHmYycMnYnmanlT§PaBTijeKaynþ nigm:asIunbUmTwk.

CamYynwgkarEklMGKuNPaB nigbrimaNrbs;fñaMCk;EdlRtUv)anplitedayksikrCab;kic©snüaCa mYy xøÜnenaH sBVéf¶Rkumh‘un BAT enARbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlRbEhl 3¼4 énesckþIRtUvkarsøwkfñaMCk; sMrab;eragcRkkñúgRbeTs ehIyEfmTaMg)ancab;epþImnaMcUlnUvsøwkfñaMCk;Bak;kNþalEkécñmYycMnYntUc eTA RbeTsRsIlgáa swgðburI nigGURsþalIeTotpg. b:uEnþTIpSar)arIkñúgRsukeBareBjedaytitßiPaB ¬PaBRKb; RKan;ElgRtUvkareTot¦ eTAehIy. Rkumh‘unt¥ÚjEt¥rBITMnak;TMngminesµIPaBcMeBaHKURbECgkñúgRsukTaMg Lay ehIym:üageTot kMeNInénkarnaMecjsøwkfñaMCk;BwgEp¥kelIkarbnþkarEklMGKuNPaB nigtMélGnþr CatiGMeNaypl. ehtuenH eTIbKµankarBRgIkkic©snüabgábegáInplfñaMCk;enaH.

RbPB ³ eKhTMB½rrbs;Rkumh‘unGgÁrksikmµrugerOg www.angkorrice.com Gwug (Ung) luyNa (Luyna) nig suP½kklüanIka Rss; (Sopheakalyanika Sras) –RkumRbwkSaesdækic©CatiCan;x<s; (SNEC) ExkumÖ³qñaM 2005 viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa bTsmÖasn_CamYyRbFanTTYlbnÞúkkargarsarCIvkmµ nigniy½tkmµrbs;Rkumh‘unfñaMCk; Gg;eKøs-Gaemrik (BAT) ExmkraqñaM 2005

edaysarbBaðargVas;rgVal; eyIgminGacepÞógpÞat;eGay)anc,as;las;BIGRtakMeNInén]sSahkmµ

C½rekAs‘U )aneLIy6. RbeTskm<úCa mancMkarekAs‘UTMhMRbmaNBI 65>000hictaeTA 70>000hicta EdlsßitenACitRBMEdn evotNam nigplitC½rekAs‘U)anBI 42>000etan eTA 45>000etankñúgmYyqñaM eday)ancUlrYmviPaKTan BI13landuløaGaemrik eTA 17landuløa Gaemrikdl;plitpl kñúgRsuksrub (GDP)kñúgqñaM nImYy² rvagqñaM1998 nigqñaM2003 edayesÞIrEtTaMgGs;kñúgRbePTCakarnaMecj.

6 enAqñaM1998 RbPBsMrab;karvas;tMélbEnßmelI C½rekAs‘U)anbþÚrBIFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa (NBC) TIcat;karKy eTAnaykdæancMkar ekAs‘U RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT (MAFF)vij eday)an begáInbrimaNC½rekAs‘Uy:agx<s;. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaH enATI pSarBiPBelak tMélekAs‘U)anFøak;cuH edaybnßytMélkñúgmYyetan. karenHeFVI[tYelxmun nigeRkayqñaM 1998 minGaceRbob eFob)an.


bnÞab;BIqñaM 2001 plitpleragcRkfñaMCk;enAnwg Qb;eLIgcuH bnÞab;BImankMeNIn 15°kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgqñaM dMbUg²mk7. enAqñaM 2004 plitplkMeNInenHminesµIKñaeT mankarFøak;cuHcMnYnBIrqñaM eragcRk fñaMCk;mankMrit9°énksi-GaCIvkmµ nig0/3°énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) kñúgqñaM2004. erag cRkplitpleQWk¾)anbgðajBIkarFøak;cuH y:agc,as;BIqñaM1993 dl; qñaM2004 EdlqøúHbBa©aMgkñúgqñaM knøgeTAfµI²enH BIkarfycuHénplitpleQIGar EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarxitxMrkSaéRBeQWenARbeTs km<úCa. b:uEnþ mankarmnÞilsgS½yfa etIkarfycuHenHCakarBit b¤k¾qøúHbBa©aMgBIkarminraykarN_BIGaCIv kmµeQWxusc,ab;? eragcRkePsC¢³ KICaGnuvis½ytUcCageKbg¥s;énGnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµ. cMENkén eragcRkePsC¢³)anFøak;cuH BI15°énGnuvis½y ksi-GaCIvkmµ nig24°énkarEkécñes,ógGahar enAqñaM1993 mkenARtwmEt6°énGnuvis½y ksi-GaCIvkmµ nig9°énkarEkécñes,ógGahar edaysar kareLIgéføénTinñpl cUlsMrab;plitkmµ sMBaténkarkMnt;tMél nigkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;karnaMcUl. karEkéqñénpldMNaM ksikmµenAEtmankMrittUc nigTn;exSay. CaBiessbrimaN plitpleBatman kMeNIny:agxøaMg edIm,IbMerITIpSar cMNIstVrbs;RbeTséf b:uEnþmYyPaKtUcbMput RtUv)anEkécñsMrab;kar naMecj. BI 10>000etan eTA 15>000 etanénRKab;sVaycnÞI )anhUreRkApøÚvkareTAcUl eragcRkEkécñ cMnYn 80 kñúgRbeTsevotNam EdlCaRbeTsnaMecjdwkmuxeKeTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelak kñúgbrimaN 160>00 etan kñúg1qñaM. eRbgFBaØCatisMrab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsukesÞIrEtTaMgGs;RtUv)annaMcUl eTaHbI mankardaMsENþkesog nigl¶enAkñúgRsukk¾eday. plitplTaMgenHRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAevotNam edIm,IEk écñ ehIynaMcUlplitplEkécñrYcenaHmkvij. TIbMputmanesckþIraykarN_fa extþkMBt)an plitpl eRmcsirIragÁRbkbedayKuNPaBx<s; EdlGñkCMnajxagmðÚbGaharCnCati)araMg )ankMNt;fal¥bMputkñúg tMbn;enH. b:uEnþCamYy nwgpldMNaMkñúgtMélEt 2 lan 2 EsnduløaGaemrik plitkmµenH k¾enAEtCa skmµPaBksi-GaCIvkmµGn;fydEdl.

eragcRkkat;edr

karGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúgplitkmµkat;edrkñúgTsvtScugeRkayknøgeTAenHman lkçN³minGac)a:n;sµanTukmun nigKYreGaykt;sMKal;. kñúgtMélefr plitplkat;edrTaMgGs;)anekIt CamFüm 56° kñúgmYyqñaM enAcenøaHqñaM 1994 nigqñaM20048. plitplkat;edresÞIr EtTaMgGs;RtUv)an naMecjeTATIpSarGnueRKaHshrdæGaemrik nigshB½n§GWr:ub (EU). RbCaCn cMnYn25mWunnak;)aneFVIkar edaypÞal;kñúgvis½yenH. PaKeRcInénkmµkrkat;edr ¬85°¦CanarImkBICnbT. kmµkresÞIrEtTaMgGs;enH )anepJIR)ak;ebovtSmYyPaKFMeTA[RKYsarrbs;xøÜn ¬GtßbTkñúgRbGb; 4>3 ¦. 7 kMeNInenHminesµIKñaeT mankarFøak;cuHcMnYnBIr qñaM . 8 RtUv)ankMNt;CaRbePT{sMelokbMBak;}kñúgKNenyüCati


tamkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enARbeTskm<úCaqñaM 2004 (2004 CSES) RbEhl13° énRKYsarCnbT)anTTYlR)ak;beBaØIBIsmaCikRKYsarEdleFVIkarenATIRkug ehIyTwkR)ak;epJI RbcaMqñaMCa mFüm ¬327>000erol¦ manbrimaNticCag 10° énkareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;rbs;RKYsarenACnbT. TMhMR)ak;beBaØIrbs;CnRkIRk nigCnRkIRkxøaMg KWdUcKñaEmnETnsMrab;RKYsarCnbTCamFüm.

GtßbTRbGb; 4>3 ³kargarenAeragcRkkat;edr nigR)ak;beBaØI ³ TsSn³dkRsg;)anmkBIeragcRk nigPUminana kMeNIny:agxøaMgdUcRKab;pÞúHén]sSahkmµkat;edr )annaMeGaymankarrIksuHsayénplitkmµeragcRkEdl

tMrg;TiseTArkkarnaMecjenARbeTskm<úCa. enAeBlplb:HBal;énkMeNInenHeTAelIplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) mankMritKYreGaycab;GarmµN_GVIEdlminsUvc,as;las;KWfa etIkMeNInEdlEp¥kelImUldæand¾tUcceg¥ót enH )anCH\T§iBleTAelICnRkIRky:agdUcemþc?. karGegát)anbBa¢ak;fa nieyaCikkñúgeragcRkkat;edrTaMgenH PaKeRcInCanarIekµg-GacCaGñkRkIRk b:uEnþminEmnRkIRkxøaMgenaHeT. karenHqøúHbBa©aMgmYyEpñkedaytMél cMNayd¾eRcInsMebIm ¬CatMéleFVIdMeNIr nigR)ak;cMNayBI 200>000erol eTA 300>000erol - b¤BI 50duløaGaemrikeTA 70 duløaGaemrik - EdlRtUvbg;eTAeGayemkar¦ EdlCajwkjyRtUv)anTamTaredIm,I Fanafa nwg)ankargareFVI. ktþaEdlhak;dUcCasMrab;EbgEckPaBxusKñarvagRKYsareTsnþrRbevsk³ nig RKYsar epSgeTotKWlT§PaBkñúgkarman\NTan edIm,Ibg;éføsMrab;cUleFVIkar. ¬bNþajsgÁmkic©TaMgLay k¾mansar³sMxan;Edr. RKYsarEdlmanTMnak;TMngsÁal;Kña hak;dUcCaminRtUvbg;R)ak;eCIgsar edIm,IFana[ )ankareFVIeLIy¦. karviPaCn_plcMeNjsMxan;²sMrab;CnRkIRk b¤RkumEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFümCaCag sMrab;CnRkIRkbMputenaH k¾qøúHbBa©aMgBIGMNacrbs;nieyaCkTaMgLay enAcMeBaHmuxkarpÁt;pÁg;Blkmµd¾eRcIn elIslub kñúgkarsMraMg nigeRCIserIsykEtGñkEdlmankarGb;rMkMritelImFümb:ueNÑaH. ktþaTaMg BIrenHraraMg narIEdlCasmaCikRKYsarRkIRkbMput. ehtuenH CakarmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarkt;sMKal;fa kñúgshKmn_Edl CakrNIsikSarbs; {karsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecjBI PaBRkIRk} (MOPS) nigviTüsßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) karmankUnRsImñak;eFVIkarkñúgeragcRkkat;edrRtUv)ansnµt;fa CaktþasMxan;mYy kñúgcMeNamktþasMxan;²TaMg Lay kñúgkarGnuBaØatþ[RKYsarrYcecjBIPaBRkIRk CagkargarsMNg; b¤kargarbgábegáInpleTsnþrRbevsn_ eTAeTot. GñkeqøIyeTARkumkargarrbs;karsikSa RsavRCavsþIBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS) kt;sMKal;fa³ RKYsarEdlmankUnRsICaRKYsarmansMNag BIeRBaHBYkKat;GacrkR)ak;)anmYycMnYnBIBlkmµrbs;kUnBYkKat; EdleFVIkarkñúg vis½ykat;edr. RbmaNBI70°eTA80°ényuvnarIEdlmanGayuBI 16qñaMdl;eRcInCag 20qñaM )aneTARkugPñMeBj b¤tMbn;TIRkugepSgeTotedIm,IeFVIkarCakmµkarInIeragcRkkat;edr b¤CaGñkbMerItampÞH. BYkeKGacsMralGMErkmYycMnYnrbs;RKYsarBYkeK BIeRBaHmü:ag «BukmþayBYkeKQb;RBYy)armÖBIcMNaymk elIBYkeK nigmü:ageTot «BukmþayBYkeKGacTTYl R)ak;beBaØIBIBYkeK.

sMrab;kmµkresÞIrEtTaMgGs; tMélcMNaykñúgkarTTYl)ankargarRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CakareFVIvinieyaKd¾sMxan; mYy BIeRBaH bnÞab;mk BYkKat;GacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anrvagBI 30 duløaGaemrikeTA 80 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx EdlBYkKat;GacsnSMR)ak;mYycMnYn ehIyepJI 30 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyExCamFümeTARKYsarenApÞH. eday BicarNafa mankmµkreragcRkkat;edr RbEhl 230>000nak; RtUvCa 2lan5Esn RKYsar kñúgRbeTs


km<úCaTaMgmUlenaH ]sSahkmµkat;edrmanskþanuBledIm,I elIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUlrhUtdl; 9° énRKYsar TaMgGs;. sMnYrKnøwHKWfa etIR)ak;beBaØIenHRtUvRKYsarenACnbTykeTAeRbI y:agdUcemþc? ¬etIR)ak;beBaØI nwgpÁt;pÁg;kareRbIR)as;CanirnþrPaBEmnb¤eT? b¤GacRtUv)anvinieyaKelIRTBüFnsMrab;plitkmµ Emnb¤eT? ¦ nig etIR)ak;beBaØIenHmannirnþrPaBb¤eT? b¤manry³eBlyUrb:uNÑa?. karsikSaRsavRCavxus²Kña)anQandl; esckþIsniñdæanxusKñaEtbnþic edaypþl;CaKMnitfa kareRbI nigplb:HBal;énR)ak;beBaØIGacxusKñay:ageRcIneTA tamRKYsar nigTIkEnøg. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn ¬CaTUeTAkñúgtMbn;EdlRkIRktictYcrYceTAehIy¦ RKYsarTaMgenH )aneRbIR)ak;beBaØITaMgenH edIm,I CYsCulpÞH CIkGNþÚg eFVIvinieyaKelITinñplcUlsMrab;plitkmµ b¤karciBa©wm stVBahn³ Tij m:UtU nigTUrTsSn_ RBmTaMgbBa¢ÚnkUnekµg² eTAsalaeron. ¬karsikSaRsavRCavmYy)anrk eXIjfa TwkR)ak;mYycMnYnFMénR)ak;beBaØITaMgGs;RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CYlBlkmµ EdlbBa¢ak;y:agehacNas; BI\T§iBlEdlCMrujesdækic©rbs;PUmiEdr¦. pÞúyeTAvij kñúgtMbn;RkIRkepSgeTot CaBiesstMbn;valrabTis GeKñy_ EdlTTYlrgedaysareRKaHFmµCati R)ak;TaMgenaHsMrab;RKan;EtCYyRKYsar[edaHT½lsMrab;kar eRbIR)as;kMritTabCabnÞan;Etb:ueNÑaH edayGnuBaØatþ[RKYsarEdlrgeRKaHedaysarTwkCMnn; nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üt )anTijGgár nigmðÚbepSgeTot edaHRsaykarcMNayelIsuxPaB eFVIvinieyaKelIkarcab;epþImbgábegáInpl RsUveLIgvij nigsgbMNul.

k¾mansMnYrEdrfa etInieyaCikpÞal;)anTTYlplcMeNjb¤eT?. manPsþútagmYycMnYnbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKRtUv TTYlrgsMBateGaysnSMR)ak; ehIyepJIeTApÞH edayTukR)ak;mYyPaKtUcénR)ak;ebovtSsMrab;karrs;enArbs; BYkeK. eTaHbItamkaryl;eXIjrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCafa CaR)ak;ebovtSenHl¥RbesIrk¾eday k¾kmµkrCaeRcIn rs;kñúgkMritRKan;Etrs;b:ueNÑaH CamYynwgplvi)ak sMrab;suxPaB nigsuxmalPaBrbs;BYkeK. sMxan;Cag enHeTAeTot sßanPaBsgÁmrbs;BYkmansPaBminc,as;las;eT. karsikSaRsavRCavBIkmµviFIskmµPaB Ca GaTiPaBrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu (ADB PPA) )anrkeXIjfa Cajwkjy bursenACnbT)anbBa¢ak; BIeKalbMNgmincg;erobkarCamYynarIEdl)anmkeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrenAPñMeBjeLIy edayEp¥kelI karsgS½yCaTUeTA BI sIlFm’rbs;GñkEdl)anmkrs;enATIRkugkñúgry³eBlyUr ¬viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa CDRI qñaM2006 xagmux¦

RbPB ³ viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) qñaM2006 ¬qñaMxagmux ¦ viTüasßan esdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) qñaM2005 FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu (ADB) qñaM2004 Dahlberg 2006 karviPaKbBaaðGPivDÆn_ sIusIusIu 2005 kMeNInCaGBÖÚtehtuénvis½ykat;edrenAkm<úCa ekIteLIgedaysMNagCYnKña. Cag30qñaMmun eRkam

kic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐ½ (MFA) karkMNt;brimaN ¬kUta¦ RtUv)andak;kMhitedayrdæaPi)alénRbeTs GPivDÆn_elIkarnaMcUl plitplvayP½NÐ nigkat;edrBIRkumh‘unkat;edrRbkbedaykarRbkYtRbECg


EdlsßitenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_9. edaysar\T§iBlrbs;kic©RBmeRBogenH Rkumh‘unkat;edrrwgmaM CaeRcInkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ CaBiessCakmµsiT§irbs;CnCaticinrYm)ancab;epþImbþÚrGaCIvkmµrbs;xøÜn mYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_epSgeTot EdlsMbUreTA edayBlkmµEdlrYmmanRbeTskm<úCa pg EdrenABak;kNþalTsvtSqñaM9010.

enAeBl]sSahkmµkat;edr)anlUtlas;KYreGaykt;sMKal;kñúgTsvtScugeRkay nigy:agehac Nas;k¾sMrab;eBlsBVéf¶enH ehIy)anéllkcat;EcgedIm,IFanaeGayxøÜnÉgTTYl)annUv {tYnaTIsm Rsb} sMrab;karTTYlxusRtUvsgÁmkic©rYmKña (CSR) ]sSahkmµenHGackøayCaclkrénkMeNInRbkb edayskþanuBlnaeBlGnaKt EtedaysarsßanPaB {Rcklk;ecjRbkb edayGMeNaypl{ énRbtibtþi karGaCIvkmµb:ueNÑaH. RbtibtþikarEbbenH EdlRtUv)ankMNt;lkçN³edaytMélcMNayénkarcab;epþIm Tab RtUvmanGRtacUl nigecjx<s; BIeRBaHplitkrEtgEtEsVgrkRcklk;ecjEdlefak nigGac plity:agelOn RBmTaMgy:agmanRbsiT§iPaBnUvplitplkat;edr RbkbedayKuNPaB. enAcugqñaM 2004 Cit 3¼4 énm©as;eragcRkenARbeTskm<úCamkBItMbn;RbeTscinrYmKña kUerxagt,Úg m:aeLsIu nigswgðburI ehIym©as;eragcRkTaMgenH )annaMykmkCamYyxøÜnnUvmUlFn muxCMnaj nigbTBiesaFn_ y:ageRcIn. m©as;eragcRk Et17°b:ueNÑaHCaCnCatiExµrehIyEdlPaK eRcInCaédKUCamYyCnCaticinTaMgmUl11. m©as;eragcRkbreTsbc©úb,nñesÞIrEtTaMgGs; manTItaMgenAeRkARbeTskm<úCa ehIyBRgIkskmµPaBGaCIv-kmµeragcRkdUcKñaenAtamRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. karsMerccitþ faetIeragcRkmYyNaRtUveRbI edIm,IGnuvtþ karbBa¢aTij RtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamktþamYycMnYn EdlrYmmankarTTYl)ankUta KuNPaB cg;)antMél cMNaysMrab;RbtibtþikareragcRk nigeBlevlaRbKl;TMnij. ehtuenH Rkumh‘unkat;edresÞIr EtTaMgGs; enARbeTskm<úCa KµantYnaTIkñúgkarsMercBIkMritplitpl b¤ yuT§saRsþTIpSareT. elIsBIenH plitkmµ kñúgRbeTskm<úCa BwgEp¥kelIvaynþPNÐ nigvtßúFatuedImEdlRtUvnaMecj edaymankic©shkarEdlman kMritBIGñkem:Akarbnþ eRkApøÚvkar nigxñattUcmYycMnYntUc.

enAeBlEdlkic©RBmeRBogkñúgeBlfµI²enH rvagshB½n§GWr:ub nigRbeTscinRBmTaMg rvagshrdæ Gaemrik nigRbeTscin edIm,IrkSaTukRbB½n§kUtarhUtdl;qñaM2008 nwgpþl;viFankarkarBarmYycMnYnsMrab; karnaMecjplitplkat;edrrbs;RbeTskm<úCa sMrab;ry³eBlmFümenaH KWminEmnCakarKµanehtupl kñúgkar)a:n;sµanTukmunfa evorElgEtRbeTskm<úCa EklMGPaBRbkYtRbECg CaBiessCamYyRbeTscin EdlmankardwkCBa¢Ún nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ zamBl RbesIrCagq¶ayRBmTaMgGacplitTinñpl cUlsMrab;

9 EdlrYmmanRbeTscin eGhSúIb hugkug \NÐa kUer:xagt,Úg )a:KIsßan étv:an; éfLg; nig TYrKI . 10 EdlmancindIeKak hugkug m:akkav nig étv:an;. 11 karvas;PaBRbkYtRbECg nigplitPaBBlkmµ én]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;RbeTskm<úCa tarag 3>6.


plitkmµedayxøÜnÉgeTot EdlGnuBaØatþ[RbeTscinGacsMerc)any:agrh½stamkalkMNt;rbs;ePJóv enaH eTIb]sSahkmµkat;edr minkøayCaclkrkMeNInd¾Tn;exSayEmnETn sMrab;RbeTskm<úCaenaH12. TIbMput tameBlevla plRbeyaCn_énkarQanmuxeKrbs;RbeTskm<úCakñúg {tYnaTIsmRsb} sMrab;kar TTYlxusRtUvsgÁmkic©rYmKña (CSR) nwgrlaysabsUnübnþicmþg² enAeBlEdlRbeTsepSgeTotRbkan; ykkarGnuvtþn_dUcKña.

Gnuvis½ysMNg;

sMNg; KWCaGnuvis½y]sSahkmµsMxan;TI2 ¬bnÞab;BIplitkmµrbs;eragcRk¦. enAqñaM 2004 skmµPaBsMNg;tMNageGay 6>4° énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) nwgpþl;kargardl;mnusScMnYn 2/4° énRbCaCneFVIkargarTaMgGs; ¬CaPaKryénkMlaMgBlkmµ¦. kñúgTsvtScugeRkay skmµPaB sMNg;)anBRgIkCamFüm 11/9° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIycUlrYmviPaKTanCamFümkñúgkMritBinÞú 6/4° kñúgmYy qñaMdl;kMeNInesdækic©rYm ¬kñúgcMeNam100¦. kMeNInénGnuvis½y )anTTYlplcMeNjBIkarrIkduHdalén skmµPaBkat;edr nigeTscrN_ k¾dUcCaBIKMeragehdæarcnasm<½n§rbs;rdæaPi)al. cMENkénsMNg;TaMgGs; EdlecjBI]sSahkmµeTscrN_)anfycuHkñúgqñaMfµI² knøgeTAenHEdlCasBaØabBa¢ak;BIlT§PaB éntitßiPaB rbs;TIpSareTscrN_ CuMvijR)asaTGgÁr. skmµPaBsMNg;sBVéf¶RtUv)anRbmUlpþúM CaBiessenAPñMeBj.

vis½yesvakmµ cMENkénesvakmµkñúgesdækic©enAEtmansPaBefrkñúgry³eBl10qñaMkñúgkMritBI 34° eTA38° ehIy bc©úb,nñpþl;kar gardl;RbmaN 22° énkMlaMgBlkmµ13. kñúgvis½yesvakmµ kareFVIviPaKTanRbcaMqñaMCamFüm x<s;CageKbMput dl;kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) CarYm)anmkBI sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan ¬BinÞú 6/6°¦ kardwkCBa¢Ún nigKmnaKmn_ ¬BinÞú 6/5°¦ BaNiC¢kmµ ¬BinÞú 4/9°¦ nigesvakmµd¾éTepSgeTot EdlrYmmansuxaPi)al nigkarGb;rM ¬BinÞú7/6°¦. CarYmvis½yesvakmµ)anrIkduHdalkñúg 9/2°enA qñaM2004 EdlCatYelxx<s; sMebImCagtYelxBIrqñaMmun² EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIkMeNIn d¾rwgmaMénvis½yeTscrN_edaysarkarekIneLIgvij x<s;énkarmkdl;rbs;eTscrGnþrCati bnÞab;BIkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgkñúgtMbn; enAqñaM 2003 RBmTaMgkar ekIneLIgx<s;énbrimaN eTscrkñúgRsuk ¬Ga)asIu Abassi -qñaM 2005 ¦14. 12 ÉksarGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) kñúgeBlfµI²enH ¬Ndas -Nordas- qñaM 2004¦EdlCMruj \T§iBlénkarbBa©b; kUta nig karERbRbYltMélmin dac;xat)anrkeXIjfaRbeTscin nwgkøayCaGñkTTYlplcMenjd¾FM ehIyfa RbeTstUc²CaeRcInEdl plit sMelokbMBak;nwgkøayCaGñkxatbg;y:agsMebIm. kar naMcUleRKOgcRk vaynPNÐ nig sMelokbMBak; (TCM) rbs;RbeTscin )anBRgIky:agxøaMgkñúgry³eBl 2-3 qñaMcugeRkay ehIy\LÚvman RbmaN 1¼4 énkarnaMcUl sMelokbMBak; (TCM) BiPBelak. 13 karGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic©enAkm<úCaqñaM 2004 (CSES 2004) 14 eTscrExµr KWCaGñkEdl )aneFVIdMeNIr Cag 16K>m ¬10m:ay ¦ edIm,IkarkMsanþ nig)an cayR)ak; kñúgeBleFVIdMeNIr. b:uEnþCakarlM)ak kñúgkarepÞógpÞat; Tinñn½yR)akd ehIyRtUvEtbk RsayedayRbugRby½tñ.


vis½yeTscrN_

karEbgEckRbePT {sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan} kñúgKNenyüCatibBa¢ak;fa skmµPaBTak;Tin nwgeTscrN_)anekIneLIgCamFümcMnYn 14/6°kñúgmYyqñaM nigtMNageGay 4/7°énplitplkñúg Rsuksrub (GDP) kñúgqñaM2004. karcUlrYmviPaKTanrbs;Gnuvis½yenHdl;kMeNInCarYm)anekIneLIg BIBinÞú5/0°eTAdl;12/5° énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP) ¬kñúgcMeNam100¦ cMENkÉcMENkén Gnuvis½yenH kñúgesvakmµTaMgGs;)anekIneLIgBI 6/2°kñúg qñaM 1993 dl;13/7° kñúgry³kalenH.

vis½yeTscrN_ KWCa]sSahkmµEdleTIbnwgegIbeLIgkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EtminEmnCavis½yfµIeT. enAcenøaHTsvtSqñaM50 nigTsvtSqñaM60 eqñrsmuRTEb:kTkSiN KWCakEnøgeTscrN_ sMrab;mYyqñaMeBj b:uEnþ sRgÁamsIuvilkñúgry³eBl30qñaM )anbMpøicbMpøajCabnþbnÞab;nUvehdæarcnasm<½n§esÞIrEtTaMgGs;Edl tP¢ab;kEnøgeTscrN_ RBmTaMglubbM)at;mUlFnsgÁm nigCMnajbdisNæarkic©ecalGs;. CasMNagl¥ sm,tþiuvb,Fm’sMxan;² esÞIrEtTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTsCaR)asaTExµrrab;sib EdlrYmTaMgTIrmNIydæanEt mYyKt;énR)asaTGgÁrvtþ eRkARkugesomrab enAEtKg;vgSdEdl . rUmCamYynwgkarmkdl;énesßrPaB neya)ay kardak;R)asaTGgÁvtþcUlkñúgbBa¢IbetkP½NÐBiPBelakedayGgÁkarGb;rMviTüasaRsþ nigvb,Fm_ rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNESCO) enAExFñÚ qñaM 1992 RtUv)anbEnßmedaykarKaMRThirBaØvtßúGnþrCati nig bec©keTssMrab;sþar nigCuYsCulR)asaTeLIgvij niglMhUrcUlya:gsMebIménvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs (FDI) Tak;TinnwgeTscrN_.

CalT§pl karmkdl;rbs;ePJoveTscrGnþrCati )anekIneT,IgCalMdab;taMgBIqñaM1993 edayman kMeNInRbcaMqñaMCamFümcMnYn 29° kñúgkMT,úgeBlenH elIkElgEtcenøaHBIqñaM 1997 dl;qñaM 2003 eday sarGesßrPaBneya)ay nigkal³eTs³eRkARbeTsminGMeNaypl ¬ tarag 4>5¦. TIRkugesomrab nigPñMeBjenAEtCaTItaMgsñÚl sMxan;TaMgBIrsMrab;eTscr ehIyeqñrsmuRT Eb:kTkSiN ¬RkugRBHsIhnukMBt nig RkugEkb¦ RBmTaMgtMbn;kMsanþ ¬extþrtnKIrI nigmNÐlKIrI¦ kMBugTTYleTscrN_Cati nigGnþrCati kñúgcMnYnEdlecHEtekIneT,Ig . tMbn;\sanþ)anTTYlplcMeNjCaBiessBIkarTak;Taj eTscrFmµCati dUcCaCnCatiPaKtic éRBeQI nigRbB½n§brisßanFmµCati dIesIm cMENkÉtMbn;RBMEdn e)a:yEb:t nig ekaHkug Tak;TajGñkelgEl,gBIRbeTséf .

tarag 4>5 CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA) tamvis½yesdækic©qñaM 2003

CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar ¬duløa ¦ karEbgEckCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar TaMgGs;tamvis½y ¬°¦


karRKb;RKgesdækic© 103,593 18.9

GPivDÆn¾CnbT 55,017 10.1

]sSahkmµ 2,094 0.4

GPivDÆn_mnusS 14,655 2.7

epSgeTot ¬BaNiC¢kmµ dwkCBa¢ÚnKmnaKmn_ 209,506 38.2

RKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray CMnYyse®gÁaH¦ 109,380 20

minraykarN_ 51,597 9.4

srub 545,842 100

RbPB ³ rdæaPi)alkm<úCa

karsikSakñúgeBlknøgeTAfµI²elIénkarrIkduHdalrbs;eTscrN_ CMuvijR)asaTGgÁrkñúgRsukBYkkñúgextþ esomrab)anrkeXIjfa skmµPaBTak;Tin nwgeTscrN_ )ancUlrYmviPaKTanCag1¼4énR)ak;cMNUl enAmUldæan kñúgqñaM 2004 ¬ GtßbTRbGb; 4>4 ¦ b:uEnþ\Ti§BlmUldæanCaGcié®nþy¾ nigeday pÞal; ¬eBalKW \Ti§BlTak;TinnwgkargareRkABIsMNg; dUcCakarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógGaharRss;dl;sNæaKar nigePaCnIydæan¦ BIskmµPaBTUTaMgRbeTsTak;TinnwgeTscrN_ EdlmantMélx<s;Cag nigEdlrYmTaMg\Ti§Blrbs;R)asaT GgÁrvtþelIRsukBYkenaH mankMritTabya:gsMebIm15 .

karsikSaRsavRCavTIBIrrbs; CDRI EdlRKbdNþb;PUmi 8 kñúgXMu 6 énextþesomrab manesckþI sniñdæandUc²Kña. RbCaCnmYycMnYnFMenACnbT CuMvijRkugesomrab)anTTYlplcMeNjBIvis½yeTscrN_ b:uEnþkarEbgEckplcMeNjTaMgenaHminesµIKñaeT. dUckarrMBwgTuk GñkEdlmankarGb;rM¬CaTUeTA minEmnCn RkIRk¦EtgmankargarRbesIr ¬edaymanR)ak;QñÜlx<s; nigkarFanakargar¦. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;

RbGb; 4>4 vis½yeTscrN¾ nigCnRkIRk TidæPaBBi)akyl;mYykñúgcMeNamTidæPaBBi)akyl;TaMgT,ayénTMnak;TMngrvagkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkkñúgRbeTskm<úCakñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH KWBak;B½n§nwgextþesomrab . extþenH)an TTYlR)ak;cMNUlBIeTscr ya:gsMebIm nigCMnYyGPivDÆn¾pøÚvkarkMritx<s; RBmTaMgkarvinieyaKÉkCn ¬kñúgRsuk nigbreTs¦ b:uEnþ enAEtCaextþ RkIRkCageKbMputénRbeTsdEdl . kñúgkarsikSakrNImYyenARsukBYk viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) bgðaj ya:g c,as;BIkarekIneT,IgénR)ak;cMNUl EdlrYmTaMg BIvis½yeTscrN¾enAfñak;Rsuk. enAeBlEdlRbPBR)ak;cMNUl sMxan;enAEtEp¥kelIskmµPaBRbéBNI ¬]TahrN_ karbgábegáInRsUv nigpldMNaMÉeTot karciBa©wmstVBahn³ nigkar

15 enAeBlEdlkarP¢ab;mUldæaneq<aHeTAxageRkay ¬kmµkrsMNg; kmµkrsNæarKar nigkmµkrerobcMes,ógGahar¦ mansar³ sMxan;ya:gc,as;cMeBaHshKmn¾ CMuvijcMNucekþAénvis½yeTscrN¾ EdlrYmmanR)asaT GgÁrvtþenaH KµanhtuplGIVnwgcg;)anBlkmµ EdlRtUv )anpÁt;pÁg;enAmUldæan b¤TinñplcUlsMrab;plitkmµ epSgeTotEdlmanRbPBecjBIEpñkénRbeTsEdlenAq¶ayeT,Iy . GIVEdlsMxan;sMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl KW kMriténplitPaBBlkmµ nigKuNPaBénTinñplcUl sMrab;plitkmµd¾éTeTot .


ensaT¦ cMnYnRKYsareRcIneT,Ig)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUlya:gsMebImBIskmµPaBfµITak;Tin nwgkarrIkcMerInya:gsMebIm énvis½y eTscrN_CitRkugesomrab. kargarfIµesIÞrEtTaMgGs;KWkarsagsg;sNæaKar pÞHsMNak; nig ePaCnIydæan³ kmµkrrab;Ban;nak;RtUv)anRsUbykecjBIRsuknanaCMuvijTIRkug kñúgenaHmanRsuk BYkEdlkargarsagsg;ekIneLIg 7dg ¬BI450 eTAdl; 3>300 ¦ enAcenøaHqñaM 1999 nigqñaM 2005. mRnIþnigRbCaCnmUldæan)a:n;sµanfa man RbCaCnRbmaN 350nak;mkBIRsukBYkkMBugeFIVkarenAkñúgePaCnIydæan edayrkR)ak;)an 40 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEx nigRbCaCncMnYn 450 kMBugeFIVkarkñúgsNæaKar ¬CajwkjyCaGñksMGat¦ edayTTYl)anR)ak;kMér 60 duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyEx. kargarkñúgsNæaKar nig ePaCnIydæanTaMgenHRtUv)ancat; Tukfa mankarFanaCag BIeRBaHCa {kargarR)ak; ebovtSr_ } cMENkÉkargarsagsg;pþl;R)ak;kMérkñúgkMritRbcaMéf¶ cMnYnRbEhl 1>50 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyéf¶ ehIy kargar enHTMngCamankarFanaticCag TaMgsMrab;ry³eBlxøI nigry³eBlEvg³ enAcMNucNamYy karsagsg; sNæaKarnwgfycuH ¬karenHGaccab;epIþmrYceTAehIy ¦.

taMgBIqñaM 1999 RbPBkargarTak;Tinnwg eTscrN_mYyeTot ecjmkBIvtþmanrbs;Rkumh‘un {sib,krGgÁr} Edl eRCIserIs nigbNþúHbNþal sib,krekµg²Epñksil,³ nigsib,kmµ RbéBNI nigsm½yfIµ tMrg;Tiseq<aHeTA CaTIpSar eTscrN_ EdlrkkMér)anx<s;. Rkumh‘unenH)anbegáItkargardl;RbCaCncMnYnCag 720 nak; EdlkñúgenaHman 320 nak;mkBIRsukBYk nigrkR)ak;)an 70 duløakñúgmYyExCamFüm. plcMeNjBIkarrIkcMerIn d¾xøaMgrbs; vis½yeTscrN_ mankMritminesµIKñaeTkñúgRsuk³ edaysarsßanPaBpøÚvGn; »kaskñúgkarTTYl)ankargar b¤kalanuvtþPaBepSg²eTot kñúgTIRkug Føak;cuHya:gelOntamkMritsmmaRtnwgcMgaypøÚv. XMucMnYn 7 kñúgEpñk GaeKñy_énRsukCitRkugesomrab nig pøÚv CatiEdlP¢ab;eTAXMuTaMgenaH nigmanRbmaN 47° énRbCaCnTaMgGs; kñúgRsuk pþl;RbEhl 75° énkmµkr sMNg; 86° énbuKÁlikePaCnIydæan nig 95° énbuKÁliksNæaKar.

karxkxanrbs;ksikrextþesomrabkñúgkarbMeBjesckIþRtUvkarEpñkes,ógGaharrbs;sNæaKar nig ePaCnIydæan ekIteLIgedaysarbBaðaEpñkplitkmµFmµta³ karkan;kab;dItUc nigeRcInEtKµanCICati kgVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§ RKb;RKgTwk nigkarlM)akkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgplitplefakCagEdl RtUv)annaMcUlBIRbeTséf nig evotNam. dUcKñaenHEdr karpÁt;pÁg; swøkmnsMrab;]sSahkmµsURt EdlecHEtekIneLIg ¬Rkumh‘unsib,kr GgÁrnaM cUlCag 90° énsURtrbs;xøÜn¦ KWCaRbPBénR)ak;cMNUlRbkbedayskþanuBlEdl)anmkBIkarbgábegáInpl. eRkABIkardwkCBa¢Ún ]bsKÁsMxan;EdlraraMgRbCaCn kñúgRsukmineGayTTYl)ankargarTak;Tin nwgvis½yeTscrN_ b¤ya:gehacNas; kargarmYykMéreRcInKYrsm CabuKÁliksNæaKar b¤mKÁúeTscrN_ KWkMritkarGb;rMenAkñúgRsukenH. esckIþsniñdæanTajecj BIbTBiesaFn_enH KWfavis½yeTscrN_minnaMmknUvplcMeNj sMxan;²sMrab;CnRkIRkénextþ esomrab edayKµanyuT§saRsþEdlekItecjBIkarBiPakSaya:gRbugRby½tñsMrab;Gnuvtþ nigRkbxNÐkargar sMrab;kic ©shRbtibtiþkarrvagrdæaPi)al GaCJaFrmUldæan m©as;CMnYy nigGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al(NGOS) eLIy. RbPB ³ viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa (EIC) qñaM 2005


viTüasßan CDRI k¾)anrkeXIjBIkarcakecj y:ageRcInBIvis½yksikmµ BIeRBaHRbCaCnEdlenAXMuq¶ay² )aneFVIeTsnþrRbevsn_mkRkugesomrab ehIyGñkEdlrs;enACitTIRkug)anlk;dI edIm,IvinieyaKelI skmµPaBEdlmanTisedAsMrab;bMerIeTscrN_epSgeTot.

mUlFnsgÁmmansar³sMxan;Nas;. bNþajRKYsar nigmitþPkþ×)anCYyeTsnþrRbevsk³ [mankar gareFVI b¤RBmankmµkrsMNg;rbs;Gñkem:Akar EdlsÁal;kMu[pþl;R)ak;QñÜleBjelj enAeBlkargarRtUv )aneFVIrYcral;. Cajwkjy GñkEdlKµankarsÁal;Kña EbbenHRtUvbg;R)ak;[eTAemkar b¤GñkRKb;RKgedIm,I )ankargareFVI.

esckþIsnñidæanrbs;viTüasßanesdækic©énkm<úCa nigviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,I GPivDÆn_km<úCa KWfa tamkarBit CnbTenAextþesomrab)anTTYlplcMeNjmYycMnYn ¬cMeBaHR)ak;QñÜl nigkarpÁt;pÁg;esckþIRtUvkarplitplsib,kmµ páa b¤bEnø¦ BIkMeNInvis½yeTscrN_enARkugesomrab.

b:uEnþ CnminEmnRkIRk)anTTYlplcMeNjBICnRkIRkEfmeTot ehIyplcMeNjcMeBaHCnRkIRkman sPaBmineTogTat;eT BIeRBaHplcMeNjTaMgenaH)anmkCasMxan;BIBlkmµsMNg;sNæaKar nigePaCnIy dæanEdlminGacecHEtbnþekIneLIgKµankMNt;enaHeT. karsikSaRsavRCavTaMgBIrTTYlsÁal;fa mkdl;sBV éf¶enH RbPBRbkbedayskþanuBlFMeFgénplcMeNj)anmkBIeTscrN_cMeBaHCnRkIRkenACnbT KWCa karekIneLIgénesckþIRtUvkarplitplksikmµ - mankMNt; mYyEpñkedaysar]bsKÁEpñkplitkmµ nig mYyEpñkeTotedaysarkarlM)akEpñkkarrkTIpSar EdlCaerOgFmµtasMrab;CnbTenARbeTskm<úCa. Ca mYynwgB½t’manmankMNt;tMélcMNaysMrab;rkTIpSarx<s; nigskþanuBlmankMNt;edIm,IeFVIvinieyaKRbkb edayhaniP½yelITinñplsMrab;plitEdlGacEklMGplitkmµ)anenaH ksikrextþesomrabminTan;TTYl plFMdMuBIeTscrN_eLIy. dUcenATICnbTkEnøgepSgeTotEdr karFanaelIkmµsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi karBRgIkesval¥ nigkarvinieyaKelIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigpøÚvfñl;enACnbTGacKWCapøÚvd¾Evgq¶ay eq<aHeTA kan;karEklMGkareqøIytbeTAnwgsMNUmBrenATIRkug EdlecHEtekIneLIg16 .

]bsKÁcMbgsMrab;kMeNInksikmµ nigksi-GaCIvkmµ

16 tamkarBit karEklMGpøÚvfñl;Cati kñúgqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH minpþl;GMeNaypldl;ksikresomrabeLIy BIeRBaHKWCakargayRsYl nigefakCagmunkñúgkarnaMcUlplitplBIRbeTsevotNam b¤éfLg;d_ - b¤BItMbn;RbkbedayplitPaBx<s;rbs;RbeTskm<úCa dUcCa ekonsVaykñúgextþkNþal b¤cMkarelIkñúgextþkMBg;camCaedIm.


edayBicarNaelITIkEnøg nigrebobEdlkMeNInekIneT,IgTMrgénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLay minEmn\trMBwgTukenaHeT. clkrTaMgBIrénkMeNInkñúgry³kalmun)anepþatelITIRkugCaTUeTA edayman karP¢ab;rvagTIRkug nigCnbTtictYc. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH ksikmµEdlCaCIvPaBsMxan;rbs;CnRkIRk )anTak;TajvinieyaKtictYckñúgmYyry³eBlknøgeTAenH ehIy)anqøgkat;kMeNInyWt cMENkÉkMrit plitPaB enAEtTabxøaMgdEdl.Gnuvis½yksi-GaCIvkmµEdlCakarP¢ab;CaRbéBNIeTAnwgesdækic©Ep¥kelI plitkmµ eragcRk )anxkxankñúgkarBRgIk eTaHbImanplitplksikmµelIsk¾eday.

ehtuenHedayRkeLkemIl eTAmuxbEnßmeTA elIclkrénkMeNInTaMgBIrEdlmanRsab; nigkarrk eXIjclkrfµI²TaMgLayenaH RbeTskm<úCak¾RtUvkarclkrénkMeNInEdl CYyCnRkIRkeRcInCagmun nigepþatelICnbTpgEdredIm,I BenøÓnkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. CMerIsCak;Esþgnana KWskmµPaBTak;Tinnwg ksikmµ. B½t’manEbbvibulkmµsnñidæanfa kMeNInkñúgvis½yksikmµmanplb:HBal;dl;karkat;bnßyPaB RkIRky:agFMeFg ebIeRbobeFobnwgkMeNInvis½y]sSahkmµ b¤visy½esvakmµ. enAqñaM2004 enARbeTs km<úCa Cit 2¼3 énemRKYsarrbs;RKYsarRkIRk )anraykarN_fa karbgábegáInpl KWCamuxrbrsMxan;rbs; BYkKat;edayGñkxøHdaMduHelIdIpÞal;xøÜn ehIyGñkxøHeToteFVIkarenAksidæanGñkd¾éT. CnRkIRkCag 20° BwgEp¥kEtelIpldMNaMb:ueNÑaH sMrab;R)ak;cMNUlCagBak;kNþalrbs;BYkKat;. ehtuenHedaysarsar³ sMxan;rbs;ksikmµ CMhanedIm,IsMrYlPaBRbesIreLIgénplitPaBksikmµ nigkarBRgIkskmµPaB ksi-GaCIvkmµCalkçxNÐcaM)ac; sMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. bnÞab;BIkarBicarNaelIkarvaytMélenH Epñk bnÞab;eTAenH nwgpþl;karviPaKelI]bsKÁcMbgKnøwH rbs;kMeNInksikmµ nigksi-GaCIvkmµedayeRbIrUbmnþ samBaØénRkbxNÐeKalKMnit EdleroberogeLIgkñúgeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH edayhUsEmn (Hausman) r:URDIk (Rodrik) nig EvlsakU (Velsaco) ¬qñaM 2004 ¦17.

KMnitmUldæanEdlKUsbBa¢ak;mUlehtuénkMeNIn tamRkbxNÐeKalKMnitrbs; hUsEmn (Hausman) r:URDIk (Rodrik) nigEvlsakU (Velsaco) ¬qñaM 2004¦ (sresrkat;Ca³ HRV) KWedIm,IviPaK ]bsKÁcMbgKnøwHénkMeNInesdækic© ¬b¤ edayniyay[c,as;las;eTAeTot KW ]bsKÁcMbgKnøwHénvinieyaK

17 karviPaKRKb;fñak; nigl¥itl¥n;BI]bsKÁcMbgén kMeNInEdlrYmmankarkMNt;én]bsKÁ tamvis½y sMxan;² EdlkMBugRtUv)anerobcM sMrab;karbBa©ÚleTA kñúgkarsikSarRsavRCavRKb;RCugeRCaysþIBI {RbPBénkMeNInesdækic©}. enAeBlEdlRkbxNÐeKalKMnit {]bsKÁ cMbg} EdlkMBugRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgKMrUkar GegátenAkñúgRbeTsepSgeTot CaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIsakl,gEdlFnaKaBiPBelak kMBug eFVIeLIgsþIBI{karEsVgrkmUlehtuénkMeNInesdækic© }edayBieRKaHeyabl;CamYybNÐitsPal,Il,ajkñúgEpñkenH KWCa]bkrN_ sMrab;karviPaKbEnßmd¾man RbeyaCn_edIm,IKitBicarNatamry³zananuRkmén]bsKÁkMeNInKnøwH RkbxNÐkargarenH min)anpþl; lT§PaByl;dwgfa etIehtuGVI)anCa]bsKÁxøHmanlkçN³cMbg. CakarBit ]bsKÁhak;dUcCacMbgy:agR)akd eRBaH]bsKÁTaMg enaHmingay nwgRtUv)ansMrYl b¤lubbM)at;eLIy. eTaHy:agNa karkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigkarkMNt; kMritén]bsKÁcMbgKnøwHCa CMh‘ancaM)ac;TImYyy:agehacNas; sMrYl]bsKÁTaMgenaH ebIminGaclubbM)at;eT .


nigshRKin PaBÉkCnkMritx<s; ¦ kñúgn½yCakarsMerccitþedayELktamktþakMNt;énvinieyaKÉkCnTUlM TUlayTaMgBIr R)ak;cMNUlénskmµPaBesdækic© nigtMélcMNaymUlFn ¬rUbPaB4>4¦. R)ak;cMNUl skmµPaBesdækic© KWCabrimaNBak;B½n§nwgR)ak;cMNUlvinieyaKsgÁm ¬eBalKW karvas;brimaNénpl

rUbPaB 4>4³ karBinitürkedImehtuénkMeNIn

RbPB³ Hausman, Rodrik and Velsaco 2004

cMeNj )anmkBIvinieyaKEdlRtUvEbgEck edaysgÁmTaMgmUl¦ niglT§PaBeRbIR)as;CaÉkCnnUvR)ak; cMNUlTaMgenH ¬eBalKW brimaNénplcMeNj)anmkBIvinieyaK EdlGñkpþl;hirBaØb,TaneFVIvinieyaK nigpSghaniP½y)anTTYlmkvij¦. tMélcMNay énmUlFnKWCabrimaNBak;B½n§nwgbriyakashirBaØvtßú GnþrCatinigbriyakashirBaØvtßúCati CalT§pléndMNalkalbnþbnÞab; R)ak;cMNUlsgÁmGacbNþalmk BIPUmisaRsþGn;exSay mUlFnmnusSkMritTab nig¼b¤ ehdæarcnasm<½n§minsmRsb cMENkÉlT§PaB eRbIR)as;R)ak;cMNUlCaÉkCnexSayGac ekIteLIgeday ¬i¦ braC½yrbs;rdæaPi)al dUcCakmµsiT§ikan;kab; Gn;exSay nigGMeBIBukrlYyenAkMritmIRkUesdækic© RBmTaMgGesßrPaBrUbiyvtßúm:aRkUesdækic© RBmTaMg¼b¤


braC½yrbs;TIpSar dUcCa lT§PaBTMnak;TMngeRkAbreTsEpñksMrbsMrYl. sar³sMxan; énkarviPaKKWedIm,I kMNt;fa etI]bsKÁénkMeNInx<s;NamYycMbgCageKkñúgcMeNam ]bsKÁnana kñúgn½yfa ebI]bsKÁTaMg enaHRtUvlubbM)at;ecal b¤sMrYl etIkMeNInnwgekItmanPøambnÞab;mkb¤eT?. KWCakarsMxan;kñúgkareFVIviPaK BI]bsKÁénkMeNIn cMbgenARKb;fñak; BIeRBaH]bsKÁTaMgenHmanlkçN³xus²Kña tamsNæan nigPaBF¶n;F¶r eTAtamskmµPaBesdækic©TaMgGs;.

]bsKÁCacMbgsMxan;énkMeNInksikmµ lT§PaBeRbIR)ak;cMNUlCaÉkCnenAexSay edaysarkarkMNt;kmµ siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiminRtwmRtUv kgVl;BIlT§PaBeRbI

mUlniFiCaÉkCn GacraraMgkareFVIvinieyaK minEmnmkBIvinieyaK minGacTTYlplcMeNjenaHeT b:uEnþ BIeRBaHhaniP½yEdlvinieyaKinminGaceRbIR)ak;cMNUlTaMgenH)anenaH mankMritx<s;Nas;. ]TahrN_ karraraMgKnøwHénlT§PaBeRbIR)ak;cMNUlCaÉkCn rYmmanhaniP½ymIRkUesdækic© Tak;TinnwgkarkMNt;niym n½y nigkic©karBarkmµsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiRBmTaMgkarBRgwgkic©snüaenAmansPaBGn;exSayGPi)al kic©exSay nigpuyRsYy RBmTaMgPaBminc,as;las;BIkarebþCJakñúgkarrkSasþg;daGakb,kiriya GaCIvkmµ.

kmµsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi³ kñúgvis½yksikmµ ]bsKÁcMbgCageKbMputénkMeNIn KWmnÞilsgS½y kñúg karTTYl)ankmµsiT§ikan;kab;dI. ksikrtUctacCaeRcInbgábegáInplelIdIEdlTTYl)antamry³kar KaMRT neya)aycMeBaHembBa¢akarmUldæannana énkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBEdl)ancrcakñúgGMLúgcugTsvtS qñaM9018. kgVHxatkmµsiT§ipøÚvkar nigmnÞilsgS½ykñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§kan;kab;naMeGayksikrmanEt kareFIVEpnkar ksikmµsMrab;ry³eBlxøI nig karecosvageFIVvinieyaKEdlTamTareBlyUredIm,ITTYlpl dUcCakarBRgabdIsMrab;TTYlRbB½n§FarasaRsþ karEklMGdIeGaymanCICati nigplBIcMkaredImeQIhUbEpø . ehtuenH cMNucexSaykñúgRkbxNÐkargar sMrab;karFanaTTYl)ankmµsiT§kan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi )anTb;

18 kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIsMrab;ÉkCn nigRTBüsm,tþirdæ RtUv)anbMpøicbMpøajkñúgrbbExµrRkhm ehIyCMnajkardI ecARkm nigRbFanshKmn_ )ansøab; b¤ePosxøÜn eTAbreTs. sUm,IEtkarTamTardICaRbéBNI k¾RtUv)at;bg; edaysarkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA RbCaCnCa RTg;RTayFMkñúgrbbExµrRkhm nigkñúgry³eBlCMelaH EdlbnþrhUtdl;qñaM 1998. kñúgeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH bnÞab;BIkar EbgEckdMbUg²nUvdIsMrab;lMenAdæan¼nievsn dæan nigdIksikmµdl;RKYsarTaMgGs;enAqñaM 1989 kareFVIviPaCdIrdæ)anqøúHbBa©aMgBI mUlehtuneya)ayCag mUlehtuesdækic© edaydIFM²RtUv)anpþl;eGayGgÁPaB eyaFa edIm,IKaMRTkarrMsaykgT½B nig[shkarI neya)ay nigGaCIvkredIm,IBRgwgGnutþrPaB. plvi)ak énRbvtþisaRsþd¾lM)akenH KWfa RkbxNÐkargarc,ab;sMrab;karkan;kab; RtUv)aneroberogsarCafµIeLIgvij bBa¢I nigbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐTaMgGs;énkmµsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiRtUv)anerobcMdak;Ca RbB½n§sßab½n eT,Igvij ehIyCMenOTukcitþelIynþkarsßab½nyutþiFm’ nigynþkar eRkABIsßab½nyutþiFm’sMrab;karedaHRsayvivaT nigkarBRgIk kic©snüaRtUv)anBRgwgy:agyWt .


bg¥ak;vinieyaKksikmµenARbeTskm<úCa ¬mankarviPaKeRcIneTotkñúg CMBUk5¦. enAeBlEdlkarpþl; kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIÉkCnkñúgtMbn;énkartaMgTIlMenAyUr kMBugdMeNIrkar tamry³nItiviFICaRbB½n§ nigCareb:H re)a:HenaH mankarrMBwgfa karsMercTaMgRsugnUvdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§ TamTarry³eBlya:gtic 10 qñaM sMrab;dIÉkCnRbmaN 5 lanT,Út’enARbeTskm<úCa . elIsBIenH RbmaN1¼3énRKYsarTaMgGs; Edl kMBugeRbIR)as;dIGacKµanlT§PaBTTYl)ankmµsiT§kan;kab; BIeRBaHdIEdlBYkKat;kan;kab;sBVéf¶ tambec©k eTs KWCadIrdæ eTaHbIkñúgkrNIshKmn¾CnCatiedIm BYkKat;mansiT§Rsbc,ab;sMrab;TTYl)ankmµsiT§ikan; kab;tamc,ab;dIFøIqñaM2001 k¾eday .

elIsBIenHeTAeTot plRbeyaCn_GaCIvkmµ esÞIrEtTaMgGs;Edl)anTTYlkic©snüapøÚvkarGPivDÆdI sm,TanksikmµxñatFM ¬CitmYylan hictataMgBIqñaM 1995¦ minGacsMerc vinieyaK BIeRBaHTMhMdIticCag 5 ° éntMbn; kñúgkic©snüakMBugRtUv)anbgábegáInpledayGñkepSg mYyEpñkeTot edaysarmanvivaTelI RBMdIsm,Tarbs;BYkKat; EdlminRtUv)anGegáteGaysmRsb nigkMNt;RBMdI edIm,IFanafa dITaMenaHmin RtYtKñaCamYynwgkartaMgTIlMenAEdlmanRsab; b¤ éRBkarBar b¤ tMbn;karBar ¬FnKarBiPBelak 2004¦.

]bsKÁlMdab;elx2 énkMeNInksikmµ³ R)ak;cMNUlsgÁmTabedaysar ehdæarcnasm<½n§exSay nigsnñiFimUlFnmnusSTab

R)ak;cMNUlsgÁmEdl)anmkBIvinieyaKmankMriTabGacbNþalmkBIkarpÁt;pÁgminsmRsbénktþa plitkmµbMeBjbEnßm dUcCaehdæarcnasm<½n§ mUlFnmnusS b¤ smtßPaBBIkMeNIttamPUmisaRsþexSay .

ehdæarcnasm<½n§ kñúgvis½yksikmµ kgVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§mUldæan nigesvasaFarN³bMeBjbEnßm KWCa]bsKÁlMdab;elx2énkMeNInkñúgn½yfa kMrg]bsKÁEbbenHnwgkøayCacMbg enAeBlEdl]bsKÁ énkarFanaeGay)anTTYlkmµsiT§kan;kab; RtUv)ansMrYlrYcmk . CaBiess ehdæarcnasm<<½n§RbB½n§Fara saRsþxñattUc GPivDÆbegIánPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigPaBERbRbYlénplitkmµ k¾dUcCabB©úaHplitPaB CarYmrbs;skmµPaBEdl)aneFIVEdr . TnÞwmnwgenH lT§PaBTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl; nigkar dwkCBa©úÚnminsmRsb Ca]bsKÁraraMgkarekIneT,IgénplitPaBkarbgábegáInpl BIeRBaHkarenHbegáIntMél cMNayBaNiC¢kmµ bBa©úHtMélplitkmµenAksidæan nigbegáInhaniP½y RBmTaMgkarxatbg;kardwkCBa¢Ún sMrab;pSBVpSayBaNiC¢kmµ énplitpltMélx<s; nigplitplEdlGacxUc)an19.

19 enAeBlEdlplcMeNjénehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTRtUv)anemIleXIjy:agc,as; karviPaKtMélcMNayén ehdæarcnasm<½n§minRtUv )aneFVIeLIgedayhµt;ct;enA eLIyeT edIm,IkMNt;fa etIvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n CaBiessRbB½n§FarasaRsþ KWCaGnusasn_eKal neya)ayd¾RtwmRtUv sMrab;RKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;kñúgRbeTs Emnb¤eT?


mUlFnmnusS³ kMeNInenARKb;vis½yTaMgGs;énesdækic©nwgRtUv)anraraMg edaysniñFimUlFnmnusS mankMritTab ehIy]bsKÁenH hak;dUcCakøayCacMbgCagmun enAeBlEdlkarFanakarTTYl)ankmµsiTi§ kan;kab;dI GPi)alkic© nigesvasaFarN³RKb;RbePT TaMgGs;manPaBRbesIreLIg. ehtuenH R)ak;cMNUl x<s;Edl)anmkBIvinieyaK nig BhukmµénmUldæanplitkmµ k¾nwgTamTarkarEklMGKuNPaBsniñFimUlFn mnusStameBlevlaEdr. ]TahrN_ R)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIkarsikSamankMritx<s; nigecHEtekIneLIgtam eBlevla ¬CMBUk6¦ . plb:HBal; CaviC¢manelIkMeNInénkarerobcMkic©snüa bgábegáInpldUcEdlKUs bBa¢ak;xagelI hak;dUcCapþl;Ca]TahrN_y:agc,as;BIplcMeNjénmUlFnmnusS kñúgvis½yksikmµEdl manPaBRbesIreLIg .

]bsKÁcMbgsMxan;énkMeNInksi-GaCIvkmµ³ GPi)alkic©

karrIkraldalénR)ak;kMéreRkApøÚvkarGacminmankMritCa]bsKÁlMdab;TI1 b¤TI2 kñúgvis½yksikmµ enaHeT b:uEnþCa]bsKÁcMbgsMxan; énkMeNInksi-GaCIvkmµ. Rkumh‘unksi-GaCIvkmµFM²)anrkeXIjfa R)ak;cMNUl BaNiC¢kmµrbs;m©as;eragcRk nigBaNiC¢kr GacKYrCaTITak;TajGarmµN_luHRtaEt ¬i¦ ]bsKÁ eRkABIBaNiC¢kmµRtUv)ankat;bnßy RKb;RKan;lµm nwgb:Hb:UvR)ak;kMéreRkApøÚvkar x<s; ¬ii¦ kic©karBarBIR)ak; kMéreRcInRCul RtUv)anFanaCakarbþÚrnwg{siT§}BiessedIm,IeFIV RbtibtiþkarGaCIvkmµ b¤ ¬iii¦ plitkmµbegáIn ExSsgVak;tMél edIm,IsMralR)ak;kMérnana. b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unksi-GaCIvkmµtUctac PaKeRcInminmanCMerIs EbbenHeT . cMeBaHRkumh‘unksi-GaCIvkmµEdlkMBugeFVIRbtibtiþ karsBVéf¶ PaBminR)akdRbCakMritx<s; nig karTarR)ak;kMéreRscEtcitþ eFVI[Epnkar GaCIvkmµminGacRbRBwtþeTA)an ehIyGaRs½yehtuenH minGac eFVIhirBaØb,Tan [)anR)akd sMrab;karBRgIkskmµPaBeT. vinieyaKsMrab;elIktMekIgplitPaB minRtUv )aneFVIeLIy EdleFVI[GñkEkécñxñattUcenAEttUc ehIyGñkEkécñxñatFMkan;EtmancMnYnticeTA². dUcRtUv )ankt;RtaTukCaÉksary:agRtwmRtUvkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCaveBlfµI² knøgeTAenH karcMNayeRkApøÚvkar sMrab;)anb½NÑGnuBaØatiþeFVIGaCIvkmµ FanakarTTYl)anTIpSarkñúgRsuk karsMrYlBaNiC¢kmµ nig eFVIskmµPaB esdækic©CaTUeTA EtgekIteLIgCajwkjy ¬82°énRkumh‘unEdleqøIykñúgkarGegát¦ nigmanbrimaN ¬5°énéfølk; ¦20. GaRkk;CageKbMputKWfa GñkTarFnlaPTaMgenaH CabuKÁlikdEdlkñúgsßab½nBRgwg c,ab;nKr)al Pñak;garKy niy½tCn.

20

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EdlCaRkumh‘unEkécñRtIsmuTÞmYyd¾FM CageKelIBiPBelak.


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5> begáIncMNUlksikmµ segçb enAeBlEdlkMritCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgTIRkugmankarekIneLIgy:ageRcIn PaBRkIRkenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCaenAtamtMbn;CnbTkMBugecaTCabBaðakan;EtxøaMgeLIg. enAkñúgqñaM 2004 RbCaBlrdæRkIRk TUTaMgRbeTsrs;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTmancMNUl91PaKry. ksikmµenAEtCamuxrbrsMxan;sMrab;RkumRKYsar 72 PaKry k¾b:uEnþrYmcMENkdl;plitplsrubkñúgRsuksrub)anRtwmEt 31PaKryb:ueNÑaH. kMeNInenH mineTogTat;eT nwgkMeNInmanlkçN³GviC¢man nary³eBlb:unµanqñaMkñúgTsvtSr_cugeRkayenH. kgVHxat ehdæarcnasm<½n§ RtYtBinitüTwk ¬karRtYtBinitüTwkCMnn; nigFarasaRsþ¦ bgáeGaymanhaniP½yplitkmµkMrit x<s;sMrab;ksikrtUctac . TinñpldMNaM ¬rYmTaMgsnþisuxes,óg RsUv¦ enAEtmankMritTabCageKbMput enAkñúgtMbn;. RsUvKWCa plitplRKbdNþb;enARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTs .

RbCaBlrdæRkIRkBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIvis½yksikmµ nigFnFanFmµCati. karBwgEp¥kenH kMBugfycuH bnþicmþg² edaysarEtmuxrbreRkABIkareFVIksikmµ nigkargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_ køayCarbrEdlman sar³sMxan;xøaMgeLIg. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vaenAEtmankMritx<s; ehIysMrab;ry³eBlxøIeTAmFümkñúg dMeNIrkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nwgTamTareGaymankarEklMGCasMxan;elIplitPaB niglT§PaB[cMeNj ksikmµCalkçN³RKYsarRBmTaMgRKb;RKgGnþrkalpøas;bþÚreGayeTACaksikmµcMruH edaymanrUbPaBCaplit PaBénGñkkan;kab;tUc² .

eRkABIRsUv cMnYnRkumRKYsarenAtamtMbn;CnbTCamFüm BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelI»kasTTYl)anFnFan rYmkñúg mUldæan ¬EdnensaT éRBeQICaedIm¦ . FnFanTaMgenHKWCaRbPBmYYysMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit nigCaFatucUl sMrab;plitkmµedIm,Ilk;enAkñúgqñaMFmµta ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kan;EteRcIneLIgCabNþajkarBar suvtßiPaB mYyenAkñúgrdUvRbmUlplmin)anl¥rbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk . hak;dUcCa karEklMGCaeRcInEdleKemIl eXIjenAkñúgCIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbTkñúgry³eBl 10qñaMknøgeTA )aneRbIR)as;Gs;FnFanFmµCatiTaMgenH. PsþútagsþIGMBIkarcab;RtIbgðajfa kareFVIGaCIvkmµeRcInhYskMNt;minTan;ekItmanenAeLIyeT eTaHbICaya:g Nak¾eday k¾karRsavRCavtammUldæanénkarsikSaRsavRCavsþIGMBIkarecjBIPaBRkI MOPS nigkar)a:n; RbmaNPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;TenøsabedaymankarcUlrYm PPAs bgðajfa RbCaBlrdæRkIRk BitCaTTYl)an nUv»kasticCagBIGtItkal.


épÞéRBRKbdNþb;enAmankMritx<s; k¾b:uEnþkMBugEtmankarFøak;cuH RBmTaMgcMnYnshKmn_mankarekIneLIgEdl bNþaleGayBYkeKCYbkarlM)akkñúgkarTajykFnFaneQIh‘ub nigGnupléRBeQIepSg²eTot. eday rdæaPi)aldkxøÜnecjRbB½n§sm,Tan mantMrUvkarcaM)ac;bnÞan;mYyedIm,IEsVgrkKMrUd¾l¥mYysMrab;RKb;RKg éRBeQI eGaykan;EtRbkbedaycirPaB nigEdlmanlkçN³KaMRTdl;CnRkIRk .

PaBKµandIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)anekIneLIgy:agelOnenAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH eTaHbICamanRTg; RTaytUck¾eday k¾vaqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjBIPaBepSgKñarvagkMlaMgesdækic© nigRbCasaRsþEdr. plb:H Bal;TaMgenHkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg² bNþalmkBIbBaðaGPi)alkic©Tak;TineTAnwgsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiman lkçN³minc,as;las; EdlnaMeGayenAsl;dITMenr\teRbIkarCaeRcIn ¬EdlmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;karsÞg; emIl b¤KµankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHbBaðaRbQmdl;PaBCam©as;¦ nigPaBsÞak;esÞIrrbs;ksikrtUctackñúgkar vinieyaKelIkarEklMGdIFøI. siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr karvinieyaKelIehdæarcna sm<½n§ ¬FarasaRsþ nigpøÚvfñl;¦ nigkarEklMGFnFanmnusS RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKghaniP½y TaMgGs; enHnwgCYyCMruj kMeNInelIvis½yksikmµ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT.

begIáncMNUlksikmµ 117

Edl)anbgðajrYcehIyenAkñúgCMBUk2 PaBRkIRk enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RtUv)anepþateTAelItMbn; CnbT EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 85PaKry . eTaHbICa PaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT)anfycuH ¬Rtwm 4°¦ cab;taMgBIqñaM1993mkk¾eday k¾tYelxenHenAEt mankMritx<s;enAeLIyKW 39°.

vismPaB)anekIneLIg ¬emKuN Gini Ep¥kelIkareRbIR)as;)an ekIneLIgBI 0>265 dl; 0>333¦ Edl bgðajeGayeXIjfa GtßRbeyaCn_énkMeNInRtUv)anEbgEckminesµIPaBKñakñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarenAtam CnbT. PaBRkIRkenAtamCnbTenAEtmancMnYneRcIn nigmanlkçN³RkIRkxøaMgCagenATIkEnøgdéT. vis½yksikmµ RkumRKYsarCaeRcInenAtamCnbTkñúgRbeTskm<úCa BwgEp¥kelIRbPBcMNUlcMruHsMrab;karrs;enArbs;BYk eK Ep¥kelIlkçN³GakasFatuksikmµmUldæan . karsikSaCaeRcInknøgeTA)an)a:n;sµanskmµPaBmYycMnYn Edl GnuvtþedayRkumRKYsarnanaenACnbTedIm,IGacrkR)ak;cMNUlCasac;R)ak; b¤Carbs;rbrKWkñúgcenøaHBI 3>1 eTA 7>2 ¬sUmGan Helmers et al, 2003¦. RbCaCnrs;enAtamCnbTPaKeRcInenAEtrs;enAtamrebobburaN edaymuxrbrsMxan;KWeFVIERs nigRbmUlFnFanFmµCatiBIkñúgTwk nigéRBeQI ¬sUm emIlrUb 5>1¦. ksikmµ ¬EdlelIkykmkniyay enATIenH rYmmandMNaM nigplitkmµbsustV éRBeQI nigensaT¦ enAEtCamuxrbr sMxan;sMrab;RkumRKYsar 72°énRKYsarTaMgGs; k¾b:uEnþrYmcMENk)anRtwmEt 31°b:ueNÑaHénkMeNInplitpl srubenAkñúgRsuk1. sar³sMxan;énR)ak;cMNUleRkABIksikmµ ¬R)ak;]btßmÖ kargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_ nig kargarpÞal;xøÜneRkABIksikmµ¦ )anekIneLIgbnþicmþg² EdlbegáIt)an nUvR)ak;cMNUld¾eRcIn. rUb 5>1 ³ ksikmµ nig»kasTTYl)anFnFanFmµCati mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk k> sar³sMxan;énksikmµcMeBaHR)ak;cMNUldulrbs; RkumRKYsarfycuHbnþicmþg² CamYynwgRTBüFn

1 p>s>s TaMgGs;sßitenAkñúgqñaM 2004 elIkElgEtmankarbBa¢ak;edayELk .

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100

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x> sMrab;RkumRKYsarEdlmanRTBüFn kargarEdl manR)ak;ebovtSr_ nigkargareRkABIksikmµKWman sar³sMxan;eRcInCag ¬cMNUlTaMgdul Ban;erol qñaM 2004¦ RbPB³ CSES 2004

tarag 5>1 ³ plitkmµ nigkareRbIR)as;mðÚbGaharsMrab;RkumRKYsarenACnbTEbgEcktam quintile

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

mðÚbGaharEdl)anTij erol 3,469 4,947 6,206 8,584 13,753

° 64% 67% 71% 77% 84%

mðÚbGaharEdl)anplitpÞal;xøÜn erol 1,974 2,413 2,588 2,594 2,599

° 36% 33% 29% 23% 16%

kareRbIR)as;mÐÚbGaharsrub¬erol¦ 5,443 7,360 8,795 11,177 16,352

RbPB ³ CSES 2004 . )a:n;KMrUEdl)aneFVIeLIgsMrab;RkumRKYsarrs;enACnbTeRkATIRkugPñMeBj . rYmTaMgRKYsar rs;enACnbTEdlrs;enAPñMeBj lT§plsMrab; quintile eRkameK eFVIeGayKµankarERbRbYleT k¾b:uEnþbegáInPaBBwgEp¥kEpñk TIpSar sMrab;XVinEfl (Quintile) BIrelIeK.

enAkñúgqñaM 2004 RbEhl 30PaKryénR)ak;cMNUlsrubrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkKW)anmkBIkardaMdMNaM 10 PaKry)anmkBIkarciBa©wmstV 25PaKry)an mkBIFnFansm,tþirYm ¬dUcCa ensaT nigéRBeQI¦ nigeRkABIenH)anmkBImuxrbreRkABIksikmµ ¬10°¦ muxrbrEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_ ¬GacCaksikmµksidæan¦

RkCag Rklµm Fmüm RKan;ebI man

2,820 3,482 4,982

8,069

25,395


man ¬20°¦ nigBIRbPBepSg²eTot ¬]TahrN_³ R)ak;]btßmÖ nigkarepÞr¦ . enAeBl EdlmnusSmñak;)anrYc cakputBICIvPaBRkIRkehIyQaneTArkCIvPaBFUrFa enAcugbBa©b;énkarEbgEck karBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmµ ¬dUcCa kardaMdMNaM bsustV nig FnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm¦ mankarfycuHenAeBlEdl kargareRkABIksikmµ nigkargarEdlmanR)ak; ebovtSr_køayCakargarsMxan; . TinñpldMNaMmankMritTabCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn; ehIyRsUvenAEtCarbrRKbdNþb;CageK

plitkmµdMNaMmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa. plitkmµRsUvrdUvvsSa ¬CaBiess kareFVIRsUvEp¥k elITwkePøóg¦ sMrab;EtbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarkñúgRKYsarb:ueNÑaH. kgVHxatdl;karhUbcukeGay)anRKb;RKan;man PaKeRcIncMeBaHRkumRKYsarenACnbT. ksikmµbnÞab;bnSMsMrab;bEnßmdl;karciBa©wmCIvit RKbdNþb;kñúgcMeNam RkumRKYsarEdlRkIRkCageK ¬tarag 5>1¦.

tarag 5>2 ³ plitPaBksikmµsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsdéTeTot qñaM 2003 TinñpldMNaM ¬K>k¼h>t¦

RsUv eBat dMLÚgmI km<úCa 2,150 2,111 6,318

cin 3,849 3,485 16,249

Lav 3.316 2,333 19,762

evotNam 4,634 3,225 14,066

\NÐÚeNsIu 4,538 3,252 14,902

m:aeLsIu 3,178 -- 9,737

éf 2,455 3,913 17,552

RbPB ³ FAO sUcnakrGPivDÆn_BiPBelak

TinñplRsUvkñúgmYyhictamankarekIneLIg2 eday TinñplRsUvrdUvvsSaekIneLIgdl; 14° kñúgry³ 5qñaM cugeRkayenH3. eTaHbICaTinñplenHmankarekIneLIgk¾eday k¾RbeTskm<úCaenAEtmanplitPaBksikmµ

2 Auffret (2003) )aneGaydwgfa Tinñpl)anekIneLIgBI 1/2 etan kñúgmYyhictakñúgqñaM1980 dl; 2/0 etankñúgmYyhicta ¬ekIneLIg eTVdgelIsmunsm½ysRgÁam¦ edaysarEtbec©kviC¢aeCOnelOn Tak; TgeTAnwgkarEklMGepSg² nigFatucUl karEklMG»kasTIpSar nig esrIPavUbnIykmµelIéføksikrpl ¬Nesbitt, 1997¦ .


TabCageKbMputenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTs sßitkñúgtMbn;GasIubUBa’ GasIuGaeKñy_ nigGasIuxagt,Úg¬tarag 5>2¦. tamkareFVIsMPasCamYyRbCaksikr nigm®nþIraCkarnana )anbgðajeGaydwgfa EpñkFarasaRsþenAEtCabBaða RbQmd¾cMbgcMeBaHkarbegáInplitkmµRsUv RBmTaMgdMNaMdéTeTot. bec©kviTüa nigesvapSBVpSaybec©keTs ksikmµGn;fyminTUlMTUlay k¾CakarbraC½ykñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;ksikrEdlCaBiesscMeBaH GñkdaMdMNaMrYmpSMsMrab;lk;ykkMér ¬Kang nig Chan 2003¦. RbB½n§pSBVpSaybec©keTsksikmµsaFarN³ manRBMEdnkMNt; niglMeGogeTArkKaMRTRkumRKYsarEdlminEmn RkIRkenAtamtMbn;EdleKgayeTAdl; ehIy KMeragpSBVpSayksikmµCaeRcInEdlRKbdNþb;)anKaMRTmUlniFiedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al .

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

dIEdl)andaMduHkMBugEtBRgikeLIgyWt²enAtamtMbn;TMnab xusBIenAtMbn;TenøsabEdlmankarBRgIkdIdaM duHya:gxøaMgcUldl;kñúgtMbn;éRB4 kñúgkMritKYeGaykt;sMKal;. tMbn;EdlmankarBRgIképÞdIelOnCageKKWkñúg tMbn;EdlkMBugmanplitkmµRsUvEdlkMBugekItmanenAkñúgextþCaeRcInsßitenAPaKBayBüéntMbn;Tenøsab kñúg extþ)at;dMbg nig bnÞaymanC½y. enAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH k¾manplitkmµeBatd¾eRcInpgEdr edIm,IeqøIytbeTA nwgtMrUvkarTIpSarenAkñúgRbeTséf nigkEnøgepSgeTot .

3 CaBiessedIm,IBnülGMBIbMErbMrYlénGakasFatuRbcaMqñaM eyIgKNna TinñplCamFümsMrab;ry³eBlBIrRKa qñaM 1997¼98 - 1999¼04 -2004¼05 . 4 manr)aykarN_CaeRcInGMBIkareRbIR)as;dI bgðajfa kMBugmankar kab;bMpøajéRBeQI edIm,IykdIeFVIksikmµ . dIEdl)andaMRsUvenAkñúg rdUvvsSa KWCadIGacdaMdMNaMepSgeTot)an enAeBlEdlkarTRnÞandIFøI mankarekIneLIgsMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkar nigKµanFarasaRsþ . enAcenøaHqñaM 2003¼04 nig 2004¼05 dIdaMduH)anekIneLIgRtwm 6PaKry enAtMbn;TMnab nigRtwm 15PaKryenAtMbn;Tenøsab .

tarag 5>3 ³ RsUvmantYnaTIdl;cMNUlksikmµ nigksikdæanRKYsarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa minEmnRkIRk RkIRk km<úCa cMNUl)anBIRsUv¬lanerol¦ 0.84 0.61 0.75

cMNUlksikmµsrub ¬lanerol¦ 1.14 0.73 0.98

cMNUlrbs;RsUvkñúg cMNUlksikmµsrub ¬PaKry¦

73.3

83.5

76.2

cMnYnmFümrbs;dMNaM 1.39 1.25 1.34

cMnYnRKYsar 4300 2582 6882


RsUvenAEtmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHplitkmµdMNaMRKYsar sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigminEmnRkIRk. CamFüm RkumRKYsarCaeRcInenAEtepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CasMxan;elIkarplitRsUv . cMnYndMNaMCamFümEdlRkum RKYsarnana)andaMduHenAelIépÞdIrbs;BYkeKpÞal; b¤dIminEmnkmµsiT§imankarERbRbYlRbEhl1 . RkumRKYsar RkIRkCaeRcInBwgEp¥keTAelIRsUvkñúgry³eBl3RtImaséncMNUlRbcaMqñaM ¬dul¦ rbs;BYkKat; Edl)anBIkar eFVIksikmµ . dUecñH karbegáInRbePTdMNaMenAmancMnYntictYcNas;enAtamCnbTkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬tarag 5>3¦. sUm,IEtenAfñak;extþ elIkElgenAkñúgextþkMBg;cam ¬nigPñMeBj¦ manr)aykarN_fa cMNUl)anmk BIdMNaMRsUvmancMnYnbIPaKbYn b¤eRcInCagcMNUlksikmµsrubenAkñúgextþCaeRcIn ¬tarag 5>4¦.

manskþanuBleRcInsMrab;begáInplitkmµdMNaMeRkABIRsUvenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaysarEtmanépÞdIEdl manCICatiCaeRcIn nigmankarkab;qáaéRBnaeBlfµI². skþanuBlenHkMBugRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;rYcehIyenAtam tMbn;CaeRcInkñúgRbeTs. karsikSaepSg²)ancg¥úlbgðajfa sENþkesog eBat dMLÚgmI sENþk)ay sVaycnÞI nigekAs‘U manskáanuBlsMrab;BRgIky:ageRcIn k¾b:uEnþskþanuBlenHBwgEp¥kelIkarEklMGEfmeTotelI rUbvnþvis½yksikmµ nigEpñksßab½n ¬Fna KarBiPBelak 2004¦.

mUldæanFnFanFmµCatimansar³sMxan;CaRbPBén karrs;enA bNþajkarBarsuvtßiPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖ sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk

RbeTskm<úCaTTYlplRbeyaCn_BITayC¢TanFnFanFmµCatid¾Biess. épÞdIesÞIrBIrPaKbIRKbdNþb;eTA edayéRBeQI. ensaTTwksabrbs;RbeTskm<úCa sßitkñúgcMNat;fñak;elx 4 KitCaetanenAelIBiPBelak. GRtaPaBRkIRkenAEtmankMritx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenHEdlmanFnFanéRBeQIeRcInbMput nigCa kEnøgEdlmankareFVIGaCIvkmµeRcInhYsehtu .

CaTUeTARbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigTurKÁtCn CaBiessBiwgEp¥ky:ag xøaMgelIFnFanensaT nigéRBeQICaRbPB

cMNUlmYyy:agsMxan; CabNþajkarBarsuvtßiPaBRbQmeTAnwgplb:HBal;GviC¢man nigCaRbPBGaharUbtßmÖ d¾sMxan;mYy. tamkarviPaKEp¥k elI CSES 2004 )anbgðajfa 39°énRkumRKYsarRkIRkCaeRcInBwgEp¥k EteTAelIFnFanensaT nigéRBeQIb:ueNÑaHEdlmancMnYneRcInCagmYyPaKbYnéncMNUlsrubrbs;BYkeK nig 16°énTurKÁtCn TaMgenH BwgEp¥kelIcMNUl)anmkBIkarensaT nigéRBeQIEdlmancMnYneRcInCagBak; kNþaléncMNUlsrubrbs;BYkeK.


tarag 5>4 ³ RsUvenAEtnaMmuxeKelIplitkmµdMNaM enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa extþ b¤kMrgextþ cMNUlrbs;RsUvkñúgcMNUl

ksikmµsrub¬PaKry¦ taEkv 96.5

éRBEvg 94.5

kMBg;s<W 94

bnÞaymanC½y 83.8

kMBt 83.7

tMbn;TMnabepSgeTot¼tMbn;PñM 83.7

kMBg;qñaM ¼ eBaFisat; 81.1

)at;dMbg 79.7

sVayerog 79.4

kMBg;FM 77

esomrab 72.4

tMbn;eFñrsmuRT 71.9

kNþal 63.2

PñMeBj 51.9

kMBg;cam 45.5

km<úCa 76.2

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

vis½yensaT

RbCaCnCagBIrlannak;TTYl)ankargarBIEpñkensaT nigkargarTak;TgKñaCaeRcIneTot ¬RkumcMruHRtYt BinitükarensaTqñaM2001¦ . ehIyEpñkenHKWCaRbPB cMNUld¾sMxan;sMrab;RkumRKYsarRbEhl 45 PaKry EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgextþEdlsßitenAtammat;Tenø ¬de Lopez 2002¦. RsUv nigRtIKWCaplitplsMxan;rbs; RbCaCnkm<úCa tamBit 80° énRbUetGiunEdlmankñúgsac;stVBahn³ )anmkBIFnFanva:rI ¬FnFanEdlman edImkMeNItkñúgTwk¦ ¬de Hortle et al 2004¦. eRkABIenH ensaTGacpþl;nUvRbB½n§karBarsuvtßiPaBmYy Ca BiesssMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk enAeBlEdlmanplb:HTgÁicxøaMg. dUecñH ensaTmansar³sMxan;eRcIny:agenA kñúgRbeTskm<úCa dUcCa Tak;TgeTAnwgRbPBcMNUl GaharUbtßmÖ snþisuxes,óg nigviFIRKb;RKgTb;Tl;eTAnwg haniP½ynana.


karsikSananaknøgeTA)anbgðajeGaydwgfa ensaTenAkm<úCa nigRbCaCnEdlBwgEp¥kelIensaTkMBugEt RbQmeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrnUvbrisßanCMuvijxøÜnrbs;BYkeK . Tak;TineTAnwgsnñiFiFnFan mankarRBYy)armÖCa eRcIncMeBaHkareFVIGaCIvkmµeRcInhYsRbmaNelIFnFanRtI nigFnFanva:rIdéTeTot karkab;bMpøajéRBeQI nig karsagsg;TMnb;EdlGacmanplb:HBal;GviC¢mandl;FarasaRsþ nigeGkULÚsIurbs;GagTenøemKgÁeRkam

(Hortle, et al (2004) Sverdrup-Jensen (2002) . Tak;TineTAnwgRbCaCnEdlBwgEp¥kelIensaT manr)ay-karN_CaeRcIn)aneGaydwgfa kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµelIkarensaTEdlFøab; eFVICasmUhPaB ¬]TahrN_ mat;bwg¦ tamry³kardak;lk;CasaFarN³ kMBugEtCH\T§iBlminl¥dl;RbCaCnRkIRk edaysarEtkarkMrit RBMEdn elI»kasrbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl)annUvtMbn;ensaTTaMgenH ¬]TahrN_ ³ de Lopoz (2002) : RkumRtYt BinitüensaTcMruH 2001 nigFnaKarBiPBelak2005¦ .

sßanPaBénRbPBFnFanva:rI

CaTUeTA Kµankarbgðajc,as;las;eTfa FnFanFmµCatikñúgTwk¬FnFanva:rI¦RtUv)aneKeFVIGaCIvkmµeRcInhYs RbmaN Sverdrup-Jensen (2002). ]TahrN_ eyagtamsßitie)aHBumÖpSayedaynaykdæanClplkm<úCa)an eGaydwgfa karcab;RtIkñúgmYyÉkta ¬CPUE¦ KitCaKILÚRkaménRtIcab;)ankñúgmYyTUkkñúgmYyqñaM² mancMnYn efrRbEhl 1847 KILÚRkam ¬naykdæanClpl 2001¦. eTaHbICay:gNak¾eday mankarERbRbYl RbePTBUC CaBiesskarfycuHdl;RbePTRtIsMbUr nigRbePTRtIEdlkekItyIt . )atuPUtenHbgðajfa cMeBaH RbePTCak;lak; nigenAkñúgtMbn;EdlRbePTTaMgenHsßitenA GRtaeFVIGaCIvkmµnaeBlbc©úb,nñGacmankMritx<s; eBk. m:üageTot karcab;RtIBIédTenøsabsMrab;rdUvqñaM2004-05 manbrimaNeRcInbMput enAkñúgmYyTsvtSr_ knøgeTA (Hortle, el at (2005) .

k¾b:uEnþ lT§PaBGñkRkIRkTTYl)anFnFanva:rIkMBugEtRbQmeTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgCaeRcIn . karKMram kMEhgmYykñúgcMeNamkarKMramkMEhgTaMgenH KWkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµelIFnFanEdlFøab;CasmUhPaB. enAkñúgqñaM1987 rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anENnaMnUvRbB½n§sm,Tanry³eBl 2qñaM EdlkMNt;épÞTwkehAfa LÚt× ensaT EdlRtUv)aneGayGñkedjéføsaFarN³NaEdlh‘aneGaytMélx<s;CageKbMput¬FnaKarBiPBelak 2005¦. eTaHbICaRbB½n§sm,TanenH )anrYmbBa©ÚlviFankarnanaedIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;elIRkumRKYsar nanaEdlRtUv)aneKdak;eGayenAeRkALÚt×ensaTTaMgenHk¾eday k¾mankarGHGagfa c,ab;TaMgenH CaerOy² minRtUv)ansVaKmn_edayRkumh‘unsm,TanTaMgenHeT ehIyRBMEdnensaTRtUv)anBRgIkedayxusc,ab; ¬EdleK ehAfakardeNþImEdnTwk¦. dUecñH kareRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenHedaybuKÁldéTeTot CaBiess RbCaBlrdæ


RkIRkenAtamCnbT manRBMEdnkMNt Hortle, el at (2005) . dMeNIrkarénkMENTMrg;)ancab;epI þmeLIgenAkñúgqñaM 2000 ehIyenAqñaM 2002 mankarlb;ecalnUvLÚt× ensaTBaNiC¢kmµcMnYnBak;kN þalénLÚt×ensaTTaMgGs; edayRbKl;LÚt×ensaTTaMgenHeTAeGayshKmn_vij. dMeNIrkarenH)anbegIán»kasy:ageRcIn nig)ankat; bnßyPaBekIteLIgjwkjab;énCMelaHelIsiTi§ensaT ¬nigkarRbECgykdIlicTwktamrdUvsMrab;eFIVksikmµ¦. k¾b:En þ plb:HBal;énkarlb;ecalenH mankMrittictYcCagkarrMBwgTuk BIeRBaH ¬1¦sm,TanEdl)anlb;ecal CaTUeTA manplitPaBTabCag nig ¬2¦ kñúgkrNICaeRcIn shKmn_enAEtRtUv)aneKminGnuBaØatieGay eRbIR)as;LÚt×ensaTEdl)anlb;ecalTaMgenH BIeRBaHGaCJaFrmUldæan)anshkarCamYyRkumGñkensaTFM² nigGgÁPaBeyaFakñúgmUldæan edIm,Ibn þRKb;RKgEdnTwk CalkçN³vinieyaKÉkCnmYy ¬Sloth et al 2005/ CDRI

2006 xagmux¦.

karKMramkMEhgmYyeTotKWplb:HBal;énkarERbRbYlbrisßanenACMuvijGagTenøemKgÁ. karKMramkMEhg FMBIr KWkarsagsg;TMnb; ehIynigkarfycuHénTMhMéRBeQIRKbdNþb;. TwkCMnn;TenøemKgÁral;rdUv nigkar hUrcak;eTAkñúgTenøepSgeTot ¬dUcCaTenøsab¦ mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarbegáItRtIeLIgvij CMrkRtI nigkar pøas;TIlM enArbs;RtI5. TMnb;Gackat;bnßyTMhM bMRBYj b¤EkERbry³eBlrbs;TwkCMnn;. bwgEdlmanCMerAeRCA enAtambeNþayTenøemKgÁ nigkarhUrcak;eTATenøepSg²eTot EdlbwgmYycMnYnmanCMerAeRCACag 80 Em:Rt k¾CaCMrkd¾sMxan;mYypgEdrsMrab;RtIFM²kñúgkMLúgrdUvR)aMg ¬Sverdrup-Jensen 2002¦ bwgTaMgenHk¾GacRtUv )ansMrbsMrYltamry³karsg;TMnb;pgEdr.

dUcEdl)anbgðajrYcehIyfa cMNUlEdl)anmkBIensaTmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHTuKÁtCn nigRbCaBl rdæRkIRkenAtamCnbT. cMNUlEdl)anmkBIensaT mYycMnYn 10°éncMNUlsrubrbs;RkumRKYsar ehIytam kar)a:n;sµanBYkeKmanbMNgcg;e)aHTItaMgenAtMbn;Tenøsab nigtMbn;eqñrsmuRTEdlCatMbn;GacpÁt;pÁg;FnFan ensaT)aneRcIn.

tarag 5>5 ³ bgðajfa RKYsarensaT CamFümman CIvPaBRkIRkCageK ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRKYsarmin EmnensaT. R)ak;cMNUlsuT§srubKitCamFümrbs; RKYsarensaTmancMnYn 1621 Ban;erol ¬404 duløar Gaemrik¦ RbEhl 55°énR)ak;cMNUlsuT§srubKitCamFümrbs;RKYsarminEmnCaGñkensaT. karbriePaKRtI Edlrk)anedayxøÜnÉg mancMnYn 22° kñúgkarbriePaKGaharsrub. dUecñH »kasTTYl)anFnFanensaT

5 karRsavRCav)anbgðajGMBITMnak;TMngviC¢mand¾xøaMgkøarvagnIv: UTwk GtibrmaelITMnablicTwk nigbrimaNRbmUlpl ¬]TahrN_ ³ Hortle, et al. (2005) Poulsen, et at (2002) van Zalinge, et al. (2003)


CaBiesskñúgcMeNamCnRkIRkminEmnRtwmEt)anpþl;nUvRbPBd¾sMxan; sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enAb:ueNÑaHeT vaEfmTaMg pþl;nUvRbPBGaharUbtßmÖCaBiessmYyeTotpgEdr. tarag5>5³ kareRbobeFobRKYsarensaT nigRKYsarminEmnCaGñkensaTelIR)ak;cMNUl nigkar eRbIR)as;RbcaM RKYsarensaT RKYsarminEmnensaT

cMNUlsuT§srub ¬erol¦ 1,621,273 ($404)

2,972,760 ($740)

cMNUlsuT§)anBIensaT ¬erol¦

347,325 ($86)

---

karbriePaKRtIkñúgmnusSmñak;¬erol¦

113,423 ($28)

144,713 ($36)

karbriePaKRtIEdlrk)anedayxøÜn ÉgkñúgmnusSmñak; ¬erol¦

37,829 ($9) ---

karbriePaKRtIkñúgcMeNamelImðÚbGahar srub¬PaKry¦

21.8% 19.8%

karbriePaKRtIEdlrk)anpÞal;xøÜn kñúgkarcMNayelIRtIsrub ¬PaKry¦

17.7% ---

sMKal; ³ GRtabþÚrR)ak;EdlkMNt;ykkñúgr)aykarN_ enHKW 1duløarGaemrik = 4>016erol TMhM)a:n;KMrUKW 5>862 sMrab;RKYsarensaT nig 6>127 sMrab; RKYsarminEmnensaT. RbPB ³ CSES 2003-04

tamkarviPaK regression bgðajfa »kasTTYlkar ensaTGacCayuT§saRsþTb;sáat;d¾sMxan;mYysMrab;

RkumRKYsarEdlRbQmeTAnwgplb:HBal;GviC¢man. RkumRKYsarEdlemRKYsarmaCMgW nigRkumRKYsarEdlCYb RbTHeRKaHmhnþrayFmµCatikñúgry³eBl 5qñaM knøgeTA TMngCamankarBwgEp¥keRcIneTAelIkarensaT EdlCa RbPBcMNUlbEnßmmYy. karFananUvsiT§iRsbc,ab;cMeBaHkarensaT nwgmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk enAtamCnbT.

RbB½n§LÚt×ensaTbc©úb,nñ CaBiessCamYynwgc,ab;eFVIbnþfµIsMrab;ry³eBlBIrqñaMeTot )anbegáItkarelIk TwkcitþsMrab;Rkumh‘unsm,Tan EdleFVIGaCIvkmµeRcInhYs kñúglkçN³minfitefryUrGEgVg nigBRgIkRBMEdnLÚt× ensaTedayxusc,ab; edIm,IbegáInGtßRbeyaCn_kñúgkMLúgeBlpþl;sm,Tanry³eBl 2qñaM. enAeBlEdl KMeragmYyEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayRbugRby½tñ EdlCMrujelIkTwkcitþRkumh‘unsm,TaneGaymancritKYb


157,

539

172,

065

174,

015

152,

959

102,

861

54,2

41

63,3

58

59,9

70

46,3

66

33,0

04

0

50 ,00 0

100 ,00 0

150 ,00 0

200 ,00 0

250 ,00 0

P o ore s t S e c on dpoo res t

M idd le S ec ondric hes t

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F irew oo d , s aw n w ood , c h a rc oa lN on -t im ber fo res t p ro duc ts

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6 kar)a:n;sµanTMhMéRBeQInaeBlfµI²enHmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_ rdæ)aléRBeQI ¬2005¦ km<úCa ³ sßitiéRBeQI qñaM2004 ¬PñMeBj ³ Ex ]sPa qñaM 2005¦ 7 sumGan Knowles (2005) . kareRbITMrg;)a:n;KMrUeRbobeFobmnusS mñak;RtUv)an)a:n;sµanfa mankarekIneLIgBI 40PaKrydl; 58PaKry BIqñaM1993 CSES dl;qñaM2004 CSES. TMhM)a:n;KMrUtUcbgðajfa eK KYrEtykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarbkRsaylT§plTaMgenHeGay)anRtwm RtUv eTaHbICaTisedAénkarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcIn TMngCamanlkçN³RtwmRtUv eRcInk¾eday.


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eK)andwgCarYmfa cMNUl)anBIéRBeQIkMBugFøak;cuH CaB½t’mancgRkgedayr)aykarN_GegátCaeRcIn9 kar GnuvtþEpnTIeRbIR)as;dIFøInaeBlfµI²10 nig)anbBa¢ak;kan;Etc,as;tamry³karsikSafµImYyelIkaryl;dwgrbs; emXMu ¬Danida qñaM2005¦. kar)at;bg;éRBeQICak;EsþgmanlkçN³kan;EtF¶n;F¶renAkñúgtMbn;PñM¼x<g;rab EdlRkumRKYsarCaeRcInBwgEp¥keTAelIFnFanéRBeQI edIm,IsmmaRtR)ak;cMNUlx<s;rbs;BYkeK. karRtYt BinitüemIleLIgvijvis½yéRBeQIedayÉkraCü ¬qñaM2004¦ )anbgðajeGayeXIjGMBIGRtafycuHénkar bMpøajéRBeQId¾elOnbMput EdlekItmaneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;CMuvij ¬karBRgIk¦ PUmiCaeRcIn nigenAtambeNþay pøÚvfµI². karkab;qáaéRBedIm,IeFVIksikmµ kMBugekItmaneLIgedayKitKUrmin)anditdl;eTAelIKuNPaBdI b£kareRbI R)as;dIeGay)anl¥bMput. kñúgTMhMdIéRB 1/3lanhicta Edl)ankab;qáakñúgcenøaHBI qñaM1997 dl;qñaM2002 man 37°KWCadIEdlmanKuNPaBTab ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg 19PaKryéndI daMduHEdlmanRsab;kñúgqñaM 1997 ¬Dummer 2004¦.

dICaRTBüsm,tþisMxan;rbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk

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8 ]TahrN_ sUmGanr)aykarN_rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIGMBI brisßannigPaBRkIRk nigr)aykarN_sþIGMBIkarrYcputBIPaBRkIRk. 9 sUmGan]TahrN_ ³ ABiC (2004a) ABiC (2004 b) Chan Sophal nig Sathi Achrya (2003) Global Witness (2002) Helmers, K.,

Gobson, J., nig Wallgren, P. (2003), Mekenney, Bruce nig Prom Tola (2002), Prom Tola nig Bruce Mekenney (2004). 10

]TahrN_ sUmemIl r)aykarN_BinitüemIleLIgvijEpñkéRBeQI 2004. 11 CamYynwgTinñRsUvCamFümcMnYn 1/8etankñúg 1hicta nigTMhM RKYsarCamFümEdlmansmaCik 6/1nak; ¬Deininger, 2005¦ RKYsarEdlmandI 0/5hicta GacplitRsUv)an 0/9etan esµInwg 585 KILÚRkamGgár ¬eRbIktþaERbRbYl 0/65¦ kñúgmYyqñaM b¤ 96KILÚRkam kñúgmnusSmñak;kñúg 1qñaM.


KMnabsMBaFBIRbCaCn nigTMlab;BIburaN rYmcMENkdl;karEbgEckdIFøIbEnßm. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr karlk;dIEdlmanbBaða kardeNþImdI nigkarTijdImindwgRbvtþic,as;las; kMBugEtQaneTArkTMlab;karEbg EckkmµsiT§idI rvagm©as;dIenATIRkugEdleFVIkarvinieyaKminR)akdRbCa nigRKYsarenACnbTEdlmandILÚt×tUc².

krNIsikSamYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgsMrab;karsÞabsÞg;enH ¬EIC 2005¦ )anraykarN_eGaydwgfa enA kñúgXMumYy dI 80°RtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfa )anbþÚrkmµsiT§ieTACadIrbs;Gñkrs;enATIRkugPñMeBj. tMélEdlbg; eGayCajwkjab;mantMélTab RbEhl 50duløarkñúgmYyhicta ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgtMélCYlmFümcMnYn 150duløarkñúg 1hicta nigtMélTabCagtMélEdlRkumRKYsarkMNt;lk; ¬Deininger 2005¦12. enAeBl Edl»kaskargarbEnßm RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamry³karkab;qáa nigkareFVIEpnkarR)ak;ebovtSr_mankMritTab ¬RbEhl 1/20duløar kñúg1éf¶¦. CaTUeTA karTijdIEbbenH GacminmanplRbeyaCn_sMrab;shKmn_eT.

PaBKµandIFøIekIneLIg nigkarkan;kab;Kµan suvtßiPaB

shRKasénRKYsarenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTkMBugxVHdIsMrab;daMduH kMBugekIneLIgy:agelOnBI 13°enAqñaM 1997 dl; dl; 16° enAqñaM1999 nwgRbEhl 20°enAkñúgqñaM2004. cMnYnekIneLIgbEnßménRkumRKYsar eFIVeGayxVHdI. BYkKat;mandIRtwmEtTMhMtUc²b:ueNÑaH. edaysarEtmanvismPaB naMeGayninñakarénPaBKµandI ekIneLIgminGacecosput enHk¾edaysarEtRbeTskm<úCamankarpøas;b þÚrBIrbbsgÁmniym eTACarbbesdækic© TIpSar cab;taMgBIqñaM1989mk ehIyPaBKµandIFIøenH ekIteLIgedaysarEtRkumRKYsarenACnbTmYycMnYn)an lk;dIedIm,IykluyeTAvinieyaKelIkargareRkABIksikmµ ¬EdlmancMNUlsk þanuBlCag¦. k¾b:uEn þ karekIn eLIgénPaBKµandIFIø KWCaRBYYy)armÖ BIeRBaH ¬1¦vaekIneLIgqab;rh½sedaysarEtkarEbgEckdIFIøman lkçN³elIselas b£minesIµPaBmYycMnYn ¬Tak;TgeTAnwgBlkmµkñúgRKYsar¦ enAeBlEdldIRtUv)anEbgEck CapøÚvkareTAeGayRkumRKYsarnanaenAkñúgqñaM1989 nig ¬2¦ esdækic©minGacekIneLIg)anqab;rh½s EdlGac p þl;nUvkargareFIVsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk b¤p þl;»kasbegáItkargarpÞal;xøÜndl;RkumRKYsarKµandImYycMnYn Edl kMBugEtekIneLIgenH. eTaHbICaminEmnRkumRKYsarEdlKµandITaMgGs;suT§EtRkIRkk¾eday ¬mYycMnYnmanRbPB cMNUleRkABIksikmµ¦ k¾BYkeKCaeRcInCaCnRkIRkEdr eRBaHBYkeKman»kassMrab;RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitenACn bTtictYc BYkeKRtUvBwgEp¥kelIR)ak;cMNUlTab nigR)ak;kMérQñÜlBIkargarlk;kMlaMgBlkmµEdlmanlkçNH mineTogTat;.

12

EpñkelIlT§plsÞabsÞg;rbs; CSES 2004 Deininger (2005) )an)a:n;sµanGMBIeKalbMNgrYmmYyedIm,Ibg;éfødIksikmµ cMnYn 1>500 duløarkñúg 1hicta. k¾b:uEnþcMnYnenH hak;dUcCa x<s;eBksMrab;dIenACn bTdac;RseyalKµanCICati.


man\Ti§BlmYycMnYnEdlbN þaleGaymanninñkareFIVeGaymankarekIneLIgénPaBKµandIFIø. RkumRKYsar KµandImYycMnYn ¬RKYsarEdl)anvilRtlb;BICMruMCnePosxøÜnenAkñúgqñaM 1993-94 nigRkumRKYsareTIberobkar ehIyfIµefµag¦minEdlmandIpÞal;xøÜneT. b:uEnþvak¾manskmµPaBCalkçN³FmµCatipgEdr eRkABIkarEbgEck EdlmanlkçN³esIµPaB³ kMeNInRbCaCneFIVeGayTMhMdIkan;EttUceTA²enAkñúgtMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaCn x<s; dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgBIxagelI ehIykñúgsßanPaBesdækic©mYy RkumRKYsarmYycMnYnsMerccitþlk;dIFIø ¬edIm,I ykluyeTAvinieyaKelIshRKaseRkABIksikmµ b¤k¾edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkareRbIR)as;bc©úb,nñ CaBiess sMrab;Büa)alCMgW¦. bBaðatUcmYy k¾b:uEnþvakMBugekIneLIgcMeBaHPaBKµandIFI KWedaysarEtkardeNIþmdIFIøKña eRBaHGñkmanGMNacCaeRcIn )anedjksikrCam©as;dIbc©úb,nñ edIm,IykdIEdlmantMélenaH ¬CaBiessGñk Edlrs;enAEk,rtMbn;TIRkug b¤Ek,rpøÚv¦.

>>>>>> nigkarkan;kab;dIedayKµansuvtßiPaB

PaKeRcInénkarkan;kab;dIFøIenAkm<úCaenAEtKµansuvtßiPaB EdlnaMeGayKµankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHplit PaBvinieyaK nig»kasTTYl)an\NTan. GtßRbeyaCn_énsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal; y:agTUlMTUlay nig)ancgRkgTukCaÉksar)any:agl¥. karecjb½NÑkmµsiT§ieBj eljeTAeGayGñksMucMnYn 4/5lannak; Edl)anTTYleRkaykareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµBIqñaM1989 ¬86°énGñksMuTaMgenHminTan;)an edaHRsay¦ nwgmanplb:HBal; ¬viC¢man¦ elIksikrnanaEdlkMBugmandIsBVéf¶13.

karviPaKCaeRcIn Ep¥kelI CSES 2004 )anrkeXIjfa karkan;kab;dIEdlmansuvtßiPaBedaymanviBaØa bnb½Rt b¤k¾viká½yb½RtsMu )anbegáInTinñpldMNaMKYreGaykt;sMKal; begáIntMéldI nigkareRbIR)as;RbcaMRkum RKYsarpÞal;14. karkan;kab;dIEdlmansuvtßiPaB KWfa b½NÑkmµsiT§idIpøÚvkarCalkçN³viBaØabnb½Rt begáIntMél CYldl; 57° tMéllk;dl; 38° TinñpldMNaMdl; 63° nigkareRbIR)as;RbcaMRkumRKYsarpÞal;dl; 24°. mUlehtusMxan;KW siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;c,as;las; EklMGénR)ak;cMNUl. m©as;Edlmanb½NÑ kmµsiT§idIEdlmansuvtßiPaB manbMNgcg;eFVIvinieyaKEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;Cag nigskmµPaBcMNayx<s;Cag dUcCakardaMedImeQI EdlmanGayuEvg nigkarbEgVreTArkkardaMcMruHnUvbEnß nigdMNaMrYmpSMsMrab;lk;. 13 Deininger (2005) )an)a:n;sµanfakarkan;b½NÑkmµsiT§ieBjelj ¬eRbobeFobeTAnwgkarkan;viká½ybRtsMukmµsiT§i¦ eFVIeGaydImantMél kan;Etx<s; nigmansuvtßiPaBdl;RKYsar. 14

lT§pllMGitmanenAkñúg]bsm<½n§


épÞdIcMkarCaeRcInenATMenrecal>>>

kñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTA rdæaPi)al)anbegáItRbB½n§sm,Tanesdækic©mYytamry³karpþl;nUv kic©snüaCYlEdlmanry³eBl 70qñaM RKbdNþb;elIépÞdI 889>399 hicta dl;Rkumh‘unÉkCncMnYn 49 Rkumh‘un15. vahak;dUcCa )anCMrujelIkTwkcitþeGaymankareFVIBaNiC¢kmµelIvis½yksikmµ Cak;EsþgmanRkum h‘unmYycMnYntUc ¬RbEhl 10Rkum h‘unb:ueNÑaH¦ mandMeNIrkar. tamkarBinitüemIleLIgvijbgðajfa sm,TanEbbenH Cajwkjab;RtUv)anpþl;eGayKµankaresIubGegátRKb;RKan;enAnwgkEnøgeT EdlbNþaleGay mansiT§ikan;kab;CaRbéBNIRtYtelIKña naMeGaymanCMelaH nigkarKMramkMEhgdl;sßab½n TTYlxusRtUvnana ¬KN³ kmµakarsurieyadI nigtulakar¦ Cajwkjab; minGacCYyGVI)aneT ¬Koto 1998, Chan, et al, 2002,

Leuprecht 2004¦.

sm,TanmYycMnYnemIleTAhak;dUcCamanlkçN³minc,as;las; nig¼b¤ynþkarbeBa©ósc,ab;twgrwgcMeBaH sm,TanéRBeQI ¬Leuprecht 2004¦16. eK)an raykarN_fa Rkumh‘unsm,TanticCagcMnYnmYyPaK bI )anbg;R)ak;kk;tamcMnYnkMNt;eTAeGayrdæaPi)al b¤k¾bg;éføQñÜl b¤bg;Bn§ Edlbgðajfa y:agehac Nas; rhUtmkdl;eBlenH Rkbx½NÐkñúgkareRbIR)as;sm,Tan edIm,IRbmUlcMNUlbEnßmenAmankMrittictUcNas; ¬KcKenny nig Tola 2002¦. karsgS½yeTAelIehtuplcMeBaHkarpþl;sm,TanTaMgenH ekIteLIgeday sarmanB½t’manmYyniyayfa sm,TancMnYn 14 )anekInelIscMnYnkMrit 10>000 hicta EdlTamTar eGaymankarRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijCaBiess - k¾b:uEnþminTan;mankarGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijenA eLIyeT.

>>>>> enAeBlEdlmankrNIesdækic©RbesIreLIgmYysMrab;vis½yksikmµxñattUc

bc©úb,nñenH rdæaPi)alkm<úCakMBugEteFVIkarlubecalnUvsm,Tanesdækic©EdlmindMeNIrkarmYycMnYn. eK )anesñIeLIgfa dIFøITaMgenHKYrRtUvepÞreTAeGayRkumRKYsarEdlKµandI ¬nigGñkEdlmandIGt;CICati¦ eRkamRbB½n§ sm,TandIsgÁmkic© ¬Edl)anbegáIteLIgedayRkitükñúgqñaM2003¦. eTaHbICakarCMrujelITwkcitþsMrab;eKal neya)ayenH epþatCasMxan;eTAelIsgÁm b¤karEbgEckk¾eday dUcEdl)anbgðaj k¾mansniTanPaBEpñk 15 bBa¢IraynameQµaHRkumh‘unsm,TandIRtUv)anEckCUnedayRkum kargarbec©keTselIFnFanFmµCati nigbrisßan ExkBaØa qñaM2005. 16 sUm,IEtc,ab; ENnaMfa sm,TanéRBEdl)anlb;ecalRtUv)ankar BarCatMbn;éRBFmµCatik¾eday k¾sm,TanksikmµFMCageKcMnYnBIr ¬EdlnimYy²manTMhM 315>000hicta nig 101>000 hicta¦ hak;dUcCa RtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agmanRbsiT§iPaBCasm,TanéRBeQI ¬MeKenny

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cMkartUcmanRbsiTi§PaBCagcMkarFM ebIKitGMBIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;dMNaM TinñpldMNaM R)ak;cMeNj b¤tMélTinñpl kñúgmYyhicta ¬rUb 5>3¦. enHbBa¢ak;GMBIlT§plRsedogKña enAkñúgkarsikSaRTg;RTaytUcdéTeTot ¬sUm Gan Ballard and So 2004¦.

karEbgEckeLIgvijéndIsm,Tan {esdækic©} EdlmineRbIR)as;eTAeGayksikrtUctac tamry³sm,Tan sgÁmkic© manehtuplc,as;las; Tak;TgeTAnwgRbsiTi§PaBplitkmµ Edl)anEklMG. karekIneLIgénkareRbI R)as;dI eFobeTAnwgsm,Tanesdækic©bc©úb,nñ nwgCYybegIánskmµPaBesdækic¢rYm. k¾b:uEnþ plvi)akénlT§pl elIplitPaBrbs;cMkartUc vaxusBIkrNIGnuvtþeKalneya)aysm,TansgÁmkic©Edlmanel,ÓnelOn. BiessCagenHeTot TMnak;TMngpÞúyKñarvagTMhMcMkar nigplitPaB bgðajfa KYrEtmankarsnµt;TukCamun CaTUeTA edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBdl;ksikrtUctac EdlCamUldæanRKwHénrcnasm<½n§EdlCab;Tak;TgnwgdIFIørbs; RbCaCnkm<úCa munnwgFanadl;Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµFM². eTaHbICaGacmankrNIsMrab;cMkarBaNiC¢kmµFM² eRkam lkçxNÐksikmµ-eGkULÚsIuBitR)akd niglkçxNÐ»kascUlTIpSarkþI bBaðaenHnwgcaM)ac;RtUvbegIáteLIgmYy krNImþg². kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ mansniTankmµesdækic©d¾l¥cMeBaHeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFInana EdlkMnt;

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GaTiPaBedIm,IKaMRTdl;cMkartUc² ¬]TahrN_ tamry³karbgáeGaymanbriyakassmRsb sMrab;karbegIát sßab½nGnþrkarInana dUcCasmaKmTIpSarsµ½RKcitþÉkCn b¤karerobcMkic©snüaEpñkksikmµ rvagksikrtUctac nigTIPñak;garEkécñ¼dwkCBa¢Ún EdlnwgnaMeGayBYkeKGacBuHBarCMnHelIbBaðananaTak;TgeTAnwgkarrkTIpSar ¬SNEC et al 2005¦.

eRkABIenH TMnak;TMngmUldæany:agRbesIrrbvagksikmµRTg;RTaytUc nwgRbePTcMkarFM² nwgbegáInkMeNIn eRkABIesdækic©eRkABIksikmµmUldæan nighUclT§plRbesIrdl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeRcIn ¬Ravallion nig Datt, 1996; Thorbecke nig Jung; 1996¦.

bTBiesaFn_knøgeTAkñúgkarCMrujsm,TandIsgÁmkic© eGaydMeNIrkareTAmux )anbgðajGMBIkarlM)akEdl nwgRtUvGnuvtþ sUm,IEtenAelITMhMEdl)ankMritk¾eday ¬Dinravy nig Groetschel 2004¦. k¾b:uEnþCacaM)ac; enaHKWRtUveFVIeGaymandMeNIrkareTAmuxelIpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i Edlkan;EtmansuvtßiPaBsMrab;m©as;dIbc©úb,nñ nigkarEbgEckdIeLIgvijBIsm,Tanesdækic© ¬EdlmincaM)ac;¦ eTAeGayRKYsarEdlKµandI ¬nigGaceGay RKYsarEdlmandIxVHCICati¦ eRkamkmµviFIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©.

]TahrN_KMrUénGtßRbeyaCn_ekIneLIgEdlRbkbedayskþnuBlénkarEbgEckdIFøIRbkbedaysmFm’ KW sißtenAkñúgRsukm:aéLPaKBayBüénRbeTskm<úCa EdldI)anmkBIkab;qáaréRB ehIyRtUv)anEbgEckeTA eGayRkumRKYsarCaeRcIn bnÞab;BImankareFIVsmahrNkmµGtItExµrRkhmcUlkñúgraCrdæaPi)al ¬RbGb; 5>1¦. karEbgEckdIFIøenH )ancab;epIþmeFIVeGaymankarekIneLIgénkardaMduHdMNaMeRkABIRsUv. TMhMénkarekIn eLIgenHKYreGaykt;sMKal; edaysarkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñMafµI²enH kMeNInéneBat dMLÚgmI nigsENþkesog GacRtUv)aneKeGaytMélenAkñúgtMbn;PaKBayBü.

ktþaelIkkMBs;plitPaBksikmµ

Ep¥kelIkarviPaKtMél17 rbs; CSES 2004 ktþsMxan;bMputEdlCH\T§iBldl;plitPaBksikmµ KWkar

FanaeGaymanb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiTi§dI. ktþaepSgeTot ]TahrN_ dUcCa ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigFnFanmnusS k¾ man\Ti§BlxøaMgpgEdrelIplitPaBenH. ktþamYycMnYnepSgeTot dUcCa esvapSBVpSaybec©keTsksikmµ nig »kasTTYl)an\NTan mansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMg k¾b:uEnþ eyIgminGaceFIVkaresIubGegátktþaTaMgenHeGay)an sIuCMuerA edayeRbITinñn½y CSES 2004 )aneT.

17 lT§pllMGitviPaKtam regression manenAKñúg]bsm½<n§.


RbGb; 5>1 ³ erOgeCaKC½yenAm:aéL snþiPaBEdl)anmkBIkareFVIsmahrNkmµGtItExµrRkhmcUlkñúgrdæaPi)alkñúgqñaM1998-99 )annaMeGayman karGPivDÆKYreGaykt;sMKal;enARsukm:aéL. sm,TandIEdlrdæaPi)al)anpþl;eGayBYkGtItExµrRkhm edIm,IbþÚryksnþiPaB )anedIrtYd¾sMxan;mYYykñúgkarbegáInkMeNIn. ktþasMxan;Edl)anrYmcMENkdl;karGPivDÆ nigkMeNInenH KWBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarpþl;dIFM² ¬5 hicta¦ eTAeGayRKYsarnimYy² nigmanGPi)alkic©l¥kñúgkar EbgEckdIFøI EdlCalT§plnaMeGaymankarEbgEckdIFøIesµIPaBedayGaCJaFr. CalT§pl karekIneLIgenAkñúg RsukénplitkmµdMNaMrYmpSMsMrab;lk;ykR)ak; )anpþl;plRbeyaCn_minEmnsMrab;EtGñkrs;enAkñúgmUldæan b:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþsMrab;CncMNakRsukEdlmkBItMbn;epSg²eTotenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmkeFVIkarCakmµkrcMkar. RbPB ³ viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa / 2005

siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;c,as;las;

plitPaB nigkMeNInksikmµ nwgRtUv)anelIkkMBs; CamYynwgsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt; c,as;las; TaMgdIÉkCn nigdIsaFarN³. TI1³ cMnYn 80° énRkumRKYsarenAtamCnbTEdlmandIpÞal;xøÜn Kµanb½NÑkmµsiT§idIeTkñúgqñaM2004. TI2³ »kasTTYl)anFnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm dUcCaéRBeQI nigensaT kan;EtekIneLIgGMBIPaBKµansuvtßiPaB. kMriténCMelaHdIFøIEdl)anraykarN_mankarekIneLIg ehIyman sPaBkan;EtF¶n;F¶renAeBlcugeRkayenH ¬emIlRbGb; 5>2¦. PsþútagBIGnþrCatik¾)anbgðajfa tMél sgÁmkic© nigneya)ayénCMelaHdIFøIGacekItmaneRcInsn§wksn§b;. RbGb; 5>2 ³ CMelaHdIFøIekIneLIg ³ eRhVkg; nig GMeBIhwgSaekIneLIg RbPBepSgeTotbgðajfa PaBekIteLIgjwkjab; nigPaBF¶n;F¶rénCMelaHdIFIøenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakMBugekIneLIg CMelaH enHekIteLIgkñúgrUbPaBepSg²Kña. GgÁkar Oxfam GB )anKaMRTkñúgkarrkSanUvmUldæanTinñn½y sIþGMBICMelaHdIFIøEdl eK)anraykarN_ EdlGaceFIVkarviPaKGMBIninñakarenHrhUtdl; Exemsa qñaM 2005. karviPaKenH bgðajfa CMelaH kan;mancMnYnticCagkñúgqñaM 2001 nig 2002. enHRbEhlmkBIenAkñúgqñaM 2001 RksYgerobcMEdndInKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; RtUv)anbegIáteLIg ehIyc,ab;PUmI)alRtUv)anGnum½t. vahak;dUcCamankarrMBwgTukBIKURbECg nigsßab½n EdlTTYlxusRtUv Edlc,ab;fIµ niwgdak;eTasF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHGñkEdlTRnÞandI. k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgqñaM 2004 CMelaHdIFøI)an ekIteLIgmþgeTot 50° EdlqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjfa c,ab;PUmi)al minRtUv)anGnuvtþ)anhµt;ct;enaHeT.


fIVt,itKµan viFanakarl¥\tex©aH k¾karcuHpSaytamkaEstGMBICMelaHdIenH bgðajplb:HBal;énbBaðaEdlkMBugekIneLIg enHpgEdr. krNICaeRcInsþIBICMelaHdIFøIEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ×cenøaHBIéf¶TI 18 Ex mifuna qñaM 2004 dl;éf¶TI 11 ExsIha qñaM2005 bgðajfa CMelaHTaMgenHkan;EtekItmanjwkjab; nigkan;EtmanlkçN³hwgSa.

lT§plEdlTTYl )anBIkarRsavRCavxagedIm elIKMeragsIþGMBIyutiþFm’sMrab;CnRkIRkrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak pþl;nUv ehtuplmYycMnYn EdlbgðajGMBIPaBekIteLIgjwkjab;énCMelaHekIneLIg. enAkñúgRsuk 3 kñúgextþcMnYnBIrkarRsavRCag )aneGaydwgfa GñkPUmi³ ¬1¦ manbMNgcg;eFIVkarTamTarkan;EteRcIneLIg sUm,IEtRbqaMgCamYyBYkGñkmanb¤Gñk manGMNac k¾BYkeKh‘anEdr EdlqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjGMBIsm<aFelIdIFIøkan;EteRcIneLIg nigmanplvi)akkan;EtF¶n;F¶r RbsinebIRbCaCnRtUv)aneKe)aHbg;ecal ¬2¦ kareFIVsmahrNkmµekIneLIgbc©úb,nñ RbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;dac;Rsyal manGarmµN_Éeka nigPaBgayrgeRKaHkan;EtticCagmun nig ¬3¦ »kasekIneLIgkñúgkarTTYl)annUvGMNacBIxag eRkAtamry³TMnak;TMngrvagbuKÁl bkSneya)ay nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al. RbPB ³ Oxfam GB 2005, Phnom Penh Post 14 (5-15), 13 (13-23), 2004-2005

kaEstPñMeBjb:usþ× 14 ¬5-15¦ / 13 ¬13-23¦ 2004-2005 RbGb; 5>3 ³ PaBKµandIFøIEdlrIkraldalenAtMbn; EdlGacdaMduH)an Ete)aHrbgB½T§CMuvijTukecalmin eRbIR)as; enAPñMRsYc eyagtamGñkcUlrYmkñúgRkumbegÁalenAXMuERtgRtywg G‘U nigmhasaMg )aneGaydwgfa PaBKµandIFøIenAkñúg XMucas;mYymancenøaHBI 30 eTA 40° nigdIEdlGacdaMduH)anmanRbEhl 3 540 hicta. k¾b:uEnþGñkPUmienA kñúgmUldæan )andaMduHelIépÞdIticCag 300hicta cMENkdIEdlenAsl;Tukecal k¾b:uEnþ KµannrNaGaccUl eTATIenaH)an b¤CYl)aneT. GñkmanenAPñMeBj)ankan;kab;dITMhMFM²edayKµaneKalbMNgc,as;las;eT ehIy dITaMgenHminRtUv)anCYleGayeKeT edayxøacfaGñkCYlnwgTamTarykkmµsiT§i eRBaHdITaMgenHPaKeRcInKµan b½NÑsMKal;kmµ siT§idIRtwmRtUveT. RbPB ³ viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa 2005

épÞdIFM²Edl)ankab;qáaéRBehIy Edlkan;kab; edayBYkGñkmanenAkñúgTIRkug EdleKGacCYlsMrab;daMduH RtUv)anTukenATMenrecaledayP½yxøacfa GñkCYlnwgTamTarykkmµsiT§i ¬sUmGanRbGb; 5>3¦. éfø»kas edaysarEtTukdITaMgenHeGayenATMenrecal\tRbeyaCn_ RtUv)at;bg;edayTMhMFMeFg kñúgn½ysMrab;pþl;Ca kargar R)ak;cMNUl nigkMeNIn .


karviPaKCaeRcInEp¥kelI CSES 2004 bgðajfakar kan;kab;dIFøIEdlmansuvtßiPaBelIdILÚt×ÉkCnbegáIn R)ak;cMNUl Tinñpl plitPaB éføCYl nigéfølk; RBmTaMgkareRbIR)as;pÞal;rbs;RkumRKYsar18. siT§ikan;kab; dIFøIEdlmansuvtßiPaB nigRbB½n§rdæ)al dIFøIEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNInksikmµ nigcMeBaH karCYysMrYldl;karcakecjBIvis½yenH. karRsavRCavmYy)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgqñaM 2004 enAkñúgextþcMnYn 3 EdlmanTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyTIpSar )aneGaydwgfa manTMnak;TMngviC¢manmYyrvagkarkan;kab;dIFøIEdlman suvtßiPaB nig\NTanpøÚvkar Edlkarkan;kab;dIFøIEbbenHpþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHGñkeGayx©I edIm,Ipþl;nUv \NTanbEnßm edaymanlkçxNÐkan;EtGnueRKaHCagmun19. sMxan;CaenHeTAeTot karRsavRCavenH)aneGay dwgfa Gñkx©IPaKeRcInCaRsþI EdltMrUveGaysgát;F¶n;eTAelIb½NÑkmµsiT§irYm kñúgnamCabþInigRbBn§ ¬70°én b½NÑkmµsiT§iTaMgGs; sßitenAeRkamkmµviFIpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§iEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ¦.

esvakmµEpñkFarasaRsþ

ksikmµGtiplenAEtminGaceFVIeTA)an luHRtaEtkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkEdlGaceCOCak;)anRtUv)anFana. sUm,I EtenAkñúgtMbn;TMnab EdlenACitTenøemKgÁEdlmanGtßRbeyaCn_ 44°éndIERsTaMgGs;KµanRbB½n§FarasaRsþ eT TaMgenAkñúgedImrdUvvsSa nigrdUvR)aMg. edIm,IbgðajGMBIskþanuBlénFarasaRsþrdUvR)aMg dIERsmYykñúgbYn enAtMbn;TMnab EdlTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIFarasaRsþrdUvR)aMg pÁt;pÁg;)an86°énplitkmµRsUvrdUvR)aMg ¬TUTaMg RbeTs¦20. karviPaKCaeRcInEp¥kelI CSES 2004 bgðajfa esvakmµFarasaRsþbegáInplitPaBksikmµ. TinñplksiplelIdIEdlmanFarasaRsþman 10° x<s;CagenAelIdIEdlKµanFarasaRsþ RbsinebIeRbIcMnYnvtßú FatuedImdUcKña ¬]TahrN_³ Blkmµ edImTun CI RbePTdI21.l.¦ dIEdlTTYl)anesvakmµFarasaRsþkñúgkMLúg rdUvR)aMg mantMélQñÜl 15° eRcInCag nigtMéllk; 10°x<s;CagdIEdlKµanFarasaRsþ ¬Deininger,

2005¦. manEt 3° b:ueNÑaHénRKYsarRkIRk manm:asIunbUmTwk pÞal;xøÜnsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;TwkenAkñúgqñaM2004 cMENkÉRkumRKYsarGñkmanvijman 12° manm:asIunbUmTwk. karvaytMéltamEbbKuNPaBEp¥kelIkareFVI sMPasn_CamYyksikrCaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;nanakñúgRbeTs k¾)anbgðajeGaydwgpgEdrfa kgVHxaténesvakmµ FarasaRsþb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK ¬sUmGanRbGb; 5>4¦. 18

lT§pllMGiténkarsikSa Regression manenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 19 CDRI (2004) 20 elIsBIenH RsUvrdUvR)aMgmanKuNPaBx<s;CagRbePTRsUvepSg² Edl)anlk;eTAkan;TIpSar ebIeRbobeFobCamYyRsUv rdUvvsSa EdlplitsMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar . 21 lT§pllMGiténkarsikSa Regression manenAkñúg]bsm<½n§


karEbgEckfvikabc©úb,nñcMnYn 14landuløar sMrab;CaTunvinieyaKeRkamRksYgFnFanTwk )anesñI[man

karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eLIgvijelIkarvinieyaKEpñkFarasaRsþ eTaHbICakareRbIR)as;cMNaysaFarN³ EdlmanRbsiT§iPaBenAEtmanbBaðaRbQmk¾eday. karKitKUreTAelIbrisßank¾CaktþamYypgEdr. tMbn;Edl manskþanuBlCaeRcInsMrab;FarasaRsþRTg;RTayFM \LÚvenHsßitenAkñúgtMbn;karBar b¤GPirkS. RbGb; 5>4 ³ R)ak;cMNUlERbRbYleTAtamcMnYnTwkePøóg eTaHbICamankMeNInx<s;CageKenAm:aéLkñúgextþ bnÞaymanC½y b¤emsaMgkñúgextþéRBEvg b¤PñMRsYc kñúgextþkMBg;s<Wk¾eday k¾kgVHxatesvakmµFarasaRsþRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCabBaðaRbQmd¾sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNIn. ksikrBwgEp¥kEteTAelITwkePøóg b:ueNÑaH BIeRBaHbNþajFarasaRsþminTan;man. enAm:aéL TinñplsENþkesog nigRsUv)anFøak;cuH ya:gxøaMgedaysarEt kgVHxatTwkePøógenAkñúgqñaM2005. enAPñMRsYc ksikrPaKeRcIn)anTTYlrgplb:HBal;kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH eday sarEtPaBraMgs¶ÜtCab;²Kña. ksikr nigm®nþIraCkaremsaMg)anTTYlsÁal;fa esvakmµFarasaRsþmantMéléfø k¾b:uEnþebIKµan esvakmµenHeT plb:HBal;rwtEtmantMéléføCagenH eTAeTot. RbPB ³ viTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa 2005

pøÚvfñl; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§déTeTot

lkçxNÐénGakasFatuksikmµ nigPaBdac;Rsy:al manTMnak;TMngCamYyKñay:agxøaMg³ lkçxNÐPUmisaRsþ ¬CaBiess TMnak;TMngTwkePøóg nigFarasaRsþ¦ )ankMhitskþanuBlksikmµ enAeBlEdlmankarBnül;Cabnþ bnÞab;GMBIkgVHxaténkarvinieyaKknøgeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ. tamsavta plb:HBal;EdlekIneLIgTaMg enH )aneFVIeGay)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_sMrab;shKmn_TaMgLay.

karviPaKCaeRcInelIplitPaBksidæan k¾)anbgðajpgEdrGMBIsar³sMxan;énehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTdéT eTot dUcCa »kasQancUlTIpSar nigpøÚvfñl22;. CaBiess ksidæannanaEdlmanTIpSarenAkñúgPUmirbs;eK tamkarviPaKenH )aneGaydwgpgEdrfa mankMeNInksipl 26°x<s;CagPUmiEdlKµanTIpSarsMrab;lk;. Kar RsavRCavenaHk¾)anbgðajEdrfa ksidæanEdlenAsßitenACitpøÚv manTinñpldMNaMx<s;CageK. CaBiess karbnßycMgayBIPUmieTAkan;pøÚvfñl; Rtwm1KILÚEm:Rt nwgbegáInplitPaBRtwmRbEhl 30 000 erol kñúgmYy hicta ¬sUmemIltarag 5>6¦.

22 lT§pllMGiténkarsikSa Regression manenAkñúg]bsm<½n§


tarag 5>6 ³ )a:n;sµanplb:HBal;énehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl; nigFnFanmnusSelIplitPaBksikmµ plb:HBal;kMritmFüménplitPaB ¬ y = 6.348 Ban;erol¼hicta¦³ kMeNIn 1KMlatsþg;dakñúg X kMeNIn 1hictakñúg X

β̂ ( )sd x

karERbRbYlxøaMgelI plitPaB

¬'000 erolkñúg 1hicta¦

( ˆ ( )ysd xβ )

GRtaERbRbYl elIplitPaB ( ˆ ( )sd xβ *100)

karERbRbYlxøaMg elIplitPaB

¬'000 erolkñúg 1hicta¦

( ˆ yβ )

GRtaERbRbYl elIplitPaB

( β̂ *100)

cMgayeTAkan; pøÚvfñl; ¬K>m¦

-0.005 7.712 235.9 -3.6 -30.6 -0.5

cMnYnqñaMGb;rM emRKYsar

0.006 3.415 132.8 2.1 38-.9 0.6

RbPB³ CSES 2004 enAeBlEdlGtßRbeyaCn_énehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT RtUv)aneKemIleXIjc,as; karviPaKelIéføcMNay

elIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nwgRtUv)aneFVIeLIgy:aghµt;ct; edIm,IkMNt;faetIkarviPaKeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiess elIEpñkFarasaRsþ Cakarpþl;Gnusasn_ eKalneya)ayd¾l¥mYysMrab;tMbn;TaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsEdr b¤Gt;.

FnFanmnusS

eRkAGMBIb½NÑkmµsiT§iEdlmansuvtßiPaB nigehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT FnFanmnusSdUcCasuxmalPaBrUbvnþ nigkarGb;rM KWCaFnFanbEnßmd¾mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarbegáInplitPaB. RsedogKñaeTAnwglT§plenAkñúg Éksarrbs;breTsEdr karviPaKEp¥keTAelI CSES 2004 k¾)anbgðajpgEdrfa karGb;rMCYyelIkkMBs; plitPaB lT§PaBcMeNjrbs;ksidæan nigkareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRkumRKYsarenAkñúgCnbTRbeTskm<úCa23. ]TahrN_ karGb;rMbEnßmmYyqñaMsMrab;emRKYsarnwgCYybegáInplitPaBRtwm 40>000erol kñúg 1hicta ¬tarag 5>6¦. ebIKitGMBIsuxPaBvij r)aykarN_fµI²)anbgðajfa CMgWdgáat;GacbNþaleGaymankarxUt

23

lT§pllMGiténkarsikSa Regression manenAkñúg]bsm<½n§


xatPøam²dl;CIvPaBrs;enAeRcIn CagkarxUcxatdMNaMksipl ebIeTaHbICaCMgW nigkarxUcxatdMNaMksipl GacbMpøajRkumRKYsarenACnbT)andUcKñak¾eday ¬RbGb; 5>5¦. RbGb; 5>6 ³ plb:HBal;elIsuxPaBmanlkçN³ F¶n;F¶rCagkarxUcxatdMNaMksipl lT§plRsavRCavEdlTTYl)anBIPUmiEdl)aneFVIkarsÞabsÞg;cMnYnBIr PaKxagt,ÚgTIRkugPñMeBj bgðajfa karxUcxatdMNaMksipl nigCMgWKWCaeRKaHmhnþrayEdlbgáeGaymankarxUtxateRcInRsedogKñaeTAnwgTMhMén karxUcxatesdækic© ¬EdlKitCamFümmantMélRbEhlBIrbIEsnerol¦. k¾b:uEnþ RkumRKYsarmankarlM)ak edaHRsayenAeBlBYkeKmanCMgWQWsáat;. lT§plGviC¢manBIplb:HBal;suxPaB kMBugEteFVIeGayb:HBal; dl;CIvPaBrs;enAPøam² nigry³eBlyUr BIeRBaHvaTamTareGaymanluykakCabnÞan;sMrab;Büa)al. eday sarRkumRKYsarPaKeRcIn KµanR)ak;snSMRKb;RKan; ¬nigTIpSar\NTanCnbTmindMeNIrkarl¥eT¦ dUcenHbgçMcitþ eGayRbCaCnlk;RTBüsm,tþi dUcCa dI b¤køayCakUnbMNuleKry³eBlxøI b¤ry³eBlEvg nigcugeRkaynwg CH\T§iBlminl¥dl;karrkR)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeK minEtb:ueNÑaHbEnßmcMNayeTot. karsikSarbs;GgÁkar Oxfam CaeRcIn )anrkeXIjfaRbmaNCaBak;kNþalénkarlk;edaybgçMcitþ b£RbmaN 40° énkrNITaMgenaH énRKYsarmandIFøI KW)an)at;bg;dI edaysarEtFøak;kñúgsßanPaBmanCMgW . RbPB ³ Yagura 2005, Biddulph 2004, Ballard and So 2004.

6> karGb;rM suxPaB nigRTBüFn segçb karGPivDÆFnFanmnusSmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarkMNt;kMritCIvPaBrs;enAl¥ nigmansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaH

karGPivDÆmnusS ³ RbCaCnEdlmansuxPaBl¥ karGb;rMl¥ manRbeyaCn_CagRbCaCnkñúgRbeTsmYyEdl RkIRk nigminecHGkSr.

bc©úb,nñRbeTskm<úCamankMNt;RtaTabkñúgsUcnakrGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSPaKeRcIn rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkMNt; RtaEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Ivas;sÞg;karrIkcMerInenAkñúgeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_. k¾b:uEnþ RksYgGb;r M nigsuxaPi)al sßitkñúgcMeNamsßab½nQanmuxeKTak;TgeTAnwgTsSn³CayuT§saRsþ viFIsaRsþrYmsMrab;eKal neya)ay nigkmµviFItamvis½y nigkareFVIEpnkarEdlTak;TgKña karerobcMfvika nigRbB½n§Binitütamdan. eKalneya)ayEdl)anEklMG kMBugpþl;nUvlT§plEdlmanlkçN³EklMGkan;EteRcIneLIg.

RbB½n§Gb;rMTTYl)ankarcab;GarmµN_eRcIn. karepþatkarykcitþTukeTAelIkarGb;rMfñak;bzm KaMRTeday cMNaysaFarN³ekIneLIg )anbegáIteGaymansala nigRKUbNþúHbNþalkan;EteRcIn éføcMNaypÞal;eTA elIRkumRKYsarkan;EtTabCagmun nigGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;bzmekIneLIg ¬Edl)anekIneLIgy:ag elOn CaBiesscMeBaHkumarI nigkumartUc² BI bBa©PaKeRkameK.

GaharUbtßmÖsMrab;kumarenAEtmansPaBminl¥ nigGRtaCMgWEdlGacTb;sáat;)an mankMritx<s;Nas; k¾b:uEnþ mankarEklMGc,as;las;elIkarkarBar nigkarBüa)al ¬]TahrN_ karbegáInkarcak;va:k;saMg nigTMnak; TMngmuneBlqøgTenø¦. maneCaKC½yKYreGaykt;sMKal;kñúgkarbBaÄb; nigkat;bnßykarrIkraldalén CMgWhIuv¼eGds_. sUcnakrCaeRcInbgðajfa GRtars;rbs;kumarkMBugmankarekIneLIg k¾b:uEnþ viFankar c,as;las; mYynwgGaceFVIeTA)anenAeBlEdllT§plTTYl)anBIkarsÞabsÞg;suxPaB nigRbCasaRsþqña M 2005 ecjpSayenAqñaM2006.

bBaðaRbQmCaeRcInenAEtekItman. elIEpñkpÁt;pÁg; cMNaysaFarN³sMrab;mnusSmñak;enAEtsßitenATab EdlTamTareGaymankarpÁt;pÁg;esvamUldæankñúgbTdæanmYyx<s;bMput. CaBiess Tak;TgeTAnwgkarEfTaM suxPaB RkumRKYsarkm<úCaRtUvbg;éføEfTaMsuxPaB eday)ancMNaycMNUlsrubrbs;BYkeKd¾eRcInelIkarEf TaMsuxPaBEdlmanKuNPaBTab. cMNaybEnßmeRkAeRcIn eFVIeGayRKYsarminEmnRkIRkFøak;kñúgPaBRkIRk )any:aggay.

elIEpñktMrUvkar RkumRKYsarRkIRkGacKµansiT§iTTYlykesvaEdl)anEklMGeT. éføcMNaysMxan;eTAelIkar Gb;rMsMrab;«BukmþayRkIRk KWCaéfø»kasrbs;BlkmµkumarEdlminGacecosput EdlenAEtmansar³sMxan; xøaMgcMeBaHRKYsarRkIRk.


enAkñúgvis½yTaMgBIr kMeNInelIcMNaysaFarN³EdlRbkbedaycriPaB ¬fVIebIenAxVHxat tamtMrUvkareRcIn k¾eday¦ RtUv)anKaMRTedaykarbegáItyuT§saRsþvis½ymYy PaBCaédKURKbdNþb;elIvis½yEdlmanRbsiT§i PaB nigkarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ay. karEklMGbEnßmelIlT§plGb;rM nigsuxaPi)al sMrab;RbCaCnTUeTA nigsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk nwgtMrUveGaymaneKalneya)ayedIm,Icab;epþImGnuvtþTaMgesvapÁt;pÁg; ¬brimaN nigKuNPaB¦ nigTaMgkaryl;dwgGMBIesvakmµ.

cugbBa©b; karEklMGkarpÁt;pÁg;esva niglT§plGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS k¾nwgBak;B½n§pgEdreTAnwgkaredaH RsaybBaðaGPi)alkic© Tak;TgeTAnwgtmøaPaBnigkarTTYlxusRtUvelIkarpÁt;pÁg;esva karcUlrYmBI shKmn_kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvamUldæan nigbrimaNnigRbsiT§iPaBéncMNaysaFarN³ekIneLIg sMedAeqøIy tbeTAnwgesckþIRtUvkarrbs;CnRkIRk.

karGb;rM suxPaB nigRTBüFn 141

GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSmankMritTab ¬dUcCa suxPaBminl¥ nigkarGb;rMmankMrit¦ KWCa buBVehtu nigplb:HBal;rbs;PaBRkIRk dUcEdl)anvas;sÞg; Tak;TineTAnwgcMNUl b¤ cMNaysMrab;mnusSmñak;. mUldæanRKwHénkarGb;rMmUldæan nigGkçrPaB begáIn»kas

esdækic©rbs;buKÁlnimYy² CYyBYkeKeGayTTYl)annUvkargarl¥RbesIrEdlmancMNUlkan;Etx<s; nigkan;Et GacBwgEp¥k)an ehIyeFVIeGayBYkeK nigRkumRKYsarrYcputBIPaBRkIRk. karGb;rMKW GacCayanCMuniHd¾man GMNacmYypgEdr sMrab;begáInkarkaryl;dwgGMBIbBaðasuxPaB nigkaryl; dwgGMBIRbB½n§karBarsuxPaB.

RsedogKñaEdr buKÁlmñak;EdlmansuxPaBl¥ enAEtmanplRbeyaCn_eRcIn nigmanluyeRcIn Gac cMNayelITMnijnigesvasMxan;²déTeTot eRcInCagbuKÁlEdlmanCMgWminGaceFVIkar)an b¤buKÁlEdlRtUv cMNayR)ak;y:ageRcIneTAelIkarBüa)al. plvi)akénesdækic© edaysarkarrIkralénCMgW b¤k¾CMgWraMuér:ruj eGaybuKÁl b¤RkumRKYsarEdlnaMeGaymancMNayeRcInGacQaneTAdl;PaBRkIRk CaBiess enAeBlEdl RkumRKYsarRkIRkCageKRtUv )anbgçMcitþlk;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmanRbeyaCn_ b¤k¾ x©IbMNuleK.

suxPaBk¾manb:HBal;BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; eTotpgEdr tamry³karfycuHénkarvinieyaKrbs; «BukmþayelIsuxPaB nigkarGb;rMrbs;kumar kñúgsßanPaBEdlmanGRtasøab;kumarx<s; nigkarTTYl)anpl x<s;EdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKña. GRtaTTYlplx<s;kat;bnßylT§PaBrbs;RkumRKYsar kñúgkarpþl;nUvkar EfTaMsuxPaB nigGb;rM RKb;RKan;dl;kumarEdlnaMeGay»kassMrab;rkcMNUlfycuHkñúgeBlGnaKt.

suxPaBminl¥ k¾manplb:HBal;dl;sgÁmpgEdr. karrIkraldalénCMgWhIuv¼eGds_ nigsUm,IEtCMgW RKuncaj; GaceFVIeGaykMeNInesdækic©ekInyWt nigb:HBal;dl;kMlaMgBlkmµ nigplitPaBBlkmµ. kar KMramkMEhgfµIelIsuxPaBsaFarN³ dUcCaCMgWsa b¤CMgWpþasaybkSI GaceFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;suxPaB ]sSahkmµeTscrN_ nigesvakmµ.

eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;CMgWEdlGacTb;sáat;)an elIRbCaCn edIm,IkarBarRbCaBlrdæRkIRkBIkarcMNayeRcInelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigFana»kas sMrab;RbCaCn edIm,IeGayTTYl)ankarEfTaMsux PaBnigkarGb;rMEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; KWCaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³d¾sMxan; EdlbegáInsnñiFiénFn FanmnusSsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa nigsMrYldl;kMeNIn esdækic©ry³eBlEvg.

mankarsnñidæanCamund¾hµt;ct;mYyenAkñúgCMBUkenH Ep¥kelIesdækic©EdlmanmUldæanRKwHl¥ EdlrdæaPi)al RtUvedIrtYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúgskmµPaBTaMgenH EdlbegáIn»kasrbs;RbCaCn CaBiess RbCaBlrdæRkIRk edIm,I

kMrit


eGayTTYl)annUvkBa©b;esvasuxPaB nigGb;rM ticbMputEdlGacTTYlyk)an. k¾b:uEnþ yuT§saRsþrYmsMrab;Ek lMGkarGPivDÆFnFan mnusScaM)ac;RtUvmantYnaTIsMxan;EdlRtUv)ankMBug GnuvtþrYcehIyedayGñkedIrtYmin Emnrdæ ¬CaBiess kñúgEpñksuxaPi)al¦ Edlvis½yÉkCn KWCaGñkpþl;esvad¾sMxan;RBmTaMgekogKr nigRKb; RKgmUlniFi.

karGb;rM CMnaj nigkMeNIn

rvagRkumRKYsarkm<úCa k¾dUcKñarvagRbeTsCaeRcIn manTMnak;TMngrwgmaMrvagkarbegáInkMriténkarGb;rM b¤Gkçrkmµ nigkarkat;bnßykMriténPaBRkIRk. tamBit RtUvRbugRby½tñkñúgkarbkRsayTMnak;TMngenH eRBaHva mansar³sMxan;. karGb;rMl¥RbesIr GacnaMeGayrkcMNUl)anx<s;Cag k¾b:uEnþ vaGacCakargayRsYypgEdr EdlkarbegáInRTBüFn eFIVeGayRkumRKYsarnanaGb;rMkUnrbs;xøÜn tamviFIEdlRkumRKYsarRkIRkCageKminGac eFVI)an. PaBmancMeNHdwg nigkarGb;rMGacCYybegáInskþanuBlplitPaBpÞal;xøÜn. CasV½yRbvtþi vahak; dUcCaeCOfa manplb:HBal;CamUldæanelIkargarkñúgTisedATaMgBIr. CaBiess caM)ac;RtUvcaMfa RbsinebI esdækic©minGaceqøIytbeTAnwgkarpÁt;pÁg;ekIneLIgrbs;buKÁlEdlmanCMnajeT vanwgenAEtminGaceRbIR)as; )anRKb;RKan; ehIyesdækic©nwgbnþsßitenAeRkamskþanuBlPaBrbs;va ¬CMBUk 4¦.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edaymankarKaMRTBIRbeTs pþl;CMnYymYycMnYnkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH )anbegáIt yuT§saRsþvis½yEdleCaKC½ymYy Edl)ancab;epþImelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarEklMGkMrit nigsmPaBénkar cUlrYmEpñkGb;rM CaBiessenAfñak;bzmsikSa1.

ninñakarviC¢man

cab;epþImecjBImUldæanTabeTA RbB½n§Gb;rMrbs; km<úCaTTYl)anlT§plKYreGaycab;GarmµN_mYycMnYn CakarBitmYyEdlTTYlsÁal;edayGñkcUlrYm enAkñúgkarRsavRCavtamEbbKuNPaB ¬sUmGanRbGb; 6>1¦. karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs; rdæaPi)alelIkarGb;rMfñak;bzm ¬]TahrN_ ³ fvikaRbtibtþikarsalasMrab; cMNayeTogTat; karlb;bM)at;ecalkarbg;éføcuHeQµaHcUleron nigkmµviFIeronbEnßmenAtamsala¦ man karrIkcMerInKYreGaykt;sMKal; CaBiess karcuHeQµaHcUleron. karcuHeQµaHcUleron ¬nigkarbBa©b;kar sikSa¦ mankarekIneLIgkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRkelOn CagenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. enAeBlEdlvismPaBkñúgvis½y 1 rcnasm<½n§Gb;rMrbs;km<úCaman karGb;rMfñak;bzmsikSa ¬fñak;TI 1-6 sMrab;GayuBI 6-11qñaM tamc,ab;¦ fñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi ¬fñak;TI 7-9¦ nigfñak;mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi ¬fñak;TI 10-12¦. kMritbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSabzmPUmi CaeKalkarN_ KWCakarbgçM cMENkÉfñak;mFüm sikSaTutiyPUmi nigfñak;metþyü ¬Gayu 3-5 qñaM¦ minmankarbgçitbgçMeT.


Gb;rMEdl)anBiBN’naxagelIenAEtmansar³ sMxan; nigTamTareGaymankareFVIskmµPaBbnþ bnÞab; caM)ac;RtUvTTYlsÁal;fa kumarmYycMnYn ¬CaBiess rvagkumara nigkumarI ehIyrvagRkum enATIRkug nigRkumenACnbT¦ kan;EtmancMnYntic eTAcab;taMgBIqñaM 1997 mk ¬Ragatz 2005: 12-14¦. RbGb; 6>1 ³ snþiPaB salakan;EteRcIn nigkarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)aybg;éføsikSa )anbegáInkar cUlrYmkñúgkarGb;rMfñak;bzm GñkcUlrYmenAkñúgkarBiPakSaRkumbegÁal MOPS enAkñ úgPUmicMnYn 9 )anÉkPaBfa PaBgayRsYlrbs; karGb;rM nigkMriténkarcUlrYmrbs;kumarenA tamPUmikñúgEpñkGb;rM bc©úb,nñenHmanlkçN³l¥ RbesIrCagkñúg qñaM1998 eRcIn. edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkMrit enAkñúgPUmiepSg²Kña bBaðaenHvaTak;TgeTAnwg ¬1¦karbBa©b;énCMelaH Rbdab;GavuF ¬2¦karsagsg; b¤CYsCulGaKarsalaeron ¬3¦begáInkMrit CIvPaBrs;enAEdlmann½yfa RbCaCnkan;EteRcIn GacmanlT§PaBbBa¢ÚnkUnrbs;xøÜneTAsalaeron nig¬4¦CaBiess karElgykéføcuH eQµaHcUleron enAkñúgqñaM2000 b¤ 2001. b¥ÚnRbusnigb¥ ÚnRsIrbs;eyIgmansMNagCageyIg BIeRBaH\LÚvenH BYkeKGacman»kaseTAsalaeron)an

RbesIrCageyIg ¬ehIy¦ sala eronenACitpÞHrbs;BYkeyIg. kMBg;FM bc©úb,nñ «Bukmþaykan;Etyl;dwg nigbgçMkUn rbs;xøÜneTAeroneRcInCagTun – nigmansala eronl¥²eRcIn

ehIyeronmin)ac;bg;R)ak;. yuvCn FGD, RkecH mUlniFisaFarN³sMrab;karGb;rMmankarekIneLIg KYreGaykt;sMKal; karEklMGTaMgenH sMerc)anedaysarEtmankar ekIneLIgénkarEbgEckcMNaysaFarN³eTAeGay EpñkGb;rM. fvikasMrab;vis½yGb;rM)anekIn eLIg 18/5° énfvikacrnþsrubrbs;raCrdæaPi)al kñúgqñaM2003 KWekIneLIgRbEhl 2dgénfvika kñúgcugTsvtSr_qñaM1990 EdlmancMnYnRbEhl 10°. enAkñúgvis½yenH TaMgmUl cMNaymUlFn)anfycuHkñúgry³eBlcugeRkayenAeBl EdlcMNaycrnþ ¬R)ak;ebovtSr_ nig R)ak;minEmnebovtSr_¦ )anekIneLIg ¬rUb 6>1¦. enAeBlEdlCMnYybreTs enAEtmancMnYnmYyPaK FMéncMNaysaFarN³srub ¬KWfa minEmnRkumRKYsar¦ enaH cMNayelIkarGb;rMrbs;rdæaPi)alElgmancMnYn eRcInelIs ¬dUcenAkñ úgqñaM1999¦ eTotehIy. lMhUr ODA eTAelIEpñkGb;rM)anFøak;cuHy:ageRcIn enAkñúg qñaM2001 ehIyenAEtminTan;mankarpøas;bþÚrcab;taMgBIfvikacMNayrbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa ¬MOEYS¦ mankarFøak;cuHeRcIneLIg cab;taMgBIqñaM 1998 mk.


hirBaØb,TanEdl)anekIneLIgelIvis½yenH )anCYy edaHRsaybBaðaR)ak;Exrbs;RKUbeRgon. R)ak;ExCamFüm rbs;RKUbeRgon)anekIneLIgCadMNak;² cab;taMgBIqñaM 2002 mk cugeRkayenH)anekIneLIgRtwm 37° ¬ebIKit famFümmancMnYn 43/3 duløar kñúg 1 Ex¦ kñúgcenøaH BIqñaM2004 dl; 20052. TinñakarcMeBaHcMNay saFarN³TaMgenH elIkarGb;rM k¾)anKaMRTCnRkIRky:ag xøaMgpgEdr. karviPaKelIGRtaGñkTTYlplbgðajfa tam ry³karkMNt;GaTiPaBelIkarGb;rMfñak;bzm ¬Edlkumar mkBIRkumRKYsarRkIRkCageKbMputcMnYn 40° man 45° Ca kUnsisS¦ karcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al eFVIeGaymantulüPaB énGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCnRkIRk.

bc©úb,nñenHRKUbeRgon nigsalaeronkan;EteRcIn nig kan;EtRbesIrCagmun

lT§pléncMNayelIEpñksaFarN³ekIneLIg EdlGaceFVIeTA)an nigdwknaMedaysßab½n nigeKal neya)ayvis½yEdlmanlkçN³kan;EtrwgmaM RtUv)anemIleXIjenAkñúgsUcnakrkNþalmYycMnYnénkarpÁt;pÁg; »kas nigKuNPaBGb;rM. cMnYnRKUbeRgonfñak;salabzmsikSaEdl)anbNþúHbNþal )anekIneLIgRtwm 12° ¬BI 42>000nak; dl; 47>000nak;¦ enAkñúgcenøaHqñaM 1999¼00 nig 2002¼03 PaKryEdl)anekIn eLIgelIkMlaMg kargarbeRgon \LÚvenHmandl;kMritbzmsikSaTutiyPUmi nigkMritbBa©b;karsikSa3. KuNPaBén ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþelIvis½yGb;rM k¾mankarEklMGy:ageRcInpgEdr ³ RbPBmYycMnYnRKbdNþb; elIrUbPaBrbs;salakan;EteRcInEdlmanbrikçal¥ RbesIr ¬sUmemIltarag 6>1¦.

edaysarEtkumarI nigkumartUc²kan;EteRcIneLIg mkBIRkumRKYsarEdlRkIRkCageKbMputcUleron nig kñúgkrNImYycMnYn)anbBa©b;karsikSa dUecñHKMlaténGkçrPaBrvagePT nigRkumEdlmanRTBüFn kMBugEtcab; 2 k¾b:uEnþ karekIneLIgd¾eRcInenH bc©úb,nñcaM)ac;RtUvmankarbMeBj bEnßmedaykic©RbwgERbgedIm,IedaHRsayrcnasm<½n§R)ak;Ex Edl enAmankMritTabKittamsþg;darGnþrCati nigKµanpþl;bTBiesaFn_ b¤ eFVIkarelIPar³kic©GaTiPaB . 3 RGC 2003 . k¾b:uEnþKuNPaBénkarbNþúHbNþalmunbMerIesva enAmankMritTab nig»kassMrab;karGPivDÆviC¢aCIv³enAmankMrit ¬Ragatz 2005

TMB½r 41¦.

rUb 6>1 ³ cMNaysaFarN³elIkarGb;rM ¬Ca BiesselIcMNaycrnþ¦ )anekIneLIgKYreGaykt; sMKal;

50

100

150

200

250

2000 2001 2002 2003

karcMNaysaFar³sMrab;karGb;r (indexed, 2000 = 100)

crn Tuns

RbPB ³ MEF


epþImTak;TajRkumGayuekµg²Edl)ancakecjBIsalanaeBlfµI²enH. enAeBlEdlkñúgcMeNamsisSTaMg enaHmanGayu 25-29qñaM GRtaGkçrPaBenAkñúgXVinEtl sMrab;GñkmanCageK bMputmancMnYn 39° x<s;CagenAkñúgXVinEtl sMrab;GñkRkIRkCageKbMput kñúgcMeNamRkumEdlmanGayu 15-19qñaM KMlat)an fymkenA 22° enAkñúgRkumekµgCageKbMputEdlmanGayuBI 15-19 qñaM KMlaténGkçrPaBrvagyuvCn nigyuvnarI mancMnYnticKW 4°.

tarag 6>1 ³ mankarEklMGKYreGaykt;sMKal; elIehdæarcnasm<½n§Gb;rM k> TMhMRKbdNþb; 1998 2004

KitCacMnYn 32 14 RsukEdlKµansala mFümsikSabzmPUmi KitCa ° 17° 8°

KitCacMnYn 81 45 RsukEdlKµansala mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi KitCa ° 44° 25° x>eRKOgbrikça³ salaEdlman

1999 2004

TwkGacpwk)an 31° 64° bgÁn; 34° 64° K> TsSn³rbs;RKUbegonelIkarpøas;bþÚrlkçxNÐrbs;sala kñúgry³eBl 5qñaMknøgeTA bzmsikSa mFümsikSa bzmPUmi TutiyPUmi )anEklMG 72° 65° 65° enAdEdl 18° 26° 25° )anxUcxat 10° 9° 10° RbPB ³ EMIS, CSES 2004 PUmi taragsMNYr sßanPaBGb;rMbc©úb,nñ

eTaHbICamanninñakarviC¢manTaMgenHk¾eday k¾sßanPaBGb;rMbc©úb,nñrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaenAEtmankMritTab Nas; ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>2 edIm,IeRbobeFobCamYybreTs¦. cMeBaHkMritCak;lak;mYy vaqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIj BIekrþ×dMENlénmYyTsvtSr_Edl)an)at;bg;eTAenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1970 EdleBlenaHral;karGb;rMpøÚvkar TaMgGs; RtUv)anbBaÄb; ehIymnusSeBjv½yEdlman karGb;rMTaMgenaH ¬rYmTaMgRKU beRgonCaeRcIn¦ )anTTYl


rgkarQWcab;y:agF¶n;F¶r kareFVIbdivtþhwgSa eRkamrbbExµrRkhm. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCa Fibetyü vis½yGb;rM)anegIbeLIgvijyWt² eRBaHRbB½n§Gb;rMRtUv)anksageLIgvijBI)atédTeT eRkamFnFan EdlmankMrit cab;taMgBI TsvtSr_qñaM80mk.

ekrþ×dMENlenH RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgbBaðaEpñkpÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar nigkarbBa©b;karGb;rM nigGkçrPaB mankMritTabkñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½y ebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTs déTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;. tamsUcnakrmYy ¬edayKit GMBIkarcuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;bzmsrub EdlCakarcuHeQµaHcUleronsrubenAkñúgkMriténkarGb;rMCak; lak;mYy minKitGMBIGayu KitCaPaKryénmnusSEdlRKb;GayucUleron RsbKñaCamYynwgkMritGb;rM dUcKñaenA kñúgqñaMsikSaEdl)ankMNt;¦ bgðajfa RbB½n§Gb;rMrbs;km<úCa eFVI)anRbesIrCagRbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜnTaMg Gs;. k¾b:uEnþ viFankarenH EdlqøúH bBa©aMgeGayeXIjBIkarekIneLIgd¾qab;rh½sénkarcUlrYmkñúgEpñkGb;r M nig¬CaTUeTA¦ lT§PaBénRbB½n§Gb;rM edIm,IRsUbykcMnYnTaMgenH k¾qøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjBIGRtaénkarcuHeQµaH cUleronelIsGayupgEdr. tamrUbPaBdéTepSgeTot vis½yGb;rMrbs;km<úCa sßitenAeRkamRbeTsCitxagrbs;

rUb 6>2 karGb;rMfñak;bzmenAkm<úCa eFobeTAnwg RbeTsRkIRkenAkñúgtMbn;

km<úCa 2004

evotNam 2002

\NUensIu 2002

PIlIBin 1998

0 25 50 75 100

mnusSeBjv½yEdl)anbBa©b;karGb;rMfñak;bzm ¬° énmnusSeBjv½yGayu25qñaMeLIg Edl)anbBa©b; karGb;rMfñak;bzmfñak;kMNt;kñúg RbeTs¦ karcuHeQµaHcUleronsMrab;Etfñak;bzmsikSa ¬sisSkñúgsalabzmsikSarbs;rdæGayuKitCa° énmnusSsßitkñúgGayuenH¦ karcUlrYmkñúgsalabzmsikSa ¬kumarGayuBI 6-11qñaMkMBugsikSa minKitGMBIkMrit KitCa° én mnusSEdlmanGayuBI 6-11qñaM¦

RbPB ³ DHS cugeRkay ¬qñaMeFV IkarsÞabsÞg;)ankt; sMKal; sMrab;RbeTsnimYy²¦


rUb 6>3 ³ vismPaBenAkñúglT§plGb;rMRtUv)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfaenAEtekItman k> cMnYnqñaMsikSa ¬cMnYnqñaMCamFümEdl)anbBa©b;¦

x> PaKryénmnusSGayuelI 25qñaM min)anTTYlkarsikSa RbPB ³ CSES 2004

xøÜnrYmTaMgRbeTsLav nigmIy:an;m:a4.

enAkñúgPaBxusKñamYyelIey:nD½rEdleK)ankt; sMKal;eXIjPaKeRcIn RsþITTYl)ankarGb;rMtic Cagburs ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>3¦ ³ enHminEmnsMedA EteTAelIcMnYnqñaMsikSaeT k¾b:uEnþsMedATaMgGRta GkçrPaBeTotpg EdlmanPaBxusKñaCamFüm ¬69/6°¦ rvagburs ¬80/3°¦ nigRsþI ¬60/3°¦ elIGRtaGkçrPaB.

4 Tinñn½y Edstats TTYl)anBITinñn½y EMIS fñak;Cati ¬RbB½n§RKb; RKgBt’manGb;rM¦. sUcnakrTTYl)anBIkarsÞabsÞg;elIsuxPaB nig RbCasaRsþ ¬DHS¦ ¬CaTUeTARtUv)aneKKitfa GaceCOCak;Cag EMIS k¾b:uEnþminmansMrab;RbeTsTaMgGs;RKb;qñaMeT¦ )anbBa¢ak; GMBIrUbPaB.

k> cMnYnqñaMénkarbBa©b;karsikSa

3.7 2.8

4.8 3.2

4.5 6.4

2.4

5.4

0

5

10

srub RsII Rbus CnbT tMbn;TIRb CMuCnepSg

PñMeBj RkbMput manbMput

tamePT tamTIkEnøg tamtMrUvkarRkumXVinEtl

x> PaKryénRbCaCn Gayu 25 qña MeLIg EdlminGaneronsURt

32 42

20 36

25 11

48

19

0

25

50

75

srub

RsII

Rbus

CnbT

tMbn;TIRb CMuCnepSg

PñMeBj

RkbMput

manbMput

tamePT

tamTIkEnøg

tamtMrUvkarRkumXVinEtl


vismPaBénPUmisaRsþk¾ecaTCabBaðapgEdr ³ sisSrs;enACnbT)anbBa©b;qñaMsikSaKitCamFüm RtwmEtBak; kNþalénqñaMsikSarbs;sisSenAkñúgTIRkug. manPaBxusKñaelIGRtacuHeQµaHcUleronsuT§ kñúgcMeNamBIrXVin Etl EdlRkIRkCageKbMputEdlPaKeRcInénextþnanaEdlsßitenAtMbn;x<g;rabdac;Rsy:alenAPaKxageCIg PaK\san nigPaKnirtI manGRtaTabCagextþnanaEdlsßit enAkñúgtMbn;TMnabTenøemKgÁ nigTenøsab ¬sUm emIlrUb 6>4¦. rUb 6>4 ³ kumarEdlmkBIRKYsarRkIRkTMngCaGacTTYl)ankarGb;rMfñak;bzmeRcInenAPaKGeKñy_ nigPaK BayBü - karcuHeQµaHfñak;bzmsuT§ ¬°¦ kñúgXVinEtlRkIRkCageKbMput nigbnÞab;BIRkIRkbMput qñaM2004 RbPB ³ CSES 2004

GRtaénkarcUleronyWt karRtYtfñak;nigkare)aH bg;ecalsalamankarfycuH k¾b:uEnþenAmancMnYn x<s;enAeLIy karcUleronyWtmancMnYneRcIn ³ cMnYnsisSfµIfñak;TI 1 EdlRKb;GayucUleronCapøÚvkar ¬6qñaM¦ b¤k¾ekµgCag


enHmancMnYnEt 28°b:ueNÑaH5. eRbob eFobGayumFümcUleronBIqñaM2001 ¬karsÞabsÞg;Blkmµkumar ¬CLS¦¦ dl;qñaM2004 ¬CSES¦ KµankarERbRbYleT Edlbgðajfa )atuPUtenHbNþalmkBIbBaðarcnasm<½n§ eRcInCagbBaða RbB½n§Gb;rMmanlkçN³buraN EdleTIbEtegIbBI CMelaH.

5 CSES 2004

rUbPaBTI 6>5 karcuHeQµaHcUlerondulRtUv)anEklMG

k> RkumRKYsartamRTBüsm,tiþ

0

20

40

60

80

100

Poorest Nextpoorest

Middle Nextrichest

Richest

Net e

nrol

men

t (%

)

1997 2001 2004

RkCageK Rklµm mFüm RKan;ebI man

karcuHe

QµaHc

Uleron

srub

x> sMrab;ekµgRsI nigekµgRbus K> sMrab;RbCaCnenAtMbn;CnbT nigTIRkug

0

20

40

60

80

100

Female Male

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rural Urban

Source: CSES 1997, CLS 2001, CSES 2004 RbPB³ CSES 1997, CLS 2001, CSES 2004

Rbus RsI TIRbCMuCn TIRkug


karcuHeQµaHcUleronelIsGayu KWCabBaðasMxan;mYy BIeRBaHvahak;dUcCaktþad¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarBnül; GMBIGRtae)aHbg;karsikSax<s; ³ kumarTaMg enaHEdlcab;epþImcUleronyWt Gacnwggaye)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa muneBlBYkeKbBa©b;karGb;rMfñak;bzm. ktþasMxan;EdlnaMeGaymankare)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa nigGRtabBa©b; karsikSamankMritTab KWedaysarEtkumarTaMgRtUvEsVgrkkargareFVIedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;RKYsarRkIRkrbs;BYkeK. eTaH bICakMeNInénkarcuHeQµaHcUleronfñak;bzm KWCaeCaKC½yd¾FMmYyEdlRtUvGbGrk¾eday ¬sUmemIl rUb 6>5¦ k¾vahak;dUcCamankarlM)akeRcInkñúgkarrkSakumareGayenAbnþkarsikSafñak;bzmEdr eRkABIkarcuHeQµaHcUl erondMbUg ehIyvakan;EtBi)ak EfmeTot kñúgkarrkSaBYkeKeGaybnþkarsikSadl; fñak;mFümsikSaenaH.

tamkarrMBwgTuk GRtabBa©b;fñak;bzmsikSaman bMErbMrYlx<s;KYreGaykt;sMKal;sMrab;tMbn;TIRkug nigXVin EtlEdlmanRTBüFnelIeK. GRtabBa©b;fñak;bzmsikSasMrab;XVilEtlRkIRkCageK bMputmankMritTabCag RkumdéTepSgeTot ehIymindUcKMlatrvagGRtabBa©b;karsikSarbs;kumar nigkumarI b¤enAkñúgTIRkug nigCn bTeT KMlatrvag RkumGñkmanenHenAEtmankñúgry³eBlcugeRkay enH ¬Ragatz 2005¦.

enAeBlEdlGRtabBa©b;fñak;bzmsikSasMrab;kumaranigkumarIKµanPaBxusKñaeRcIneT enaHPaBxusKñad¾ sMxan;mYyrvagePT ekItmanenAkñúgkarGb;rMfñak; mFümsikSabzmPUmi. bBaðasMxan;EdlraraMg kumar ¬nigkumarI RbCaCnenAtamCnbT nigCaBiessCnRkIRk¦ mineGaybBa©b;karsikSanwgcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsay RbsinebI km<úCacg;sMerceGay)annUvTisedArbs; CMDG kñúgkarbegáInPaKryénkarbBa©b;fñak;bzmsikSaCalkçN³ skl. PaKryénkumar EdlRtUveronRtYtfñak; )anfycuHy:ageRcIncenøaHBIqñaM1997 dl;qñaM2003 ¬BI 26° mk 10° sMrab;fñak;bzmsikSa¦. k¾b:uEnþ GRtaénkareronRtYtfñak; ¬CaBiessfñak;TI 1¦ enAEtmankMrit x<s;Nas; bnÞab;BIRbeTsLavenAkñúgtMbn;.

KuNPaBGb;rM

edIm,IbgðajeGayeXIjc,as;GMBIRbB½n§Gb;rMsaFarN³rbs;km<úCa niglT§PaBrbs;EpñkenH edIm,Ipþl; eGayRbCaBlrdænUvCMnajnanaEdlBYkeKRtUv karedIm,IrkSakargarEdlmanR)ak;Exx<s; nigTak;TajvinieyaK Tun caM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak;bEnßm eTotkñúgkareFVIeGaykumar)ancUlfñak;eron nigrkSaBYkeKeGay)an nigRBmTaMgKitKUrdl;KuNPaBbeRgon. sUcnakrsMxan;énlT§PaBepÞrcMeNHdwgeTAeGaysisS rYmmanTaMg smmaRténsisS nigRKU nigkMritvb,Fm’rbs;RKUbeRgon. ebIBinitüemIlGMBIKuNPaBGb;rM vabgðajc,as; CafµImþgeTotfa RbB½n§Gb;rMenHpÞal;TTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarEtkarpÁt;pÁg;FnFanmnusSTUTaMgRbeTsmin RKb;RKan;. KµanRKUbeRgonRKb;RKan; edIm,IbMerIesckþIRtUvkarrbs;sisSekµg² ³ eTaHbICacMnYnRKUbeRgon)ancab;


epI þmfycuHkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaMknøgeTAk¾eday k¾smmaRténsisSnigRKUmankMritx<s; bMputenAkñúgtMbn;sMrab; fñak;bzmsikSa ¬enAkñúgqñaM 2004 TabCagRbeTsdéTeRcIn¦ nigsßitkñúglMdab;TI 3 sMrab;fñak;mFüm sikSa6.

kgVHxatRKUbeRgoneFVIeGayCnRkIRkmanGarmµN_minl¥ ¬smmaRténsisSeFobnwgRKUenAkñúgsala enAkñúgXMuRkIRkCageKbMput KitCamFümman 79³1 eRbobeFobeTAnwgsmmaRténsisSeFob nwgRKUenA kñúgsalakñúgXMuEdlmanbMputman 46³1¦. elIsBIenH smmaRténsisSnigRKUTaMgenH kan;EtGaRkk;eLIg enAeBlEdleCaKC½ykñúg karerIsRKUbEnßmminRsbKñaCamYynwgeCaKC½ykñúg karbegáInkarcuHeQµaHcUleron. cab;taMgBIqñaM 2002mk smmaRtenHTMngCamanesßrPaBenA kñúgkMritfñak;bzmsikSa ³ \LÚvsmmaRtenH )an fycuHKYreGaykt;sMKal; .

k¾mantMrUvkarpgEdredIm,IeFVIkarEklMG minEmnRtwmEtbrimaNRKUbeRgonb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþ EfmTaMgEk lMGeTAelIkMritvb,Fm’nigCMnajrbs;RKUpgEdr. ehIyTMhMénkarpøas;bþÚrepSg²eTot TamTareGaymankar EklMGbEnßmelIkarGb;rM nigGkçrPaBrbs;Blrdækm<úCa bBaðaenHnwgTamTareGaymankarekIneLIgCanirnþ elIkMritnigRbsiT§iPaBénhirBaØb,TansaFarN³EdlEbgEcksMrab;vis½yGb;rM. CaBiess caM)ac;RtUvEtbegáIn R)ak;Exrbs;RKUbeRgonbEnßmeTot RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCacg;sMerceGay)annUveKaledAsMxan;Edl)ankMNt; enAkñúgKMnitpþÜcepþImBenøÓnkarGb;rMTaMgGs;Kña (Fast Track) . CalkçN³skl eK)anpþl;GnusSasn_fa RbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTabRtUvcMNayelIRKUbeRgonRbEhl 3/5dgéncMNUlCatimFüm ¬dUcEdl)an vas;Evgtam pss kñúgmnusSmñak;¦ edIm,IFanadl;karGb;rM EdlmanKuNPaB nigsmFm’7. pÞúyeTAvij enA kñúgRbeTskm<úCa R)ak;Excab;epþImdMbUgrbs;RKU beRgonKWsßitenAeRkam pss kñúgmnusSmañk;R)ak;ExBak; kNþalGaCIBCamFümmancMnYnEt 1/5dgén pss kñúgmnusSmañk; b:ueNÑaH. R)ak;ExTab ¬rYmpSMnwgkarRKb; RKgFnFanmnusSexSayenAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM¦ naMeGayKuNPaBCa mFümrbs;karGb;rMmankMritTab ¬sUmGan RbGb; 6>2¦. dUcCaenAkñúgTidæPaBCaeRcInénkarpÁt;pÁg;esvarbs;raCrdæaPi)al mantMrUvkarcaM)ac;xøaMgedIm,I eFVIkMENTMrg;enAkñúgrdæaPi)alelIR)ak;ExEpñksaFarN³ nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS ¬sUmGanCMBUk 7¦.

TIbMput enAeBlEdlGRtacuHeQµaHcUleron )anekIneLIg ¬nigbnÞab;mkmankarekIneLIgelIGRtabBa©b; karGb;rM CamYynwgKMlat¦ cMnYnem:agénkarbeRgonenAkñúgfñak;enAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMrbs;km<úCa enAmankMritTab

6 Tinñn½yrbs;km<úCaTTYl)anBI EMIS Tinñn½yrbs;RbeTsdéT eTotTTYl)anBI Edstats. 7 EFA benchmark


Nas; minGacCYysMrYldl;kareronsURt)aneT. kñúgcMnYnem:agGtibrma 760 em:ag kñúg1qñaM kumarkm<úCa TTYl)anem:agsikSaeRkameKaledAénkarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬EFA¦ EdlkMnt; 850em:agkñúg 1qñaM. edIm,I edaHRsaybBaðaenHCafµImþgeTot nwgTamTareGaymankarbegáInkarEbgEcknigRbsiT§iPaBéncMNaysaFa-rN³elI vis½yGb;rM.

RbGb; 6>2 ³ «BukmþayRBYy)armÖGMBIKuNPaB énkarbeRgon eTaHbICamankumarkan;EteRcIneLIg)ancUleronk¾eday k¾KuNPaBGb;rMCarYm ¬nigPaBgayRsYl nigR)ak;Ex rbs;RKUbeRgon¦ enAEtCabBaðarYmmYy kñúgcMeNam«BukmþaysisSenAkñúgPUmi MOPS:

´mankar)armÖGMBIKuNPaBénkarGb;rM. ]TahrN_ kUnRbusrbs;́ Edl\LÚvenH eronfñak;TI 6 sUm,IEt eQµaHrbs;va k¾Ganmindac;pg. ´q¶l;faetIva)aneronGVIxøHenAkñúgsala ehIyehtuGVI)anCaRKUGnuBaØat eGayvaeLIgfñak;. )at;dMbg

eyIgBitCasUmekatsresIrfa \LÚvenH manGaKarsikSal¥Cagmun. k¾b:uEnþ eyIgmankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaH kMhusqÁgEdlbgáeLIgedayRKUbeRgon edaysarEtR)ak;Exrbs;BYkKat;Tab. BYkRKUTaMgenH CaFmµta ykRbFanbTsMrab;RblgeTAbeRgonenAkñúgfñak;ÉkCnrbs;xøÜn CaBiess cMeBaHfñak;eRkaybzmsikSa. «BukmþayRtUvcMNayR)ak;Gs;eRcIneTAelI karsikSarbs;kUn CaBiess cab;BIfñak;mFümsikSaeLIgeTA. RKUbeRgon TamTareGaykUnrbs;eyIgcUleronkñúgfñak;ÉkCn rbs;BYkKat; ehIybg;luyBI 400-500 erolkñúg 1vKÁ. kMBt

RbPB ³ CDRI 2006 ¬xagmux¦

kMritnigkarEbgEckcMNaysaFarN³elIvis½y Gb;r M

tamkarkt;sMKalBIxagelI TMnak;TMngéncMNaysaFarN³elIvis½yGb;rM KWKaMRTCaTUeTAelI CnRkIRk ehIyvak¾KaMRTdl;karGb;rMfñak;bzmpg Edr EdlkñúgenaHmanRbCaBlrdæRkIRkPaKeRcInCa tMNag. k¾b:uEnþ edaysaréføcMNay 1ÉktakñúgkUnsisSmñak;mankMritx<s;enAkñúgGb;rMfñak;mFüm sisS nigeRkaymFüm ¬EdlkumarkñúgRKYsarGñkmanmancMnYnelIseKeFobeTAnwgkumarenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRk¦ fvikasMrab;karGb;rMfñak; mFüm nigeRkaymFümenAEtmaTMhMeRcIn kñúgry³eBlkMNt; ehIykumarkñúgRKYsarGñkmanenAEtTTYl )ankarGb;rMeRcInCag ¬kñúgry³eBlsMrab;kumarmñak;¦ kumarkñúgRKYsarRkIRk. dUecñH enAEtmancMnucxVHxat EdlRtUvEklMGeKalneya)ayGb;rM nighirBaØb,TanepþateTAelIPaBRkIRk.


k¾mantMrUvkarpgEdr dUcCakarRKb;RKghirBaØb,TansaFarN³rbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgEpñkdéTeTot edIm,IeklMG RbsiT§iPaBénkarcMNaymUlniFisaFarN³. kñúgkic©RbwgERbgedIm,IedaHRsayPaBraMgsÞHkñúgkareRbIR)as;fvika kmµviFIskmµPaBGaTiPaB ¬PAP¦ RtUv)anENnaMenAkñúgEpñkGb;rM ¬nigRksYgdéTeTot¦ kñúgqñaM 2000 ¬sUm GanRbGb; 6>3¦. karsÞabsÞg;elIkartamdancMNaysaFarN³ EdleTIbEt)anbBa©b;naeBlfµI²enH ¬PETS¦ sMrab;vis½yGb;rM )anbgðajfa fvikaRbtibtþikarsalaEdl)an bBa¢Úntamry³EpnkarskmµPaB GaTiPaB ¬PAP¦8 RtUv)anepÞreTAeGaytambMNg. k¾b:uEnþ karsÞabsÞg;enH Ep¥keTAelITinñn½ypøÚvkar nigmin Tan;cb;sBVRKb; ¬RbB½n§ PAP RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa KuNPaBénkarkt;RtamankMritTab¦ dUYecñHvaenAEt minTan;c,as;las;faetIRtUvbkRsaylT§plenH y:agNaenaHeT. karviPaKEp¥keTAelI PETS enAkñúgCMBUk 11 cas; EdlniyayGMBIbnÞat;fvika sMrab;RbtibtþikarnigEfrkSa ¬O&M¦ )anrkeXIjfa luytictYc kñúgcMeNamluyTaMgenH RtUv )ancMNayenAeRkamfñak;extþ eTaHbICamann½yfa vabMeBjbEnßm eTAelImUlniFi PAP enAfñak;sala k¾eday.

RbGb; 6>3 ³ kmµviFIskmµPaBGaTiPaB kmµviFIskmµPaBGaTiPaB ¬PAP¦ KWCakmµviFImYy kñúgcMeNamkmµviFICaeRcInEdlmanTisedAedaHRsay bBaðatwgEtg yWty:av nigbBaðaminR)akdRbCa EdlekItecjBIkareRbIR)as;fvikaEdlmanlkçN³mCÄ-karRCul. dMbUgRtUv)aneKENnaM CaKMeragsakl,genA kñúgRksYgGb;rMnigsuxaPi)alkñúgqñaM 2000 ehIybnþic eRkaymk)anBRgIkeTA MAFF nig MRD

PAP )anBüayamFanafa skmµPaBGaTiPaBx<s;TTYl)annUvkarEbgEckfvikaeBjeljrbs;xøÜntamry³ ¬1¦kardk mUlniFi PAP ecjBIRbB½n§EbgEcksac;R)ak;RbcaMEx EdlmanlkçN³bt;Ebn ¬2¦karEklMGPaBbt;EbnénkarRKb; Rkgtamry³karkat;bnßytMrUvkarcMeBaHr)aykarN_lMGit ¬3¦karENnaMeGaysÁal;mCÄmNÐlRKb;RKgfvikaenAkñúg TIPñak;garcMNay edIm,IGnuBaØatieGayBYkeKRKb;RKgmUlniFi PAP eTAtamEpnkarmunGnum½t ¬4¦karCMnYssvnkmµmun edaysvnkmµeRkay nig¬5¦ karbegáItenAkñúgrtnaKarextþnUvKNnICMnYyEdlminsßit enAeRkamCMerIsénkarbeBa©jsac; R)ak;eT. Psþútag cMeBaHplb:HBal;rbs; PAP RtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlKña³ kareRbIR)as;fvika hak;dUcCaenATn;exSay nigfaTI Pñak;garcMNayxøÜnÉg mankaryWty:avkñúgkardkR)ak;. k¾mankarRBYy)armÖpgEdrfa ebIKµansmtß PaBeRcInsMrab;svnkmµ eRkayenAkñúgRksYgEdlcMNayeT PAP )ankat;bnßykarRtYtBinitünigkarTTYlxusRtUv. kñúgry³eBlmFüm nigry³ eBlEvg kic©RbwgERbgedIm,IBRgwg PAP caM)ac;RtUveFVIeLIg edaydak;bBa©ÚllkçN³Biessrbs;va ¬nigcugeRkay PAP

xøÜÚnÉg¦ eTAkñúgdMNak;kalbnþbnÞab;eq<aHeTArk RbB½n§RbtibtþifvikarYmEtmYy sMrab;cMNayminEmnR)ak; ebovtSr_. RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak nig ADB 2004.

8 niyayeGayRtwmRtUv PAP 2.1, EdlCafvikaRbtibtþirbs;sala bzmsikSa.


cMNaynigGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;karGb;rM karxitxMEklMGlT§plGb;rM KWCaviFIKNnaEdlRkumRKYsarGñkmannigGñkRk begáIteLIgenAeBlvaytMél

eTAelIGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;karGb;rMeFob nwgcMNayEdlBak;B½n§.

éføcMNaypÞal;kMBugfycuH>>>>>>> sMrab;RKYsarRkIRk éføcMNayelIkarsikSarbs;kUn BYkKat;GacmankMrit. éføcMNaypÞal;elIkarGb;rM

¬dUcCa éføsala sMelokbMBak; kareFVIdMeNIr CaedIm¦ )anfycuHbnþickñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI² enH bnÞab;Bikar ElgykéføcuHeQµaHcUleron ¬)anelIkeLIgjwkjab;enAkñúgkic©BiPakSarbs;Rkum begÁalenAkñúgkEnøgeFVIkar rbs; MOPS¦. k¾;b:uEnþ eTaHbICabc©úb,nñ cMNayenHmankMritTabbnþicenAkñúgedImqñaMsikSak¾eday k¾cMNay TaMgenH)anekIn eLIgy:agelOn enAkñúgfñak;nimYy² rhUtdl;man cMnYnCamFümCitesµI mYyPaKbYnéncMNay srub minEmnelImðÚbGahar sMrab;kumarfñak;TI 7 nigesµI 45 PaKryéncMNaysrubminEmnelImðÚbGahar enAeBl b¤RbsinebIkumarerondl;fñak;TI 12.

>>>k¾b:uEnþcMNayeRkAbEnßm enAEtCabnÞúkmYyelI nigCa]bsKÁcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk eTaHbICaenAkñúgkMritNamYyEdl)ankMNt;kñúgkar Gb;rMEdlRkumRKYsarGñkmannigGñkRk cMNayRbhak;

RbEhlKñaelIkarGb;rMkñúgsmmaRtmYyéncMNaysrubminEmnelImðÚbGaharrbs;BYkeKk¾eday k¾cMNayenH mancMnYnesµInwgcMnYnd¾eRcInmYy Edl«BukmþayGñkmancMNayeTAelIkarGb;rMrbs;kUnBYkeK.

smasFatuéncMNaypÞal;elIkarGb;rMERbRbYleTAtamGayu nigxusKñarvagRkumGñkman. éføbeRgon ¬dUc CaéføcMNaysMrab;karbeRgonbEnßmÉkCn eRkAem:agsikSaenAsala eTaHbICaRKUdEdlCaGñkbeRgonk¾eday¦ kan;Etmansar³sMxan;xøaMgeLIg sMrab;fñak;kan;Etx<s; ehIyCacMNaymYyEdlRKYsarRkIRkCageKGacman lT§PaBtictYc ¬TaMgEpñkfvika TaMgeBlevlaTMenrrbs;kUnsMrab;eFVIkic©karRKYsar¦ ¬sUmGanRbGb; 6>4¦.

>>>>>>>nigéføcMNayRbeyal éfø»kasenAEtx<s; Nas;

k¾b:uEnþéføcMNayminpÞal;enHmansar³sMxan;Cagéfø cMNaypÞal;sMrab;RkumRKYsarRkIRk. dUcCaenAkñúg RbeTsGasIuGeKñy_ ¬sUmemIltarag 6>2¦ Edl manR)ak;cMNUlTabdéTeTot BlkmµkumarenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa KWCaerOgFmµtanigcab;epþImtaMgBIBYk eKenAtUc². TaMgenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT nigTaMgtMbn;TIRkug RkumRKYsarRkIRkBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIkUn rbs;xøÜnedIm,ICYyeFVIkic©karmYycMnYn ¬CaTUeTA sMrab;RKYsar¦ Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHsuxmal PaBrbs;RKYsar.


RbGb; 6>4 ³ karbeRgonQñÜlbEnßm KWCacMNay eRkApøÚvkarcMeBaHkarGb;rMsaFarN³ karbeRgonQñÜlbEnßm EdledIrtYnaTICaRbB½n§ cMNaybEnßmmYyRbePT RsbtamRbB½n§Gb;rM Fmµta eRbIFn Fanrbs;RKYsarGs;eRcIn CaBiess enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug nigsMrab;fñak;cugeRkay. karsikSamYy bgðajfa BIfñak; TI 3-8 cMNaysMrab;karGb;rMmancMnYnRbEhl 20° éncMNayelIkarGb;rMsrubenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug ³ Rtwmfñak; TI 9 cMNayenHman 38°. enAfñak;salabzmsikSa karbeRgonKW RKbdNþb;elIkmµviFIsikSaTaMgmUl cMENkÉenAkñúgsalamFümsikSabzmPUmi eKbeRgontammuxviC¢a. enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakar beRgonbEnßmeRkA PaKeRcIneFVIeLIgenAkñúgsala rbs;sisSpÞal; nigbeRgonedayRKUrbs;BYkeKpÞal;. RbB½n§beRgonbEnßmeRkA Edlmankarvivtþ GacRtUv)aneKBicarNaeLIgvij eRBaHvaCacMNay mYyEdlRkumRKYsarRkIRkminGacra:b;rg )aneT. karbeRgonbEnßmeRkAem:agmanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ eTAnwglkçxNÐeFVIkarminl¥rbs;RKUbeRgonPaK eRcIn. dUecñH edIm,Ipøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayelIkar beRgonbEnßmeRkAem:ageGaymanRbsiT§iPaB eKRtUvEt begáInR)ak;Exrbs;RKUbeRgon. RbPB ³ Ragatz 2005

tarag 6>2 ³ GRtaBlkmµkumarenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCamankMritx<s;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNamRbeTs enAkñúgGasIuGeKñy_ ¬°énRkumGayu¦

RbeTs 1997 2003

m:aeLsIu 3 2 evotNam 8 4 hVIlIBIn 7 4 éf 15 10 mIy:an;m:a 24 22 km<úCa 24 23 Lav 26 24 RbPB ³ EdStates

RbePTénBlkmµkumarTaMgenHrYmman ¬1¦skmµ PaBlk;dUr b¤skmµPaBplitedIm,IR)ak;cMeNj b¤sMrab; RKan;EtciBa©wmCIvit nig¬2¦kargarenApÞH ¬ emIlEfTaMb¥ÚnbegáIt daMsø e)assMGat dgTwk .l.¦ tamBit kic©karTaMgenHmansar³sMxan;caM)ac;kñúgkarCYyeGay«BukmþaymaneBlTMenreRcIn sMrab;rksIu rYmTaMgkñúgkrNI xøHEdl«BukmþaycakecalpÞHry³eBlyUredIm,IEsVgrkR)ak;cMNUlenATIkEnøgepSg²kñúgRbeTskm<úCa b¤enA


RbeTséf. CLS enAkñúgqñaM2001 )anbgðajfa kumar)anrYm cMENkCamFüm 28° éncMNUlBlkmµsrub rbs;RkumRKYsar9.

sMrab;kumarkm<úCaCaeRcIn kargar nigvtþmanenAsalamanlkçN³CMnYsKñamþgmñak; Edlkarpøas;bþÚrkan;Et emIleXIjc,as;enAeBl Edlkumarkan;EtFMeBjv½y. bnÞúkénkic©karpÞH nigkargarplit KWCabBaðaCak;lak; mYysMrab;kumar enAtamCnbT kumarmkBIRKYsarenAkñúgXVinEtl EdlRkIRkCageKbMput nigkumarI ³ cab;BIGayu 12 qñaMeLIgeTA kargarenAkñúgRKYsarkan;EtmanlkçN³ rMxandl;karsikSarbs;kumarIeRcInCagkumara. Kumar EdleFVIkareRcInCag 14em:agkñúgmYys)aþh_ ¬EdlTMngCaRkIRk enAtamCnbT nigCakumarI¦ cab;epþImeron Føak;fñak; ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgmitþPRkþrbs;BYkeKEdleTAeronsuT§Gt;eFVIkar ³ PaBxusKñaenHminsMxan;eT sMrab;kumarGayu 10qñaM k¾ b:uEnþ eKnwgemIleXIjc,as;kñúgcMeNamkumarGayu 17qñaM10. smmaRtx<s;rbs; kumarEdl)anray karN_TaMgkareTAeron nigTaMgeFVIkarbgðajfaRkum RKYsarRtUvkarBlkmµkumar minEmnRtwm EtrYmcMENkeFIVeGaykumare)aHbg;ecalsalaTaMgGs;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgnwgeFVIeGaymankarlM)ak kñúg karbegáInéf¶eronEdlmancMnYnxøInaeBlbc©úb,nñ enH pgEdr.

GtßRbeyaCn_énkarGb;rM ³ cMNUleTAelIRkum RKYsarnigRbeTsCati

GtßRbeyaCn_énkarGb;rMRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa mansar³sMxan; ¬ehIy«Bukmþay nigmnusSv½yekµg k¾emIleXIjdUecñHEdr ³ sUmGanRbGb; 6>5¦. karviPaKelIkarsÞabsÞg;kMlaMgBlkmµqñaM2001 bgðajfa cMNUlelIkarGb;rMmanTMhMFM nigkMBugekInkñúgry³eBlcugeRkay11. kMriténkarGb;rMkan;Etx<s;nwgbegáIn »kaskargarEdlmanR)ak;Ex ¬rYm TaMgkargarpÞal;xøÜn nigkargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_¦ elOnCagkargar EdlKµanéføQñÜl ³ bBaðaenHvaBitR)akdNas; CaBiess cMeBaHGñk Edl)anbBa©b;fñak;bzmsikSaeFobCamYy GñkEdlKµankarGb;rM. k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgRbePTénkargarEdlmanéføQñÜl karGb;rMfñak;mFümsikSanwgbegáIn »kaskñúgkarTTYl)ankargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_ ¬elOnCagkargarpÞal;xøÜn¦ cMENkÉkarGb;rMfñak;bzm vijminGaceT.

9 tYelxenHRtUvKñaCamYykar)a:n;sµanelIkarrYmcMENkrbs;yuvvCn nigyuvnarI enAkñúgkarBiPakSaRkumbegÁalrbs; MOPS. 10 Ragatz 2005 TMB½r 25-6. 11 Ridao-Cano 2005 TMB½r 24-35


RbGb; 6>5 ³ GñkPUmiyl;dwgGMBITMnak;TMngrvagkarGb;rM nig»kas eTaHbICaeKsegáteXIjmankarEklMGelIlT§PaB nigkaryl;dwgénkarbeRgonkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaM fµI²enHk¾eday k¾eRkA BIkMritbzmsikSa CaTUeTAenAEtCalT§PaBmYysMrab; kumarrbs;RKYsarGñkman ehIykumarmYycMnYnmkBIRKYsar RkIRknig RkIRkxøaMg enAEtRtUvcakecjBIsalabzmsikSa BIeRBaHBYkeKRtUvCYy«Bukmþayrbs;eKrkR)ak; b¤emIlEfTaMpÞH. enAkñúg cMeNamRKYsarRkIRkCageK enAkñúgPUmisikSaCaeRcInrbs; MOPS mankaryl;dwgeRcInfa karGb;rMKWCaviFImYycakput BIPaBRkIRk k¾b:uEnþfa dUcKñaenHEdr PaBRkIRk nwgbnþraraMgkUnrbs;BYkeK mineGayTTYl)ankarGb;rM. edaysarEteyIgRk kUnrbs;eyIge)aHbg;ecal salaeronenAGayutic b¤bnÞab;BIeron)anmYyqñaM b¤BIrqñaM edIm,IeTA

CYy«Bukmþayrbs;eKrkR)ak;. CaGkusl BYkeKminGaceron)aneRcIndUckUnRKYsarGñkman kñúgkarTTYlykCMna jnanaedIm,IrksIuciBa©wmCIvit. edaysarEteyIgl¶itl¶g;minecHGkSr eyIgmancMeNHdwgTab nigKµaneyabl;enAEt manKMnitxøI nig KµanGMNac. kMBg;FM

karGb;rMKWCaRTBüsm,tþid¾mansar³sMxan;bMputrbs; mnusSenAkñúgBiPBelakeyIgenH. kalNamankarGb;rMl¥ mnusS Gacrkkargarl¥)an RBmTaMgmankMrit CIvPaBrs;enAx<s;. kalNamankarGb;rMl¥ mnusSGacRKb;RKgkarrs;enA)an l¥RbesIr b¤k¾GackMNt; eKaledAc,as;las;)an. mnusSEdlTTYl)ankarGb;rM minEdlP½yxøackñúgkarRbQm eTAnwgsnþisux hirBaØvtßúeT eRBaHeKmankargarGciéRnþy_EdlmanR)ak;Exl¥. ]TahrN_ RsþImñak;EdlecHGkSr \LÚv enH GacrkkargareFVI)anenAeragcRkkat;edr. GñkEdl KµankarGb;rM minGacrk»kasEbbenH)aneT ehIykøayCa kmµkrcl½t CIvPaBmanhaniP½yeRcIn. RkumyuvnarI kMBg;s<W

RbPB ³ CDRI (2006) xagmux.

karGb;rMman\T§iBld¾sMxan;pgEdrTak;TgeTAnwgesßrPaBénR)ak;cMNUl dUcEdl)anvas;Evgtamry³

kargarGciéRnþy_ nigkargarbeNþaHGasnñ ¬tamrdUv b¤ry³eBlxøI¦. cMeBaHnieyaCitnana karbBa©b;karGb;rM fñak;bzmsikSa nigfñak;mFüm sikSabzmPUmi naMeGaymankarEklMGeRcInbMput elI»kaskñúgkarTTYlkargar GciéRnþy_ elOnCagkargarbeNþaHGasnñ kñúgcMeNamkargarpÞal;xøÜn KWkarGb;rMfñak;mFümsikSaman\T§iBl xøaMgbMput12. dUcenAkñúgkarsÞabsÞg;fñak;CatiknøgeTA Tinñn½y CSES bgðajfa »kasEdlnaMeGayPaBRkIRk Føak;cuHKYreGaykt;sMKal; edaysarkarbBa©b; kMritGb;rMnimYy²RbkbedayeCaKC½y ¬rUb 6>6¦. pÞúyeTAvij karviPaKelIR)ak;ebovtSr_rbs;mnusSeBjv½y ¬R)ak;Exrbs;nieyaCit¦ nigcMNUl ¬énkargarpÞal;xøÜn¦ bgðaj facMMNUlCamFümmankar ekIneLIg edaysarmankMritGb;rMx<s;Cag ¬rUb 6>7¦.

12 karviPaK Probit elI ITinñn½ysÞabsÞg;kMlaMgBlkmµqñaM2001 enAkñúg Ridao-Cano TMB½r 27-30.


0 10 20 30 40 50

None

Other

Primary

Lower secondary

Upper secondary

Technical/vocational

University

TOTAL

Illiterate

Literate

%

Food poorPoor

rUb 6>6 ³ mnusSEdlmankarGb;rMl¥ lT§PaBnaM eGayRkIRk TMngCamanticCag -PaBRkIRkrab;elImnusSmñak;² tamsßanPaBGkçr PaB nigkMriténkarGb;rMEdl)anbBa©b;/ qñaM 2004 RbPB ³ CSES 2004 viPaKenAkñúg Knowles 2005a

lT§plTaMgenHbgðajfa tamkar)a:n;sµan karGb;rM BitCabegáIn»kasesdækic©rbs;buKÁlmñak;² nigbegáIn

»kasrbs;BYkeKeGayeKcputb¤enAeRkAPaB RkIRk13.

bnÞab;mkenAfñak;RKYsar eKemIleXIjc,as;GMBIGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkarGb;rMenAkñúgesdækic© dUcEdlRtUv )anerobcMeLIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. karviPaKbgðajfa bBaðaenHqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjGMBIesßrPaBEdlmankMrit Tab ³ eTaHbICabc©úb,nñ tMrUvkarkmµkrEdlmankarGb;rM nigmanCMnajmankMritTabk¾eday k¾eKRtUvEtKiKUr elIkarGb;rMpgEdr BIeRBaH kMriténkarGb;rMTUeTA k¾enAmankMritTabdUcKñaEdr.

viFImYykñúgkarBinitüemIlbBaðaenHKWfa sUm,IEtEpñk Edlbc©úb,nñRKb;RKgelIesdækic©EdlmanR)ak;ebo vtSr_pøÚvkar ¬]TahrN_ eragcRkkat;edr¦ minTamTarnUvkarGb;rMkMritx<s;enaHeT nieyaCk;GaceRCIserIs ]TahrN_ykEtGñkEdlmankarGb;rMfñak;mFümsikSabzmPUmi.

vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarEbgEckrvagkarviPaKtam sþaTik nigkarviPaKtamDINamikelITMnak;TMngrvag FnFanmnusS ¬kñúgkrNIenH karGb;rMnigCMnaj¦ nigkarGPivDÆesdækic©. karviPaKtamsþaTikxagelIbgðajfa naeBlbc©úb,nñ nieyaCk;eBjcitþy:ageRcIneTAnwgCMnajEdlmanenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmµ. cMnYnenHmaneRcIn 13 karGb;rMnaMeGaymankargarenAkñúgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;buKÁl eK snµtfa karGb;rM naMeGayyl;c,as;GMBIkarrkR)ak;cMNUl. k¾b:uEnþ bMErbMrYlmYyb¤bMErbMrYlTaMgBIr GacRtUv)ankMNt;edayGefrmYy b¤ eRcInepSgeTot GefrEdlmin)aneFVIGegát ³ ]TahrN_ R)ak;cMNUl GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIgy:ageRcIntamry³karGb;rM b¤RTBüFnrbs; «Bukmþay CamYynwgR)ak;cMNUlpÞal;xøÜnedIrRsbKñaCamYykarGb;rMpÞal;xøÜn k¾b:uEnþminEmnbegáItvaeT.


BIeRBaHktþarcnasm<½n§EdlCaFmµtaCMrujeGaymantMrUvkarsMrab;kargarEdlmanCMnaj mankarGb;rMenAkñúg esdækic© ¬]TahrN_ BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nigkarvinieyaKbreTs¦ bc©úb,nñman\T§iBlexSaybnþiceTAelITIpSar Blkmµrbs;km<úCa.

rUb 6>7 ³ R)ak;ebovtSr_ nigcMNUlmFümmankar ekIneLIgeTAtamdMNak;kalénkarGb;rMnimYy²Edl)anbBa©b; k> R)ak;ebovtSr_ ¬nieyaCit¦/ qñaM2001

x> cMNUl ¬kargarpÞal;xøÜn¦ qñaM2001 RbPB ³ Tinñn½ysÞabsÞg;kMlaMgBlkmµenAkm<úCa viPaKenAkñúg Ridao-Cano qñaM 2005 TMB½r 32-3

k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIesdækic©km<úCaRtUvRTRTg;kMeNInesdækic© nig¬sMxan;dUcKñaEdr¦ RbePTEdlcaM)ac;RtUvCMruj eGaymankarpøas;bþÚresdækic© nigkarGPivDÆry³eBlEvg vanwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,IbegáInkarpliteRcInmux nigkarnaMecj eRkABIkarBwgEp¥kbc©úb,nñEdlmanhaniP½yelIvis½ymYycMnYnEdl mankMeNInR)ak;ebovtSr_Tab ¬sUmGanCMBUk 4¦ nigEsVgrkRbPBkargarsmrmüepSg² nigcMNUl sMrab;PaKeRcIn Edlbc©úb,nñ)aneRbIR)as; vtßúFatu edImTab BwgEp¥kelIGakasFatu rksuIRKan;EtciBa©wmCIvit ksikmtUctac ¬CMBUk 5¦. edIm,IeFVIeGay kmµkrkm<úCamanlT§PaBGacBRgIk»kas esdækic©rbs;xøÜn)an ehIykm<úCaCaRbeTsmYy EdlTak;Taj

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

min)ancUleron bzmsikSa

mFümsikSabzmPUmi TutiyPUmi

Bec©keTs nigviTüaCIv³ sklviTal½y

< 49,999 50,000-99,999r 100,000-149,999r 150,000-199,999r 200,000-299,999r 300,000-499,999r > 500,000r

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

min)ancUleron

bzmsikSa mFümsikSabzmPUmi

TutiyPUmi

< 49,999r 50,000r-99,999r 100,000r-149,999r 150,000r-199,999r 200,000r-299,999r 300,000r-499,999r > 500,000r


vinieyaKkñúgRsuknigeRkARsuk EdlTamTareGaymankarpøas;bþÚresdækic© nwgtMrUveGaybegáIncMnYnkmµkrEdl mankarGb;rMEdlGacbMeBjtMrUvkarcMeBaHskmµPaBesdækic©Edlman tMélbEnßmeRcInR)ak;ebovtSr_x<s;.

tarag 6>3 ³ kUnrbs;mþayEdlmankarGb;rMTMngCaxVHxatGaharUbtßmÖticCag -GRtamFüm ¬°¦ énkgVHGaharUbtßmÖmFümnigF¶n;F¶rkñúgcMeNamkumarGayueRkam 5qñaM tamkMriténkarGb;rM rbs;mþay qñaM 2004

kMBs;sMrab;Gayu ¬PaBRkin¦

TMgn;sMrab;Gayu ¬eRkamTMgn;¦

TMgn;sMrab;kMBs; ¬PaBsÁm¦ karGb;rMrbs;mþay

mFüm F¶n;F¶r mFüm F¶n;F¶r mFüm F¶n;F¶r Kµan 59/6 38/9 51/6 18/5 12/9 2/8 bzmsikSa 53/6 32/6 46/8 16/3 12/2 2/6 mFümsikSabzmPUmi 46/7 28/0 34/3 8/6 9/3 2/4 mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi÷ 38/9 21/1 31/4 9/4 10/9 2/5 srub 54/1 33/6 46/0 15/7 12/0 2/7 N 5>738 5>738 5>738 5>738 5>738 5>738 RbPB ³ 2004 CSES ¬)a:n;KMrU 15Ex¦ cMNUlminEmnesdækic©eTAelIkarGb;rM

karGb;rMk¾man\T§iBlsMxan;pgEdrelIGnþrCMnan; Gnþrvis½y nigsgÁm. CaBiess kMriténkarGb;rM rbs;mþayRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCaktþakMNt; elIsuxPaBrbs;kUn. ]TahrN_sMxan;mYy KWTak;TgeTAnwg kgVHGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumar EdlkMriténkarGb;rMrbs;mþayrbs;kumar hak;dUcCaman\T§iBlxøaMgeTAelIkgVHxat GaharUbtßmÖ ¬sUmemIltarag 6>3¦.

]bsKÁcMeBaH»kassMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk

EpñkdéTeToténsMNMuTinñn½y CSES )anbegáInkarcab;GarmµN_fa vaKWCacMNayminpÞal; nigCaéfø»kas rbs;karGb;rMEdlman]bsKÁCacMbgraraMg RbCaBlrdæRkIRkmineGayTTYl)ankarGb;rM nigGtßRbeyaCn_TaMg Gs;EdlenACamYyKña. enAeBlEdlsisSEdlmin)ancUlsalaeronRtUv)aneKsYrGMBImUlehtusMxan;bMput EdlminRBmcUleron cMelIyd¾samBaØbMputKW {RtUvrYmcMENkrkR)ak;cMNUleGayRKYsar} nig {RtUvCYyeFVI kic©karpÞH}. cMelIynimYy²mancenøaHBI 14-31° éncMnYnsrub ¬Ep¥keTAelI)a:n;KMrUrgEdl)aneRbIR)as;¦.


KYreGaycab;GarmµN_ ehtuplEdleFVIeLIgenAkñúgtMbn;TMenr ¬{Kµansalaeronsmrmü¼salaeronenA q¶ayeBk}¦ RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfamansar³sMxan; k¾b:uEnþ ¬9°énsisSTaMgGs;EdlminEdlcUleron nig 4°én sisSTaMgGs;Edl)ancUleron k¾b:uEnþ)anQb;¦ mansar³sMxan;ticCagenAkñúgGtItkal. cMNab;GarmµN_KWfa sMrab;krNIelIkElgrbs;tMbn;EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAdac;Rsy:al nigtictYc ¬smmaRténcMnYnRbCaCnrs; enAmancMnYntic¦ lT§PaBCak;Esþgrbs;salaminEmnCabBaðaF¶n;F¶renaHeT14.

karviPaKGefrsµancMruHelIktþakMNt;énkarcuH eQµaHcUleron nigkarrkSasisS bgðajeGayeXIjBIkar yl;dwgkan;EtsIuCMerAEfmeTotelI TMnak;TMngénktþaepSg²Edlman\T§iBlelIkarsMerccitþrbs;RkumRKYsar Tak;TineTAnwgkarGb;rMkUnecArbs;BYkeK ¬sUmGanRbGb; 6>6¦.

karGb;rMEdlmankMritTabKWCaGefrmYykñúgcMeNamGefrmYycMnYntUc EdlRtUv)aneKrkeXIjfavaman TMnak;TMngy:agsMxan;eTAnwgBikarPaBEdl)an raykarN_edayxøÜnÉg. manEt 2/3° b:ueNÑaH énsisSEdl )anbBa©b;karGb;rMfñak;mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi b¤x<s;CagenH )anraykarN_faman BikarPaBmYy b¤eRcIn ebIeFob eTAnwgGñkEdlmin)anTTYlkarGb;rMman 7/4°. m:üageTot kumarEdlmanBikarPaBman»kasTTYl)ankar Gb;rMticCagkumarEdlminBikar15. BikarPaBelITsSn³ karsþab; b¤karniyay RtUv)ancat;TukCabBaðasMxan; bMputkñúgkarraraMgkumarmin eGayTTYl)ankarGb;rM.

eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al karpþl;mUlniFi nigeKaledA dUcEdl)anBiBN’naBIxagelIrYcmkehIy eKemIleXIjfa mankarEklMGeRcInenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM tamry³

karrYmbBa©ÚlKña én¬1¦kic©RbwgERbgrYm edIm,IGPivDÆ nigGnuvtþRkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþmYy EdleKalneya)ay Gb;rMRtUv)aneFVIkarEklMG nig ¬2¦cMNaysaFarN³elIvis½yGb;rMekIneLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal;.

14 cMelIyTaMgenHGacbMEbkecjBIKña)anrvagkumarEdlmin EdlcUlsalanigkumarEdl)ancUlsalakñúgGtItkal k¾b:uEnþ\LÚvenH )anQb;eron ehIy ¬7/8° nig18° énsisSEdlmanGayuBI 10-18qñaM¦. kñúgcMeNamRkumtUc CageKEdl {minEdlcUlsala} {´mincg;} ¬25°¦ manbMErbMrYltic edayelIkehtuplrYmeRcIn Cagkic©karpÞH ¬22°¦ ³ RtUvrYmcMENkrkR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgRkum enHmancMnYn 14° eTot. 15 mankarsnñidæanfa BikarPaBKWCa]bsKÁdl;karsikSa eRkABIenH mnusSEdlmankarGb;rMticTMngCaGackøayCa GsmtßPaBeRcIn. enHEp¥keTAelIkareFVIGegátEdlKµanPaBxusKñaelIGRtaénBikarPaB Ep¥keTAelIkMriténkarGb;rM rbs; mþaysMrab;kUnGayueRkam 15 qñaM ¬Edlmin)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNnaxagelI¦. RbsinebIkarGb;rMTabbNþal eGaymanBikarPaB enHminEmnCakrNIEdlGac ekItmanenaHeT. Knowles 2005 b TMB½r 4-6.


enAeBlEdl MOEYS eFVIkarCamYy MOF nig MFF edIm,IbegáItyuT§saRsþGb;rMEdlnwgRtUvbgðaj enAkñúg NSDP 2006-2010 vaRbQmeTA nwgtMrUvkaredIm,IeFVIeGaymantulüPaBénbBaðaRbQmmYycMnYn. karEklMG»kasGb;rMbEnßmnig lT§plsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk EdlnwgCYyBYkeKeGaycUlrYmcMENkkan;Et RbesIreLIgdl;nigGtß RbeyaCn_BIkarGPivDÆRbeTsCati TamTareGaybegáInkarykcitþTukdak;bEnßm elIeTotelIkarGb;rM eRkaybzmsikSa. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvkarBarfvikasMrab;kar Gb;rMmUldæan tamry³karGPivDÆyuT§saRsþhirBaØb,Tan EdlRbkbedaycirPaBedIm,IKaMRTdl;eKaledAGb;rM sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.

enAeBlEdlkarGb;rMeRkaybzm bc©úb,nñTTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak;ekIneLIg caM)ac;RtUvTTYlsÁal;fa bc©úb,nñ]bsKÁenHekItmaneRcIn enAkñúgcugkMritbzmsikSa elOnCagkñúgkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi. kñúgdMNak; kalenH éføcMNaypÞal;nigRbeyalsMrab;RkumRKYsarhak;dUcCaedIrtYCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;mYycMeBaHvtþmanbnþ rbs;kumarmkBIRKYsarRkIRk .

RbGb; 6>6 ³ karBnül;GMBIkarcuHeQµaHcUleron nigkar rkSasisS ³ lT§plTTYl)anBIkarviPaKGefrcMruH EpñktMrUvkar ktþafñak;RKYsar kñúgcMeNamkumarTaMgGs;EdlmanGayuBI 15-17qñaM kMritGb;rMrbs;mþayKWCaktþakMNt;d¾sMxan;rbs;karsikSarbs;

ekµgRsI cMENkÉ kMritGb;rMrbs;«Bukmþay KWCaktþakMNt;d¾sMxan;sMrab;karGb;rMrbs;ekµgRbus. TMnak;TMngrbs;kumarCamYynwgemRKYsar Gacman\T§i BlelIkarrkSasisSeRcInCagkarcUleron. PaBRkIRknig]bsKÁ edIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;GRta e)aHbg;ecalsala. karcUleronyWtmanTMnak;TMngeRcIneTAnwgGRtae)aHbg;ecalsalax<s;.

EpñkpÁt;pÁg; ktþafñak;sala kalNabTBiesaFnigkMritGb;rMrbs;RKUCamFümkan;Etx<s; enaHGRtaénkare)aHbg;ecalsalakan;EtTab. salaEdlman]bkrN_Tak;TgeTAnwgsuxPaB nigkareronsURt manGRtae)aHbg;ecalsalaTabCag eK. KuNPaBénkarRKb;RKgsala karelIkTwkcitþCaR)ak;dl;RKU nigkMriténkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_enAkñúgsala edIrtYnaTI

kñúgkarTak;TajkumareGayqab;cUl eron nigrkSaBYkeKenAkñúgsala. salaminRKb;lkçN³naMeGaymanGRtacUleronyWt GRtae)aHbg;ecalsalanigRtYtfñak;x<s;. kumarEdlrs;enACitsalamFümsikSabzmPUmiGacnwgeronenAkñúgsalabzmsikSaeRcInCag. salaEdlmansMPar³elgsMrab;sisSmetþyü manGRtae)aHbg;ecalsala nigRtYtfñak;TabCageK.

ktþaTak;TgepSg² salaEdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgXMuEdlmankMritvismPaB x<s;CageKmanGRtae)aHbg;ecalsalax<s;CageK.

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak 2005 a TMB½r 50-57


CaBiessXVinEtlrbs;RkumRkIRkCageKbMput RbQmeTAnwg]bsKÁéføcMNayy:agc,as;enAeBlEdl BYkeKRtUvbgçMcitþBwgEp¥keTAelIkUnrbs;xøÜneGayeTAeFVIkaredIm,IRTRTg;RKYsar. RKYsarRkIRkCaeRcInTTYlsÁal; CacMhfa karGUsTajkumarecjBIsalaedIm,IeGayeTAeFV Ikar KWCadMeNaHRsaybBaðakñúgry³eBlxøImYykñúg karrkR)ak;cMNUl. ebIKµankarvinieyaKeTAelIkarGb;rMrbs;BYkeKeT kumarkm<úCaEdlRkIRkCageKbMputcMnYn 20° minGacyl;dwgGMBIskþanuBleBjeljrbs;xøÜn kñúgrkSa)annUvkargarGciéRnþy_EdlmankMritR)ak; ebovtSr_ b¤cMNUlsmrmüenHeT EdlCabnþbnÞab;naMeGayBYkeKcakputBIPaBRkIRk nigrYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆ CatieGayrIkcMerIn.

edIm,IeGaymansmFm’nigRbsiT§iPaBm:aRkUesdækic© eKRtUvKitKUreGay)anhµt;ct;elIkarvinieyaK saFarN³kñúgkarbegáIn»kasGb;rMsMrab;kumarRkIRk. bTBiesaFn_GnþrCatibgðajfa karGb;rMenAfñak;metþyüb¤ enAkñúgv½yminTan;RKb;GayucUleronGacTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;EdlCaviFImYy kñúgkaredaHRsaykar cUleronyWtnigedaHRsaybBaðaEdlekIteLIgtameRkay. k¾mankrNIl¥ mYypgEdrsMrab;GaharUbkrN_ sMrab;kUnsisSEdlmkBIRKYsarRkIRk EdlCaynþkard¾l¥mYykñúgkar bMeBjkar)at;bg;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsar RkIRk Edl)anmkBIkMlaMgBlkmµrbs;kumar nigbegáInlT§PaBEdlkUnrbs;BYkeKnwgenAkñúgsala ¬sUm GanRbGb; 6>7¦. kmµviFIcUleronsaCafµInigeron fñak;dEdldMeNIrkareTA)an.

karcUlrYmBI«BukmþaynigshKmn_kñúgkarCYydl; salakñúgmUldæan GacCakarrYmcMENkmYyd¾man sar³sMxan; nigKYrEtRtUv)aneqøIytbenAkñúg ESSP k¾b:uEnþ karEklMGnwgGacsMerc)an enAEt mankMritluHRta RbGb; 6>7 ³ GaharUbkrN_CYyeGaykumarIEdlmkBI RKYsarRkIRksñak;enAkñúgsala éføcMNaypÞal;nigRbeyalx<s;bgáeGayman]bsKÁCasMxan;dl;karGb;rMeRkayfñak;bzmsMrab;kumarEdlmkBIRKYsarRkI Rk. CaBiess kumarImin GacbnþkarsikSadl;fñak;mFümsikSaeT ebIsinCaKµanCMnYy]btßmÖBiess. kmµviFIGaharUbkrN_ EdlKaMRTedaymUlniFiCb:unedIm,I kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬JFPR¦ nigRKb;RKgeday ADB manTisedAedIm,IeqøIytbeTA nwgRkumBiessenH. kñúgqñaM 2004 kmµviFIenH)ankMNt;yksalamFümsikSa bzmPUmicMnYn 93 CaeKaledA. enAkñúgsalanimYy² kumarIcMnYn 45nak; b¤kumarCnCatiPaKtic EdlkMBugcab;epþImeronfñak;TI 7 TTYl)anGaharUbkrN_ 45duløar kñúgmñak;². karvaytMélelIkmµvIFIenHelIkmunbgðajfa GaharUbkrN_rbs; JFPR man\T§iBlviC¢many:ageRcIn eTAelIkarcUlrYmkñúgsalarbs;kumarI edayeFVIkarsnñi dæanfa kumarImñak; Edl)anTTYlGaharUbkrN_ manbMNgBI 10-30° cg;sñak;enAkñúgsalaCagkumarImñak; EdlminRtUv)aneKpþl;GaharUbkrN_eGay. lT§pl rbs;kmµviFIenHbgðajfa GaharUbkrN_GacCa]bkrN_ d¾mansar³RbeyaCn_mYysMrab;EklMGsMBaFesdækic© EdleFVIeGayvismFm’enAkñúgEpñk Gb;rMekIneLIg ¬EdlCabnþbnÞab;eFVIeGayPaBRkIRkrIkraldalBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;¦. RbPB ³ karviPaKGefrcMruH eday Deon Filmer nig Norbert Schady bBa¢ak;enAkñúg Ragatz 2005.


EtebovtSr_rbs;RKUbeRgon nigkar RKb;RKgFnFanmnusS ¬rYmTaMgkarbNþúHbNþal¦ RtUv)anedaHRsay.

eTaHbICaéføcMNayRbeyalKWCa]bsKÁd¾sMxan; bMputcMeBaHkarGb;rMrbs;kumarRkIRkk¾eday k¾éføcMNay pÞal;enAEtmansar³sMxan;. sßanPaBbc©úb,nñEdlRKUbeRgonsalasaFarN³TTYlR)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; beRgonticem:ag nigrkcMNUlbEnßmedaysarkarbeRgonQñÜleRkAem:agKWCakaredIrfyeRkay nigeFIVeGay RbsiT§iPaBénRbB½n§Gb;rMxagkñúgmankMritTab. karedaHRsaybBaðaenH CalkçN³TUeTA nwgTamTarCacugeRkay eGayedaH RsaybBaðaEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§énR)ak;ebovtSr_Tabkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ tamry³kareFVIkMEN TMrg;raCkarsIuvilkñúgrdæaPi)alTaMgmUl.

suxPaB nigRTBüFn

mankarEklMGKYreGaykt;sMKal;elIsuxPaBrbs; RbCaCnkm<úCakñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSr_cugeRkay. eTaHbICakm<úCaenAEtmanGRtaénCMgWhIuv¼eGds_ x<s;bMputenAkñúgtMbn;k¾eday k¾maneCaKC½ykñúgkarTb;sáat; mineGaymankarrIkralpgEdr. dUcKñaEdr karrIkraldalénCMgWrebgkMBugmankarfycuH. k¾manr)aykarN_ pgEdrGMBIkarEklMGelIkarpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaB CaBiess cMeBaHsuxPaBrbs;kumarnigmþay karpþl;kBa©b; skmµPaBGb,rma ¬MPA¦ nigkmµviFICMgWrebg. enAeBlsUcnakr MDG sMxan;²CaeRcIn ¬CaBiess GRtamrN³rbs;mþay nigkumar¦ rhUtmkdl;eBlfµI²enH enAEtmindMeNIrkarb¤enAEtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r ¬UN

2005¦ r)aykarN_fIµbgðajfa GRtasøab;rbs;Tark ¬IMR¦ nigGRtasøab;rbs;kumarGayueRkam 5qñaM ¬U5MR¦ Gaccab;epþImfycuH16. r)aykarN_enHcaM)ac;RtUvepÞógpÞat;CamYyr)aykarN_ epSgeTotnig RbPBRtwmRtUvEdlGacTukcitþ)an CaBiessr)aykarN_sÞabsÞg;RbCasaRsþnigsuxPaB qñaM2005 rbs;km<úCa ¬CDHS¦ lT§plminTan; ecjpSayeTrhUtdl;edImqñaM200617.

kgVHGaharUbtßmÖnigkgVH»kasTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaBsMxan; RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa CabBaðasMxan; bMputTak;TgeTAnwgsuxPaB EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgPaBRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

suxPaBminl¥nigRbCaBlrdæRkIRk

sUcnakrsuxPaBrYmsMrab;RbeTskm<úCaKµandMeNIrkar. r)aykarN_BiPBelakfµIcugeRkaybMput)an)a:n;

16 Ep¥kelITinñn½yTTYl)anBIkarsÞabsÞg;elIkareFV ICMerOnRbCaCn enAkm<úCa ¬CIPS¦ nig CSES Edl)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgqñaM2004. 17 CIPS nig CSES BwgEp¥kelIkarvas;EvgedayRbeyaleFobeTA nwgkarvas;EvgedaypÞal;énsUcnakrsMxan;²rbs; MDG nig DHS.


sµan18 GMBIGayukalmFüm mrN³PaBrbs;kumarnigTark RBmTaMgmrN³PaBrbs;matþaBIqñaM 2003 nigeK)anbgðajfa KµanEklMGeT.

tarag 6>4 ³ eTaHbICamankarekIneLIg km<úCaman lT§plsuxPaBmYycMnYnTabCageKbMputenAkñúg tMbn; - sUcnakrsuxPaBrYmEdl)aneRCIserIs qñaM 2003 ¬CIPS 2004¦

GayukalmFüm BIkMeNIt

GRtasøab; rbs;Tark

GRtasøab; rbs;kumar eRkam5qñaM

GRtasøab; rbs;matþa

RsI Rbus km<úCa 97(66) 140(83) 450 57(65) 50(60)

\NÐÚeNsIu 31 41 230 68 65

Lav 82 91 650 60 58

mIy:an;m:a 76 107 360 63 56

éf 23 26 44 73 67

evotNam 19 23 130 74 68

RbPB ³ WHO nig UNICEF . kar)a:n;sµan Edl)anmkBI CIPS RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgvg;Rkck.

k¾b:uEnþ karsÞabsÞg;kareFVICMerOnRbCaCnkm<úCaqñaM 2004 ¬CIPS¦ nig CSES 2004 bgðajfaman karrIkcMerInelIsUcnakrsßanPaBsuxPaBrYmmYy cMnYn. CIPS raykarN_eGaydwgfa IMR )an fycuHBIsøab; 93nak;kñúg 1000nak;enAqñaM1998 mksøab;Rtwm 66nak;enAqñaM2003 nigfa U5M )anfycuHBI 124nak;enAqñaM1998mkenA 97nak; kñúgqñaM2003. CIPS )a:n;sµanfa GayukalmFümBIkMeNIt )anekIneLIgsMrab;bursBI 52qñaM eTAdl; 60qñaM ehIysMrab;RsþI)anekIneLIgBI 56 qñaMdl; 65qñaM kñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1998 dl; 2003 KW faGayukalmFümmankarekIneLIg 9qñaM kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM. enHbgðajfaman karpøas;bþÚrKYreGaykt;sMKal;kñúgry³eBld¾xøI ehIyeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarepÞógpÞat;elIkar)a:n;sµanfµITaMgenH tamry³karsikSaelIRbCasaRsþtameRkay ¬]TahrN_ DHS¦.

k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICamankarEklMGTaMgenHkþI k¾km<úCa enAEtsßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;eRkayRbeTsPaKeRcIn enAkñúgtMbn; nigCamYyRbeTsdéTeTotEdl maneKalCMhresdækic©RsedogKña. 18 sUcnakrsuxPaBEdl)anraykarN_CalkçN³skl ¬WHO, UNICEF¦ hak;dUcCakarsnñidæansrubelITinñakarRbeTsnigtMbn; eRBaHKµan ]bkrN_sÞabsÞg;sMrab;eFVIkñúgqñaM 2003.


tarag 6>5 ³ CMgWqøgKWCabuBVehtusMxan;énCMgWsMrab;RKb;RkummnusS- eTaHbICaCMgWminqøgkMBugEtekIneLIg cMeBaHBYkGñkmank¾eday. - RbePTénbBaðasuxPaBb¤tMrUvkarEfTaMsuxPaBEdleK)anraykarN_ kñúgry³eBl 4 s)aþh_knøgeTA tam bBa©PaK eRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;qñaM 2004 .

>>>PaKryénbBaðasuxPaBsrub b¤tMrUvkarEfTaMsuxPaB srubEdl)anraykarN_kñúgry³eBl 4s)aþh_cugeRkay

bBaðasuxPaB b¤tMrUvkarEfTaM suxPaB RkIRkbMput bnÞab;BIRkIRk

bMput mFüm bnÞab;BIman

bMput manbMput srub

CMgWqøg 87/7 88/1 85/7 75/3 75/3 83/3 CMgWminqøg 3/2 3/6 3/8 6/3 10/8 5/8 rbYUs b¤eRKaHfñak; 1/2 1/0 1/5 1/6 1/5 1/4 kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ 0/9 0/6 0/7 0/6 0/5 0/7 EdlGacTb;sáat;)an 7/1 6/8 8/4 9/4 11/8 8/9 srub 100 100 100 100 100 100 RbPB ³ CSES 2004

CMgWTUeTA enAkñúg CSES 2004 bgðajfa 19PaKryénRbCaCnTaMgGs;RtUv)aneKraykarN_fa manCMgW

kñúgkMLúgeBl 4 s)aþh_knøgeTA. CMgWqøgekItmancMeBaHRKb;RkumGayuTaMgGs;EdlmancMnYnesµInwg 83° énbnÞúkCMgWEdl)anraykarN_. sUm,IEtcMeBaHmnusScas; ¬Gayu 75qñaMeLIgeTA¦ CMgWqøg;man 67° énbBaðasuxPaBEdl)anraykarN_ cMeBaHRkumGayuBI 0-5qñaM sUcnakrenHman cMnYn 96°.

CMgWqøgk¾manlMdab;fñak;x<s;Edr EdlbNþaldl;søab; ¬37°¦ bnÞab;BIeRKaHfñak;nigkarrgrbYs ¬42°¦. CMgWqøgrIkraldaleRcInCagkñúgcMeNam RkumRkIRkCageK ¬sUmemIltarag 6>5¦. karvivtþEdlmanlkçN³ raldalmankMrit ehIyGackarBar)aneRcInCagenAkñúgcMeNamRkumGñkmanCageKénRbCaCnTaMgGs;.

GRtaénCMgWEdl)anraykarN_manTMnak;TMngviC¢manCamYynwgsßanPaBesdækic©sgÁmenAkñúg CSES

2004. enHminEmnlT§plminFmµtaenaHeT ehIyCaFmµta RtUv)anpSaP¢ab;eTAnwgkaryl; dwgx<s;kñúgkarpøas; bþÚrsßanPaBsuxPaB cMeNHdwg nig»kasEdl)aneRtomTukedIm,ITTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaBsMrab;RkumEdlman cMNUlx<s;enAkñúg sgÁm.


RsedogKñaenHEdr CSES 2004 min)anbgðajTMnak;TMngrYmc,as;las; rvagBikarPaB nigtMrUvkarelI PaBRkIRkEdl)anraykarN_enaHeT. GRtaBikarPaBrYmenAfñak;buKÁlmancMnYn 4/7° Edlx<s;Cag 3° Edl)anraykarN_kñúg SESC 1996 nig 1/6° dUcEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúg DHS qñaM2000 k¾b:uEnþenHGac edaysarEteRbIviFIsaRsþxusKña. k¾b:uEnþ CSES bgðajfa BikarPaB minmanlkçN³raldaleRcIneTenAkñúg tMbn;CnbT CMgW RKunekþA karsMralkUn EdlmanlkçN³Bi)ak nigkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ mancMnYnRbEhl 35° én BikarPaBsrubEdl)anraykarN_.

RbGb; 6>8 ³ karTTYl)anesvasuxPaB nigCMgWRbePTfµI CaTUeTA karEklMGenAkñúgesvasuxPaB nigsßanPaBsuxPaB EdlTTYlBIkarsikSa MOPS elIPUmicMnYn 9 KWmanrUbPaBEbbCaes¶óms¶at;CagrUbPaBkarEklMGenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM. CaviC¢man eyIgeXIjfa vamankarTTYl sÁakfa karTTYl)anesvaBüa)aleraK mankarekIneLIg edaymankarsagsg;sMNg;mNÐlsuxPaB nigmnÞIreBTü ehIyPUmiCaeRcIn)anraykarN_GMBIkarENnaMénkmµviFIkarBarsuxPaB nigmankarfycuHya:geRcIncMeBaHcMnYn RbCaCnEdlrg;karb:HBal;edayCMgWEdlekIteLIgd¾yUrlg;Nas;mkehIy dUcCa rebg Rkuncaj; b¤raKrUs. b:uEnþ mankartva:CaeRcIn)anelIkeLIg Tak;TgeTAnwgtMélkñúgkarBüa)al EdlekIneLIgCaerOy²eTAtammF,mPaKén cMNUlrk)an ehIykarelceLIgnUvsBaØaCMgWEdlGacehACMgWfµI dUcCa CMgWelIsQam nigrlakRkB³ ¬CaerOy² EtgEtb:HBal;eTAdl;karekIneLIgnUvtMrUvkarénkarTijcMNIrGahar nigkareRbIR)as;nUvGVIEdlmansarFatuKImI BIfñaM Bulksikmµ¦ .

karBinitüemIlmYyeTotelITMnak;TMngénCMgW nigPaBRkIRk TTYl)anBIemPUmiEdlRtUv)ansaksYr tam taragsMnYrrbs; CSES edIm,IeGaybgðajGMBIbBaðasuxPaBEdlsMxan;bMputdl;eTAbIbBaða . 29° én RbCaCnenAkñúgXVinEtl RkIRkCageKbMputrs;enAkñúgPUmiEdlcat;TukCMgWRKuncaj;CabBaðasuxPaBsMxan;Cag eKbMput ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgXVinEtl GñkmanbMputman 13°. ehIypÞúyeTAvij karrgrbYsnigeRKaHfñak; RtUv)ancat;TukfaCa bBaðasuxPaBEdlsMxan;CageKenAkñúgPUmiEdlGñkmanrs;enA ¬7° eFobnwg 1°b:ueNÑaH enAkñúgPUmiEdlmanXVilEtlRkIRkbMputrs;enA¦.

mrN³PaBrbs;kumarnigTark KµanTMnak;TMngeTogTat; CamYynwgkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;eT eTaHbICa GRtamrN³)a:n;sµanmankMritTabbMputenAkñúgXVinEtl eRbIR)as;rbs;GñkmanbMputk¾eday. k¾bu:Enþ CaeTot Tat;vamankMritx<s;CageKenAkñúgtMbn; PñM nigx<g;rab nigtMbn;Tenøsab ehIymankMritTab CageKenAkñúgTIRkug PñMeBj nigtMbn;TIRkug. k¾b:uEnþ CSES )anbgðajfa GRtasøab;rbs;kumar manTMnak;TMngxøaMgnigGviC¢man eTAnwgkarGb;rMrbs;mþay ³ kumarEdl)anekItecjBImþayEdlmankarGb;rMkMritmFümsikSa nigkMritx<s;Cag


enH man»kasrs;ranRbEhl 2/5dgRbesIrCageK. karviPaKtamsßitielITinñn½y CSES k¾)anbgðajpg Edrfa GRtasøab;rbs;kumarmanTMnak;TMngminl¥CamYynwg»kasTTYl)anesvasuxPaBnigmanTMnak;TMngl¥Ca mYynwgGRtaCMgWRKuncaj;.

GRtasøab;kñúgcMeNamkumarGayueRkam 5qñaM man cMnYn 20° énGRtasøab;TaMgGs;enAkñúgXVilEtl esdækic©sgÁmEdlRkIRkCageKbMput ebIeRbobeFob eTAnwgXVinEtl GñkmanbMputmancMnYn 13°. ktþaenHqøúH bBa©aMgeGayeXIjBI {mUlehtuénRbsiT§iPaB} rbs;GRtaEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRkx<s; EdlbegáItnUvkarelIkTwkcitþmYycMeBaHkarTukeGaymankUn EdlvaeFVIeGaymanPaBRbfuyRbfaneRcIn sMrab; mþay nigkat;bnßykMritcMNaykñúgmñak;²sMrab;kumaredIm,IesvasuxPaB nigGb;rM .

hIuv¼eGds_

rdæaPi)alTTYl)aneCaKC½yKYreGaykt;sMKal;elIkarRKb;RKgkarrIkraldalénCMgW ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>8¦. bBaðaenHGacmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgc,ab;sþIGMBIkarTb;sáat;nigkarEfTaMTak;TgeTAnwg CMgWhIuv¼eGds_ Edl pþl;nUvmUldæand¾l¥sMrab;GnþraKmn_elIBhuvis½yEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay. karebþCJacitþd¾xøaMgkøarbs; rdæaPi)alenH )anCYyeKogKrm©as;CMnYynana nigsgÁmsIuvileGayGnuvtþkmµviFIRbqaMgCMgWeGds_ enAkñúgsßan PaBEdlGaceFVI)an.

RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRbeTsmYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelakEdleFVI)aneCaKC½ykñúgkar TTYl)anRbeTs»sfkarBar Anti-retroviral sMrab;Büa)alGñkmanemeraKeGds_ nig)anTTYleTAtameKal edAEdl)ankMNt; nigpþÜcepþImenAkñúgBiPBelak KW 3 kñúg 5 19.

k¾b:uEnþ mankarRBYy)armÖfa karrIkraldalenHnwgmankarERbRbYl. karqøgBIbþIeTARbBn§ bc©úb,nñ KWCa RbePTénkarcMlgd¾sMxan; ehIymYyPaKbIénkarqøgemeraKhIuv KWqøgBImþayeTAkUn. kMeNInénkareRbIR)as; fñaMejónxusc,ab;EdlCaeRKaHfñak;mYysMrab;yuvv½y nigmnusSeBjkMlaMgeFVIkar k¾GackøayCakMlaMgd¾man skþanuBlkñúgkarcMlgemeraKhIuvpgEdr.

19

KMnit 3 kñúg 5 KW)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IFanafa RbCaCn 3 lannak;enAelIBiPBelakmanCMgWeGds_ RtUv)anTTYl »sf ARV sMrab;Büa)alenAqñaM 2005 . eKaledAsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa KW GñkCMgW 10 000 nak; .


2.1

2.9 3.02.8

2.52.2 2.1

1.9

2.7

0

1

2

3

4

1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03

rUb 6>8 ³ km<úCasMerc)aneCaKC½yKYreGaykt; sMKal;kñúgkarkat;bnßykarrIkraldalénCMgWhIuv - GRta)a:n;sµan ¬°¦ kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½y GayuBI 15-49qñaM / 1995-2003 RbPB ³ Tinñn½yGegátrbs; NCHADS ExFñÚ qñaM 2004 raykarN_enAkñúg Addendum CUn UNAIDS qñaM2004.

CSES 2004 raykarN_fa mankaryl;dwgTUeTA x<s;GMBICMgW ¬Cag 90°¦ kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnTaMgGs; k¾b:uEnþmankaryl;dwgTabCagbnþickñúgcMeNamyuvv½y. karyl;;dwgGMBIhIuv¼eGds_ nigviFITb;sáat;mankMrit TabCageKenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigkñúgcMeNamRsþIkñúgXVinEtleRbIR)as;TaMgGs;. enAeBlEdl karBüa)alRbqaMg nwgemeraKRbePThIuv¼eGds_ GaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa kic©RbwgERbgrYmsþIGMB I skmµPaBTb;sáat; KYrEtRtUv)aneFVIbnþeTot edIm,IrkSaesßrPaBénGRtahIuv¼eGds_ nigkarrs;raneLIgvij.

GaharUbtßmÖ

kgVHGaharUbtßmÖenAEtCabBaðad¾F¶n;F¶rmYysMrab;kumarkm<úCa nigRbeTskm<úCaCaTUeTA. enAkñúgTinñn½yrbs; CSES qñaM 2004 )anbgðajfa BmumankarEklMGeTcab;taMgBI DHS 2000. kMritepSg²enAmancMnYnx<s; eRcInCagenAkñúgRbeTsnanaenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTabdUcKña ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>9¦.

enAkñúg DHS 2000 GrtaénkumarRkin nigmanTMgn;tic eRkamGayu 5qñaM mancMnYn 45° ebIeRbob eFobeTAnwgGRtaenAkñúg CSES mancMnYn 54° nig 46° ¬sUmemIltarag 6>6¦. km<úCabgðajya:gc,as; BITMnak;TMngxVHRbUetGIunkñúgGaharenABaseBjRbeTs. sUcnakrkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ ekIneLIgy:agx<s;elITark GayuBI 6 Ex dl; 24Ex Edlbgðajfa mankarlayLMKñarvagmðÚbGaharbEnßmEdlKµanCIvCati nigCMgWrbs;


0%

25%

50%

75%

Cambodia Laos Myanmar

Severe Moderate

0%

25%

50%


Severe Moderate

0%

10%

20%


Severe Moderate

kumar ¬Edlb:HBal;xøaMg dUcCa raK nigkarqøgepSg²eTot dUcCarebg¦. CSES 2004 bgðajfa 59° énCnRkIRkbMputmankarpÁt;pÁg;mðÚb GaharRKb;RKan;Caerogral;éf¶kñúgry³eBl 12Ex knøgeTA cMENkÉ bBa¢PaKGñkmanbMputmancMnYn 88°.

rUb 6>9 ³ GRtakgVHGaharUbtßmÖenAkm<úCamankMrit x<sNas;

k> TMgn;TabsMrab;Gayu x> kMBs;Tab sMrab;Gayu ¬TMgn;minRKb;¦ ¬RKin¦

K> TMgn;Tab sMrab;kMBs;

¬karb:HBal;dl;suxPaB b¤PaBsÁm¦ RbPB ³ Tinñn½yrbs; UNICEF sMrab;RbeTs Lav/ mIy:an;m:a qña M2001. CSES 2004 sMrab; km<úCa.

RbsinNaebIGRtakgVHGaharUbtßmÖmankMritx<s;CagsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk PaBxusKñarvagbBa©PaKman RTBüsm,tþi mancMnYnticCagtamkarrMBwgTuk nigticCagenAkñúgRbeTsdéTeTot 20 . enAkm<úCa sUm,IEtkUn GñkmanRTBüsm,tþi k¾manGRtakgVHGaharUbtßmÖx<s;Edr.

20 eTaHbICakgVHxatGaharUbtßmÖEdlCabuBVehtuénBikarPaB KWCaerOgFmµta enAkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRk bMputk¾eday


bBaðaenHKaMRTKMnityl;eXIjEdlfa enAeBlEdl»kasTTYlmðÚbGaharminRKb;RKan; ¬nigedayR)ak; cMNUlTab nigplitPaBéndMNaMsMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarTab¦ mansßanPaBF¶n;F¶renaH TMlab;énkarciBa©wm Tark nigkumarRkIRk ¬]TahrN_ karpþl;GaharbEnßmqab;RCul b¤yWtRCul nigkarpþl;GaharbEnßmmin)anRtwm RtUv¦ nigsuxaPi)alsaFarN³exSay ¬haniP½yénCMgWraK rebgmankMritx<s; nigkarcMlgCMgWdéTeTot Edl raraMgdl;karTTYlykGaharUbtßmÖ¦ k¾edIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;mYypgEdr. tarag 6>6 ³ GRtamFüm ¬°¦ énkgVHGaharUbtßmÖmFümnigF¶n;F¶r kñúgcMeNamkumareRkamGayu 5qñaM tam bBa©PaK eRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; qñaM 2004

kMBs;Tab sMrab;Gayu ¬RKin¦

TMgn;Tab sMrab;Gayu ¬TMgn;minRKb;¦

TMgn;Tab sMrab;kMBs; ¬sÁm¦

bBa©PaK mFüm F¶n;F¶r mFüm F¶n;F¶r mFüm F¶n;F¶r RkIRkbMput 57.8 37.7 53.9 19.7 13.2 2.4

bnÞab;BIRkIRk bMput

54.6 33.1 46.6 15.7 12.3 2.6

mFüm 55.2 34.5 45.7 16.7 12.2 2.0

bnÞab;BIman bMput

52.3 31.3 42.4 13.6 10.8 3.1

manbMput 48.4 29.3 36.5 10.1 10.6 3.3

srub 54.2 33.7 46.1 15.7 12.0 2.6

N 5,905 5,905 5,905 5,905 5,905 5,905

RbPB ³ CSES 2004 ¬)a:n;KMrU 15Ex¦ Knowles 2005b TMB½r 30

km<úCak¾mankgVHGaharUbtßmÖRbePTmIRkUCIvCatiBIkMritmFümeTAkMritF¶n;F¶rpgEdr. karsÞabsÞg;rbs; MOH

qñaM1997 )aneGaydwgfaCMgWBkk TUTaMgRbeTsmancMnYn 17° nig)an)a:n;sµanfa RbCaCnRbEhl 1>3lannak;xVHCatiGIuy:Ud. k¾b:uEnþ mankarrIkcMerInmYycMnYn edaysmmaRténRkumRKYsarEdleRbIR)as; GMbilGIuy:Ud)anekIneLIgBI 12° enAkñúgqñaM 2000 ¬Tinñn½yrbs; DHS¦ dl; 27° ¬Tinñn½yrbs; CSES¦. eKKYrkt; sMKal;fa kar)a:n;sµanrbs; DHS BwgEp¥keTAelI GMbilEdl)aneFVIetsþ cMENkÉkar)a:n;sµanrbs; CSES )anraykarN_edayxøÜnÉg. k¾b:uEnþ manPaBxusKñaKYreGaykt;sMKal;rvagRsTab;sgÁmkic©-esdækic©³ 12°énRKYsarRkIRkbMputeRbIR)as;GMbil GIuy:UdeRbobeFobeTARKYsarGñkmanbMputmancMnYn 50°.


kgVHCIvCativitamIn A Tak;TgeTAnwgkarTTYlTan GaharEdlsMbUrvitamInsMrab;kumarTMlab;énkarbMe)AedaH nigGRtax<s;énCMgWkumardUcCaCMgWpøÚvdegðIm CMgWraK nigkRBa¢wl. eyagtam CSES 2004 )an eGaydwgfa 82° énkumarGayueRkam 5qñaM )anTTYlvItamIn A. r)aykarN_)aneGaydwgfa kareRbIvItamIn A mancMnYn eRcInCag 29° Edl)anraykarN_enAkñúg DHS 2000. k¾b:uEnþ GacmanPaBminc,as;las;mYycMnYneRBaH CSES 2004 min)anEbgEckrvagkarpþl;vItamIn A bEnßm nigmðÚbGharEdlsMbUrvItamIn A enaHeT. DHS

2000 )anraykarN_fa 76° énkumarTaMgGs; )anTTYlTanGaharEdlsMbUrCativItamInA. kumarEdlman mþayTTYl)ankarGb;rMy:agehacNas;RtwmkMritfñak;bzmsikSa mancMnYny:agticbMput 7° GacTTYl)an vItamIn A CagmþayEdlKµankareronsURt.

enAkñúgGtItkal km<úCak¾manr)aykarN_sþIGMBI kMriténkgVHCIvCatiEdrx<s;pgEdr ¬63° kñúgcMeNam kumar 58°kñúgcMeNamRsþI 65°kñúgcMeNamRsþImanépÞeBaH - DHS 2000¦. enHbNþaleGaymanGRta søab;rbs;mþayx<s;enA km<úCa ¬450¼100/000 kMeNIt/ 2003 WHO¦.

buBVehtuénkgVHGaharUbtßmÖmanlkçNsµúRKsµaj. vacab;epþImecjBIGsnþisuxmðÚbGaharkñúgRKYsar dl; TMlab;énkarEfTaMminRKb;RKan; nigdl;kgVHxat »kasTTYl)anesvasuxPaBsMxan;². kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ rYmpSMCamYynwgCMgWrbs;kumar Gacmankarxatbg;dl;esdækic©nigFnFanmnusS. kgVHGaharUbtßmÖ rYmcMENkBI 20-25° énbnÞúkCMgWsklelak ¬FnaKarBiPBelak 1993¦ nig WHO )a:n;sµanfa 16°éncMnYnqñaMrs; enArbs;mnusSBikar ¬DALYs¦ GacTak;TgeTAnwgkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ.

manr)aykarN_c,as;las;fa karxUcxatCacMbg EdlbNþalmkBIkgVHxatGaharUbtßmÖekItmanenAkñúg s,Ún nigGayuBIrqñaMdMbUg r)aykarN_enHeGaydwgeTotfakarxUcxatenHekItmanCaGcié®nþy_ ehIyvaman plvi)akcMeBaHsmtßPaByl;dwgeRcIn EdlCabnþbnÞab;kat;bnßyplitPaBeFVIeGaykMeNInesdækic©yWty:av nigeFIVeGayPaBRkIRkekIneLIg ehIyr)aykarN_enHbBa¢ak;fa kgVHGaharUbtßmÖqøgBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; BIeRBaHmþay EdlRkinGacnwgmankUnminRKb;TMgn;.

karsikSaCaeRcIn)anbgðajfamanTMnak;TMngrwgmaM rvagkMBs;nigcMNUlrbs;mnusSeBjv½y. kumarEdl manCMgWnigsÁmsÁaMgxøaMg TMngCamankMBs;Tab eBlFMeBjv½y. eRkABIenH manr)aykarN_fa sßanPaB suxPaBnigGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM Tak;TineTAnwgsmtßPaB yl;dwg nigvtþmanenAkñúgsala. plb:HBal;eTAelIkarrkcMNUl nigplitPaBrbs;mnusSeBjv½yRtUv )aneK)a:n;sµanfa mancMnYn 10° sMrab;mnusSRkin Cag4°sMrab;kumarEdlxVHQamRkhm. kar)a:n;sµan


elIkarxatbg;dl;esdækic©mancMnYnRbmaN 2-3°énplitplsrubkñúgRsukenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak; cMNUlTab ¬ADB 2001¦.

mankar)a:n;sµanenAkñúgkarsikSaCalkçN³GnþrCatifµImYyfa éføbc©úb,nñ ¬eRbIGRtabBa©úHtMél 5°¦ én GtßRbeyaCn_kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrkumarmñak;Gayu 3qñaM EdlmanrUbkaysÁaMgsÁmeGaymkmanrUbkayFmµtaRtUv cMNayR)ak;Gs; 514duløaGaemrik21. RbsinebIkar)a:n;sµanenH ¬b¤GVIEdlTak;TgKña¦RtUv)anTTYlykenaH GtßRbeyaCn_skþanuBlTTYl)anBIGnþraKmn_nana EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Ikat;bnßyGRtakgVHxat GaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumar EdlmankMritx<s;xøaMgnaeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;km<úCa mancMnYnRbEhl 84landuløar Ca RbcaMqñaM b¤ RbEhl 6/50duløarkñúgmnusSmñak;22.

dUcsUcnakrsuxPaBdéTeTotEdr kgVHGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarfycuHy:agelOnedaysarEtkMriténkar Gb;rMrbs;mþay CaBiess rvagkarGb;rM fñak;bzm nigmFüm ¬sUmemIltarag 6>3¦. kgVHxatB½t’man nigcMeNHdwgGMBI {PaBminRbRktI} nigplb:HBal;skþanuBlénkgVHGaharUbtßmÖGacCamUlehtumYy Edl RbCaCnmincat;TukkgVHGaharUbtßmÖCakarRBYy)armÖsMxan;elIsuxPaB ¬kgVHGaharUbtßmÖmancMnYnEt 0/7°én CMgWTUeTA Edl)anraykarN_edayxøÜnÉg nig 0/2° sMrab;RkumGayuBI 0-4qñaM¦. kgVHxatB½t’manenH GacTak; TgeTAnwgkMriténkarGb;rMTabkñúgcMeNamRsþI Edl kñúgenaHmanEt 18°b:ueNÑaH mankarGb;rMfñak; mFümsikSa b¤x<s;CagenH.

c,as;Nas; eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtRbwgERbg edIm,IEklMG sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖ edIm,IbegáIn»kassMrab;eBl GnaKt begáInplRbeyaCn_esdækic© nigbBaÄb;vdþénPaBRkIRkd¾GaRkk;enH. cMelIyKW karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk elIRKb;vis½y nigkat;bnßyplb:HBal;elIPaBRkIRk rYmTaMgkMeNInesdækic©rYm nigeKalneya)aysgÁm edIm,I CMrujkMeNInesdækic©. dUcenAkñúgRbeTsdéTepSgeTot eKemIleXIjfa karGb;rMeTAelIRsþI KWCaktþasMxan; mYykñúgkarkat;bnßykgVHGaharUbtßmÖTan;eBlevla. eTaHbICa GnþraKmn_rbs;vis½ysuxaPi)alelI GaharUbtßmÖmankMritk¾eday k¾enAkñúgry³eBlxøInigmFüm kmµviFIGaharUbtßmÖ nigesvasuxPaB Edlman RbsiT§iPaB niggayRsYl GacCYykat;bnßyplb:HBal;énkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ)an. karGb;rMrbs;RbCaCn mansar³sMxan; ehIycaM)ac;RtUvmanTMnak;TMngCa mYyvis½yGb;rMsMrab;GnþraKmn_sala ¬]TahrN_ kmµviFI 21 Behrman, Alderman nig Hoddinott 2004 niyayenAkñúg Knowles 2005. 22 eyagtam CSES 2004 )aneGaydwgfamankumarGayu 3qñaM RbEhl 277>000nak; enAkñúgqñaM 2004. KuNcMnYnenHnwgPaK ryénkumarGayu 3qñaM EdlRtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfaRkinCamFüm nig GtßRbeyaCn_skþanuBl)a:n;sµankñúgkumarsÁmsÁaMgmñak;mancMnYn 514 duløar/ kar)a:n;sµanEdlelIkeLIgenAkñúgGtßbT.


pþl;mðÚbGaharenAsala KMnitpþÜcepþImIRkUGaharUbtßmÖ¦. kmµviFIGaharUbtßmÖEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB k¾Gacmanpl b:HBal;eTAelIkarKaMRTCnRkIRk pgEdr EdlnaMeGaymanGRtax<s;.

karvaytMéleTAelIvis½yenH bgðajGMBIkmµviFIGaharUbtßmÖmYycMnYn EdlmanTMhMnigRTg;RTay xus²Kña k¾b:uEnþ naeBlbc©úb,nñKµankarsMrbsMrYlRKb;RKan;eT. kmµviFIGaharUbtßmÖPaKeRcIn dwknaMedayGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al nigm©as;CMnYy³ caM)ac; RtUveGaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;rdæaPi)aleGaykan;EteRcIneLIg RtUvBRgwgsßab½nBak;B½n§ nigkarEbgEckfvika RBmTaMgBinitütamdan nigvaytMéldMeNIrkarkmµviFI GaharUbtßmÖ nigsUcnakr plb:HBal;23.

CIvCati GRtamanCIvCatix<s;GacnaMeGayRKYsarEdlxVHFnFan minGaceFVIkarvinieyaK)anRKb;RKan;eTAelI

suxPaB nigkarGb;rMrbs;mnusSCMnan;eRkay)aneT. GRtasøab;rbs;kumarEdlmankMritTab rYmpSMnwgGRta CIvCatiTab nwgnaMeGayRkumRKYsarnana GacEklMGsßanPaBesdækic©rbs;BYkeK)an tamry³karvinieyaK eTAelIsuxPaB nigkarGb;rM.

\T§iBlénRbCasaRsþTaMgenH k¾manplb:HBal;pg EdreTAelIkMritesdækic©TaMgmUl. enAeBlEdl GRtasøab;rbs;kumarfycuH bnÞab;mkGRtakMeNItfycuH kMeNInRbCaCnTUeTAGacnwgyWt GayukalmFüm rbs;RbCaCnGacnwgekIneLIg ehIyGRtaBwgEp¥kfycuH naMeGaycMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak; nigkMeNIn esdækic©ekIneLIg ¬Bloom and Sanning 2001¦.

RbPBGnþrCatinanafµI²bMput)an):an;sµanfa GRtakMeNItsrubrbs;RbeTskm<úCamankMrit 5 enAqñaM 2000 ¬sUmemIlrUbPaB 6>10¦ cMENkenAqñaM 1990 mankMrit 5/6. b:uEnþ CamYynwgsUcnakrRbCasa®sþ KnøwHepSg²eTot kar):an;sµanTaMgLayrbs;karGegátRbCaCnGnþrCMerOn (CIPS) qñaM 2004 mankMritTab y:ageRcInCagkarKitmun²³ karGegátRbCaCnGnþrCMerOn (CIPS) kMNt;GRtakMeNItmancMnYn 3/3 kñúgqña M 2003 ehIykarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© (CSES) kMNt;EtRtwm 2/9 b:ueNÑaH. ktþaEdlKUsbBa¢ak;BIGRta kMeNItx<s;rYmmanGRtasøab;rbs;kumarmankMritx<s; CMenOvb,Fm’ kgVHxatkarGb;rMcMeBaHRsþI nig»kaseFVI kargar kgVHxatesvasuxPaBsMxan;² nigkarBieRKaHeyabl;RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. b:uEnþbrimaNRsþIEdl)an erobkar ehIyeRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüakMeNItTMenIb)anekIneLIg. enAqñaM 2004 émÖPaKryénRsþIEdl)an

23 ³ kmµviFIvinieyaKelIGaharUbtßmÖkm<úCa qñaM2002


erobkarGayucenøaHBI15-49qñaM manlT§PaBTTYl)anmeFüa)ayBnüakMeNIt tamry³vis½ysaFarN³ 24 . mankarEckcayy:ageRcInnUvviFIBnüakMeNIt tammeFüa)ayvis½yÉkCn tamry³kmµviFIkarrkTIpSarsgÁmkic© EdlTTYlhirBaØb,TanBIm©as;CMnYy. rUbPaB 6>10 ³ RsþIRkIRk nigmin)anTTYlkarGb;rMmankUneRcInCagRsþIdéTeTot - cMnYnkumarEdlekItBImþayGayucenøaHBI 15-49qñaM

2.82

1.20.9

2.62.2

2.11.8

1.5

1.82.1

1.22.12.12.1

2.3

0 1 2 3 4

KñankaesikSabzmsikSa

mFümsikSakMritTabmFümsikSakMritx<s;

RkbMputRkbMputbnÞab;

mFümmanbMputbnÞab;

manbMput

TIRkugCnbT

PñMeBjvalrab

TenøsabeqñrsmuTÞx<g;rab¼PñM

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

karenHtMNag[karEklMGy:agxøaMg taMgBIqñaM 2000 mk enAeBlEdl 19 PaKryén®sþI)anTTYl

meFüa)ayBnüakMeNIt EdlkñúgenaH 13 PaKry)anBIvis½ysaFarN³25.

mankarERbRbYlKYreGaykt;sMKal;pgEdrkñúgkareRbIR)as;meFüa)ayBnüakMeNIt ³ CPR rbs;bBa©PaK GñkmanbMput mancMnYnRbEhl 2 dgénGñkRkIRkbMput TMhMRKbdNþb;elIextþx<s;bMput manRbEhl 3dg én bBa©PaKTabbMput ehIy CPR rbs;RsþIEdlmankMritGb;rMx<s;bMputRbEhl 2dgeFobnwgRsþIEdlKµankar

24 Ep¥kelI Tinñn½yrdæ)alrbs; MOH BIqñaM 2004 Ep¥kelIGñkeRbIR)as;esvasuxPaBsaFarN³. 25 bc©úb,nñPaBkarsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSqñaM 2005. raCedæaPi)alkm<úCa.


Gb;rM26. caM)ac;RtUvEteqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaRbQmTaMgenH tamry³karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayRbCaCn rbs; km<úCa Edl)anRbkasenAkñúgqñaM 2004 RBmTaMgkat;bnßyplb:HBal;énGRtakMeNItx<s; ]TahrN_ eday kat;bnßyéføcMNay nigbegáIn»kasTTYlkarGb;rM nigesvasuxPaBsMxan;².

karTb;sáat;CMgW cMeNHdwgGMBIsuxPaBnigskmµPaB EdlmaneRKaHfñak; r)aykarN_GMBIkarcak;va:k;saMgkarBar

karcak;va:k;saMgkarBarRbqaMgnwgCMgWqøgFmµta KWCaGnþraKmn_mYykñúgcMeNamGnþraKmn_elIsuxPaBsaFa rN³ EdlmanRbsiTi§PaBéfø EdlmanGtßRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm nigbuKÁl. WHO pþl;GnusSasn_fa kumarTaMgGs;TTYl)anva:k;saMg BCG ¬RbqaMgnwgCMgWrebg TB¦ mþg CMgWRKunsVitédeCIg 3dg nig DPT

bIdg ¬CMgWxan;søak; k¥ksn§b; nigettaNus¦ nigva:k;saMgkarBarkRBa¢wlmþgmunGayu 1qñaM. dUcEdl)anBiPakSa BIxagedImrYcehIyfa karkarBarRbqaMgnwgCMgWkRBa¢wl k¾CaktþasMxan;mYypgEdrcMeBaHkarkat;bnßykgVHxat GaharUbtßmÖ.

mankarEklMGxøH elIkarcak;va:k;saMgkarBarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. CSES 2004 raykarN_ eGaydwgfa 40°énkumarGayuBI 12-23Ex mun BYkeKGayu 12Ex nig50° énkumarGayucenøaHBI 13-24Ex minKitBIGayuenAeBlcak;va:k;saMg ¬tYelxenH eFobKñaeTAman 30° sMrab;kumar GayucenøaHBI 12-23Ex nig 40° sMrab;kumar GayuBI 13-24Ex enAkñúg DHS 2000¦ )an TTYlkarcak;va:k;saMgbgáar.

k¾b:uEnþ sMrab;RKb;kMritTaMgGs; cMnYnénkarcak;va:k; saMgenAmankMritTabenAeLIy ehIykarcak;va:k; saMgmYycMnYnGaceFVIeLIgedayEpñk ]TahrN_ MOH raykarN_fa 85° énkumarGayueRkam 1 qñaM)anTTYlva:k;saMg DPT3 enAqñaM2004 ebI eRbobeFobeTAqñaM2002 man 64°. kumarenA kñúg bBa©PaK

eRbIR)as;sMrab;GñkRkIRkbMputman cMnYneTVdg min)anTTYlkarcak;va:k;saMgkarBar eT. karGb;rMrbs;mþay k¾manPaBxusKñaeRcInpg Edr ³ 12°énkumarEdlmanmþaymin)anTTYlkar Gb;rM min)anTTYlva:k;saMgeT ebIeRbobeFobeTA nwgkumarEdlmanmþayTTYl)ankarGb;rMfñak;bzmman 7° nigkumarEdlmanmþayTTYl )ankarGb;rM fñak;mFümman 4° ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>11¦. vahak;dUcCamanbBaðaCamYynwgkarcak;va:k;saMg karBarenAkñúgtMbn;eqñrsmuRT EdlmanGRtaeRbI R)as;esvasuxPaBTabCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn;eqñrsmuRT.

26 km<úCaedaysegçb - RbCaCn eynD½r nigsuxPaBbnþBUC qñaM 2005 UNFPA km<úCa.


rUbPaB 6>11 ³ karGb;rMrbs;mþaymanTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMgCamYynwgkarcak;va:k;saMgrbs;kumar - kumarGayucenøaHBI 13-24Ex minEdl)anTTYlkarcak;va:k;saMgtamRbePTeRCIserIs

13%7%

5%4%

11%8%8%

6%7%

10%8%

5%8%

5%15%

8%

0% 10% 20%





manbMput

TIRkugCnbT

PñMeBjvalrab

TenøsabeqñrsmuTÞx<g;rab¼PñM

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

kareRbIR)as;mugsMrab;ERK

karedkenAkñúgmugEdlmanRClk;fñaMkarBarstVl¥it KWCaviFImYyEdlmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarRbqaMgnwg CMgWRKuncaj; nigCMgWepSgeTot. tamr)aykarN_ RbCaCnkm<úCaeRbIR)as;mugsMrab;ERKeRcIn ¬94°¦ k¾b:uEnþkñúg enaH manEt 4° b:ueNÑaH EdleRbImugRClk;fñaM. eTaHbICa RbCaCnGñkmaneRbIR)as;mugeRcInCagk¾eday k¾Kµan PaBxusKñaeRcInEdr ¬96°énbBa©PaKGñkmanbMput eFobnwg 90° énbBa©PaKCnRkIRkbMput¦. kareRbIR)as; mugRClk;fñaMtic TMngCamanTMnak;TMngeTAnwglT§PaB b¤B½t’manTak;TgnwgbBaðaenH eRBaHKµanPaBxusEbøkKña rvagRkumesdækic©sgÁmepSg²eT. enAeBlbegáInkareRbIR)as;mugRClk;fñaM tMbn;EdlmanCMgWRKuncaj;qøgxøaMg enAtMbn;PñM ¼ x<g;rab KYrEtTTYl)anCMerIsmuneK r)aykarN_GMBIkareRbIR)as;mugRClk;fñaMenAmankMritTabenA eLIyKW 14°. lT§plenH mankarKYreGayPJak;ep¥IlbnþicbnþÜc edaysarEt MOH raykarN_fa 80° énPUmisßitkñúgtMbn;EdlmanCMgWRKuncaj;rIkraldal)anTTYlkarBüa)alRbcaMqñaMnigpøas;bþÚrmugfµIeGay. cMeNH


dwgEdlmankMritrbs;GñkPUmiminfamugTaMgenHRClk;fñaM rWk¾Gt;eT GacCamUlehtunaMeGaymankarniyay xus²Kña.

karbMe)AedaH

karbMe)AedaH KWCaktþasMxan;kñúgkarkarBarTarkBI CMgWraKrUs nigCMgWpøÚvdegðIm nigbegáInRbB½n§suaMnwgCMgW. TwkedaHmþaymanCIvCatibMb:n nigRbqaMgnwgCMgWepSg²sMrab;karrIklUtlas;rbs;Tark. eyagtamkarsikSa mYycMnYn)aneGaydwgfa TwkedaHmþayk¾begáInkarkarvivtþEpñkbBaØasµartIrbs;kumarpgEdr. WHO pþl; Gnusasn_fa karbMe)AedaH CaBiesskñúgry³eBlmYyem:agdMbUgbnÞab;BIkMeNIt nigkñúgry³eBl 6ExdMbUg bnÞab;mk nigbnþbMe)AedaHrhUtdl;kumarGayu2qñaM rYmpSMnwgkarpþl;cMNIGaharbEnßm nwgrkSa)annUv sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖl¥ nigbnþCYykarBarCMgWraKrUs. dUcEdl)anBiPakSaBIedImrYcmkehIyfa RbCaCnkm<úCa mankMritkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ nigCMgWkumarx<s; ehIyenAkñúgsßanPaBenH karelIkkMBs;TMlab;énkarbMe)AedaH smrmü mansar³sMxan;eRcInNas;.

enAkñúgqñaM2004 98°énkumarGayueRkam3qñaM TTYl)ankarbMe)AedaHmþay 14°énTarkTaMgGs;)an cab;epþIme)AedaHmþaykñúgry³eBl1em:ageRkayeBlekIt nig49°kñúgrvag1éf¶énkMeNIt. tYelxenH ebIeRbobeFobeTAqñaM2000 man14° nig24°. k¾b:uEnþ manEt14° énTarkRbus nig 20°én TarkRsI GayuBI 0-6Ex b:ueNÑaH RtUv)anbMe)AedaHmþayy:agBiess enAéf¶eFVIsMPasn_. CSES 2004 bgðajfa TarkEdlmanmþayTTYl)ankarGb;rMkMritbzmsikSamancMnYn 11° nigTarkEdlmanmþayTTYl)ankarGb;rM kMritmFümsikSamancMnYn 15° GacnwgTTYl)ankarbMe)AedaHdMbUgbnÞab;BIekIt mk.

hak;dUcCamanplb:HBal;elIkarGPivDÆfµI²mYycMnYn eRBaHTarkEdlekIt)anmYyqñaM b¤eRcInCagenH mun karsÞabsÞg;rbs; CSES 2004 man 5° GacnwgTTYl)anTwkedaHmþayticCag. edaysar plb:HBal; enH RsbKñaCamYynwgkic©RbwgERbgEdlekIneLIg eRkamkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½ysuxaPi)alrYmrvag MOH nigm©as; CMnYyEdlraykarN_fa mankarekIneLIgén»kasTTYl)ankarEfTaMmunqøgTenø nigeBlqøgTenø edayman CMnYykarEdlmansmtßPaB enAkñúgqñaM2004 RbB½n§suxPaBGacman\Ti§BlelIkarEklMGTMlab;bMe)AedaHkUn.

kareRbIR)as;fñaMCk; nigeRKOgRsvwg dUcEdl)anBiPakSaBIxagelIrYcmkehIy karvivtþénkarrIkraldalEdleFVIeGayCMgWGt;qøgekIneLIg enAEt

naMmuxeKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigenAEtmankMritcMeBaHRbCaCnGñkmanmYycMnYn. k¾b: uEnþ edaysarKMlat


éneBlevlarvagcrwklkçN³énsuxPaB nigplb:HBal;suxPaB eKRtUvBinitüemIlkarCk;)arInigktþaeRKaHfñak; déTeTot EdlGacCMnYs)an sMrab;lT§plnaeBlGnaKt.

km<úCamanGRtaCk;)arIx<s;kñúgcMeNamburs¬42°¦ EdlekIneLIgCaeTotTat;CamYynwgGayu ¬rhUt dl; 70°kñúgcMeNambursGayuBI 65-74 qñaM¦. GRtaCk;)arITabkñúgcMeNamRsþI ¬4/1°¦ CYyeFVI eGayGRtaCk;)arIsrubfycuHmk 21°. Ca mFümGñkCk;)arIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Ck;)arI 14 edImkñúg1éf¶. KµanTinñn½ycMnYneBlevlasMrab; vaytMélfaetI GRtaCk;)arIekIneLIg b¤fycuH enaHeT.

k¾b:uEnþ CSES bgðajfa karCk;)arImanTMnak;TMng edayRbeyaleTAnwgkareRbIR)as; nigkarGb;rMkñúg mnusSmñak;. RbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigbursEdlKµan karGb;rMmanGRtaCk;)arIx<s;bMput ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>12¦. eTaHbI Camankaryl;dwgCaTUeTAGMBIplb:HBal;suxPaBedaykarCk;)arImankMritx<s; ¬87° én RbCaCnGayu elI 15qñaMmankaryl;dwg¦ BIrdg kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIykñúgbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput eRcInCagGñkeqøIykñúgbBa©PaK GñkmanbMput Kitfava KµaneRKaHfñak;GVIeT ¬ bBa©PaKRkIRkbMputman 7° nig bBa©PaKmanbMputman 3°¦.

rUbPaB 6>12 ³ karCk;)arIKWCaTMlab;rbs;bursy:agxøaMgkøa nigfycuHy:agxøaMgtamkMritkarGb;rM. -GRtaCk;)arIkñúgbBa©PaKeRbIR)as;nimYy² nigkMriténkarGb;rMCasmmaRténcMnYnRbCaCn

63%

46%

32%

18%

49%

47%

46%

42%

30%

8%

3%

1%

1%

6%

5%

4%

4%

2%

0% 25% 50% 75%





manbMput

Rbus RsI

RbPB ³ CSES 2004


kMritCk;)arIx<s;kñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRkBüakrN_fa enAeBlEdlkarvivtþénRbCasaRsþ nigkarrIkral dalénCMgWekIneLIg GRtaénCMgWminqøg ¬NCD¦ GacnwgekIneLIgkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRk. edIm,ITb;sáat; CMgW NCD EdlGaceCosvag)an nigGRtamrN³PaBkñúgeBlGnaKt viFankareKalneya)aysaFarN³ edIm,Ikat;bnßykar Ck;)arIRtUv)anRbkasenAéf¶enH.

RbCaBlrdæRkIRkcMNayR)ak;elIfñaMCk;eRcInCag cMNayelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB EdlCasmmaRtén kareRbIR)as;minEmnsMrab;sMrab;mðÚbrbs;BYkeK. karcMNayrYmeTAelIfñaMCk; nigeRKOgRsvwgkñúgcMeNam bBa©PaKRkIRkbMput eRcInCagBIrdgénkarcMNayeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>13¦. dUecñH GtßRbeyaCn_skþanuBlBIkarkat; bnßyeRKaHfñak; minRtwmEtekIneLIgkñúgeBl GnaKtb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþ kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHpgEdr Ca»kasd¾RbesIrkñúgkarvinieyaKbEnßmeTAelIsuxPaB Gb;rM nigvinieyaKTun Edl manRbeyaCn_.

»kasTTYl)anesvasuxPaB nigTMnak;TMngénkareRbIR)as;

raCrdæaPi)al)anxitxMRbwgERbgy:agxøaMgedIm,IEklMGkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaBmUldæan cab;taMgBI)an Gnum½telIyuT§saRsþvis½ysuxaPi)al nigkmµviFIvis½ysuxaPi)alrYmRbcaMqñaM CamYynwgédKUxageRkAenAkñúgqña M 2003. yuT§saRsþenH)anCYybegáInvtþmanenAmNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³BI 0/38 dl; 0/42 sMrab;RkumGayu TaMgGs; nigBI 0/54 dl; 0/74 sMrab;kumarGayueRkam 5qñaM. mNÐlsuxPaBcMnYn 164 GacmanlT§PaB pþl;karRKb;RKgCMgWkumarrYmKñaenAkñúgqñaM2004 ebIeRbobeFobeTAqñaM2002 manmNÐlsuxPaBEt 45b:ueNÑaH.

rUbPaB 6>13 ³ ebIeRbobeFobCamYyGñkman GñkRk cMNayKitCasmmaRtelIfñaMCk;eRcIn nigcMNay elIkarEfTaMsuxPaBtic - PaKryénkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarelIeRKOg Rsvwg fñaMCk; nigkarEfTaMsuxPaB. CSES 2004 RbPB ³ CSES 2004

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% RkbMput

RkbMputbnÞab; mFüm

manbMputbnÞab; manbMput

Rsa )arI karEfsuxPaB


karpÁt;pÁg;GaharEdlmanCIvCatibMb:nsMxan;² dl;kumar nigRsþImanépÞeBaH k¾mankarekIneLIgpgEdr. cenøaH BIqñaM2002dl;qñaM2004 PaKryén RsþImanépÞeBaH EdlTTYl)ankarBieRKaHeyabl; BIrdgmuneBlqøgTenø )anekIneLIgBI 29°dl; 47° karqøgTenøEdlmankarcUlrYmBIqµbEdlman karbNþúHbNþal)anekIneLIgBI 20° dl; 32°. mNÐlsuxPaBTaMg 962 nigmnÞIreBTübEg¥kTaMg 70 pþl;nUvkmµviFI DOTS eBjelj sMrab;GñkCMgWrebg.

k¾b:uEnþ enAEtmanbBaðaRbQmCaeRcIn. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkCYbRbTHkarlM)akkñúgkarTTYl)annUv »kasEfTaMgsuxPaBEdlmanKuNPaB. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkEdlRtUvkarkarEfTaMsuxPaBmancMnYntic Cag 60° cMENkÉRbCaCnGñkmanmancMnYn 74° ¬tarag 6>7¦. PaBxusKñaenH minEmnmanEtenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj eT. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTMngCaman»kastictYcbMputkñúgkarTTYl)annUv karEfTaMsuxPaBenAkñúgtMbn;eqñrsmuRT Edlman Et36° b:ueNÑaH énRbCaBlrdæRkIRkTaMgGs;RtUvkaresvasuxPaB ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgBYkGñkman bMputmancMnYn 67° ¬sUmemIltarag 6>8¦. CaBiess RbCaBlrdæRkIRkKµan»kasTTYl)ankar EfTaMenAkñúgmnÞIreBTüeT. bBa©PaKCnRkIRkbMputBIreRbIesvakmµmnÞIreBTüeRcInCag 5 dgticCagbBa©PaKGñk manbMput ¬sUmemIltarag 6>9¦.

tarag 6>7 ³ RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTMngCaEsVgrkkar EfTaMsuxPaBticenAeBlmanCMgW - PaKryénmnusSEdlRtUv)aneKraykarN_fa manCMgW b¤RtUvkarkarEfTaMsuxPaBkñúgkMLúgeBl 4 s)aþh_cugeRkayEdl EsVgrkkarEfTaM

bBa©PaK tamePT tamTItaMg srub Rbus RsI TIRkug CnbT

RkIRkbMput 60 58 59 59 59

bnÞab;BIRkIRk bMput

60 63 63 62 62

mFüm 64 64 60 64 64

bnÞab;BIman bMput

68 70 70 69 69

manbMput 74 75 81 72 75

srub 66 67 73 65 66

RbPB ³ CSES 2004


tarag 6>8 ³ eRkABITIRkugPñMeBj nigextþenACMuvijbwgTenøsab manPaBxusKñay:ageRcInrvagRTBüFn nigkar cMNayelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB - PaKryénmnusSEdlmanCMgW b¤RtUvkarkarEfTaMsuxPaBkñúgkMLúg 4s)aþh_knøgeTA

bBa©PaK eRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; tMbn;PUmisaRsþ RkIRkbMput bnÞab;BIRkIRkbMput mFüm bnÞab;BImanbMput manbMput

srub

PñMeBj 88 78 80 86 87 86

tMbn;TMnab 54 57 58 69 72 63

tMbn;Tenøsab 64 67 68 68 67 67

tMbn;eqµrsmuRT 36 55 61 55 67 57

tMbn;x<g;rab¼PñM 59 66 73 69 73 67

srub 59 62 64 69 75 66

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

tarag 6>9 ³ mnusSenAkñúgbBa©PaKmanbMputGaceRbIR)as;esvamnÞIreBTü 5 dgeRcInCagmnusSenAkñúg bBa©PaK EdlRkIRkbMput - GRtacUlmnÞIreBTüRbcaMqñaMkñúgmnusS 1>000nak;

bBa©PaKeRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;

RkIRkbMput bnÞab;BIRkIRkbMput mFüm bnÞab;BImanbMput manbMput

srub

burs 28 29 56 88 144 69 tamePT

RsIþ 28 31 44 92 179 75

TIRkug 39 56 45 63 98 73 tamtMbn; CnbT 27 28 51 95 197 72

srub 28 30 50 90 162 72

RbPB ³ CSES 2004

karTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)alGaRs½yelIktþaCaeRcIn³ lT§PaBTTYl)anCarUbv½nþ¬cMgay nigsßanPaB pøÚv¦lT§PaBbg;éfø ¬sMrab;karBüa)al nigkareFVIdMeNIr¦ cMeNHdwg nigB½t’manGMBIlT§PaBeRbIR)as; CMenOpÞal; xøÜn nigkaryl;eXIjBIesckþIRtUvkar nigKuNPaBkarBüa)alsuxPaB nigBIdMeNIrkarénRbB½n§mnÞIreBTü begÁal.


lT§PaBTTYl)anCarUbv½nþ KWCabBaðasMxan;CaBiesssMrab;karBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü manEt 9° b:ueNÑaH

énbBa©PaKRkIRkbMputrs;enAkñúgPUmiEdlmanmNÐlsuxPaB ehIycMgayCamFümeTAkan;mNÐlsuxPaBEdl CitCageK KWmancMgay 7/6 K>m nig 16 K>m eTAkan;mnÞIrbEg¥k. tYelx enH ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgbBa©PaK EdlmanRTBüsm,tþibMputmancMnYn 6 nig 9 K>m. tamkareRbobeFob Gñkpþl;esvasuxPaBÉkCnEbbburaN ¬qµbtamEbbburaN RKUExµr nigGñkBüa)al tamEbbburaNdéTeTot¦ rs;enAq¶ayBIRbCaCn 1-4 K>m. Tak;TgeTAnwgkmµviFIsuxPaB eyagtamkarvaytMélrbs;emPUmi )aneGaydwgfa manEtkmµviFIcak;va:k;saMg karBarb:ueNÑaHeT EdlGaceFVI)ansMrab;RbCaCnRKb;lMdab;fñak;. MCH nigkmµviFIEpnkarRKYsar kareFVI etsþemeraKhIuv nigkmµviFIGMbilGIuy:Ud kan;EtmaneRcIneLIgenAkñúgshKmn_ EdlmanRbCaCnGñkmanrs;enA.

TIBIr manbBaðaGMBI]bsKÁedaysarkarcMNaysMrab;karTTYl)anesvasuxPaB. karEfTaMsuxPaB enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRtUvcMNayGs;eRcInKYrsm. erOgenHCakarBit esvasuxPaBsaFarN³k¾dUcCaesva ÉkCnEdr ³ BIeRBaHesvasuxPaBsaFarN³manmUlniFiminRKb;RKan; EdlkarTTYl)anesvaTamTarkarbg; R)ak;eRcIn. enAkñúgqñaM2004 fvikaEdlEbgEckeTAeGayvis½ysuxaPi)almancMnYn 1/26° énplitpl srubkñúgRsuk b¤7/6°éncMNayEpnkarrbs;rdæaPi)al. fvikaEbgEckmancMnYnekIneLIgbnþicmþg²kñúgry³ eBlb:unµanqñaMfµI²enH. k¾b:uEnþ kareRbIR)as;fvikasaFaN³manbBaða. enAkñúgqñaM2004 manEt 83°b:ueNÑaH énfvikaRbtibtþikarRtUv)ancMNay ehIycMNayenHmankMritTabenAkñúgfñak;extþ ¬63°¦ enARtwmcugqñaM. cMNayenH RsbKñaCamYynwglMhUrénfvikaEdlmanlkçN³yWty:av nigminGacBüakrN_Tuk)an EdlPaK eRcInekItmaneLIigenAkñúgqmasTIBIrénqñaM. CalT§pl cMNayelIsuxPaBsaFarN³sMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúgqña M 2004 mancMnYnEt 2/94 duløarGaemrikb:ueNÑaH EdlticCagkñúgqñaM 2003 ¬3/16duløarGaemrik¦ nigqñaM 2002 ¬4/10duløarGaemrik¦27.

mUlniFiminRKb;RKan;enH )andak;sMBaFy:ageRcIneTAelIesvakmµCYrmux ehIysßab½nnanamanCMerIs bnþicbnþÜceRkABIykéføesvaelIGñkeRbIR)as;. enAedImqñaM nigBak;kNþalqñaMénTsvtSqñaM 90 KµanvisalPaB sMrab;eFVI[R)ak;bg;éføTaMgenHkøayeTACapøÚvkarenAeLIy ¬edaytamRTwsþI karBü)alsuxPaBKWminRtUvbg;éfø¦ . GaRs½yehtuenH R)ak;TaMgenHkøayCaeRkApøÚvkar KµantmøaPaB nigRtUv)anTartamGMeBIcitþ . éføesvaelI GñkeRbIR)as;esvasaFarN³RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsßab½nedayrdæaPi)alcab;taMgBIqñaM1997 kñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IedaHRsaybMErbMrYlénhirBaØb,TansaFarN³ begáInR)ak;Exrbs;buKÁlikCYrmux nigdak;bBaØtþimineGay 27 b:uEnþ KYrkt;sMKal;fa sMrab;fvikaEdlmin)ancay nwgRtUvykeTAcayenAqñaMbnÞab;eTot.


Richest, 14,857 r

Next riches t, 4,178 r

Middle, 2,493 r

Next poores t, 1,463 r

Poores t, 800 r

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ykéføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar. eTaHbIkareFVI[R)ak;kMérEdlGñkCMgWRkIRkmin)ac;bg;TaMgenH køayeTACapøÚvkar nig køayCasþg;damankarEklMGy:agc,as;las;k¾eday k¾Cajwkjy R)ak;TaMgenHenAEtCa]bsKÁdl;lT§PaB TTYl)anesvaenAeLIy. éføesvaelIGñkeRbIR)as;esvasaFarN³ nigcMNayeRkAbEnßmeTAelIkarEfTaM suxPaBÉkCn mancMnYn 86° éncMNaysrubelIsuxaPi)al KWfa 6dgeRcInCagcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al sMrab; mnusS mñak;.

CSES 2004 )a:n;sµanfa cMNaybEnßmeRkA ¬OOPS¦ elIkarEfTaMsuxPaBmancMnYn 15/48 duløarGaemriksMrab;mnusSmñak;kñúg 1qñaM. b:uEnþ kar):an;sµanenHEp¥kelITinñn½yEdlRbmUl)anEtBIÉktþCnEdl manCMgW manrbYs b¤bBaðasuxPaBepSgeTot kñúgeBldMeNIrkarGegátry³eBl 4 s)þah_b:ueNÑaH. ehtuenH kar):an;sµanGacmankMritTabCagkarBit. karGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxaPi)al (DHS) raykarN_fa kar cMNaybEnßmeRkAmancMnYn 24 duløakñúgmnusSmñak;. TMhM OOPS ekIneLIgCamYynwgkMriténkareRbIR)as; rbs;RKYsarTaMgkñúgeBlevlaCak;lak; nigTaMgkareRbIR)as;elIminEmnmðÚbGahar. enAeBlEdlCit 19°én mnusSenAkñúgbBa©PaKmanbMput cMNayeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBkñúgry³eBl4s)aþh_munkareFIV sMPasn_rbs; CSES manEt 12°b:ueNÑaH kñúgcMeNamGñkRkIRkbMput )ancMNayeTAelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB. kñúgtMél 14>857 erolsMrab;mnusSmñak; cMNayeRkAbEnßmCamFümelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBkñúgkMLúgeBl 4 s)aþh_ knøgeTA kñúgcMeNambBa©PaKmanbMput mancMnYnCit 19 dgénbBa©PaKRkIRkbMput ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>14¦.

rUbPaB 6>14 ³ PaBjwkjab; ¬°énmnusS¦ nigTMhM ¬mFümKitCaerolkñúgmnusSmñak;¦ éncMNayeRkA bEnßmelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBkñúgry³eBl 4s)aþh_ cugeRkay tambBa©PaK qñaM2004 RbPB ³ CSES 2004


dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHcMNayelIeRKaHmhnþrayelIsuxPaB ¬eBalKW karBüa)alTamTarkarbg;R)ak;cMnYn eRcInCag 50 PaKryénkareRbIR)as;sMrab;esckþIRtUvkarminEmnmðÚbGaharRbcaMrbs;RKYsar¦. TMrg;dUcKñaén R)ak;cMNaybEnßmeRkAKWCakarBit cMeBaHkarviPaKelItMélcMNaysMrab;mnusSmñak; b¤sMrab;RKYsarmYy. k¾b:uEnþ RbCaCnenAtMbn;CnbThak;dUcCaman OOPS x<s;CagenAtMbn;TIRkugkñúgcMeNambBa©PaKénkar eRbIR)as;.

GaRs½yehtuenH bnÞúkrbs; OOPS kñúgcMeNamGñkRkIRkmankMritTabCagGñkman. k¾b:uEnþ GacmkBI mUlehtuEdlGñkRkmineRbIesvasuxPaB ehIyebIBYkKat;eRbIvij BYkKat;eRbIesvaEdlmantMélTab nig KuNPaBTabCag. enAkñúgn½yenH vaCakarPJak;ep¥IlEdlmanEt 12° b:ueNÑaHénemPUmitMNageGay shKmn_RkIRkbMput cat;TukéføcMNayelIesvasuxPaBx<s; CabBaðaesvasuxPaBsMxan;bMputenAkñúg CSES

¬bnÞab;BI karxVHxatfñaMeBTü cMgayeTAkan;mNÐlEfTaMsuxPaBRbkbedayKuNPaBl¥RbesIrenAq¶ay¦.

10PaKryénRbCaCnTaMgGs;EdlRtUv)aneKraykarN_famansßanPaBsuxPaBminl¥ b¤F¶n;F¶r mancMnYn 64°én OOPS srub. TMrg;RsedogKñaenH k¾BitpgEdrsMrab;CnBikar EdlmFümPaKén OOPS mancMnYn eRcInCag 5 dgx<s;CagRbCaCnEdlKµanBikarPaB. tYelxenHqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjBIkgVHxat karFanara:b;rg enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigeFVIeGayRbCaCnmYycMnYnenHgayTTYlrgeRKaHbMputdl;suxPaBnaM eGayFøak;kñúgPaB RkIRk ¬sUmemIlrUb 6>15¦.

rUbPaB 6>15 ³ 10°énRbCaCnEdlmansuxPaBminl¥ b¤F¶n;F¶rmancMnYn 64°éncMNaysrubrbs; RKYsarelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB -PaKryéncMNayeRkAbEnßmsrub tamr)aykarN_sßanPaBsuxPaB qñaM2004

1% 2%

34%

55%

8%0% 2%

33%

60%

5%

0%

25%

50%

75%

l¥Nas; l¥ mFüm GaRkk; GaRkk;Nas;

Rbus RsI

RbPB ³ CSES 2004


cMNayeRkAbEnßmx<s;elIsuxPaB nigesvasuxPaBGacnaMeGayRKYsarFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk)an . RKYsarGacRtUvbgçMcitþlk; b¤bBa©aMRTBüsm,tþisMrab;plitEdlmantMélrbs;xøÜn ¬stVBahn³ b¤dI¦ b¤Qb;Tij sMPar³epSg²EdlGacbegáInplitPaBrbs;RKYsar sMrab;ry³eBlxøI b¤Evg ¬dUcCa ]bkrN_ eRbg\nÞn³sMrab; eFVIdMeNIreTApSar karGb;rMrbs;kUn.l.¦. CSES 2004 raykarN_fa karsMux©IR)ak;KWCaynþkarmYykñúg cMeNamynþkarTb;sáat;cMeBaH OOPS. CMgWnigkarrgrbYssßitkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 4 énkm©I ¬13°énR)ak;km©I TaMgGs;¦. bnÞúkTak;TgnwgPaBCab;bMNuledaysarbBaðasuxPaB mankMritx<s;CagkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ RkIRk ¬11 PaKryénR)ak;km©IEdlminTan;TUTat; ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg 7/5 PaKrysMrab;GñkmanRTBübMput¦ enAkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCavknøgeTAfµI² CMgWenAkñúgRKYsar KWCamUlehtuTImYyEdlnaMeGaylk;dI BIeRBaHmindUc karxUcxatpldMNaM plb:HBal;énvibtþisuxPaBTamTarkarbg;R)ak;d¾eRcInsMebIm. dMbUgRKYsarTaMgenH x©IluyeK edIm,Ibg;éføBüa)alCMgWRbkbedayeRKaHmhnþrayenH bnÞab;mkk¾bgçMcitþlk;dIedaysarGRtakar R)ak;x<s; ¬Kenjiro qñaM 2005¦.

mankarbBa¢ak;c,as;BIxagelIfa kic©karBarmin[eGayRbCaCncMNayeRkAbEnßmx<s; sMrab;karBüa)al CMgW RtUvEtCaGaTiPaBmYykñúgcMeNamGaTiPaBnanaénkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§suxaPi)al. enAeBlEdlRbCaBlrdæ RkIRkbMputRtUvEtCaGñkTTYlGaTiPaBTI1 k¾KYrEtpþl;kic©karBarTl;nwgkarbg;R)ak;elIstMéleKalrbs;RbCa CnminEmnRkIRkkñúgcMeNam 10°énRbCaCnTaMgGs; EdlmansßanPaBsuxPaBF¶n;F¶r nigEdlkMBugRbQm eTAnwgcMNaybEnßmeRkAx<s;Edr. enHminEmnmann½yfa RtUvlubbM)at;éføesvaelIGñkeRbIR)as;enaHeT b:uEnþ KYrEteFVI[køayeTACaRbB½n§nUvrebobénkic©karBarRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigCMgWF¶n;F¶rBIplb:HBal;énéføesva eBj eljelIGñkeRbIR)as;.

KuNPaBexSayénkarBüa)alKWCaktþamYyepSgeTotEdlBnül;BIkareRbIR)as;karBüa)alsuxPaBkñúgkMritTab. eTaHbI karenHbnþkøayCabBaðak¾eday k¾rbt;manlkçN³viC¢manEdr. CSES 2004 )ansYremPUmi CaeRcInenAkñúgPUmi)a:n;KMrUcMnYn 900 PUmifa etIesvasuxPaBsMrab;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkKat;mankarEklMG Edrb¤eT kñúgry³eBl5qñaMknøgeTA. emPUmiCaeRcIn)anraykarN_fa mankarEklMGenAkñúgPUmiRtwm 56°én cMnYnRbCaCn nigmankarGn;fyEtcMnYn 6°énRbCaCnb:ueNÑaH. eyagtamkarsÞabsÞg;dUcKñaenH )aneGaydwg fa kgVHxatfñaMeBTü KWCabBaðasMxan;bMputTak;TgeTAnwgesvasuxPaB CamYynwgcMNay RBmTaMgcMgaypøÚvk¾Ca bBaðad¾FMcMeBaHesvasuxPaBpgEdr ¬rUb 6>16¦. manesßrPaBeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaEfTaMsuxPaB. PaB xusKñasMxan;EdlGackøayCaTinñn½yrvagRkumnanaenaHKWfa enAeBlEdlcMelIypþl;eGayedayRbFanPUmiRtUv )ankMNt;sMrab;eGayRkumRKYsarenAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkKat; cMgaypøÚveTAkan;mNÐlEfTaMsuxPaBEdlmanKuN


PaBhak;dUcCamansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHRkumRKYsarRkIRk ¬ehIyéføcMNayelIkarEfTaMenHmansar³ sMxan; ticCag³ sUmemIlrUb 6>17¦.

rUbPaB 6>16 ³ karpÁt;pÁg;fñaMeBTüminRKb;RKan; éføesvakmµ nigcMgayeTAkan;kEnøgpþl;esvaRtUv)aneKcat;Tuk fa CabBaðasMxan;CamYynwgesvasuxPaB

- PaBjwkjyéncMelIypþl;edayemPUmienAeBlRtUv)ansYreGayeRCIserIsbBaðasMxan;bIBak;B½n§ nwgesvasuxPaB ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ enAkñúgPUmiEdlBYkeKrs;enA

2%

3%

6%

8%

9%

9%

15%

18%

30%

0%

epSgeTotKµanqµbrgb¤qµb

KuNPaBesvaTabbuKÁlikminxVl;

xVHERKnig]bkrN_KµanRKUeBTünigCMnYykarCMnaj

pøÚvq¶aysMrab;karBüa)alRbesIresvasuxaPi)aléføeBk

Kµan]sfRKb;RKan;

RbPB ³ CSES 2004 ¬taragsMnYrsMrab;PUmi¦ rUbPaB 6>17 ³ sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk cMgayeTAkan;mNÐlsuxPaBGacmansar³sMxan;dUccMNayeTA elIkarEfTaMEdr - bBaðaPaBjwkjyRtUv)anniyayenAkñúgtaragsMNYrfñak;PUmi tamsßanPaBeRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar k> esvasuxPaBéføeBk

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RkbMput RkbMputbnÞab; mFüm manbMputbnÞab; manbMput


x> cMgayq¶ayeTAkan;mNÐlsuxPaB EdlmanKuNPaBl¥RbesIr

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RkbMput RkbMputbnÞab; mFüm manbMputbnÞab; manbMput

RbPB ³ CSES 2004 ¬taragsMnYrfñak;PUmi¦

kareRbobeFobTinñn½y CSES CamYyTinñn½yrbs; mNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³ nigEpnkarRKbdNþb; suxa-Pi)alqñaM2002bgðajfa PaBxusKñarvagGñkmannigGñkRkekItmaneLIgCaTUeTATak;TgeTAnwglT§PaBrbs; buKÁlik lT§PaBrbs;qµb nigevC¢bNÐit smmaRténbuKÁlikeFobnwgERK smmaRténevC¢bNÐiteFobnwgERK enA kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvaCasMxan;dl;RbCaBlrdæ. ]Ta> manEt 5° b:ueNÑaHénbBa©PaKRbCaCnRkIRkbMput )anTTYl esvaBImNÐlsuxPaBbzmEdlmanevC¢bNÐitmñak; ebIeRbobeFobeTAGñkmanmancMnYn 25°. RsedogKñaenH Edr mnÞIreBTübzmsMrab;bBa©PaK EdlmanRbCaCnRkIRkbMput manqµbcMnYn 13nak; ebIeRbobeFobeTAbBa© PaKGñkmanbMputman 18 nak;. TaMgGs;enHbgðajeGayeXIjfa eRkABI»kasrUbvnþ nig]bsKÁ EpñkhirBaØvtßú RbCaBlrdæRkIRk k¾RtUvkarpgEdrnUvKuNPaBrbs;mNÐlEfTaMsuxPaBEdlgayRsYl sMrab;BYkKat;.

karpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaBsaFarN³ nigÉkCn³ mNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³nana nigmnÞIreBTübEg¥kenACit RbCaBlrdæRkIRkCagmNÐlsuxPaBÉkCn EdlmanbMerIesvadUcKña ¬mNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³sßitenAcMgay 7/6 K>m KøInikÉkCnsßitenAcMgay 17 K>m mnÞIreBTübEg¥ksaFarN³sßitenA cMgay 16 K>m ehIymnÞIr eBTüÉkCnsßitenAcMgay 94K>m¦. k¾b:uEnþ esvasuxPaBEdlpþl;eGayCasaFarN³manEt 17°b:ueNÑaHén cMnYnRbCaCnEdl)aneRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaBenAkñúg CSES28 . 28 karBiPaSarbs;RkumkargarkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCavsþIBIkarecjBIPaBRkIRk (MOPS) nigkarvaytMélkarcUlrYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk (PPA) bgðajBIkarbnþkarcUlcitþeTABüa)alenAEpñkÉkCnCagkarBüa)alsaFarN³ - eTaHbItMélcMNaykarBüa)alenAEpñkÉkCn mankMritx<s;k¾eday - Ep¥kelIkaryl;eXIjfa CMnaj b¤evC¢sa®sþrbs;RKUeBTüÉkCnl¥RbesIrCagRKUeBTüenAmnÞIreBTüsaFarN³.


GacmanktþamYycMnYnEdlraraMgRbCaBlrdæRkIRk mineGayEsVgrkkarEfTaMsuxPaBBIGñkpþl;esvaEf TaMsuxPaBsaFarN³. mankarBnül;dUcKñafa karyl;dwgCasaFarN³elIKuNPaBnigPaBgayRsYlrbs; esvasuxPaB Edlpþl;eGayCasaFarN³enAmankMritTabenAeLIy ¬Gvtþmanrbs;buKÁlikman smtßPaB kar ykéføesvapøÚvkar nigeRkApøÚvkar kgVHxatfñaMeBTü¦ RBmTaMgPaBCiténRKUExµrÉkCn.

kñúgbBa©PaKCnRkIRkbMput 78°)anBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGñkpþl;esvasuxPaBÉkCn. karBieRKaH eyabl;CamYyGñkpþl;esvasuxPaBÉkCnEdlekIteLIgjwkjab;CageK )anRbRBwtþeTAenA]sfsßannana ¬33 PaKry¦. Gñkpþl;esvasuxPaBÉkCnsMxan;²epSgeTotQb;sMrakBIkargar b¤GvtþmanBIkEnøgpþl; esvasaFarN³ ¬]TahrN_ Kilanubdæayika¦ ehIytamFmµta BYkKat;e)aHTItaMgenAkñúgPUmiEdlBYkKat;pþl; esva. 13°énkarBieRKaHeyabl;CalkçN³ÉkCneFVIeLIgenAkñúgpÞHrbs;evC¢bNÐit b¤pÞHrbs;Kilanubdæa yika eRBaHGñkPUmimanPaBgayRsYleRcInCageFVIdMeNIreTAmNÐlsuxPaB ehIy18°énkarBieRKaHeyabl; eFVIeLIgenAkñúgpÞHrbs;GñkCMgW EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkpþl;esvasuxPaBÉkCn.

k¾b:uEnþ manr)aykarN_énkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic© (CSES 2004) nigBIrdæaPi)aleGaydwgfa kumarnigRsþIeRbImNÐlsuxPaBjwkjab;Cagmun. karBnül;KWfa esvasuxPaBmata nigkumar (MCH) Etg manenAkñúgmNÐlsuxPaBTaMgenaH.

kñúgkMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1990 mankarxitxMRbwgERbgy:ageRcInkñúgkarEklMGGRtaénkareRbIR)as;esva suxPaBsaFarN³ edaysnñidæanfa vis½ysaFarN³pþl;nUvKuNPaBEfTaMRbesIrCagRKUExµrburaN nigGñkpþl; esvaEbbTMenIb b¤k¾Gñklk;fñaM. Gñkpþl;esvaÉkCnRtUv)ancat;Tukfa mancMeNHdwgxageBTükMritTab CYnkal karecjevC¢bBa¢amaneRKaHfñak;dl;karBüa)al. bBaðaenHRsbKñaCamYybTb,BaØati nigkarelIkTwkcitþman kMritTab. karecjevC¢bBa¢aeRcIneBkGacnaMeGaykarBüa)alKµanRbsiT§iPaB éføeRcInhYs b¤kñúgkrNIxøHnaM eGaymaneRKaHfñak;. RbCaCnkm<úCaCaeRcInBüa)aledayxøÜnÉg edayeRbIfñaMTijBI»sfsßannana b¤k¾tUblk; fñaMeBTüraydéTeTot.

eTaHbICa Gñkpþl;esvaÉkCnTaMgLay minyktMélefakk¾eday k¾kareqøIytbrbs;BYkKat;eTAnwg cMNUlcitþrbs;RbCaCn hak;dUcCaeFVIeGayBYkKat; manCMerIsTak;TajEdr. rdæaPi)al)anTTYlsÁal; fa

el,ÓnénkarBüa)al nigPaBgayRsYlk¾RtUv)anraykarN_fa CabBaðasMxan;Edr³ ebIGñkPUmimñak;QWenAeBlyb; Kat;nwgeTArk]sfkarI Edlrs;enAkñúgPUmi[Büa)alCaCageFVIdMeNIrd¾EvgeTAkan;mNÐlsuxPaBEdlenACitCageKenaH ¬CDRI qñaM 2006 k nig 2006 x¦.


ehIy)anbBa©Úlkarpøas;bþÚrGakb,kiriyarbs;Gñkpþl;esvaEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³CaGaTiPaBeKalneya)ay mYy. k¾b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñenH \T§iBlelIkareRbIGñkpþl;esvasaFarN³mankMrit.

k¾mansMnYrmYyecaTsYrpgEdrGMBIGñkTTYl)anplcMeNjBitR)akdBIkarcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al elIvis½y suxaPi)al. eTaHbI RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTMngCaeRbIR)as;esvasaFarN³eRcInCagGñkmank¾eday k¾Kµan PaBxusEbøkKñaeRcInEdr ¬GñkRkman 19° nigGñkman 17°¦. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkTMngCaeRbIR)as;mNÐl suxPaB nigmnÞIreBTüRsukeRcInCag ¬87°énGñkEdl)aneRbIR)as;¦ cMENkÉGñkmaneRbIR)as;mnÞIreBTü fñak;extþnigfñak;Cati ¬53°énGñkEdl)aneRbIR)as;esvasaFarN³¦. cMNaysaFarN³elIvis½ysuxaPi)al TMngCapþl;GtßRbeyaCn_eRcIndl;GñkmanCageK EdleRbIR)as;esvamantMéléfø.

karcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsuIvilkñúgnamCaédKUkñúgkarpþl;esva

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCamanbTBiesaFn_elIkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_ nigPaBCaédKUrvagvis½ysaFarN³ nigvis½yÉkCnRbkbedayKMnitfµI edIm,IEklMGGPi)alkic© nigkarRKb;RKgesvasuxPaBsaFarN³. ]TahrN_ EdlsÁal;CageKbMputénkarxitxMEklMGkarpþl;esvasaFarN³ tamry³PaBCaédKUCamYynwgGgÁkarminEmn sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ KWBak;B½n§nwgkarcuHkic©snüarbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al edIm,IRKb;RKgesva suxPaBenAfñak;Rsuk ¬RbGb; 6>9¦. rdæaPi)alk¾)ansMEdgbMNgcg;pþl;mUlniFirbs;rdæaPi)almYyEpñk tam ry³mUlniFismFm’RKb;RKgedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alEdr EdlCYyecjsgeTAmNÐlsuxPaBnUvR)ak;kMér elIGñkeRbIR)as; nigtMélcMNaybEnßmelIkarBüa)alCMgWepSgeTotsMrab;CnRkIRk. manPsþútagfµI²Edl bBa¢ak;fa KMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgenH)anCYyelIkkMBs;tmøaPaBénRbtibtþikarrbs;mNÐlsuxPaB ¬tamry³R)ak; kMérelIGñkeRbIR)as; Edlyl;RBmedayCnRkIRk nigRKbdNþb;edayGnþraKmn_suxaPi)alcaM)ac;TaMgLay ]TahrN_ karEfrkSaKP’ karCYYyeBlsMralkUn b¤karcak;fñaMbgáar¦.

taMgBIedImTsvtSqñaM 90 karxitxMFanakarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_ nigkarBinitüCarYmkñúgkarRKb;RKg mNÐlsuxPaB )anbþÚrBIkarsakl,geTACaeKalneya)aypøÚvkar. enAqñaM 1997 eKalkarN_ENnaMfñak;Cati elIkTI1sþIBIkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlkñúgbBaØatþihirBaØvtßúsuxaPi)al Edlpþl;dl;KN³kmµa FikarRKbRKgmNÐlsuxPaB (HCMCs) nUvPar³kic©kñúgkarkMNt;R)ak;kMérelIGñkeRbIR)as; nigeKal neya)ayelIkElg. enAqñaM 2003 ¬CamYynwgkar]btßmÖBI UNICEF¦RksYgsuxaPi)al)anbegáIteKal neya)ayniyamPavUbnIykmµEdlpþl;GaNtþidl;KN³kmµaFikarBIrRbePTenAkñúgmNÐlsuxPaBnImYy². KN³kmµaFikarTImYy ¬RkumKaMRTsuxaPi)alPUmi¦pþl;esvaCasMxan;CaRcksMrab;TMnak;TMngrvagmNÐlsuxPaB


nigGñkTTYlplcMeNj kñúgbBaðasuxaPi)alsaFarN³ nige)aHeqñaterIsbursmñak; nig®sþImñak;kñúgmYyXMu¼ sgáat;sMrab;KN³kmµaFikarRKb;RKgmNÐlsuxPaB (HCMC). KN³kmµaFikarRKb;RKgmNÐlsuxPaB (HCMC) kMNt;TisedAsMrab;EpnkarRbtibtþikarRbcaMqñaM RtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_ nigsmiT§ipl begáIt nigRtYt BinitüKMeraghirBaØvtßúsuxaPi)al nigRKb;RKgfvikaKN³kmµaFikar29.

karBinitüeLIgvijnUvbTBiesaFn_BIR)ak;kMérelIGñkeRbIR)as;)anBinitü ¬kñúgcMeNamTidæPaBepSgeTot¦ karP¢ab;karcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_ ehIysniñdæany:agviC¢manfa GtßiPaBénkarRKb;RKgdMeNIrkar nigKN³ kmµaFikar sMrab;eqøIytbhak;dUcCaeFVIshsm<½n§CamYynwgkareRbIR)as;EdlekIneLIg nigkarRKb;RKgépÞkñúg Edlkan;Et RbesIreLIg nigstiGarmµN_rbs;buKÁlik ¬Wilkinson, Holloway and Fallavier 2001¦. RbGb; 6>9 karcuHkic©snüaCamYYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alsMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaB³ PaBCaédKUrvagvis½ysaFarN³ nig vis½yÉkCnsMrab;karpþl;esva

kñúgbTBiesaFn_edIm,IEklMGkarRKb;RKg nigktþaelIkTwkcitþkñúgkarpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT edayman karKaMRTBI ADB rdæaPi)al)aneRCIserIsRsukRbtibtþikar (ODs)cMnYn 9 edIm,Isakl,gGPiRkmqøas;. RsukRbtibtþikar (ODs) cMnYn 2 )ancuHkic©snüaRbKl;kargar¬EdlhtßelxIkñúgkic©snüaenaH - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alGnþrCati - TTYl xusRtUvTaMgRsugelIkarpþl;esva nigkarRtYtBinitükarRKb;RKgTaMgRsugEdlrYmman karerIs nigkarbeNþjbuKÁlik¦ Rsuk Rbtibtþikar (ODs) cMnYn 3 )ancuHkic©snüaTTYlykkargar ¬GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alpþl;karKaMRTkarRKb;RKg ehIy rdæaPi)alecjéføcMNaycrnþ tamry³RckFmµta¦ nigRsukRbtibtþikar (ODs) cMnYn 4 pþl;esvasuxaPi)alFmµta. kar GegátTaMgLaykñúgqñaM 1997 ¬munkarBiesaFn_cab;epþIm¦ nigkñúgqñaM 2001 )anbgðajfa enAeBlEdlkarpþl;esvaman PaBRbesIreLIgKYr[kt;sMKal;enARKb;RsukTaMgGs; ¬EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;RbB½n§suxaPi)al saFarN³fñak;Cati¦ GRtaénPaBl¥RbesIrmankMritx<s;EmnETnenAkñúgRsukEdlcuHkic©snüaRbKl;kargar[GgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)al. karenHGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarcMNayelIEpñksuxaPi)alsMrab;mnusSmñak;²rbs;rdæaPi)al¼m©as;CMnYy¼GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al EdlmankMritx<s;Cagkñúgkarkic©snüaRbKl;kargar ¬4/5 duløa ebIeRbobeFobnwg 2/82 duløa kñúgRsuk Edlkic©snüaTTYlkargar nig1/86 duløakñúgRsukEdlRKb;RKgFmµta¦ b:uEnþ karbegáInkMritcMNayenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIkar EklMGkñúgkMritNamYyénkarGnuvtþn_karRKb;RKg. RbFanRKb;RKgGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al)anRbkan;ykkic©RbtibtþiKMnitfµI ¬]TahrN_ enAkñúgRsukmYy kareRbIR)ak;kMérelIGñkeRbIR)as; EdlkMNt;CapøÚvkar kñúgEbbbTRbkbedaytmøaPaB edIm,I EklMGR)ak;ebovtS nigkarCMrujelIkTwkcitþ kic©snüabuKÁlikEp¥kelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar nigvimCÄkarcMeBaHbuKÁlikEdl mankarbNþúHbNþalkMritx<s;enAmNÐlsuxPaB¦. karEklMGnanamanplb:HBal;smFm’y:agsMebIm TnÞwmnwgkarkat; bnßyy:agsMxan;nUvmFümPaKcMNayeRkAbEnßmsMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;CnRkIRkbMput EdlmancMnYnBak;kNþalén

29 KN³kmµaFikarnanamanedaykRm nig)anTTYleCaKC½ytictYcenAtammnÞIreBTü


RbCaCnTaMgGs; nigkarekIneLIgy:agxøaMgkñúgkareRbIR)as;mNÐlsuxPaB. CamYykarpþl;hirBaØb,Tanrbs;m©as;CMnYy bEnßm sBVéf¶rdæaPi)al)anBRgIkGPiRkmkarcuHkic©snüaRbKl;kargarsMrab;pþl;esvadl;RbCaCncMnYn 10 PaKryén RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;. RbPB³ Keller and Schwartz 2001 Conway and Crossland 2002 World Bank 2003

yuT§sa®sþvis½ysuxaPi)al nigbBaðaRbQmnaeBlGnaKt

dUc)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksaryuT§saRsþrbs; MOH EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {begáInkMlaMgsMrab; kar GPivDÆvis½ysuxaPi)al ³ EpnkarRbtibtþikarRbcaMqñaMsMrab;qñaM 2005} vis½ysuxaPi)alkm<úCaCYbRbTHnwg bBaðaRbQménesdækic© EdlekItecjBICMelaHGs;mYyry³ EdlmanCMgWrIkraldal nigCMgWqøgCaeRcIn kgVH GaharUbtßmÖEdlbgáeGaymanhaniP½ydl;FnFanmnusSrbs;RbeTs. bBaðaRbQmmYyEdlbEnßmeTAelI PaBRkIRkEdlmanlkçN³rIkraldalenH KWkarKMramkMEhgén CMgWqøgfµICaeRcIn dUcCa CMgWsa nigRKunbkSI nig karekIneLIgénCMgWminqøgCaeRcInnaeBlxagmux. bnÞab;BImankarEklMGdMbUgenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 man ]bsKÁmYykñúgkarEklMG sUcnakrsMxan;²rbs; MCH enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 nigedImTsvtSr_ qñaM2000. k¾b:uEnþ fµI²enH mansBaØaNénkarEklMGbEnßmeTotEdlcaM)ac; RtUvdak;TunbEnßmnigeFV IeGayvamannirnþrPaB.

yuT§saRsþrYmrbs;rdæaPi)alRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg {yuT§saRsþctuekaN edIm,IkMeNInkargar smFm’ nigRbsiT§iPaB}. yuT§saRsþvis½ysuxaPi)albegáItCaEpñkmYyrbs; {ctuekaNkMeNIn} énkarksagsmtßPaB nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS RBmTaMgmanTisedABRgwgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxaPi)al. yuT§saRsþRtUv)anBiBN’na enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ vis½ysuxaPi)alsMrab;qñaM 2003-2007 Edl)ankMnt;ykEpñksMxan;²cMnYn 6 sMrab;GPivDÆvis½ysuxaPi)al³ karpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaB karpøas;bþÚrGak,kiriya nigTMnak;TMngsMrab;Gñkpþl; esvasuxPaB karEklMGKuNPaB karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS karpþl;hirBaØb,TansMrab;vis½ysuxaPi)al nigkar GPivDÆsßab½n. EpñkTaMgenHRtUv)aneKeRbI edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRBYy)armÖGaTiPaBén MOH rYmmanGRta søab;rbs;kumarnigTarkx<s; GRtakgVHGaharUbtßmÖx<s; GRtasøab;rbs;mþayx<s; rYmTaMg karsøab;bNþalmkBI karsMralkUn nigkarBnøÚtkUn GRtasøab;x<s;EdlbNþalmkBICMgWhIuv¼eGds_ RKuncaj;nigrebg GRtaTTYlpl srubx<s; nigkMeNInRbCaCnx<s;. MOH nigm©as;CMnYy)an ebþCaJcitþeFVIEpnkarRbtibtþikarRbcaMqñaMrYm nigBinitü emIleLIgvijelIkarGnuvtþrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)al.

B½t’manEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH)anKaMRTTisedACayuT§saRsþrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa. r)aykarN_enH k¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;bBaðaRbQm sMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsaypg Edr.


TImYy cMNaysaFarN³elIsuxaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUveFVIeGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB nigkMNt;eKaledA bEnßmelI RbCaBlrdæRkIRk. manB½t’manpÞal;fa RbCaBlrdæRkIRk Kµan»kasTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaBsMxan;eT enA eBlEdlBYkeKRtUvkar ehIycMNaybEnßmeRkAKWCa]bsKÁd¾sMxan;mYy. k¾man B½t’manedayRbeyalpgEdr fa RbCaBlrdæGñkmanCageK TTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_BIkarcMNayelIsuxaPi)alrbs;rdæaPi)aleRcInCageK.

karbegáInmUlniFismFm’ KWCaKMnitpþÜcepþImEdlmankþIsgÇwmmYykñúgkic©karBarRbCaBlrdæRkIRkBIkar cMNayeRkAbEnßm b:uEnþkarsMerckarbegá InkarpSBVpSayelIRbCaCnTMngCaRtUvkareBlevlayUr. enAkñúgbribT enH KWCakarsMxan;Nas;EdlmUlniFismFm’RtUv)anbegáItmuneK enATIkEnøgNaEdlmanPaBRkIRkeRcInbMput nig¼b¤enAkEnøgEdlCnRkIRkd¾eRcInrs;enA. edayemIleXIjfa cMNaybEnßmeRkAPaKeRcInb:HBal;dl; RbCaCn 10° EdlmansuxPaBminl¥ nigEdlGacb¤minGacsßitenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRkbMput KMnitpþÜc epþImmUlniFismFm’RbEhlCaRtUvkar edIm,Ibg;R)ak;cMNayeRkAbEnßmkMritx<s;Nas;enaH ¬elIcMnYnkMrit b¤kñúg sßanPaBsuxPaBEdlmancMNayx<s;¦ kñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæminEmnRkIRk edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal; skþanuBlF¶n;F¶relI;R)ak;cMNayeRkAbEnßm EdlmankMritx<s;.

kareRbIR)as;fvikarbs;rdæaPi)al caM)ac;RtUvEtGacBüakrN_)an nigmanesßrPaB. bBaðaenHnwgTam TareGaymankarsMrbsMrYl nigkic©shRbtibtþikarCarYmCamYynwgkMENTMrg;énkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ ¬sUmemIlCMBUk 7¦EdldwknaMedayRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú RBmTaMgBuHBarCMnHelIsmtßPaBEdlmankMrit enAkñúgRksYgsuxaPi)al. bc©úb,nñ KµanTMnak;TMngrvagdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarRbtibtþikarRbcaMqñaM nigdMeNIrkar erobcMfvikaeT. PaBRtUvKñarvagGaTiPaBCaeRcInrbs; MOH EdlCaEpñksMxan;²énkarGPivDÆvis½y suxaPi)al EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarRbtibtþikarRbcaMqñaM nigRbePTfvikacaM)ac;RtUvEt begáIteLIg. bBaðaenHGacTamTareGaymankareFVIviesaFnkmµelITaMgrcnasm<½n§ AOP nigTaMgrcnasm<½n§ fvikabc©úb,nñenAkñ úg MOH nigMOFE . karQaneTArkkarerobcMfvikasMrab;kmµviFIcaM)ac;RtUvmanRbB½n§ BinitütamdankarGnuvtþmYy EdlnwgGacpSaP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagcMNay nigskmµPaBeTAnwglT§pl.

AOP 2005 )a:n;sµanfa éføcMNayrbs;kmµviFIsMrab;mnusSmñak;mancMnYn 7/70duløarGaemrik. rdæaPi)alGacrYmviPaKTancMnYn 3/48duløar sMrab;mnusSmñak; édKUnigm©as;CMnYyGnþrCatiKWCaGñkbMeBjcMnYn EdlxVHxat. kgVHxatRsedogKñaenHEdr TMngCabnþekItmankñúgry³eBlxøInigmFüm. edIm,IBüakrN_eGay )anRtwmRtUvelItMrUvkarxaghirBaØvtßú sMrab;TisedAGaTiPaBrbs;suxaPi)alsaFarN³ nigFanadl;hirBaØb,Tan km<úCacaM)ac;RtUvGPivDÆ nigeKarBtamRkbx½NÐcMNayry³eBlmFümEdl nwgpþl;nUvPaBR)akdRbCamYycMnYn GMBImUlniFirbs;rdæaPi)al EdlGacrk)ankñúgry³eBlmFüm.


TIBIr ³ karpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaBsaFarN³ nigkmµviFIRtUveFIVeGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB. enHminEmn

RKan;EtCabBaðabegáIt nigbMBak;eRKOgbrikçadl; mNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³fµI nigmnÞIreBTüb:ueNÑaHeT. karsMrb sMrYlnigkarGnuvtþl¥ KYrEtkøayCaEpñkmYyénvb,Fm’rbs;sßab½nenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al. km<úCamanbT BiesaFn_kñúgkarCYl NGOs eGayRKb;RKg nig¼b¤RKb;RKgkarEckcayrbs;Gñkpþl;esvasuxPaBsaFarN³ eGay)anlT§pll¥. eTaHbICa karbegáInkarCYlnaeBlGnaKtenAkm<úCa minc,as;las;k¾eday k¾emeronEdl TTYl)an KYrEtRtUv)anKaMRT edIm,IEklMGkarGnuvtþesvasuxPaB EdlTaMgenAkñúgkarBak;B½n§Cabnþrbs; NGO

bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasaFarN³ nigTaMgenAkñúgkarGnuvtþmUlniFismFm’.

RsedogKñaenHEdr kMENTMrg;R)ak;Exm®nþIraCkarsIuvilEdlkMBugbnþ Gacpþl;nUvmeFüa)ayCaeRcIn sMrab;EklMGkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaB. eKTMngCa RtUvkarcaM)ac;nUvviFIsaRsþxus²KñasMrab;CMrujelIkTwkcitþdl; m®nþIsuxaPi)alenAfñak;mCÄwm fñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk RBmTaMgsMrab;buKÁlikCYrmuxEdlkMBugpþl;esvadl; RbCaBlrdæ .

tMrUvkarkñúgkarEklMGesvakan;EtekIneLIgenAkñúg tMbn;CnbTEdlsßitenAq¶ayCageK ehIyEdlman RbCaCneRcInrs;enA. k¾manlT§PaBsMrab;EklMGkarGnuvtþkmµviFIsuxPaBeRCIserIspgEdr. CSES 2004

)anbgðajfa manEtkmµviFIcak;va:k;saMgkarBarb:ueNÑaH EdlGaceFVIeTA)aneTotTat; cMENkÉkmµviFIdéTeTot GaceFVIeTA)aneRcInenAkñúgPUmiEdlmanRbCaCnGñkmaneRcInlµm. CaBiess kmµviFIGaharUbtßmÖ caM)ac;RtUvEt BRgwg edayBinitüeXIjsar³sMxan;énbBaða nigxVHkarEklMGkñúgry³eBl 4 qñaMknøgeTA. bBaðaenHnwgTamTar eGaybegáInkarsMrbsMrYlénKMnitpþÜcepþImepSg²EdlkMBugdMeNIrkar FnFanRKb;RKan; nigkarBRgwgsßab½n.

edayBinitüeXIjfa manEt 20°b:ueNÑaHénRbCaCneRbIR)as;esvasuxPaBsaFarN³manCMerIsmYy kñúgkarbBa©ÚltYnaTIrbs;EpñkÉkCn edIm,ICYysMerceKaledAsuxPaBsaFarN³. rdæaPi)alk¾)anTTYlsÁal;rYc ehIyfa caM)ac;RtUvGnum½tc,ab; nigbBaØtiepSg² nigRtUvBRgwgsßab½nnana edIm,IRtYtBinitüeGay)anRKb;RKan; nigFanaeGaymanbTdæansMrab;Gñkpþl;esvaÉkCn. k¾b:uEnþ KMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgenHGacdMeNIrkareTA)ankan;Et eRcIneLIg nigbBa©ÚlPaBCaédKUÉkCn-saFarN³eTAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esva. enAkñúgkrNIBiessCaeRcIn rdæaPi)alGackøayCaGñkTijesvasuxPaB eCosCageFVICaGñkp þl;esvarYmdUcsBVéf¶enH ¬]TahrN_ tamry³ mUlniiFismFm’¦. Gñkpþl;esvaÉkCn k¾GacRtUv)anrYmbBa¢ÚlKñapgEdreTAkñúgRbB½n§bEg¥k tamry³karbNþúH bNþalBYkeKeGaysÁal;sßanPaBsuxPaB nigeraKsBaØa EdlGñkpþl;esvaEdlmansmtßPaBKYrEtRtUv)an


eKBicarNa. kargarsMrbsMrYleGaymankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_enAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaBkñúgmUldæan KYrEt RtUv)anbn þ.

TIbI ³ eKcaM)ac;RtUvTTYlsÁal;ktþakMNt;énlT§plEpñksuxaPi)al nigbBaðacMruHnigvis½ycMruH. Cajwk jab; r)aykarN_enHbgðajPsþútagfa kMriténkarGb;rMrbs;RsþI nigmþay KWCaktþad¾sMxan;mYycMeBaHlT§pl EklMGenAkñúgPaBmanpl karsøab;rbs;Tarknigkumar GaharUbtßmÖ nigkarbMe)AedaH cMeNHdwgGMBIhIuv¼ eGds_. CaBiess karGb;rMfñak;mFümsikSahak;dUcCamanPaBxusEbøkKña. RsedogKñaenHEdr karEklMGelI sßanPaBsuxPaBBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkbEnßm nigEklMGkMritCIvPaBrs;enA ¬rYmTaMg GaharUbtßmÖ¦ »kasTTYl)anTwkpwks¥atnigGnam½y nigcMeNHdwgekIneLIg \riyabT nigGakb,kiriya Edl Tak;TgeTAnwgktþaeRKaHfñak;énsuxPaBEdlbNþalmkBIGakb,kiriyaminsmrmü.

7> karksagrdæmYy EdlmanRbsiT§PaB nigykcitþTukdak; dl;RbCaBlrdæ

esckIþsegçb

CMBUkmunenH)anBiPakSaGMBIktþaTaMgLayEdlCamUldæaneFIVeGaydMeNIrkaresdækic© nigkarpþl;esva)an l¥RbesIr RBmTaMgktþamYycMnYnEdlraraMgkarrIkcMerInbEnßmeTot . bBaðaRbQmmuxtamEpñk KWCabBaða manlkçN³CaRbB½n§ EdlmYycMnYnBak;B½n§CasMxan;nwg{GPi)alkic©}³ KWrebobRbtibtþikarénviFan sßab½n nigRbB½n§TaMgLayrbs;rdæ nigrebobEdlrdæTak;TgCamYyRbCaBlrdæ sgÁmsIuvil nigEpñkÉkCn kñúgn½y tmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB .

karGnuvtþ)anl¥EpñkkMeNInkñúgry³eBldb;qñaMknøg RKan;Et)anEkøgmuxmat;énbBaðaF¶n;F¶rmYycMnYnEpñk GPi)alkic©esdækic©b: ueNÑaH . RbB½n§kUta nigeKalneya)ayKaMBar )anCMruj[km<úCamaneRbobelIeKkñúg karnaMecjsMelokbMBak;/ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ)annaMmknUvvis½yeTscrN_ nigsMNg;. k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgvis½y epSg²eTot kareFIVGaCIvkmµTaMgLayRtUvRbQmnwkarCMnHnUv]bsKÁCaeRcIn kñúgenaH]bsKÁsMxan;CageK KWTak;TgnwgéføcMNaynanaEdlrdæ nigeKalneya)ay)antMrUv . RbsinebIRtUveFIVeGayesdækic©kan;Et manlkçN³cMruH ¬CMBUk 4¦ nigCMrujel,ÓnénkMeNInEpñkksikmµenAtamCnbTeGaykan;EtmansnÞúHEfm eTotenaH kic©karsMxan;EdlRtUveFIV KWedaHRsaybBaðadUcCa GsuvtßiPaBénsiT§icMeBaHRTBüsm,tiþ karTam TarEpñkc,ab;EdlminmanplitPaB karGnuvtþc,ab;minesIµPaBKña dMeNIrkareFIVkic©snüaenAkñúgEpñk saFarN³minmantmøaPaB nigGMeBIBukrlYy .

PaBrIkcMerInCadMukMPYnbEnßmeTotEpñkpþl;esva nwgtMrUveGaymanCacaM)ac; nUvkMENTRmg;sMxan;²énkarRKb; RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigrdæ)alsaFarN³ ¬CMBUk 6¦. rdæRtUv ¬1¦ begáInR)ak;cMNUleGayeRcInCag mun/ ¬2¦ EklMGRbtibtiþkarfvika edIm,I[mUlniFiTaMgLayFøak;dl;édbNþaGgÁPaBRbtibtþiTan;eBl nig TaMgmUl/ ¬3¦ cat;EcgkarcMNaysaFarN³tMrUvtamGaTiPaBéneKalneya)ay nig ¬4¦ EklMGCadMu kMPYnnUvR)ak;ebovtS nigkarRKb;RKgkic©karraCkar . kmµviFIEdlmanbYndMNak;sRmab;EkTRmg;karRKb; RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ KWCaCMhand¾RbesIrbMput ehIykarGnuvtþnUvkmµviFIenHmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas; sRmab;karkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk kñúgry³eBlEvg.


Gacniyay)anfaGMeBIBukrlYyKWRKan;EtCanimitþehtuénPaBexSayEdleK)ankt;sMKal;xagelIb:ueNÑaH . b:uEnþtamkaremIleXIjrbs;RbCaBlrdæ/ GaCIvkmµ nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay TMhMénbBaðaenHpÞal;man kMritF¶n;F¶rNas; . GMeBIBukrlYy eFV I[RbCaCnenAEtRk ³ BYkeKRtUvcMNayeRcIn ¬b¤cMNayeRcInCag¦ elITMnij nigesvanana . plRbeyaCn_nanasRmab;GñkRkIRk RtUveKbEgVrecj ehIyBYkKat;RtUveKdak;[ RbQmmuxnwgTMnas;nanaCamYynwgRkumepSg²eTot . esvananaminTTYl)anfvikaRKb;RKan;sMrab;dMeNIr kar edaysarR)ak;cMNUlEdlRbmUl)anRtUvGs;mun ehIykarvinieyaKrgkarbnÞúcbg¥ak; Ékarpþl;kargar RtUvbBa©b;.

fVIebIkarbBa©b;TMnas;Rbdab;GavuF)annaMmknUv»kasnanasMrab;RbCaCnRkIRkkþI ¬CMBUk 1¦ k¾mankarKMram kMEhgfµI² kMBugekItmaneLIgcMeBaHsuvtßiPaB nigRTBüsm,tþi . RbCaCnCaeRcIn)anraykarN_GMBIkMeNIn énRkumekµgBaleRbIGMeBIhwgSa EdlmYyEpñk bNþalmkBIkMeNIncracrN_eRKOgejónxusc,ab;. b: uEnþeTaH Cay:agNakIþ mankarfycuHénGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar eTaHbICamanPsþútagenAmanPaBlayLMKñakþI .

bBaðananaEpñkGPi)alkic© minGacedaHRsay)anTaMgRsugtamry³kMENTRmg;épÞkñúgrdæ BIelIcuHeRkam enaHeT . tamry³karevjbBa©ÚlKñanUvkarrYmcMENkrbs;RbCaBlrdæ – CabuKÁl nigCaRkum – GacCYy begáItCaynþkarnanaedIm,ItmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB EdlGacpþl;CakMlaMgd¾xøaMgmYysRmab;kat;bnßy GMeBIBukrlYy nigelIkkMBs;RbsiT§iPaB nigsmPaB ¬dUcenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al¦ . kgVHnUvRbB½n§mYy EdlEp¥kelIviFanRbkbedaysmFm’ sRmab;EbgEckFnFannana nigedaHRsayvivaT kareFIVskmµPaB rYmRbkbedaysnþiviFIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ KWCaynþkard¾sMxan;mYy sRmab;CMrujeGaymankarykcitþTukdak; kan;EteRcInBIrdæ cMeBaHtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk .

karksagrdæmYyEdlmanRbsiTi§PaB nigykcitþTukdak;dl;RbCaBlrdæ 199

mun²enH)anBinitüemIlBIrebobEdlGRta nigEbbEpnkMeNInesdækic© k¾dUcCakarrIkcMerIn EpñklT§PaBTTYlesvasaFarN³ dUcCaesvasuxPaBnigGb;rMCaedIm man\Ti§BleTAelIPaB RkIRk . CMBUkenHmanbMNgRsg;ecjBIkarBiPakSamun²enH nUvesckþIsnñidæansMxan;²xøH

sþIBItYnaTIrdæaPi)alenAkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆ edayepþatkarcab;GarmµN_CaBiesseTAelItYnaTIdwknaM kñúgkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRksRmab;ry³eBlEvg nigRbkbedaynirnþrPaB.

kñúgkarelIkeLIgGMBIRbsiT§iPaBrbs;rdæenH EpñkTIBIrénCMBUkenHnwgBinitüemIlCaBiesseTAelITMnak; TMngrvagrdænigRbCaBlrdæ TaMgTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;nigTaMgtamry³karcat;Ecgrbs;sgÁmsIuv il . smµtikmµ KWfa begIánkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;rdæcMeBaHesckþIRtUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nwgnaMeGaymanPaBl¥RbesIrdl; RbsiT§iPaBrdækñúgkarRKb;RKgkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁm . karykcitþTukdak;enH GacrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarEklMG RckpøÚvnanasMrab;bBa¢ÚnbBaða nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþTaMgLayBIsgÁmnigGaCIvkmµ eTAkan;rdæaPi)al ¬CaerOy² bBaðaTaMgenHRtUv)anelIkeLIgeRkamcMNgeCIg ³ karcUlrYm karBieRKaHeyabl; b¤ :sMelg}¦ nigtamry³kar begáItmeFüa)aynana edIm,IeFVI[rdæaPi)almankarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFansaFarN³y:agesµaH Rtg; nigmanRbsiT§iPaB CaRbeyaCn_saFarN³BitR)akd.

karksagsßab½nsaFarN³ nigsmtßPaBvis½ysaFarN³

eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbExµrRkhmPøam BMumansßab½nsaFarN³EdlenAdMeNIrkareTenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa . rdæaPi)alénsaFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa RtUvksagrcnasm<½n§mUldæanTaMgLayrbs;rdæeLIgvij cab;BIcMNucsUnüeTA ehIykñúgry³eBldb;qñaM bnÞab;BIenaHrdæaPi)alenaH)anEbgEckFnFand¾sþÜcesIþgmYy PaKFMrbs;xøÜnsMrab;karvaybkeTAelIBYk]TÞam emø:aHehIyenAmanFnFantictYcbMput sRmab;vinieyaKeTA elIkarksagRbeTseLIgvij b¤karerobcMmUldæanRKwHsRmab;karGPivDÆ . enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 rcna sm<½n§d¾puyRsYyenH )anCYbRbTHnwgkRmgsm<aFfµImYyeTot KWenAeBlEdlkarkarCYyKaMRTBIxageRkA)an fycuH ehIysaFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa RtUverobcMcat;EcgdMeNIrkar qøgeTAkan;rbbesdækic©TIpSar .

kñúgTsvtSr_bnÞab;BImankic©RBmeRBogTIRkug):arIs raCrdæaPi)alRbCaFibetyükm<úCad¾ekµgxI©)ancab; epþImkMENTRmg;EpñksaFarN³y:agTUlMTUlay edaymankarCYy]btßmÖBIédKUGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn . kargarTaMg enaH )anCYybegáItsßab½nsaFarN³nana EdlmanPaBsmsYnCagmunsRmab;erobcMRKb;RKgkMeNInesdækic© EbbTIpSar nigEklMGkargarpþl;esva . k¾b:uEnþtamrebobsMxan;²CaeRcIn raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAEtCardæmYy EdleTIbnwgcb;s®gÁamdEdl . FnFanmnusS nighirBaØvtßúEdlrdæaPi)almanPaBkMhitCaxøaMg . CaerOy² karerobcMsßab½n nigkarEbgEcktYnaTI/ FnFan nigkarTTYlxusRtUv min)anKitKUrdl;tmøaPaB/ KNenyüPaB nigRbsiT§iPaBeT . karpSarP¢ab;rvagkarviPaKbBaða/ kareroberogeKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_enAman

CMBUk


lkçN³Tn;exSay CaBiessRbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ min)anpSarP¢ab;nUveKalneya)ayGaTiPaB CamYynwgkarerobcMfvikaeGaymanRbsiT§PaBeLIy ehIyPaBTn;exSayénRbtibtþikarfvika )aneFVI[Gnþray dl;karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;eKalneya)ay b¤lT§plkñúgkarEbgEckCak;Esþg . srubesckþIeTA smtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarRKb;RKgkMeNInesdækic© nigkargarpþl;esvaCamUldæan kMBugmankarrIkcMerIn RbesIrCagmun b:uEnþenAEtsißteRkamkMritEdlKYrmanenAeLIyeT .

karbegáItbriyakassmRbkbmYy sRmab;kMeNInesdækic©EdlEckrMElkKña

{sßab½nsaFarN³km<úCaTaMgLay CaKuNvibtiþmYyrbs;RbeTs EdleK¬GaCIvkr ¦eCOfa )anb:HBal;CaGviC¢ maneTAelIdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ . GMeBIBukrlYyd¾F¶n ;F¶rdUcEdl)andwg nigPaBexSayénkarGnuvtþk ic©snüa nigc,ab; nana bgáeGaymankgVHCMenOTukcitþ kñúgcMeNamGaCIvkr/ GñkvinieyaK n igsaFarNCn TaMgLay. - EIC 2005/ karqøúHbBa©aMgénkarrkeXIjnana énkarGegátelIGaCIvkmµcMnYn 100.

ebIelak-Gñkcg;eXIjva ¬GMeBIBukrlYy¦ RKan;EteFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvenH enAeBlyb; enaHelak-GñknwgeXIj cMNucRtYtBin itücl½tCaeRcIn enAtamdgpøÚvnana. ´manGarmµN_fa cMNucRtYtBinitüTaMgenaH CaeQøIgCBa¢k;Qam eyIg BIRKb;RCugénCIv itrbs;eyIg. ebIsinCaeyIgcg;CECkEvkEjk GMBIsiT§irbs;eyIg enaHeyIg)anRtwmEtxatbg; eBlevla nigeFVI [xUcTMn ijrbs;eyIgEtb:ueNÑaH. - GñkcUlrYmkñúgkarBiPakSaénRkumeKaledArbs; MOPS. kMBt.

CMBUk 4 nig 5 xagelI )anniyayGMBIRbPBénkMeNInesdækic© nigTMenarenAkñúgplitkmµksikmµ nigR)ak; cMNUl . mankarkt;sMKal;fa kMeNInesdækic©rbs;km<úCaenAkñúgTsvtSr_knøgmk KWBwgEp¥ky:ageRcIneTAelI karGPivDÆn_esdækic© EdlmanmUldæantUcceg¥ót nigdac;edayELk . kMeNInBIkarnaMecjnUvplitplsMelok bMBak; ¬EdlesIµnwg 80>4 PaKry énkarnaMecjsrubenAqñaM 2005¦ nigvis½yeTscr KWkMNt;edayktþaCak; lak;sMrab;Etvis½yTaMgenH Évis½yepSg²eToténesdækic©KWRbQmnwgGRtakMeNInTabCagenHy:agxøaMg . cMnucenHqøúHbBa©aMgy:agBitR)akddl;esdækic©tMbn;CnbTCarYm ehIyCaBiessEpñkksikmµ EdlTaMgenHCakar RBYy)armÖd¾Cak;Esþg eRBaHRbCaCnRkIRkPaKeRcInKWsßitenAkñúgvis½yTaMgenHEtmþg . PaBminc,as;las;én siTi§cMeBaHRTBüsm,tiþ rYmnwgkarRKb;RKgdIrdæEdlminmantmøaPaB )annaMeGaymankar)at;bg;eRKOgelIk Twkcitþy:ageRcIncMeBaHGñkrksIutUctac kñúgkarvinieyaKelIkarEklMGplitPaB nigPaBcMeNjénplitkmµ ksikmµ . kgVHnUvkarRKb;RKgEdlEp¥kelImUldæanc,ab;elIFnFansaFarN³ dUcCaéRBeQI nigClpl )an ebIkRckeGayman kareRbIR)as;y:agRcbUkRcbl; edayminmannirnþrPaB nigkarkan;kab;eRkApøÚvkarCalkçN³ BaNiC¢kmµ RBmTaMgbiT)aMgFnFanEdlmantMélx<s; EdlkñúgcMeNamenH KµanviFIRKb;RKgNamYynaMeGayman plRbeyaCn_yUrGEgVg dl;RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTeLIy .


enAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgeRCIsecjBICMBUkmun² nUvbBaðaRbQmmYycMnYnTak;TgnwgtYnaTIrbs;rdæ kñúg karCMrujeGaymankMeNInesdækic©mYyEdlGacCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . GPi)alkic©esdækic©l¥ CYysRmYl dl;karvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaB nigkñúgry³eBlEvg elIEpñkplitplnigesvaenAkm<úCa nigCYy begáInlMhUrplkMérTaMgLayEdlRbCaCnkm<úCa ¬rYmTaMgRbCaCnRkIRkpg¦ TTYl)anBIkarvinieyaKTaMgenaH . ebIsinCardæaPi)aldak;BRgaykarvinieyaKsaFarN³ eKalneya)ay nigviFannana edaymankarBicarNa RtwmRtUvenaH vaGacCYybMpuseGaymanEbbEpnkMeNInesdækic©mYy EdlRbCaBlkrRkIRkGacTTYl)anpl RbeyaCn_ tamry³karbegáItkargar ¬tamrUbPaBCakargarmanR)ak;QñÜl b¤Ca»kaseFVIkargarpÞal;xøÜnenApÞH¦ TaMgcMnYn nigGRtaR)ak;cMNUl EdlenHGacelIkkMBs;nUvkMritCIvPaBrbs;bNþaRKYsar manR)ak;cMNUlTab)an Canirnþr . kMeNInesdækic©EdlmanmUldæanTUlMTUlay mankarRKb;RKgl¥ k¾CabuerlkçxNÐcaM)ac;mYyEdr sRmab;RbyuT§nwgPaBRkIRk tamry³karcMNaysaFarN³eTAelIesva eRBaHkarvinieyaK nigkMeNInesdækic© KWCatMrUvkaredIm,IeKogKrR)ak;cMNUleGay)ankan;EteRcIn .

pÞúyeTAvij karRKb;RKgesdækic©minl¥begá ItCabriyakasGaCIvkmµmYy EdlkñúgenaHrdæaPi)altMrUv eGayGaCIvkmµTaMgLaybg;éføcMNaynana nigpþl;CUneKvijEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH . tamrebobenH manGaCIv- kmµEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdlmaneCaKC½y edaysarmanTMnak;TMngl¥CageKCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)al ehIy lkçxNÐEdlkarvinieyaKTaMgenH manTisedARbmUlR)ak;cMNUlmkvijCaGtibrma kñúgry³eBld¾xøIEdlCa erOy²CaRbtibtþikarKµannirnþrPaB nigKYreCosvag .

kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAenH karGegát nigkarsikSamYycMnYn)anrkeXIjcMNucxøaMg nigcMNucexSay kñúg briyakasénkarvinieyaKenAkm<úCa nig)aneRbobeFobbriyakasenH CamYynwgeKaleFobnanaenAkñúgtMbn; nigsaklelak (World Bank 2004a; World Bank 2004b; EIC 2005; World Bank and IFC

2006; Transparency International 2005) . fVIebIBinÞúén{kareFVIGaCIvkmµ - Doing business} sRmab; qñaM 2005 bgðajnUvkarrIkcMerIntictYcelIsBIqñaM 2004 kþI k¾kMritenHenAEtTaby:agxøaMgenAeLIy . tarag

7>1 nigRbGb; 7>1 segçbrbkKMehIjénkarGegátTaMgenaH .

bc©úb,nñenH mankaryl;eXIjy:agTUlMTUlayfa CaTUeTAsßab½nrdæa Pi)al nigrebobeFVIkargarrbs;eK )anbnßy ¬CaCagBRgwg¦ nUvlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;bNþaGaCIvkmµ EdlRbtibtþikarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIy)antRmUv eGayGaCIvkmµeKbg;éføcMNay nigbgá]bsKÁ[xatbg;eBlevla TaMgcMeBaHmuxCMnYjkñúg RbeTs nigmkBIbreTs . RKb;eBlGaCIvkmµTaMgLayEtgEtcat;Tukfaktþanana EdlTak;TgnwgGPi)al kic©faCakar]bsKÁd¾cMbg cMeBaHkareFVIGaCIvkmµCagbBaða ¬F¶n;F¶r¦ nana Tak;Tgnwgehdæarcnasm<½n§sRmab; kardwkCBa¢Ún b¤éføfamBld¾x<s;eTAeTot ¬sUmemIltarag 7>1¦.


RbGb; 7>1 km<úCabnþmanlMdab;fñak;Tab enAkñúgkaremIl eXIjrbs;GñkvinieyaK

EIC )anGegátRbFanRbtibtþiénRkumh‘uncMnYn 100 Edl RbtibtþikarenAkm<úCa CaEpñkmYyénkarsikSaCasakl GMBI briyakasGaCIvkmµ enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsdéTeTot . kñúgkar GegátenH BinÞúl¥sRmab;km<úCaman ¬1¦ bNþajTUrs½BÞcl½tl¥/ ¬2¦GtiprNaTab/ ¬3¦GRtabþÚrR)ak;manlMnwg/ ¬4¦c,ab; Bn§darmanPaBgayRsYlbgÁÜr nig ¬5¦ KµankarerIseGIgcMeBaH m©as;GaCIvkmµbreTs . eTaHCay:agNakIþ CarYmeyagtam snÞsSn_mYy km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;elx 112 kñúgcMeNam 117 RbeTs ehIyeyagtamsnÞsSn_m YyeTotCab;elx 109 kñúgcMeNam 116 RbeTs . eTaHCakMENTRmg;mYy cMnYnEdl)anGnum½tkñúgry³eBl 6 ExknøgeTA)anEklMG GaMgDIkaT½rmYy ¬dUcCaeFVI[éfø QñÜlnaMecjFøak;c uHeRcIn¦ TidæPaBrYmenAEtCa]bsKÁd¾sMxan;mYy eTAelIlT§PaBkm<úCa kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgedIm,IEsVgrkkarvinieyaK . cMeBaHsMNYrfa etIGVIeTAEdlman\T§iBlxøaMgCageK eTAelIkMeNInesdækic © km<úCa? GñkeqøIy)ancg¥úl ¬tamlMdab;¦ eTAelIkMENTRmg ; rdæ)alsaFarN³ kMENTRmg;c,ab; nigtulakar RBmTaMgkMEN TRmg;vis½yhirBaØvtßú nigFnaKar. RbPB³ www.doingbusiness.org; EIC 2005; Cambodia Daily 30th September 2005.

tarag 7>1> kMr itTak;TajénbriyakasGaCIvkmµ enAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa sßitenAy:agq¶ay BIkMritmFümkñúgtMbn;.

RbtibtþikarGaCIvkmµ¼ GaMgDIkaT½r

km<úCa kMritmFüm kñúgtMbn;

kMritmFümén GgÁkar OECD

karcab;epþImGaCIvkmµ EbbbTkargar ¬cMnYn¦ 10 8 6 eBlevla ¬éf¶¦ 86 51 19 éf¶c MNay (% p.c. GNI)

276° 42° 7°

mUlFnEdlRtUvman (% p.c. GNI)

81° 118° 29°

kargarCamYyGaCJabNÑnana ¬qñaM 2005¦ EbbbTkargar ¬cMnYn¦ 28 17 14 eBlevla ¬éf¶¦ 247 153 150 éføc MNay (% p.c. GNI)

607° 142° 68°

RbPB³ www.doingbusiness.org

ebIsinCakMeNInesdækic© KWCak,al m:asIun énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbkb edaynirnþrPaBenAkm<úCa enaHkarEklMG GPi)alkic©esdækic© GacnwgrYmcMENk kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa tamrebob eRcIny:ag TaMgedaypÞal; nigRbeyal ³

edaypþl;CUnGgÁesdækic© - cab;BI ksikrtUctac dl;GñkvinieyaKBI breTs-nUvc,ab;kmµsiT§ielI RTBü sm,tþid¾Cak;lak; . RbkarenHman sar³sMxan;pÞal; cMeBaHRbCaCnRkI RkEdlRtUvrgeRKaHy:agF¶n; ebIsinCaRtUveKdk hUtykdIrbs;Kat; . vak¾mansar³sMxan;eday RbeyalEdr tamrUbPaBCa\T§iBleTAelIkar GPivDÆesdækic© nigkarpøas;bþÚr eRBaHkgVHkar FanaelIPaBCakmµsiT§ikreFVI[eKraErk kñúgkar vinieyaKeTAelIkarEklMGplitPaBedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBdI ¬sUmemIlCMBUk 4 nigCMBUk 5¦.

sRmab;GñkvinieyaKCaerOy² kgVHCMenOcitþeTA elIc,ab;kmµsiT§ii rYmCamYymnÞilnana GMBIPaBesIµ KñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; CaktþarYmcMENkeFVI[mankar raErk ecosvagminvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa kan;EteRcIneLIg . kalNaGñkvinieyaKmincg; dak;luyeKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enaHkargar/ R)ak;kéRm nigTMnak;TMngesdækic©nanatamry³ tRmUvkar nigkarpÁt;pÁg;nwgminrIkceRmInelOn smlµmsRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeLIy .


rUb 7>1 eK)anemIleXIjfa bBaðaGPi)alkic© -GMeBIBukrlYy nigkariyal½yFibetyü- Ca]bsKÁsMxan;CageK cMeBaHkarGPivDÆénEpñkÉkCn.

- naykRbtibtþi )ankMNt;lMdab;én]bsKÁsMxan;² cMeBaHGaCIvkmµ enAkm<úCa .

RbPB³ EIC 2005 p. A53

karsikSarbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nig EIC )anrMelc[eXIjfa niy½tkmµ EdlmanPaBsµúKsµaj/ RtYtCan; KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmantMélx<s; )anbegáItnUvcenøaHmYysRmab;kareRbIqnÞanusiT§i nigkarEsVgrkpl RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn EdlenHbEnßmTMgn;eTAelIkarcMNayrbs;GaCIvkmµ . vak¾GacbegáIt]bsKÁcMeBaHkar BRgIkGaCIvkmµEdreRBaHkarqøgBIEpñkminpøÚvkareTAkan;EpñkpøÚvkar tMrUveGaymankarcMNayCasV½yKuN EdlshRKastUc²minGacbg;)an . Gacniyaymüa:geTotfa GPi)alkic©esdækic©minl¥raraMgGaCIvkmµBI karrIklUtlas; .

GPi)alkic©esdækic© CYyCMrujkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³kareFIVeGayR)akdfa karcMNaysaFarN³ d¾sþÜcesþIg RtUv)ancat;Ecgy:agmanRbsiT§iPaBCaGtibrma sRmab;GPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁm . kalNa mankarcuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘unÉkCn sRmab;kargarGPivDÆ nig¼b¤karRKb;RKgehdæarcnasm<½n§ b¤esva saFarN³ eBlenaHtmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBCYyFanafa CatiTTYl)ankic©RBmeRBogKñad¾RbesIrbMput EdlGaceFVIeTA)an .

mankarrIkceRmInmYycMnYnenAkñúgEpñkTaMgenH kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAenH . CMhandMbUgKW karcUlCa smaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakrbs;km<úCakñúgqñaM 2004 TamTar[mankarpøas;bþÚry:ageRcInEpñkeKal


neya)ay nigkarGnuvtþesdækic© . GñkeroberogeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCa )andwgCaTUeTAGMBIkic©karenH . rebobvar³eKalneya)aysRmab;GPivDÆEpñkÉkCn k¾)anTTYlyklT§plénkarsikSalMGitmYy GMBIbriya kasvinieyaKenARbeTskm<úCa (WB 2004) Edr . lT§plénkarsikSaenaHRtUv)anbBa©Úl eTAkñúgkarerobcM kmµviFIkMENTRmg;mYYysRmab;EklMGbriyakasc,ab;/ karbegáItsßab½nKaMRTTIpSarEdlmanRbsiTi§PaB RBmTaMg begáIntmøaPaB nigkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgPaBCaédKUrvagvis½ysaFarN³ nigÉkCn . mankarkt;sMKal;eXIj nUvsBaØaNeCaKC½ydMbUgxøH²Edr Tak;TgnwgkarbnÞabéføQñÜlnaMecj – nigkarvivtþn_BIqñaM 2004 nig 2005 CakMeNInBinÞúenAkñúgkarGegát {kareFVIGaCIvkmµ} . b:uEnþ dUcEdlBinÞú nigcMNat;fñak;BIkarGegátfµI²)anbgðaj ehIyfa enAqñaM 2005 km<úCa enAEtrgkarlM)akBIsMNak;bBaðaecaTFM²mYycMnYn EdlraraMgRkumh‘unkm<úCa nigBlkrmin[sMercnUvskþanuBlrbs;xøÜn)an RBmTaMgTb;sáat;karBRgIk nigBhuPavUbnIykmµénesdækic© km<úCaTaMgmUl.

kareFVI[rdæ)al nigkarcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)almanRbsiT§PaB nigCYydl;GñkRk

kñúgkMLúgeBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmkenHkMeNInbMENgEckfvika nigkarebIkR)ak;cMNaysMrab;vis½ysgÁm )annaMeGaymankarrIkcMerInEpñkkarpþl;esvasuxaPi)al nigGb;rM . EteTaHCay:agNakIþ kMriténkarcMNay EpñksuxPaB nigGb;rMsMrab;mnusSmñak;enAEtmankMritTaby:agxøaMg ehIylMhUrfvikaEdlminGacTsSn_Tay Tukmun)an ehIykarebIkR)ak;eFIVeLIgEteRkayeBlEdlKMeragdMeNIrkarrYceTAehIy EdlenHeFIVeGaymankar lM)akkñúgkarcat;EcgfvikaEdlmaneGaymanRbsiTi§PaB ¬CMBUk 6¦ .

raCrdæaPi)al CYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRbQmmuxmYycMnYn EdlTak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgkMENTRmg; karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ RBmTaMgRbB½n§ nigrebobeFVIkarénrdæ)alsaFarN³ edIm,IeGayRsbKñaCamYy nwgTisedAéneKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al - dUcCakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaedIm . fVIebIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Gnuvtþ)anl¥kñúgkarRKb;RKgcMNay edIm,IrYmcMENkeFVI[mansßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic© nigsareBIBn§kþI k¾rdæaPi)al xkxankñúgkarpþl;FnFaneTA[sßab½ncMNaytameKalkarN_KYr[TukcitþEdr . karBinitüemIlelIkarRKb; RKgcMNaysaFarN³enAkm<úCa kñúgqñaM 2003 (Integrated Fiduciary Assessment and Public

Expenditure Review or IFAPER) )anrkeXIjEpñkFM²cMnYnbYn EdlfaRbB½n§rbs;rdæaPi)altMrUveGay mankarEklMG edIm,IkarBarmUlniFisaFarN³Tl;nwgkareRbIR)as;xusTisedA nigFanafamUlniFiTaMgenaHRtUv )aneRbIR)as;y:agmanRbsiT§iPaB edIm,IsMerceKaledAnanarbs;rdæaPi)al ¬World Bank and ADB

2003¦1.

1 KYrkt;sMKal;fa m®nþIrdæaPi)al CaBiessm®nþIénRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú )aneFVIkary:agCitsñiT§§kñúgkarviPaK nigpþl;

Gnusasn_elIeKalneya)ay Edl)anbBa¢ÚleTAkñúgkarsikSaenaH.


bBaðaRbQmmuxTImYy KWRtUvEklMGkarRbmUlFnFankñúgRbeTs . eTaHbImankMeNIn CatYelxkñúgqñaM 2003 kþI karRbmUlFnFanrbs;km<úCa mankMritRtwmEt 11/7° énplitplkñúgRbeTssrubkñúgqñaM 20052 Etb:ueNÑaH EdltYelxenHKWsßitenAkñúgcMeNamtYelxTabCageKbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak . RbkarenH)anraraMg lT§PaBrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarvinieyaKeTAelIkarGPivDÆesdækic©nigsgÁm ¬niigrYmcMENkeFVI[PaBm©as;karelI eKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ mankMritTabehIyedaysarBMumanmUlniFikñúgRbeTs eKalneya)ayenaH TTYl)an hirBaØvtßúmYyPaKFM BICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA) eTAvij¦. karrIkceRmInkMBugEtekItman karRbmUlBn§ Cak;EsþgqñaM 2004 )aneRcInelIseKaledAfvika mYyEpñkedaysarviFankarEdlGnuvtþEtmYydg b:uEnþ enHk¾bgðajBIeCaKC½yxøH²Edr kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgkareKcBn§ ¬rYmTaMgGMeBIrt;Bn§TMnijpgEdr¦. eTaHCay:ag NakIþ karRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlminEmnBn§Cak;Esþg eFobnwgkareRKagTukénfvika )anfycuHkan;EtGn;eTA² cab;BIqñaM 2003 dl;qñaM 20053.

bBaðaRbQmTIBIr énkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³KW karEklMGRbtibtþikarfvika/ karRKb;RKgsac; R)ak; nigRbB½n§RtYtBinitühirBaØvtßú . RbB½n§énkarcMNayCasac;R)ak; KWCa]bsKd¾cMbg ehIyenHCaktþacMbg Tak;TgnwgbBaðabeBa©jmUlniFiyWty:av nigEdlminGacRbemIlmun)an . CaTUeTA fvikaRbmaNmYyPaKbIén karcMNayRbRktIRbcaMqñaM minRtUv)anebIkeGayeTrhUtdl;ExcugeRkayénqñaMhirBaØvtßú . karminebIkfvika eGayrhUtmkdl;eBlcugeRkayEbbenHEbbenH eFVI[xUcRbsiT§ PaBénkareFVIEpnkarRbtibtþikar nignaM[ cMnYn bMNulhYskMNt;ekIneLIg³ vak¾rYmcMENkeFVI[xVHtmøaPaB EdlbegáInhaniP½yénkareRbIR)as;fvikamin cMeKaledApgEdr.

fVIebIv is½yGaTiPaBbYn KWsuxPaB¬RksYgsuxaPi)al¦/ Gb;rM¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa¦/ ksikmµ ¬RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT¦ nigGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT¦ rgkarlM)akticCagmun enAkñúgb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenHkIþ k¾v is½yTaMgenHenAEtrgkarb:HBal;dEdl4 . bBaðabeBa©jfvikayWty:av nig PaBmineTogTat;TaMgenHRtUv)aneFIVeGayF¶n;F¶rEfmeTotedaysarkarRbmUlpþMúnUvGaCJaFr enAkñúgRksYgesdæ- kic© nig hirBaØvtßú.

TidæPaBTIbIénkMENTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ EdltMrUveGaymankarEklMG KWenAkñúgkarsRmb kareroberognigkarRKb;RKgeKalneya)aycMNaysaFarN³ eGayRsbnwgTisedAénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkI 2 Tinñn½yqñaM 2005 Edl)anTsSn_TayTuk/ KitRtwméf¶ 6 mkra 2006 . 3 kar)a:n;RbmaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig IMF, ExFñÚ 2005 . sUmemIlpgEdrnUv Oum 2004

sMrab;karBiPakSaBIR)ak;cMNUl Tak;TgnwgkarTsST_Tayfvika . 4 sUmemIl Oum 2004 GMBIkarB iPakSaelIkarRbtibtþi fvika kñúgry³eBl 11 Ex énqñaM 2004.


Rk . cab;BIcugTsvtS 1990 mkeKeXIjmankarpøas;CabþÚrviC¢man nUvkarbEgVrkarEbgEckfvikaBIkic© karBarRbeTs nig snþisuxCati eTArkvis½ysgÁmnana EdlbMerI[karEklMGsuxumalPaB nigmUlFnmnusS . rdæaPi)almankartaMgcitþCaRbcaMkñúgkarbegáInmUlniFIsRmab;RksYgGaTiPaBbYnTaMgbYn . kñúgenaHeXIjman eCaKC½yKYr[kt;sMKal; ³ rvagqñaM 1998 nig 2001 karcMNayeTAelIvis½yGb;rM)anekIneLIgeTVdg ÉkarcMNayeTAelIvis½ysuxPaB)anekIneLIgesÞIrEtbIdg . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHy:agenHkþI karcMNayCak;EsþgenA kñúgvis½yTaMgenH enAEtTabCagTwkR)ak;srub éncMENkfvikaCatiEdl)anpþl;sMrab;v is½yTaMgenH . TaMgenH KWedaysarbBaðaecaTnana kñúgkargarRbtibtþifvika dUcEdleK)anelIkmkniyayrYcehIy5.

elIsBIenH ebIeTaHbIkarEbgEckfvika eTA[bNþavis½yEdlmanplitPaB KnøwH² ¬CaBiessksikmµ¦ naeBlbc©úb,nñenH )ancab;epþImekIneLIg k¾vis½yTaMgenaHenAEtbnþTTYlhirBaØvtßú)anTab CagesckþIRtUvkar d¾xøaMgEdr6 . enAkñúgry³eBlmFüm ¬]TahrN_ ry³eBl 2006-2010 EdlsißtkñúgkarGnuvtþEpnkarCati énkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ¦ minTMngfa kMeNInénkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlnwgGac)anRKb;RKan; sRmab;begáIn hirBaØvtßúdl;RksYgTTYlbnÞúkvis½yesdækic©pg nigbnþrkSakñúgkMritdEdl nigbegáInmUlniFiEfmeTotsMrab; vis½ysuxaPi)al nigGb;rMenaHeT ¬RksYgenHTTYl)ankarbegIánCadMukMPYnehIyb:uEnþenAEtTabCagkMritGb, brmasRmab;eFVI[manRbsiT§PaBBit - sUmemIlvKÁmunenH¦ . dUcenH edIm,IbegáInmUlniFisRmab;vis½y ksikmµ/ GPivDÆn_CnbTnigehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT ¬TaMgehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm dUcCabNþaRbB½n§Twk nigGna- -m½y TaMgehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic© dUcCapøÚvfñl; nigRbB½n§RKb;RKgTwk¦ nwgRtUvkat;bnßyEfmeTotnUv fvikasRmab;vis½yminEmnGaTiPaB nig¼b¤ kat;bnßycMNaysRmab; karRKb;RKgrdæ)al .

edIm,IbegáInsnñiFiénFnFanrUbvnþsMxan;² eKminRtwmEtRtUvkat;bnßykarcMNaysaFarN³minsMxan; b:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgtMrUveGaymaneKalkarN_ c,ab; nigniy½tkmµ sRmab;cat;EcgkarelIsm<½n§PaBédKU rvagEpñksaFarN³ nigÉkCnpg . edayehtufa karcUlrYménEpñkÉkCn kñúgKMeragsßabnaénEpñksaFarN³ mansar³sMxan;enaH vaCaRbkarsMxan;Nas;Edl karcuHkic©snüaRtUv)aneFIVeLIgkñúgdMeNIrkarRbkbeday tmøaPaB edIm,IFanafa R)ak;rbs;Gñkbg;Bn§ ¬nigm©as;CMnYy¦ RtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB x<s; nigtamviFIsMécbMput sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_rYmkñúgKuNPaBx<s; . enHCabBaðaEpñkrebobEdlrdæaPi)al CMrujeGaymankarGPivDÆEpñkÉkCnry³eBlEvgpg RbkbedaysßirPaBpg ¬sUmemIlxagelI¦ nigCabBaða 5 snÞsSn_énKMlatfvika ¬mFümPaKsRmab;qñaM 2002-04¦ ERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal; enAtamRksYgTaMgbYn cab;BI -

19° ¬GPivDÆn_CnbT¦/ -11/4° ¬suxa Pi)al¦/ -10° ¬ksikmµ¦ eTAdl; -4/7° ¬Gb;rM¦. 6 cMNayfvika sRmab;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT )anekIneLIgBI 3 016Ban;lan erol kñúgqñaM 1998 dl; 5

691Ban;lan kñúgqñaM 2004/ sRmab; RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT ekInBI 3 783Ban;lan erol dl; 64 741Ban;lan ÉsRmab;RksYgsaFarNkar nigdwkCBa¢Ún ekInBI 12 248Ban;lan erol eTAdl; 99 214Ban;lan. RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym EdleK)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1999 TTYl)ancMNay fvikacMnYn 17 859Ban;lan erol kñúgqñaM 2004.


Tak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³pg . esckþIRBagc,ab; sþIBIsm,Tan EdleKkMBugRtUv)anBinitü emIleLIgvij )andak;ecjnUveKalkarN_d¾l¥mYy sRmab;RKb;RKgkic©snüaCamYyRbtibtþikrCaEpñkÉkCn Edlecjedayrdæ edayrYmmanTaMgPaBCaédKUelIehdæarcnasm<½n§rvagEpñksaFarN³ nigÉkCnpg .

kareFVIsniTankmµkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ CamYynwgTisedAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk mincb;Rtwmkar esIerIbMENgEckfvikarvagvis½y b¤RksYgb:ueNÑaHeT Etk¾RtUvkarkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIPaBRkIRkeGayman RbsiTi§PaB nigeGay)aneRcInenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkartamvis½ynanapgEdr . karrIk cMerInkñúgEpñkenHRtUv)ansMerc)anCadMukMPYnrYcehIyenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM ¬sUmemIlCMBUk5¦7. enAmancMnucEdl RtUvEklMGCaeRcIn kñúgkarBRgwgTMnak;TMngrvagkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigeKaledAkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk ¬EdlmanRsab;ehIy¦ tamry³karkMNt;eKaledAtamPUmisa®sþ énkarcMNaysaFarN³eTAkan;TI bNþMénPaBRkIRk.

bBaðaRbQmTIbYn nigCacugeRkay KWRtUvcab;epþImeFVIkMENTRmg;d¾TUlMTUlaymYy elIR)ak;ebovtSénkar garraCkar nigeKalneya)aykargar edIm,IFanafa nieyaCitTaMgLayénEpñksaFarN³ manTwkcitþeFVIkar)an l¥ nigRtUv)anRKb;RKgl¥pg nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkargarEdlxøÜn)aneFVIpg eBalKWedIm,I[BYkeKpþl;esva dl;RbCaBlrdætamrebobmanRbsiT§PaB/ RbkbedaysmFm’ nigsMedAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . bc©úb,nñenH nieyaCitPaKeRcInbMputénEpñksaFarN³ TTYl)anebovtSTabéRkElg³ minGacecosputBIkarRbkbrbrTIBIr eLIy ¬ehIyCaerOy²kñúgem:ageFVIkargarrdæ¦ b¤mYygakeTArkkarRbRBwtþGMeBIsIusMNUk edIm,IGacrs;)an8. R)ak;ebovtSnigTwkcitþ eFVIkar d¾TabenH RtUv)aneFIVeGayF¶n;F¶rEfmeTot edaykarEbgEck nigkarRKb;RKg minl¥ ¬manbuKÁlikpþl;esvaticeBk enAtamtMbn;;dac; Rsyal¦EdlenHnaMeGayTMnak;TMngrvagKuNsm,tiþ ¬karbMeBjkargar¦ nigR)ak;ebovtS minsIusgVak;Kña eLIy .

7 sUmemIl WB 2004 p. xii.. 8 nieyaCiténEpñksaFarN³TaMgLay minRtwmEtevTna edaysarmanR)ak;ebovtSpøÚvkard¾Tabb:ueNÑaHeT BYk

eKEfmTaMgevTna edaysarkarTTYl)anR)ak;ebovtS enaHmþgmYyPaK² b¤yWty:aveTotpg eRBaHmanbBaða ecaTCaTUeTA Tak;TgnwgkarRbtibtþifvika.


rdæaPi)al)andak;ecjnUvKeRmagkarsMrab;begIán RbsiTi§PaBkargarénEpñksaFarN³ enAkñúgkmµviFICati sMrab;kMENTRmg;rdæ)al ¬2002-2006¦ ehIyCa BiessepþatelIeKalneya)ayR)ak;ebovtSénEpñksa- FarN³ enAkñúgGnuRkitelx 98 . \lUvenHGñkpþl; CMnYyTTYlsÁal;faeKmantYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUvd¾ sMxan;kñúgkarEkTRmg;R)ak;ebovtSenH ³ kareRbIR)as; y:agTUlay nUvR)ak;ebovtSbEnßmeRkamKMeragEdlpþl; hirBaØvtßúedayCMnYyGPivDÆn_CapøÚvkar (ODA) )an begáItEbbEpnénkarpøas;bþÚrkMritR)ak;ebovtSmYy d¾sµúK sµajnigKµanRbsiT§iPaB ehIyEdlGUsTajbuKÁlikl¥² eTAeFVIkarkñúgKMerag EdlGñkpþl;CMnYyGnuvtþedaypÞal; EdlenHeFVI[sßab½nrdæaPi)al CYbkarlM)akkñúgkarRKb; RKg FnFanmnusSEp¥kelIKuNsm,tiþkargarrbs;eK enAkñúgRksYgTaMgmUl . kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAenH eK)an bBa©Úlkar edaHRsaybBaðaenH eTAkñúgTisedAénsuxudum nIykmµCMnYy nigebobvar³sRmbtMrUv . ¬sUmemIl RbGb; 7>2¦.

bc©úb,nñ edaymankarKaMRTBIsMNak;Gñkpþl;CMnYy CaédKUTaMgLay raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anBak;B½n§kñúgkar BicarNaeTAelIktþanana énkarRKb;RKgkic©karraCkar eGay)anl¥RbesIr nigelIrebobdak;bBa©ÚlKñanUvktþa TaMgenaH tamrebobCayuT§sa®sþl¥RbesIrmYy . kic©karenHrYmmankarbBa©ÚlnUvkMENTMrg;bEnßmy:agTUlMTUlay rYmTaMgkarRtYtBinitüedayEp¥kelIKuNsm,tiþ nUvkarCYl nigtMeLIgzan³buKÁlik rYmbBa©ÚlCamYy dMeNIrkarfvika/ karEklMGR)ak;ebovtSénkargarraC kar/ edaycat;fñak;Cak;lak;Cagmun edIm,ITak;Taj nig rkSaTukGñkRKb;RKg nigbuKÁlikeCIgcas;nana enAkñúgbNþa RksYgEdlpþl;esvaCaGaTiPaB RBmTaMgeFVIsniTan kmµelIkardak;BRgaybuKÁlik edIm,I[manr)ayénkarpþl;kargareTAtamvis½y nigPUmisa®sþeqøIytbnwg

RbGb; 7>2 BIkarbEnßmR)ak;ebovtS eTArkkMEN TRmg;R)ak;ebovtS

EpnkarskmµPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al sRmab;suxudum nIykmµnigsRmbtRmUvénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar(ODA) )anepþatelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; kñúgkarbEgVrkarbEnßm R)ak;ebovtSCalkçN³Biess eTArkkarKaMRTyuT§ sa®sþd¾smRsbmYy EdldwknaM edayrdæaP i)al sRmab;EkTRmg;R)ak;ebovtS nigkarpþl;kargarraC kar . b:uEnþmankarTTYlsÁal;fa edIm,IRKb;RKgkar pøas;bþÚrenH)anl¥ tMrUveGaymankarbMeBjlkçxNÐ dMbUgmYycMnYn ehIyfasßab½nrdæaPi)alnana Gac bMeBjlkçxNÐdMbUgTaMgenaH)an tamkMritxus²BIKña . edayehtuenH eTIbmankic©RBmeRBogKñamYy edIm,I Gnum½tykyuT§sa®sþ {el,ÓnBIr} . dMbUgRksYg nImYy² eFIVkarvaytMélsßanPaBbc©úb,nñ edaykareFIV sareBIP½NÐ ¬tamry³Rkumkargarbec©keTsEdl Bak;B½n§¦ nUvGRta nigTMlab;GnuvtþEdlm©as;CMnYy Føab;eRbIenAkñúgRksYgenaH . RksYgNaEdlmankar rIkcMerInx<s; nwgRtUveRbIR)as;kenSamGaTiPaB(PMG/

MBPI) EdltMrUveGayGñkpþl;C MnYydkecjnUvebo vtSbEnßm {edaydak;bBa©Úl}kar]btßmÖTaMgenH eTAKaM RTKMeragR)ak;ExfIµEdlEp¥kelIKuNsm,tiþkargar . cMeBaHvis½yepSg²eTot EdlRksYgnigsßab½nnana minTan;erobcMxøÜnrYcral; edIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlmUlniFienaH nwgRtUveFVI sniTankmµR)ak;ebovtSbEnßm enAkMrit sßab½nsin edayÉkPaBeTAelIyuT§saRsþfIµénkareFIV suxudumnIykmµ nigkarsRmbtRmUvtamGRta nig TMlab;GnuvtþenaH . K Merag PMG/MBPI mYy RtUv)anGnuvtþenARksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú ehIy RksYgbYneTot kMBugBicarNaeRbIR)as;KMeragenH . vis½yEdlenAsl;TaMgb:unµan nigRkumkargarbec©k eTs RtUv)antMrUveGaydMeNIrkareq<aHeTAkan;viFI saRsþTIBIr .


GaTiPaBTaMgLayénkarpþl;esva . mankarrIkceRmIn xøH²kMBugekItman dUcCadMeLIgkMritmFüménR)ak;ebovtS ehIyrdæaPi)al)anRbkas EpnkardMeLIgR)ak;ebovtS CabnþeTAeTot . b:uEnþ enAmankic©karCaeRcIneTotEdl RtUveFVI ebIsinCardæaPi)alcg;sMerceKaledArbs;eK kñúg karpþl;esva nigsMerclT§plnanaénkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁm.

karBinitüemIlkarcMNaysaFarN³kñúgqñaM 2003 enAelImuxRBYjTaMgbYn)anrkeXIjfa mankarrIkceRmIn tictYc eFobnwgkarsikSaEbbenHkalBIqñaM 1999. b:uEnþ cab;BIqña M 2003 mkrdæaPi)al)anksagEpnkarskmµ PaBlMGitmYy sRmab;EklMGkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú saFarN³ ¬kmµviFIEkTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFa- rN³¦ nigrcnasm<½n§sRmab;cat;EcgkargarmYy ¬KN³ kmµaFikarkMENTRmg;enAkñúgRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú nigRkumkargarrdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYysRmab; karRKb; RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³¦ sMrab;KaMRTkarRbtibtþikmµviFI enH. kmµviFIkMENTRmg;enH manbYn dMNak; bnþbnÞab;Kña sRmab;EklMGRbsiT§iPaBénkarRKb; RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ ¬sUmemIl RbGb; 7>3¦.

kmµviFIEkTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ )an bMEbkbnþCaEpnkarskmµPaBnana Edlpþl;r)aykarN_ CaRbcaM . EpnkarskmµPaBTImYy mankarrIkceRmIn b:uEnþk¾)anrkeXIjEpñkCaeRcIn EdlkarrIkcMerInTaMgenaH KYrRtUveFIVeGaymanel,OnelOnCagenHeTot9. Gñkpþl; CMnYymYycMnYn )anbgðajkarKaMRTrbs;BYkeK cMeBaH kmµviFIenH edaydak; Trust Funds rbs;eKsRmab; kMENTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³sRmab;[ RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßúeRbIR)as; edIm,IRbtibtþikmµviFIEk TRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³. 9 MEF 2005; World Bank 2005; MEF 2004.

RbGb; 7>3 kmµviFIEkTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßú saFarN³ pþl;nUvrebobvar³R)akd niymmYy sRmab;sRmbtRmUvkar cMNay CamYynwgeKalneya)ay

enAExFñÚ 2004 rdæaPi)al )anRbkascab;epþIm kmµviFIEkTRmg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³mYy. kmµviFIenH rYmman{dMNak;} cMnYn 4³

■ dMNak;TI 1³ eFVI[fvikamanlkçN³GaceCOTukcitþ )an vapþl;FnFaneTAGñkRKb;RKgfvika y:agR)akd RbCaGacRbemIleXIjCamun nigGacTukcitþ)an ¬Edlpþl;CamUldæan sRmab; KNenyüPaB eday EklMGkargarRbtibtþifvika¦.

■ dMNak;TI 2³ karrIkcMerIndMNak;kaldMbUg EpñkRtYt BinitüépÞkñúg nigeFIV[GñkRKb;RKgmankarTTYlxus RtUv¬EdlGacCYy[eKykcitþTuk eTAelIkic©kar Cak;lak;EdlsMerc)anBIFnFan tamkarpþl;Tinñ- n½yc,as;las;Cagmun/ RbsiT§PaBénvin½y nigman tmøaPaBépÞkñúgRbesIrCagmun¦.

■ dMNak;TI 3³ karrIkcMerIssMerc)anEpñk karpSar P¢ab;rvagGaTiPaBéneKalneya)ay nigeKaledA énkarpþl;esva eTAnwgkareFVIEpnkar nigkargar Rbtibtþifvika ¬EdlCYy[ manKNenyüPaB sRmab;Rbtibtþikargar )an RbesIrCagmun¦ nig

■ dMNak;TI 4³ Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña nUvKNenyüPaB nigdMeNIrkarRtUtBinitüemIleLIgvij TaMgelIkar garhirBaØvtßú TaMgelIkargarRbtibtþi ¬EdlGaceFVI [mantmøaPaBeTAxageRkARbesIrCagmun nigpþl; mUldæand¾rwgmaM sRmab;eFVIvishmCÄkar¦.


R)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgkatKImI nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

bc©úb,nñ eKeXIjman»kasd¾l¥mYyTak;Tgnwg vtþmankMNb;Er:eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCatikñúgRTg;RTayFM enAkñúgEdnTwkénRbeTskm<úCanwgRtUveKbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;kñúgeBlqab;²xagmuxenH ¬RbGb; 7>4¦. Rbkar enHmanskþanuBld¾FM kñúgkarEklMGkMrit nigRbsiT§iPaBénkarcMNayrbs;rdæeTAelIkarGPivDÆesdækic© nig sgÁm . RbsinebImankarRKb;RKg)anl¥ R)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgkat nig]sµ½neRkamenH Gacpþl;CahirBaØvtßúeTAelI karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§/ R)ak;ebovtSsMrab;EpñksaFarN³ nigesvaTaMgLay RBmTaMgbegáInel,Ón énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)any:agelOn . R)ak;cMNUld¾FMEbbenHGac CYyeGayRbeTskm<úCarMedaHxøÜnecjBI zan³CaRbeTs EdlmankarrIkcMerInticCageKbg¥s; kñúgry³eBlxøICagry³eBlEdl)anKitTukBImun .

k¾b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_GnþrCatibgðajfa ePaKRTBüeRbgkatKImI k¾Gacpþl;lT§plCa {bNþasarén Fn Fan}pgEdr EdltamkarN_Bit vaBnüWt karGPivDÆ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . mUlehtucMbgeK KWrdæaPi)al mYy EdlTTYl)anR)ak;TaMgGs;BIeRbgdUcEdleKRtUvkar EtgEtKµankarTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæeLIy ¬karykBn§ERbCaKµanBak;B½n§¦ ehIyminsUvmanelIkTwkcitþxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IBRgIkkMeNInesdækic©EdlEp¥k elImUldæanFMTUlay. bBaðaecaTTaMgenHeRcInEtekItmanenAtambNþaRbeTs EdlrdæmansmtßPaBTab ehIy sßab½npøÚvkarTaMgLayk¾mansmtßPaBexSay ÉerOgGaRkk;bMput EtgEtekIteLIgenAkñúgbNþaRbeTseTIbnwg bBa©b;s®gÁamfµI² EdlkñúgenaHtmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBmankMritTabCaxøaMg rIÉTMnak;TMng{rdæ-sgÁm}sßitkñúg TMrg;GMNacpþac;karniym nigkarminKitKUrdl;mnusSpgKña . kñúgkMritCaGnþrCati karrkeXIjeRbgkatCa mFüm EtgEtbnÞabGRtakMeNInesdækic©Cati minEmnbegáInGRtaenHeT . krNId¾Cak;EsþgmYy nigminEmn Ca]TahrN_EtmYyenaHeT KWRbeTsnIesrIy:a EdlcMNUlBIePaKRTBüeRbgkatRbmaNCa 12 ekadiduløa ¬12>000 landduløa¦ Gaemrik kñúgmYyqñaM Etkñúgry³eBl 30 qñaM knøgmkenH )anbgáeGaymankarrIkral dalénGMeBIBukrlYy nigmin)aneFVIGVITaMgGs; edIm,ICMrujkMeNInesdækic© b¤kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

eRkABIplGaRkk;Edl{plcMNUl)anmkedaymin)anEsVgrk} BIePaKRTBüEr: GacmaneTAelIesdækic© neya)ayrbs;RbeTsmYy eKEtgeXIjmanbBaðaecaTepSg²eTot EdlCab;Bak;B½n§nwgePaKRTBüenH . bBaða ecaTTImYyKW “Dutch Disease” . karnaMecjeRbgkat nig]sµ½n eFVIeGayRbeTsmYyGackSatMélrUbiy b½NÑ)anefr cMENkÉkarcMNaysaFarN³x<s;Cagmun EdlbNþalmkBIrMhUrR)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgkatKImI )aneFIV eGay manGtiprNakñúgRbeTs EdlenHeFVIeGayvis½yepSg²eToténesdækic© ¬dUcCaksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ¦ KµanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgkñúgkarnaMecj RBmTaMgkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTspgEdr . CaerOy² rdæaPi)alkøayeTACa BwgEp¥kelIEtR)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgkat CYnkaleTot eKEfmTaMgx©IR)ak;CaeRcInedayykcMNUlenHCavtßúbBa©aM eTotpg Edl bNþaleGaymanplvi)aky:agF¶n;F¶r enAeBlEdléføeRbgFøak;cuH . CabBa¢b; ]sSahkmµ eRbgkat nig]sµ½nmanTMenarCa]sSahkmµdack; edayELkEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgvis½yeTot²én


esdækic©tictYcb:ueNÑaH ¬CaBiess ebIsinCavasßit enAeRkam)atsmuRT nigenAkñúgRbeTsmanesdækic©d ¾ Tn;exSay EdlminGacplitTMnij nigesvaTak;Tg nwgbec©kviTüa nigRtUvmancMeNHdwgx<s; Edl]sSah kmµenHRtUvkarenaHeT¦.

dUcenH eKeXIjmanmUlehtud¾l¥ EdlRtUvRbug Rby½tñ kñúgkarBüakr\T§iBlénGnaKtlMhUrR)ak; cMNUl )anmkBIeRbgkatKImIeTAelIesdækic©km<úCa nig»kaseCaKC½yrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaRkIRk. ynþkar énsßab½n EdleKerobcMbegáIteLIgy:agRbugRby½t ñ edayCMrujeGaymantmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB kñúg kareRbIR)as; RTBüsm,tþiCatienHnwgmansar³sMxan; xøaMgNas; ebIsinCaeKcg;eGayvaCYyBenøÓn –min EmnBnüWt- dMeNIrkarrMedaHxøÜnkm<úCaecjBIzan³Ca RbeTsmankarGPivDÆticCageKbg¥s; (Vallely et

al 2004; UNDP 2006). skþanuBlénkMeNIn R)ak;cMNUly:ageRcInenH bEnßmPaBbnÞan;eTAelIPaB caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ Edl eK)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy –nigCMrujkrNI RtUvEklMGtmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB enAkñúgCIvPaB saFarN³ edIm,IRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy.

GMeBIBukrlYy

bBaðaecaTrbs;bNþasßab½nrdæd¾exSayénRbeTskm<úCa RBmTaMgplvi)akénbBaðaTaMgenaH kñúgrUbPaB Ca kMritd¾TabénRbsiT§PaB nigkarykcitþTukdak; rbs;rdæ cMeBaHesckþIRtUvkarTaMgLayrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk )anERbkøayedaypÞal;eTACaGMeBIBukrlYyy:agF¶n;F¶r . dUcPasaGg;eKøsEdr BaküfaGMeBIBukrlYyCaPasa Exµr RKbelIrebobeFVIkar nigkarvinicä½ytMély:agTUlMTUlay b:uEnþRbkarsMxan; KWRtUvTTYlsÁal;fa eKemIl eXIjvaCabBaðaecaTehIyRbkar d¾sMxan;mYyeTot KWGñkEdlemIleXIjvaenaH CaRbCaBlrdæ/ GaCIvkmµ nig

RbGb; 7>4³ kar):an;sµandMbUg² GMB IFnFaneRbgkat nig]sµ½nrbs;RbeTskm<úCa

enAminTan;manPsþútagc,as; EdlbBa¢ak;fakar rkeXIjeRbgkatnig]sµ½nFmµCatienA)atsmuRT én RbeTskm<úCa faGacTajykplCalkçN³BaNiC¢ kmµ)an enAeLIyeT. k¾b:uEnþ mansBaØaNc,as;RKb; RKan;fa RbkarsMxan;sMrab;bc©úb,nñenH KWRtUvcab;epþIm BicarNaelIbBaðac,ab;/ sßab½n nigcMNat;karfñak;eKal neya)ay EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;FanakareRbIR)as;y:ag manRbeyaCn_ nUvR)ak;cMNUlTaMgLayEdl)anmkBI RbPBenH ebIsinCamankarbBa¢ak;c,as;BIGtßiPaBrbs; va. mkTl;eBlenH GNþÚgxYgRsavRCavcMnYn 4 enA kñúgbøúk Ga ¬CabøúkmYykñúgcMeNambøúkTaMg 6 Edlman enAkñúgEdnTwkkm<úCa¦ suT§pþl;eRbgkat nig]sµ½n. kar):an;sµanbeNþaHGasnñbgðajfa enAkñúgEpñkEdl eK)anrukrkehIy enAkñúgbøúk Ga enHmaneRbgkat RbmaNCa 400-500 lan)aErl nig]sµ½nRbmaN Ca 2-3 trillion cubic feet ¬56 633 lan Em:tKUb eTA 84 950 lan Em:tKUb?¦. srubeTA kMNb;RTBüFmµCatirbs;km<úCa GacmaneRbg katdl; eTA 2 000 lan)aErl nig ]sµ½nFmµCatidl; 283 168lanEm:tKUb ¬10 lan lanhVÚ‘tKUb¦. GaRs½y elItMéleRbgkñúgBiPBelak EtkMNb;eRbgrbs; km<úCa Gacpþl;R)ak;cMNUlRbcaM qñaMRbmaNCa 2 Ban; lan duløaGaemrik ¬EdlRtUvCa 2-3 dgeRcInCagR)ak; cMNUlkñúgRbeTs nigCMnYy GPivDÆn_pøÚvkarrYmKña¦ kñúg ry³eBlBI 5 eTA 10 qñaM.

RbPB³ Vallely et al 2006.


GñkTaMgLayEdlcgRkgeKal neya)ayrdæaPi)al ¬sUmemIl Nissen 2005; CSD 2005, World

Bank 1999, World Bank 2004¦. tamBiteTA tamkarbBa¢ak;énRbGb; 7>5 karyl;CasaFarN³ GMBImUlehtu nigTMrg;xus²Kña énkarkekItGMeBIBukrlYy BitCamanlkçN³sµúKsµaj Emn.

sßab½nTaMgLayEdleKemIleXIjfa BukrlYy xøaMgCageK KWesvaBn§Ky/ tulakar/ nKr)al nigkar RbmUlBn§dar ¬rUb 7>2¦. cMeBaHsßab½nTaMgGs;enH edayelIkElgEtsßab½ncugeRkayeK karGegát)an bgðajfa GMeBIBukrlYymansPaBkan;EtGaRkk;eLIg kñúgrvagqñaM 2000-2005. b:uEnþ karTTYldwgGMBI dMeNIrkan;EtGaRkk;eLIgénGMeBIBukrlYyenH GacbNþalmkBIkarERbRbYltMélnana kñúgcMeNamkarGegát TaMgenaH mann½yfa vaGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarfycuHénectnacg;beBa©jmti kñúgcMeNamGñkeqøIynwgkarGegát nigkarTTYlykGMeBIBukrlYyfaCa{sPaBkarN_BiténCIvit} EtminEmnCakMeNInCak;Esþg énkrNIGMeBIBuk rlYyeLIy. KYrkt;sMKal;fa PaKeRcInénGñkeqøIyGegát enAkñúgqñaM 2004 bdiesFsBaØaNfa GMeBIBukrlYy køayeTACa)atuPUtEdleKGacTTYlyk)an eRBaHvaekItmanCaTUeTAeBk b¤mYyfa R)ak;ebovtSd¾sþÜcesþIg pþl;siT§ieGaym®nþIraCkarRbRBwtþGMeBIsIusMNUk)an ¬RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁm-CSD 2005¦.

bMNgnanaEdlcg;kMNt;brimaN énkarsayPay nigplb:HBal;énGMeBIBukrlYy eFobnwgéføcMNay pÞal;rbs;RKYsarTaMgLaybgðajfa pÞúyBIkarTTYldwgCaTUeTA éføcMNaypÞal; énGMeBIBukrlYy ¬KitCasMNUk EdleK)ansUk¦ CabnÞúkF¶n;Cag cMeBaHGñkmanCag nigcMeBaHRkumRbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAtamTIRkug EtminEmncMeBaHRkumRbCaBlrdæRkIRkeT. b:uEnþ RbkarenHqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarN_BitEdlfa Gñkman nigGñkTIRkug TMngCaTTYlplRbeyaCn_eRcInCag BIesvaTaMgLay EdlCavi)ak vabegáInPaBTMngfa BYkeKnwg¬RtUvEt¦ bg;sMNUk. sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk eKGacniyayeGayxøIfa BYkeKKµanlT§PaBTTYlesvaTaMgenaHeT b¤fa éføcMNayelIéføQñÜlEdlRtUvbg; ¬eTaHéføQñÜlpøÚvkarkþI b¤sMNUkkþI¦ mann½yesµInwgRbkarfa BYkeKRtUvedIr ecjBIkarTTYlesva CaCagTTYlesvaenaHedaybg;éfød¾x<s;mYy.

karGegátrbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁm qñaM 2004 )anbgðajfa CamFüm RKYsarnImYy² bg;sMNUk Gs; 24/5 duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyqñaM KWRbmaNCa 1/4°-2/2° éncMNaysrubRbcaMqñaM b¤ 5° énR)ak; cMNUlsrub10. FatupSMéntYelxsrubenH -eyagtamTwkR)ak;mFüm EdlRtUvbg;eTAeGayFatuepSg²rbs;rdæ- RtUv)aneKsrubenAkñúgrUb 7>2 rYmCamYyRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarRtUvbg;sMNUk sMrab;GnþrkmµnImYy².

10 FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2000 rkeXIjesµInwg 2/2° énR)ak;cMNUl. RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁm)anrkeXIj 1/4°

énkarcMNay nig 5° énR)ak;cMNUl.


RbGb; 7>5³ karBiBN’nad¾RbCaRbiynana EdlbBa¢ak;B IvtþmanenARKb;TisTI nigPaBF¶n;F¶r énGMeB IBukrlYy

GñkcUlrYmenAkñúgkEnøgTaMg 9 énkarsikSarbs; MOPS )anCECkKñaGMBI\T§iBlénGMeBIBukrlYy eTAelICIvPaB rbs;BYkeK nigBIkarRbemIlemIllT§PaBrbs;BYkeK kñúgkarrMedaHxøÜn ecjBIPaBRkIRk. mnusSCaeRcIn kt;sMKal;eXIj rebobmYycMnYn EdlGMeB IBukrlYy)anCH\T§iBleTAelICIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;BYkeK nigBIrebobEdlRbCaBlrdæRkIRk EtgEtRtUvxatbg; enAeBlEdlGMeBIsIusMNUk CaGñkkMNt;lT§plénkarsMerccitþnana rbs;rdæ³

nisSitRtUvsUkemRbeyaK kñúgeBlRblg edIm,IGaclYcemIlcMelIy BIkñúgRkdas;rbs;nisSitepSg²eTot b¤mYy emIlÉksarnanaEdleK)anlak;ykcUleTAkñúgkarRblg. >>> nKr)al b¤mYyeyaFa KWCabuKÁlEdlGacCYj eRbgsaMgedayxusc,ab;. >>> enAeBlEdleyIgcab;)anBYkecar EdllYcmgrbs;eyIg nigbBa¢ÚneKeTAkan; TIsñak;karnKr)al >>> Rsab;EtBIrnaTIeRkaymk eK)anedaHElgBYkecarTaMgenaH edaysarEtR)ak; nigGMNac. RbCaBlrdæRkIRkKWCaGñkrgeRKaH nigxusCanic© eTaHbIBYkeKeFVIRtUvk¾eday BIeRBaHfa GñkRkKµanR)ak; KµanGMNac. kMBt GMeBIBukrlYymYyEbbeTot ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGaCJaFrnana ykR)ak;EdlKYrcaysMrab;plRbeyaCn_rYm ehIymin)aneFVIGVICaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkPUmiTaMgLayesaH. >>> GMeBIB ukrlYy k¾mann½ypgEdrfa eKeXIjman cMNucRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn enAtamdgpøÚv kñúgenaHmannKr)al/ Pñak;garKy b¤mnusSRbdab;GavuFnana EdleKdwgfa manGMNac EtgEtTamTareGayRbCaCnbg;R)ak; enAeBlEdlBYkKat;dwkTMnij b¤dwkGñkdMeNIr kat;tamtMbn; rbs;BYkeK. )at;dMbg eKk¾eXIjmankaryl;y:agc,as; GMBIFmµCatiénrcnasm<½n§ rbs;GMeBIBukrlYyPaKeRcIn nigGMBIrebobEdlGñkenA

xageRkam² bg;éføcMNaysrub sMrab;karnaMTMnijqøgkat; b¤bnÞabkMritR)ak;cMeNj enAtamkMritnana eTAtam zananuRkm³

eyIgdwgfa RbtibtþikrTaMgGs;Edl)ancUlrYm taMgBIelIdl;eRkam RbRBwtþGMeB IBukrlYy. >>> mnusSsMxan;² TaMgGs;ykmþgbnþic² taMgBIfñak;elIdl;fñak;eRkam Bi)aknwgsl;GVImYyNas;. kMBg;FM plsrubénGMeB IBukrlYyd¾raysay GaceFVIeGayRbCaBlrdæxkcitþ cMeBaHrdæaPi)al b¤bNþaleGayBYkKat;)at;

bg;CMenOcitþ eTAelIlT§PaBrbs;GñkdwknaMneya)ay kñúgkarRbqaMgy:agmanRbsiT§PaB Tl;nwgGMeB IBukrlYy. ebIeyIgmanGMeB IBukrlYyCaeRcInkrNIy:agenH RbEhlCa enHminEmnCardæaPi)all¥eT. >>> eyIgB¤rdæaPi)al Rbkasfa BYkeKnwgdkbuKÁlikeyaFaTaMgGs;BIkñúgéRB elIkElgEtenAtamtMbn;RBMEdn >>> b:uEnþ taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkeyIg)aneXIjcMnYneyaFa nigGaCJaFrBak;B½n§ekIneRcIn² enAkñúgéRBrbs;eyIg. >>> eyIg)ansYrxøÜneyIgfa {etIsgÁmenHBitCas¥at brisuT§ Emnb¤?} - ehIyenATIbBa©b; eyIgGacrkeXIjcMelIyfa {minEmneT} BIeRBaH mankrNICaeRcInénGMeBIBukrlYy. kMBg;FM

RbPB³ CDRI 2006 ¬nwgecjpSaynaeBlxagmuxenH¦.


rUb 7>2³ GMeB IBukrlYyelceFøaCageKenAkñúgtulakar -b:uEnþGMeBI BukrlYyenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM man\T§iBlpÞal;FMCageKbg¥s;.

- RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarRtUvbg;sMNUk nigTwkR)ak;sMNUksrub RbcaMqñaM eTAtamsßab½nnana kñúgqñaM 2004.

RbPB³ RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁm 2005.

b:uEnþ éføcMNaypÞal;énsMNUk EdleKsUk KWCargVas;EdlminRKb; RCugeRCayCaxøaMgén\T§iBlrbs;GMeBI BukrlYyeTAelIesdækic©RKYsar. mYyEpñk vaminGacBN’naGMBI\T§iBl BiténGMeBIBukrlYy eRBaHtamkar erobrab;xagelI kgVHlT§PaBbg; sMNUk)anraraMg mineGayGñkRkman lT§PaBTTYlesvamUldæansMxan;² )aneLIy. b:uEnþvak¾)anqøúHbBa©aMgpg Edr GMBIplnanaénGMeBIBukrlYy EdleKminGacvas;)an edayKitCa sMNUkEdleKbg;enAkMritRKYsar. TMrg;TUeTAénGMeBIBukrlYymYycMnYn EdlminTak;TgnwgkarcMNayeTAelI sMNUkGacrab;bBa©ÚlnUvGMeBInana dUcCa³ ■ plRbeyaCn_EdlRKYsarTaMg

LayKYrTTYl)an EbrCaRtUv GaCJaFrnanabEgVrecjBIBYkeK.

■ kareLIgéfønanaEdleKRtUvbg; eTAelIkareRbIR)as; b¤elITMnijénkarvinieyaK.

■ karRbmUlR)ak;cMNUlEdl)anhUrRCabecjBIhirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ ehIyedayehtuenH eFVIeGayeKminGac eRbIR)as;vasMrab;karpþl;hirBaØvtßú dl;kargarpþl;esva)an.

■ kardkhUtkmµsiT§irbs;RbCaCnRkIRk nig¼b¤ bNþaRKYsarEdlmanTMnak;TMngTn;exSay mineGayman lT§PaBTTYlFnFannana BIRbPBCakmµsiT§ir Ym. kaN_enHekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGaCJaFrnana lk;éRBeQI b¤EdnTwknana EdlGñkTaMgLayenaHFøab;eRbIR)as;CaRbéBNI kñúgnamCakmµsiT§ir YménRbPBFnFanepSg² edaycat;TukfaCaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;BYkeK -Gñkkan;GMNac.

■ plénGMeBIBukrlYyCakarP½yxøac kñúgrUbPaBfa éføcMNayénGMeBIBukrlYy bnßylT§PaBRbkYtRbECg rbs;bNþaGaCIvkmµkm<úCa/ EdlbMP½yGñkvinieyaKbreTs nigbegáItCaeRKOgbnÞúcbg¥ak;mineGay


shRKasBIEpñkminpøÚvkarEdlmaneCaKC½y GacqøgcUlmkEpñkpø Úvkar EdlenAeBlenaH BYkeKTTYlxus RtUvtamc,ab; cMeBaHkartMrUvpøÚvc,ab;d¾lM)akTaMgLay nigsMeNIrbs;m®nþIEdlTareGaybg;R)ak;éfø{sMrYl kar} b¤{karGnuBaØatnana}. RbkarenHnwgBnüWtkMeNInesdækic© b¤y:agehacNas; bgáeGaymankMeNIn esdækic© EtenAkñúgvis½ymYycMnYntUcEdleKGacpat;éføcMNayeTAelIGMeBIBukrlYyenH)an edaysarEteK maneRbobnana ¬ehIyCaerOy² CaeRbobkñúgry³eBlkMNt;¦ dUcCakUtaénkic©RBmeRBogBhusrés (MFA) b¤sMrab;bc© úb,nñ eKalneya)ayKaMBarnanarbs;GgÁkarshRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_esdækic© (OECD). GMeBIBukrlYy kñúgrUbPaBCakartMrUveGayGaCIvkmµTaMgLaybg;éføcMNayEbbKµanplitPaB )anbnßycMnYnkargarEdlGacman nigbnßyR)ak;kéRmEdleKGacbg;eGayBlkr RBmTaMgbnßyGRta kMeNIn nigBhuPavUbnIykmµesdækic©.

plsrubén)atuPaBTaMgLay rbs;GMeBIBukrlYyenH Bi)aknwgKNnaCamYynwgkMritCak;lak;NamYy Nas; b:uEnþvaBitCamanTMhMFMKYreGaycab;GarmµN_. fVIebIGMeBIBukrlYy RKan;EtCanimitþehtuRbkbedaykar CECkKñaminTan;dac;eRscmYy énbNþabBaðaecaTCamUldæan Tak;TgnwgKNenyüPaB nigRbsiT§PaBrbs;rdækþI vaCanimitþehtud¾sMxan;mYyEdleKRtUvEtxMRbwgERbgCMnH ebIsinCaeKcg;eGaykm<úCaGacGPivDÆ)an. dUcEdl )anRBmeRBogKñarYcehIy rvagedæaPi)al nigédKUmkBIxageRkA c,ab;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy CalkçxNÐdMbUgd¾ sMxan; b:uEnþRbkarsMxan;esµIKñaenHKW bnÞab;BImanc,ab; sßab½nÉkraCTaMgLayRtUvRbtibtþic,ab;enH y:agKYr eGayeCOTukcitþ)an.

snþisuxmnusSeRkayeBlcb;s®gÁam

karFanaeGayRbCaBlrdæmansuvtßiPaB kñúgkMritmYyEdlGacTTYlyk)an Tl;nwgbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ nigGMeBIhwgSaTaMgLay KWCatYnaTIsñÚlmYyrbs;rdæEdlkMNt;PaBRsbc,ab;énrdæaPi)al cMeBaHmuxRbCaBlrdæ nigCaFatud¾sMxan;mYyéneKalneya)ay{GPivDÆn_} EdlCaerOy² minRtUv)aneKKitdl;. karEfrkSac,ab; nigsNþab;Fñab;CaFrman RBmKñanwgkarFanaPaBesµImuxKña EdleKarBtamy:agRtwmRtUvnUvnItiv iFI nigsiT§iBlrdæ KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;EdlrdæaPi)alnImYy²RtUveFVI. k¾b:uEnþ vaCakargard¾lM)akkñúgkarsMerceKaledAenH enAkñúg sgÁmTaMgLay eRkayeBlcb;s®gÁam. enAkñúgsgÁmEbbenH smtßPaBsßab½n nigKNenyüPaB kñúgcMeNam esvanKr)al snþisux nigtulakarmankMrit/ CaerOy² RckpøÚvc,ab;CapøÚvkarminGacpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)an yutþiFm’sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña)aneT/ eKGacrk)anGavuFFuntUcenARKb;TisTI nigPaBRtUvRbQmmuxCaRbcaMeTAnwg GMeBIhwgSa kñúgnamCameFüa)ayRtdrrs; CakaredaHRsayvivaT nigedIm,IQaneTAmux )aneFVIeGayRbsiT§PaB énviFankarsgÁmsMrab;RbqaMgnwg\riyabfhwgSa cuHexSay.


tamkarelIkeLIgBImunenH RbCaCnkm<úCarIkrayy:agxøaMgnwgkarN_fa TIbBa©b;BYkeKTTYl)ansnþiPaB. kñúgTsvtS 1980 ¬nigBak;kNþalTImYyénTsvtS 1990¦ TMnas;rvagExµrRkhm nigrdæaPi)al KWCa ]bsKÁd¾F¶n;F¶rminGacsµan)an cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ. kñúgTMnas;enH RbCaBlrdæsIuvil)anRbQmmuxnwgkar rgeRKaHfñak;BIPaKITaMgsgxag. dMeNaHRsaycugeRkayénTMnas;enH )anpþl;esrIPaBeGayRbCaBlrdæGaceFVI dMeNIr/ eRCIserIsmuxrbrpÞal;xøÜn nigRbmUlpþúMkarvinieyaK nigRTBüsm,tþi edayKµankarP½yxøacfa GVI²TaMg enaHGacrgkarbMpøaj b¤RtUvCnRbdab;GavuFTaMgLayrwbGUsyk ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 2 kñúgvKÁTI 1¦.

rdæaPi)alk¾smnwgTTYl)anKuNsm,tþi;pgEdr cMeBaHskmµPaBEdlmankarcat;Ecgd¾l¥ kñúgkarRbmUl nigbMpøajGavuFFunRsalEdlmanenARKb;TisTI cab;taMgBIcugTsvtS 1990 mk. karbnßyPaBraysay énGavuFyuT§PNÐ minEmnCadMeNaHRsayTaMgRsugénbBaða]Rkidækmµ nigGMeBIhwgSaeT b:uEnþvaCakarrYmcMENk d¾FMmYy.

eTaHy:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCaenAbnþCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxd¾F¶n;F¶r Tak;TgnwgkarFana snþisuxmnusS ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 7>6¦. kargarenAvalénkarsikSarbs; MOPS nig PPA Tenøsab )anrkeXIjkar)armÖenARKb;TisTI GMBIkarkekIteLIgnUvRkumekµgBalTaMgLay/ Gñklk;fñaMejón nigkareRbI R)as;fñaMejón RBmTaMgGMeBIrMelaPbMBanmYycMnYn BIsMNak;GñkmanGMNacnanaenAtammUldæan CYnkaleTot edaymankarcUlédCasMgat;CamYyGaCJaFr edIm,IbeNþjshKmn_mUldæanmYycMnYn ecjBIdI nigFnFannana EdleKeTIbnwgeFVIeGayeTACakmµsiT§iÉkCn edayxusc,ab; kñúgeBlfµI².

RbkarmYyeTotEdlsMxan;EdrenaH KWminRtUvemIlrMlgbBaðananaénsnþisuxmnusSenAkñúgrgVg;RKYsar nig tYnaTIrbs;va kñúgnamCaktþaEdlbNþaleGaymanPaBRkIRk nigkekIteLIgBIPaBRkIRk eLIy. eK)anTTYl sÁal;fa GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarCabBaðad¾F¶n;F¶r cab;taMgBIBak;kNþalTsvtS 1990 mk. GMeBIhwgSaeTAelI®sþI EdleKkMBugCECkKñaminTan;dac;eRsc enAEtCabBaðaecaTd¾FMmYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa )anqøúHbBa©aMgBIzan³ sgÁmTabCagrbs;®sþIpg nigCaépÞeRkaymYyénkarpøas;bþÚrtMélsIlFm’nanapg EdlenAkñúgenaH ry³eBl CaeRcInTsvtSénGMeBIhwgSa nigrbYspøÚvcitþ )aneFVIeGaykareRbIGMeBIhwgSakñúgbribTepSg² køayeTACaRbRktI Cagmun -TaMgkñúgn½yfa {CaTUeTACagmun} nig{tk;søútticCagmun}- RBmTaMgTTYlkarpþnÞaBIsgÁmticCagmun ¬b¤manRbsiT§PaBticCag¦ ¬Zimmerman 1995¦. karsikSafµI² GMBIGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarsMrab;RksYg kic©karnarI ¬Indochina Research 2005¦ )anrkeXIjfa 64° énGñkpþl;cMelIy sÁal;bþImñak;EdlFøab; RbRBwtþGMeBIhwgSaeTAelIragkayrbs;RbBn§xøÜn/ 23° én®sþI)anraykarN_fa Føab;rgeRKaHBIGMeBIhwgSarbs;bþI BYkeK ¬ehIyB½t’manenH dUcKñaebHbiTnwgtYelxEdleK)ankt;RtaTuk kñúgqñaM 2000/ CDHS¦. enAkñúg karsikSaedayELkBIKñamYy GMBIrebobedaHRsayvivaTenAtammUldæannana TaMgGñkpþl;cMelIyBItamshKmn_ TaMgRkumRbwkSaXMu )ankMNt;TMnas;kñúgRKYsar rYmTaMgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar faCaTMrg;EdlsMbUrCageKTIBIr


RbGb; 7>6³ bTelµIsRBhµTNÐ nigGMeBIhwgSa KWCabBaðaecaTBitR)akd -ehIyRbEhlCa kMBugekIneLIg. eKeXIjmanPaBxusKñaxøH² kñúgkaryl;eXIjnana GMBITMenarénbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ rvagkEnøgRsavRCavepSg²Kña

énkarsikSarbs; MOPS. enAkñúgPUmicMnYnBIr GñkcUlrYmyl;fa snþisuxmansPaBl¥ manEtbTelµIstUctacxøH² b:ueNÑaH ehIy®sþITaMgLay GacecjedIrkñúgeBlyb;RbkbedaysuvtßiPaB. b:uEnþ sMrab;PUmiPaKeRcIn eKeXIjman kar)armÖ KYreGaykt;sMKal;.

GMeBIlYc nigbøn; CaGVIEdlfµI enAkñúgPUmirbs;BYkeyIg. munenH eyIgKµan)armÖ kñúgkarElgeKaRkbIrbs;BYkeyIg enAÉval q¶ayBIPUmi edaymincaM)ac;tamXVal kñúgry³eBlRbmaNBIr b¤bIEx enaHeLIy. b:uEnþ \LÚvenH eyIgmin GaceFVIdUcenH)aneToteT nigRtUvtamXValeKaRkbIrbs;eyIgeBjmYyéf¶. dgkþar/ kMBg;FM. bBaðananaEdleKEtgelIkeLIgCaTUeTA KWecarlYcRTBüsm,tþiEdldak;ecal KµankartamXøaMemIl dUcCamg b¤stV

Bahn³/ GMeBIbøn; ehIyCabBa©b; RkumekµgBalEdlvayKñaCamYyRkumepSg²eTot kñúgeBlmanbuNüTan enAkñúgPUmi EdlmankarCb;elog nigraMelg. )atuPUtsgÁmCaRkumekµgBalenAtamCnbTenH eTIbEtekIteLIgfµI²enH ¬PUmiepSg² Kña)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa va)ankekIteLIgenAkñúgPUmiRsukrbs;BYkeK kñúgrvagqñaM 2000 nig 2003¦ b:uEnþ va)anrIkFM eLIgy:agqab;rh½s ehIyva)anbgákar)armÖ enAtamCnbTPaKeRcIn.

yuvCnCMTg;enAkñúgshKmn_enH hak;dUcCabgáCMelaH kñúgcMeNamBYkeKpÞal;. sUm,IEtbBaðad¾tUcmYy k¾GacbgáCa karvaytb;KñaEdr. BYkeKminTan;eRbIeRKOgejón enAeLIyeT -tamFmµta BYkeKeRcInEtbgáCMelaH kñúgeBlman buNüTan enAkñúgPUmi. BYkeKmankaMbit nigRcvak;enACab;nwgxøÜn sMrab;eRbICaGavuF enAeBlvaytb;Kña. dgkþar/ kMBg;FM. GñkPUmiTaMgLaymanKMnitmYycMnYn EdlTaMgGs;enaH manPaBdUcKñakñúgcMeNamPUmicMnYn 9 Tak;TgnwgmUlehtu

énGMeBIhwgSa nigbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ. GMeBIlYc Tak;TgpÞal;nwgPaBRkIRk CaBiess karRbmUlpl)antic )anCMruj eGayRKYsarmYycMnYn Føak;eTAkñúgPaBTurKt ehIykarlYckMbiukkMbu:k CaerOgmYyEdleKGacyl;)an faCaFatumYyén yuT§sa®sþRtdrrs;rbs;BYkeK. b:uEnþ KMnitEdlyl;RtUvKñaCageK KWkarkekItRkumekµgBal EdlCaRkumyuvCnTaMgLay bNþalmkBImankarbgðajkan;EteRcIneLIg²nUvvb,Fm’{breTs} nigrUbPaBénCIvitd¾rugerOg rbs;RkumCnBalnana b¤mYytamry³TUrTsSn_ b¤mYytamkaremIleXIjpÞal; kñúgeBleFVIkarCaBlkrGenþaRbevsn_enAkñúgRbeTséf.

RkumekµgBalmYy)anekIteLIgtaMgBIqñaM 2000 mk kñúgdMNak;kalmYyEdlmnusSekµg² naMKñaecjeTArk kargareFVI enACitRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf. BYkeK)ancMlgyk\riyabfGaRkk;enH mkBIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTs éf. >>> BYkGñkEdlKitfaxøÜneKCaCnBalv½yekµg EtgEtbgáCMelaHCamYyyuvCnÉeTot² enAeRkAPUmi CaBiess kñúg»kasmanRBwtþikarN_Biessnana dUcCabuNü. GNþÚgRtac/ )at;dMbg. k¾b:uEnþ CYnkal FatuGaRkk;²EdleKmincg;)an ehIyEdleK)andak;kMhusfaCamUlehtuénbBaða Gacmkminq¶ay

CagBIPñMeBjeLIy ¬dUcCaenAPUmidgkþar/ kMBg;FM EdlyuvCnkñúgPUmiminh‘anmkcUlrYmbuNüeT eRBaHxøacekItCMelaH vaytb;Kña CamYyRkumyuvCnmkBIPñMeBj EdlkMBugeFVIkarenAkñúgmUldæan¦. ¬ >>> teTATMB½rbnÞab;¦


énvivaTenAfñak;PUmi ¬CAS 2005¦. dUcKñaenHEdr enAkñúgkarRsavRCavsþIBIlT§PaBTTYl)anyutþiFm’ GaCJaFr XMuTaMgLay)anRbmaNfa 48° énerOgkþITaMgLayEdleKbþwgmkBYkKat; Tak;TgnwgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar. enAtamXMuTaMgLayEdl)anRbmUlTinñn½yCak;EsþgénerOgkþI eXIjfa vivaTkñúgRKYsar ¬rYmTaMgkarElglHKña nigGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar¦manRbmaN 37° eTA 53° éncMnYnkþIsrub ¬UNDP 2005¦.

karGegátsMrab;RksYgkic©karnarI k¾)anrkeXIjkarTTYlyl;RBmCaeRcInEdr cMeBaHGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar edaymanGñkeqøIyGegátRbmaNmYyPaKbI yl;RsmtamBMenalfa vaCaGMeBIEdl {CYnkal eKGacTTYlyk )an}.

GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar -nigGMeBIhwgSa kñúgn½yTUeTA- KWCabBaðaénPaBRkIRk edayeyagtamehtuplmYy cMnYn. TImYy niymn½yd¾TUlMTUlaymYyénPaBRkIRk faCaPaBKµansuxumalPaB )anTTYlsÁal;PaBxVHxat GVI²eRcIny:ag kñúgcMeNamenaH mankarRbQmmuxnwgGMeBIhwgSaeTAelIrUbragkay KWCacMNucd¾sMxan;.

TIBIr eKeXIjmanTMnak;TMngnanad¾xøaMg ¬kñúgTisTaMgBIr¦ rvagGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar nigPaBRkIRksmÖar³ ¬RbGb; 7>7¦. GñkcUlrYmkarRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfa eKcat;TukPaBRkIRkfaCaktþarYmpSMmYy enAkñúgGMeBI hwgSakñúgRKYsar. GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarekItmanjwkjab;CageK nigman\T§iBlFMCageK enAkñúgcMeNamRkumGñk RkCageKbg¥s;. TMnak;TMngehtunigpl k¾rt;kñúgTisb®Ba©asKñapgEdr TaMgkñúgkarRsavRCavrbs; MOPS TaMgkñúg PPA Tenøsab GñkeqøIyGegát)anemIleXIjGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar faman\T§iBleFVIeGayRKYsarnana Føak;eTAkñúgPaBRkIRky:agc,as; nigedaypÞal; eRBaHRTBüsm,tþiRtUvrgkarbMpøaj/ éføcMNaysMrab;karBüa)al

RbGb; 7>5 ¬t¦ bTelµIsRBhµTNÐ nigGMeBIhwgSa KWCabBaðaecaTBitR)akd -ehIyRbEhlCa kMBugekIneLIg.

ktþacugeRkayEdleKemIleXIjfa )anrYmcMENkeFVIeGaymansnþisuxminl¥ cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþi nigmnusS KWGRbsiT§PaBénGCJaFrmUldæan. RbCaBlrdæt¥ÚjEt¥rfa nKr)almin)anbgðajx¶Ün nigxMRbwgTb;sáat;bTelµIseLIy. ebIsinCaGñkPUmicab;)anCnEdleKsgS½yfaCaecar b¤CnBalEdlbgáCMelaH nigbBa¢ÚnBYkeKeTAeGaynKr)al CaTUeTA nKr)alEtgedaHElgBYkeK eRkayBIBYkeK ¬b¤mitþPkþiBYkeK¦ bg;sMNUkeGay b¤mYy nKr)alTamTareGayCn rgeRKaHTaMgLaybg;luy sMrab;karXMuxøÜnBYkCnelµIsTaMgenaH enAkñúgTIXMuXaMg. edayELk eK)anelIkeLIgfa nKr)aleKcmuxecjBIBYkekµgBal edIm,IecosvagkarpþnÞaeTas kUnrbs;Gñkman b¤GñkmanGMNacFM. b:uEnþ ebIkalNa GaCJaFrmUldæaneFVIskmµPaBedayqnÞ³emaHmut ¬dUckrNImYyEdl)anekIteLIgenA )ae)ag extþéRBEvg¦ BYkeKBitCa eFVIkar)aneCaKC½y.

RbPB³ CDRI 2006 ¬nwgecjpSaynaeBlxagmuxenH¦.


ekIneLIg ÉR)ak;cMNUlRtUv)at;bg;. vak¾rYmcMENkpgEdr eFVIeGayPaBRkIRkbnþmanCab;Canic© BICMnan;mYyeTA CMnan;mYyeTot eRBaHkareronsURtrbs;kUn² RtUvbBaÄb;. mnusSRbmaN 20° EdlFøab;rgGMeBIhwgSaBI sMNak;bþI¼RbBn§ )anniyayfa kUn²rbs;BYkeKxaneTAeron rvag 5-20 dg kñúgqñaM knøgeTAenH ¬Indochina

Research 2005¦.

ebIsinCaGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarmankMritx<s; EdlRtUvRbkasGasnñBitEmnenaH karkMNt;TMenarnanak¾man lkçN³sµúKsµajCagEdr. dUcCakarvaytMélelIGMeBIBukrlYyedayEp¥kelIkarGegátEdr eKminGacdwg)an Cak;lak;fa manGRtaefr¬b¤ekIneLIg¦énGMeBIenH )anqøúHbBa©aMgBITMenarCak;Esþg b¤mYyCaectnarbs;Gñk eqøIyGegátEdlcg;TTYlsÁal; nigxMRbwgCMnHbBaðaenH b¤mYyGacCakarlayLMKñaénCMerIsTaMgBIr. shKmn_ km<úCaTaMgLay nigGaCJaFrmUldæan kt;sMKal;eXIjkan;EteRcIneLIgfa GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar CavivaTd¾FMmYy enAkñúgkMritmUldæan EdlBYkeKRtUvxMRbwgERbgedaHRsay. tMrUvkarFnFan sMrab;xMRbwgCMnHGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar kMBugekIneLIgenAfñak;mUldæan EdlsrbBa¢ak;fa kñúgeBlminyUrb:unµanxagmuxenH GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar ElgenA CabBaðakñúgrgVg;RKYsareTotehIy EtCabBaðarbs;c,ab; nigtulakar. r)aykarN_vaytMélelIkarb®Ba¢ab EynD½r rbs;kmµviFIsila )anrkeXIjfa karTb;sáat;GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar Cab;lMdab;fñak;elxmYy enAkñúg {sMeNIrbs;EynD½r} EdleFVIeLIgedayRkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat; enAkñúgEpnkarXMuqñaM 2005 rbs;eK KWRbmaNCa 25° énsMeNITaMgGs; ¬Brereton 2005:47-48¦.

RbkarKYrcab;GarmµN_ -ehIyRbkarenHpÞúyBIcMNab;GarmµN_TUeTA ecjBIkarGegátnanaEdlfa GMeBIhwgSa kñúgRKYsarmansPaBefr b¤mYyRbEhlCakMBugekIneLIg- KWkarRsavRCavedaymankarcUlrYmrbs; MOPS enAkñúgPUmicMnYn 9 )anpþl;lT§plCakarcab;GarmµN_dUcKñaebHbiT BIGñkeqøIyGegát Ca®sþI k¾dUcCaburs fasßanPaBenH)anrgkarEklMGRbesIreLIg ¬RbGb; 7>8¦. karemIleXIjEbbenH edayGñkTaMgLay EdleK)ansYr KWCalT§plénkarGb;rM nigkareXasnac,ab; ¬EdlmankarcUlrYmy:agTUlMTUlay BIsMNak; bNþasm<½n§PaB rvagRksYgénrdæaPi)al nigbNþaGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil¦. PaBxusKñarvagkarGegát nigkarRsav RCavEbbKuNPaBnana Tak;TgnwgFmµCati nigTMenarrbs;GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar KWCabBaðamYyEdlRtUvsikSa RsavRCavCabnþeTAeTot.


RbGb; 7>6 PaBRkIRk nigGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar BRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk enAkñúgkarRsavRCavrbs; MOPS eK)anTTYldwgfa GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar CaerOgr:avFmµta enAkñúgbNþaRKYsar

RkIRk. eKeXIjfa mYyEpñk karN_enHbNþalmkBIPaBtantwgpøÚvcitþ EdlPaBRkIRk)anpÞúkeTAelITMnak;TMngnana ehIymYyEpñkeTot bNþalmkBIkarFøak;cuHénsIlFm’ nigEbbnanaén\riyabf ¬dUcCakaresBsura nigkarelg El,gsIusg¦ EdlCamUlehtuénPaBRkIRkrbs;bursmYycMnYn nigRKYsarrbs;BYkeK k¾GacCamUlehtuénGMeBIhwgSa kñúgRKYsarEdr.

GñkdwgehIyfa eBlEdlRbCaCnRk BYkKat;eqvqav nigmanTMenareTARbRBwtþGMeBIGaRkk;y:aggay -cayluy eTAelIvtßúmincaM)ac;nana dUcCaRsa b¤elgEl,gsIusg. enAeBlEdlRbBn§rbs;BYkeK esñIeGayBYkeKQb;RbRBwtþ BYkeKk¾vaynagEtmþg. RkumRbCaBlrdæRkIRk/ kMBg;FM. eKk¾cab;GarmµN_Edrfa vivaT nigGMeBIhwgSaenAkñúgrgVg;RKYsar bNþaleGayekItmanPaBRkIRk b¤eFVIeGayvabnþ

manCanirnþr_ eRBaHCnelµIsEtgEtbMpøajRTBüsm,tþirbs;RKYsarxøÜn -CYnkalbMpøajpÞHEtmþg- kñúgeBlEdlBYkeKkMBug xwgxøaMg minGacRKb;RKgxøÜnÉg)an.

GMeBIhwgSaeFVIeGayekItmanPaBRkIRk eRBaHkalNaBYkeKRbRBwtþGMeBIhwgSa BYkeKkMeTccanqñaMg dutpÞH nigexaGav rbs;BYkeK. cMENkÉmnusSTaMgLay RKan;EtQremIlBYkeKb:ueNÑaH eRBaHeKminGaceFVIGVImYy edIm,ICYyBYkeK )aneLIy. dgkþar/ kMBg;FM. BIr-bIéf¶knøgeTAenH manvivaTenAkñúgRKYsarmYy rvagbþI nigRbBn§. >>> Rsab;bþI)andutkUnxÞmrbs;BYkeKeqHGs;. >>> GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar bBa©b;edaykarxatbg;RTBüsm,tþid¾eRcIn. ®sþImñak;énRkumRbCaBlrdæRkIRk/ dgkþar/ kMBg;FM. eRkABIplnanaeTAelIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgb:unµanenH enAkñúgPUmicMnYnBIr eKk¾)anelIkeLIgpgEdr GMBI\T§iBleTAelIkar

eronsURtrbs;kUn². GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsark¾Tak;TgpgEdrtamEbbRbeyal Ety:agxøaMg eTAnwgPaBRkIRkenAkñúgKMnit rbs;RbCaCn eRBaHeK)aneXIjCaerOy²fa vabBa©b;edaykarElglHKña b¤karrs;enAEbkBIKña ehIyCaerOy² ®sþIEdl eTIbnwgElglHKña ¬EdlCaTUeTA bBa©b;enARtwmenApÞHemIlEfkUn¦ EtgFøak;cUleTAkñúgPaBRkIRk.

eKeXIjmanvtßúCaeRcInRtUv)at;bg; enAeBlekItmanGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar. >>> kñúgcMeNamenaH kUn²minGacbnþ kareronsURt)an eRBaHBYkeKxµas;GñkdéT ehIyk¾RtUvekµg²ÉeTot cMGkeGaypgEdr. ¬yuvCnmañk;/ PUmiRksaMg/ )at;dMbg¦ RbmaN 10 eTA 12 qñaMmun «BukxJúMcUlcitþpwkRsa ehIyenAeBlRsvwg Kat;EtgEtvaymþayxJú M. kñúgeBleQøaHKña ´ nigb¥Ún²´BIrnak; Etgrt;ecjBIpÞHCaerOy². >>> BYkeyIgcab;epþImrs;enAedayxøÜnÉg BIrqñaMmkehIy. edaysarkareQøaHTas;ETgKñaCaerOy²enaH ´min)aneTAeroneToteLIy ehIy\LÚvenH ´CaGñkrksIuciBa©wm RKYsar ´GacbBa¢Únb¥Ún²´TaMgGs;eTAsalaeron. ®sþIGayu 22 qñaM/ RkumeKaledABiPakSayuvnarI/ dgkþar/ kMBg;FM.

RbPB³ CDRI 2006 ¬nwgecjpSaynaeBlxagmuxenH¦


sMelg/ karcUlrYm nigKNenyüPaBsgÁm

Rbvtþisa®sþeRbobeFobénGnþrCatibgðajfa karEklMGeGayRbesIreLIgnana kñúgGPi)alkic© nigsMTuHén karGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁmEdlCalT§pléndMeNIrkarenaH )anTak;TgnwgRbkarBIry:ag³ ¬1¦ KMnitpþÜcepþIm

RbGb; 7>8³ karRsavRCavEbbKuNPaB bgðajBIkarfycuHénGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar enAkñúgPUmimYycMnYn enAkñúgPUmiPaKeRcInénkarRsavRCavrbs; MOPS GñkcUlrYmTaMgLay ¬TaMg®sþI TaMgburs¦ raykarN_fa krNI

GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar)anfycuHeRcIn kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH. enAkñúgPUmicMnYn 6 eK)anerobrab;GMBIPaBRbesIr eLIgenH faRbRBwtþeTAy:agelOn -ehIykrNIGMeBIhwgSaEdlenAman KWCaGVIEdlenAesssl;tictYc- ehIyenAkñúg PUmiBIreTot fakarEklMGenHRbRBwtþeTAyWtCagbnþic EtKYreGaykt;sMKal;. enAkñúgPUmieRkABIenaH eK)anerobrab;fa GMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsarekIteLIgCajwkjab; edayKµaneyabl;fa manTMenarEbbNamYyeT. PaBRbesIreLIgenH Tak;Tg nwg\T§iBlénkareXasnaTaMgLay edaymanCMnYyBITUrTsSn_ nigviTüú EdleK)andak;BRgayenAkñúgPUmiTaMgenaH sþIBIkaryl;dwgGMBIsgÁm nigc,ab; ¬EdlmansarCaeRcInsþIBIkarxMRbwgCMnHGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar¦. enAkñúgPUmicMnYn 5 eK)anelIkeLIgGMBIsikçasalasMrab;bNþúHbNþalGMBIsiT§imnusS Tak;TgnwgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar EdleFVIedaybNþa GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al. GñkcUlrYmkarRsavRCavTaMgLay TMngCaeCOelIkareXasnaTaMgenaH CamYyRbsiT§PaB KYreGaykt;sMKal; rhUtdl;eKnaMKñaniyayfa bursTaMgLayenAkñúgPUmiEdlenAbnþeFVI)abRbBn§rbs;xøÜn KWCaGñkEdl min)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalTaMgenaH. RbkarmYyEdlsMxan;EdrenaH KWkaryl;dwgxøaMgCagmun GMBIc,ab;RbqaMg nwgGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar nigkMeNInectnaeFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;GaCJaFrmUldæan ¬EdlCaplénkarGb;rMsaFarN³ nig kareXasnaGMBIkaryl;dwgc,ab;¦. sßanPaBenATabq¶ayBIGVIEdlKYrman GVIEdlnKr)al nigGaCJaFrmUldæan RBmTaMg {c,ab;rs;}sMrab;edaHRsayvivaTenAfñak;mUldæan enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa pþl;sar³sMxan;eGayenaH KWkarpSHpSaKña nig karBin½ytictYcCanimitþrUb CakarXMuxøÜnBIrbIéf¶enAkñúgBn§naKar minEmnCakarRbtibtþic,ab;y:agtwgrwugeLIy. k¾bu:En þ karrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénc,ab;fµI² nigkarGb;rMGMBIc,ab;y:agskmµ BitCanaMeGaymankarEklMGeGay)anRbesIrCagsßanPaB BImun EdlkalenaH eK)ancat;TukGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar faCabBaðakñúgrgVg;RKYsarsuT§saFEdlGñkeRkA -GñkPUmi nig GaCJaFrmUldæan- minGac b¤Bi)aknwglUkédcUleFVIGnþraKmn_.

kalmun enAeBlEdlbþIvayRbBn§rbs;xøÜn RbBn§minh‘aneTAbþwgnKr)aleT Etbc©úb,nñ eRkayBIGñkKaMRTsiT§i®sþI )anmkdl;TIenH RbBn§)anTamTarsiT§irbs;xøÜn enAÉsßanIynKr)al eGayeKcab;bþIenaHXMu nigRBman. xSac;CIrs;. \LÚvenH kñúgmNÐlrbs;eyIg manGMeBIhwgSaticCagkalBIR)aMqñaMmun eRBaHcab;BIeBlenaHmk eyIg)anGnuvtþ viFankarmYycMnYn RbqaMgnwgGMeBIxusqÁgenH. Ca]TahrN_ GaCJaFrcab;GñkRbRBwtþelµIs nigXMuxøÜnBYkeK enAkñúg sßanIynKr)al mYy b¤BIréf¶ edIm,IeGayCnelµIs nigGñkEdlb:unb:gRbRBwtþelµIsTaMgLay xøacrEGg nigQb;eFVIGMeBI GaRkk;. dgkþar/ kMBg;FM.

RbPB³ CDRI 2006 ¬nwgecjpSaynaeBlxagmuxenH¦


rbs;bNþaemdwknaMEdlmIleXIjEvgq¶ay nigkMENTMrg;TaMgLay EdleK)ancab;epþImeFVIeLIgenAkñúgrdæenaH nig ¬2¦ karTamTard¾mankarerobryl¥ rbs;RkumsgÁmsIuvilEdlxitxMCMrujeGaymankardak;bBa©Úlpl RbeyaCn_rbs;BYkeK eTAkñúgkarksageKalneya)ay. enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCaenARbeTsÉeTot²Edr karBRgwgtYnaTIrbs;rdæ kñúgnamCaGñkRKb;RKgmYyénkarpøas;bþÚrry³eBlEvg Edlnwgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nwg TamTarGVI²eRcInCagdMeNaHRsaybec©keTssuT§saF kñúgTMrg;CakarerobcMsßab½nfµI² nigdMeNIrkarnanaén eKalneya)aykñúgrgVg;rdæaPi)aleTAeTot . RbCaBlrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvilEdlmankarerobryl¥ - rYmTaMg smaKm GaCIvkmµTaMgLay- mantYnaTICaKnøwHsMrab;bMeBj kñúgnamCaskmµCnsVy½tEdlCYyCMrujkarGPivDÆ esdækic© nigsgÁmpg nigCaKUsnÞnaCamYyrdæaPi)alpg.

RckpøÚvnanasMrab;karcUlrYm rbs;RbCaBlrdæ

edayehtuenH karEklMGRbsiT§PaBrbs;rdæ TamTarkarqøas;bBa©ÚlKñanUvbNþakMENTMrg; {EpñkpÁt;pÁg;} ¬rdæ)alsaFarN³ RBmTaMgkMENTMrg;énkarRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³/ karksagsmtßPaBsßab½n.l.¦ bNþakarGPivDÆén{EpñktMrUvkar} ¬karbegáInsmtßPaBRbCaBlrdækm<úCa sMrab;cUlrYmkñúgkarCECkEvkEjkTaMg LayGMBIeKalneya)ay nigeFVIkarTamTarRbkbedaykaryl;dwg manehtupl nigy:agmanRbsiT§PaB eGayrdæaPi)alEklMGkargarrbs;xøÜn¦. karTamTarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ eTaHCa)anelIkeLIgCabuKÁlkþI nig CaRkumtamry³GgÁkarNamYykþI GacCYyeFVIeGayrdæaPi)al nigrdæ manKNenyüPaBRbesIrCagmun ehIy TegVIEbbenHnwgnaMeGayRbsiT§PaBrbs;rdæ niglT§plénkarGPivDÆ manlkçN³RbesIreLIg.

dUcCaenAkñúgRbeTsRbCaFibetyüepSg²eTotEdr eKalkarN_KNenyüPaBrbs;km<úCa ekItecjmk BIrdæFmµnuBaØ ehIyvaEp¥kelITMnak;TMngCaKnøwHbI³ TImYy rvagRbCaBlrdæ nigrdæ/ TIBIr rvagbNþam®nþIEdleK )aneRCIserIs nignieyaCitnanaénEpñksaFarN³ b¤Rkumh‘unTaMgLayénEpñkÉkCn EdlTTYl)ankic©snüa nigTTYlxusRtUv pþl;esvasMxan;² eTAeGayRbCaBlrdæ nigTIbI rvagGñkpþl;esvanana nigRbCaBlrdæEdl CaGñkeRbIesvaTaMgenaH ¬rUb 7>3¦.

Gacniyay)anmü:ageTotfa RbCaBlrdæGacbBa¢ÚnkarTamTareTAtamRckpøÚv ¬1¦ Rbeyal eday RbCaBlrdæe)aHeqñateGayGñkneya)ayTaMgLay EdlGacpþl;lT§pldl;BYkKat;vij ¬dUcCakMeNInesdækic© EdlbegáItkargarfµI² b¤mYyesvaEdlmanKuNPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun¦ edayeFVIeGayGñkpþl;esvaTaMgLay manKNenyüPaB b¤mYy ¬2¦ pÞal; edaypþl;eGayRbCaBlrdæ nigGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilTaMgLaynUvB½t’man nana ¬dUcCakarEbgEckfvikasMrab;salaeron b¤mnÞIrBüa)al b¤GMBIsþg;daGb,brmanana sMrab;karpþl;esva¦


nigkarRtYtBinitü ¬dUcCakarcUlrYmkñúgbNþaKN³kmµaFikarRKb;RKgénmNÐlsuxPaB b¤RkumRbwkSaPi)alén salaeron¦ EdleKRtUvkar edIm,I;eFVIeGayGñkpþl;esvaTaMgLaymanKNenyüPaB.

karvivtþénsgÁmsIuvil

TMnak;TMngnana rvagrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvilenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeRkayeBlcb;s®gÁam - niglT§PaBnana sMrab;eGayRbCaBlrdæbBa¢ÚnkarTamTarTaMgLayeTAtamRckpøÚv dUckñúgKMnUrbMRbYjkñúgrUb 7>3- man lkçN³ sµúKsµaj edaysarenAminTan;ksag)annUv sßab½npøÚvkard¾smRsb TaMgkñúgvis½yneya)ayTaMgkñúgvis½y sgÁmEdlGacpþl;eKal karN_sMrab;kMNt; nigeFVItamTsSnvis½y Edlrab;cUlCaGtþsBaØaN nigkarGPivDÆ Cati . dUcKñanwgkarN_fa eKRtUvksagrdækm<úCaeLIgvij eRkayqñaM 1979 cab;BIcMNucsUnü eKk¾RtUvksag sgÁmsIuvilkm<úCaeLIgvij ecjBIkarb:unb:gbMpøajsßab½nsgÁmTMagGs;edayectna edayrbbExµrRkhm b¤mYy TMrg;énGtþsBaØaN - RKYsar/ RBHBuT§sasna/ PUmiRsuk nigtMbn;- EdlGacRbkYtRbECgPaBesµaHRtg; CamYy nwgsBaØaN{bkSKWrdæ}. fVIebIeK)anksagsßab½nTaMgenaH enAkMritmUldæanmYyrYcehIykþI TMnas;CaeRcInTsvtS )anpþl;lT§pl CakarhinehacsnñiFiénmUlFnsgÁm ¬Colletta and Cullen 2000¦11. karb:unb:gbMpus KMnitpþÜcepþImnanaénkarGPivDÆenAtammUl dæan edayeRbIPasafa Rkum/ shkrN_/ RkumsamKÁI b¤mYykargarrYm k¾RtUvxMRbwg RbyuT§ nwgn½yGviC¢manrbs;BaküTaMgenH Edl)ankekIteLIg kñúgrbbExµrRkhmEdr ¬nigrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa b:uEnþ kñúgvisalPaBtUcCagenHeRcIn¦.

11 eKeRbIBakü {mUlFnsgÁm} sMrab;sMKal;RbéBNInanaénkic©shRbtibtþikar nigesckþIsb,úrs Edldk;Cab;enAkñúg

esckþITukcitþ nigGtþsBaØaNrYm.

rUb 7>3 RckpøÚvnanasMrab;karTamTarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ GacCaRckpÞal; b¤mYyRckRbeyal

RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelak 2003.


fVIebImankarCECkBiPakSaKñay:agskmµ GMBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñénGtþsBaØaNshKmn_ b¤skþanuBlsMrab; GtþsBaØaNenH nigkargar rYmKña enAfñak;mUldæanTabbMputkþI12 eKeXIj manPsþútagCaeRcInénbNþaGgÁkar minEmnrdæaPi)alEdleFVIkarenAfñak;x<s;CagkMritmUldæan . vis½yenH )anekItecjmkBIKµanGVIesaH cab;taMgBI karqøgeTAkan;lT§iRbCaFibetyü )ancab;epþImmYyTsvtSmun . fVIebI mancMnYnkrNIelIkElgkan;EteRcIn eLIgkþI tamFmµta GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alfñak;CatiEdl)ankekIteLIg cab;BIqñaM 1993 mkenaH KWCakarpþl;esva ÉkeTs nigGgÁkarts‘UmtinanaEdlTTYl )anbTBiesaFn_ BIGñkpþl;CMnYy nigBIkar KaMRTénbNþaGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)alGnþrCati eRcInCagBIbNþasmaKmfñak;mUldæan ¬dUc kñúgkrNIGaemrik LaTIn b¤GasIuxagt,Úg¦ EdlEp¥kelImuxrbr b¤PUmiRsuk b¤mYyBIkargarénGgÁkarmnusSFm’ EdltagnameGay vNÑ³kNþalmYyEdlElg mankgVl;hirBaØvtßú nigmanlMnwgl¥kñúgsgÁm13.

sm<½n§PaBénGñkpþl;CMnYy nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgenH )anbMpuskarbegáIt b¤karvivtþCabnþeTA eTot nUvbNþaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alfñak;Cati kñúgnamCaRkbxNÐeKal sMrab;karkekItsgÁmsIuvilkm<úCamYy d¾mankarerobryl¥EdlGacts‘Umti CYsmuxeGayRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigRkumGñkEdleKmin)anKitKUrdl; RBmTaMgpþl;esvananaeTAeGayRkumTaMgenaH tamviFId¾manRbsiT§PaB ¬Hughes 2002¦. BYkeKTTYl)an eCaKC½yEdlmanTMhMKYreGaykt;sMKal;. vaCakarKYeGayPJak;ep¥IlNas;fa enAkñúgkarRsavRCavrbs; MOPS GñkPUmiTaMgLayEdleK)ansYrGMBIskmµCnBIxageRkAPUmi EdlFøab;pþl;CMnYy b¤plRbeyaCn_Ebb NamYydl;BYkKat; )anelIkeLIgGMBIKMeragnanarbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aljwkjab;CagGñkpþl;esvaTaMg Lay rbs;rdæaPi)al. GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al )ankt;RtaTuknUveCaKC½yKYreGaykt;sMKal; kñúgkarpþl;vtßú nigesvacaM)ac;CamUldæan RBmTaMgpþl;cMeNHdwg nigKMnitTak;TgnwgbBaðanana dUcCasiT§imnusS/ GMeBIhwgSa kñúgRKYsar nigkarEfTaMsuxPaB ¬FMbMputKWkargarTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgCMgWhIuv¼eGds_¦. BYkeKk¾)anedIrtY y:agsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;{karBitBImUldæan} dl;rdæaPi)al nigkaryl;GMBIkarpøas;bþÚresdækic© nigsgÁm enAkñúg 12 vaminEmnmanlkçN³RsavRCavTaMgRsugeT kñúgkarkt;sMKal;fa GkSrsa®sþnrviTüa cab;BIbNþaqñaM 1950 dl;bNþa

qñaM 1960 bgðajfa sUm,IEtBImuneBlcab;epþIms®gÁamsIuvil k¾enAtamCnbTkm<úCamanEbbEpnénGgÁkarfñak;PUmi tictYc Edr. Tak;TgnwgRbkarenH nigkarCECkEvkEjkGMBIkMlaMgsgÁmsIuvilfñak;PUmi sUmeRbobeFob Collins 1998; Ashmoneit 1998; World Bank 2005; Biddulph 1996; Ovesen et al 1996; Conway 1999; Daubert 1996; Ebihara 1968; Delvert 1958; and Kiernan 1982. Aranvind 2005 )anpþl;nUvkar BinitüemIlCarYmd¾l¥mYy.

13 GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCati manmrtkCaRbvtþisa®sþd¾sMxan; minFmµta enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. kñúgbNþaqñaM 1980 eK)anbdiesFmineGaysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa manlT§PaBTTYlCMnYyGPivDÆpøÚvkar (ODA) eRBaHGgÁkarsh RbCaCatiminTTYlsÁal;eK. GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCati dUcCaGuksVam )ancUlmkedIrtYRbhak;RbEhlnwg Gñkpþl;CMnYy edayCYyksageLIgvijnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² nigpþl;esvaCamUldæan.


RbeTskm<úCa dl;Gñkpþl;CMnYy RBmTaMgRTRTg;eGayeKalneya)ayTaMgLay ykcitþTukdak;eTAelIesckþI RtUvkarrbs;smaCiksgÁmEdlRkIRkCageK nigEdleKmin)anKitKUrdl;.

k¾b:uEnþ karrIklUtlas;énEpñkGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edaymankar]btßmÖhirBaØvtßú nigCMnYy bec©keTsBIxageRkA min)anelIkkMBs;bBaðaCayuT§sa®sþd¾smRsbTak;TgnwgkarsMrbsMrYl/ KNenyüPaB/ PaBRtUvc,ab; nignirnþrPaBeLIy. ebIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgLay manbJsrak;²enAkñúgsgÁmRbcaMéf¶ énkm<úCaenaH eKeXIjmaneRKaHfñak;mYyfa pÞúyBIkarxitxMRbkbedaymnsikarEdlCaParkic©rbs;eK BYkeK Gacyl;min)anTaMgRsug GMBIesckþIRtUvkar nigGaTiPaBTaMgLay rbs;GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgmNÐlrbs;eK eLIy ¬sUmemIl O’Leary and Nee 2001¦. eKenAeXIjmanbBaðaecaTsMxan;² Tak;TgnwgkMriteBlevla EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgLay edIm,IkøayeTACamanlT§PaBsMerckic©karhirBaØvtßú eday Kµankar]btßmÖBIxageRkA RBmTaMgGRbsiT§PaBEdlGacekItman rbs;GgÁkarCaeRcInEdlRbkYtRbECgKña EsVgrkmUlniFikMNt;nana edaymanrcnasm<½n§sMrab;sMrbsMrYlKña d¾mankMrit ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 7>9¦.

bc©úb,nñ GgÁkarenAkMritmUldæanbMput nigclnasgÁmTaMgLay kMBug kekIteLIg nigBRgwgxøÜnÉg. kñúg cMeNamenaH GVIEdleKKYrkt;sMKal;bMputenaH KWGgÁkarshCIBnanaEdl)anrIkcMerIneLIg TnÞwmKñanwgkar rIklUtlas;én]sSahkmµkat;edr. k¾b:uEnþ k¾mankarkekItshB½n§ kñúgcMeNamRkumksikrfñak;tMbn; nigfñak; CatipgEdr cMENkÉenAfñak;PUmi smaKmvtþnana)ancab;epþImkan;tYnaTICaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;xøÜneLIgvij ehIy kñúgkrNIxøH )ankan;tYnaTIfµI² kñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic© nigsgÁm. y:agNak¾eday GgÁkar nigclnafñak;elI mUldæanTaMgLay sßitenAkñúgdMNak;dMbUgénkarGPivDÆ14. Gñkpþl;CMnYy ¬nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al GnþrCati¦ RtUvEtRbugRby½tñxøaMg elIrebobEdleKcg;eFVIkarCamYynwgclnaTaMgenaH. maneRKaHfñak;BitR)akd mYy Tak;Tgnwg{karsMlab;BYkeKedaycitþsb,úrs} edaydkPaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;BIBYkeK tamry³karpþl; mUlniFiBIeRkAy:agx¢Hx¢ay nigqab;pþl;eyabl;GMBIdMNak;kalnanaénkarvivtþieGayBYkeK CamuneBk.

14 eRkABIktþaRbvtþisa®sþ nigsgÁmneya)ay PaBkRménGgÁkarEdlEp¥kelIsmaCik mYyEpñk bNþalmkBIR)ak; cMNUl

enAmankMritd¾Tab Bi)aknwgbegáItGgÁkarGcié®nþy_nanaEdlmankarKaMRT BIviPaKTanénsmaCik TaMgLay Nas;.


dUcenH kñúgkrNIénRbeTskm<úCa karrIkcMerInénsgÁmsIuvil cab;BIqñaM 1993 mk KYrcat;TukCakar GPivDÆEbbfµICaRbvtþisa®sþ KYreGaycab;GarmµN_ EdlnaMmuxedaykarpøas;bþÚrsgÁm-esdækic© nigedaykMeNIn énkarRbQmmuxnwgKMnit nigcMeNHdwgsakl. karKaMRTrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCati nigGñkpþl; CMnYy cMeBaHGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alfñak;Cati mantYnaTId¾sMxan; kñúgkarCYybBa¢ÚnTsSnaTan GMBIsgÁmsIuvil/ karcUlrYm/ siT§imnusS nigKNenyüPaB mkkñúgsgÁm nigsunÞrkfaneya)aynanaenAkm<úCa RBmTaMgCYy begáIt nigRTRTg;TMhMénCMhanneya)aymYy sMrab;karkekItsgÁmsIuvil. k¾b:uEnþ CaerOy² Gñkpþl;CMnYy nig GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCatiTaMgLay GaceFVIkareRcInCagmun edIm,IKaMRT{karekIneLIg} énsgÁmsIuvil tamrebobEdleFVIeGayExµrTTYlbnÞúkeRcInCagmunelIdMeNIrkar nigeFVIeGaysgÁmsIuvilfñak;Caticak;bJseRCA eTAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa . TMnak;TMngrvagGñkpþl;CMnYy nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCatiTaMgLay nigGgÁkar min EmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kMBugEtvivtþy:agnwg tamTisenH b:uEnþenAmanRbEvgpøÚvd¾EvgeTAmuxeTotEdlRtUvedIr.

RbGb; 7>9³ karsMrbsMrYlskmµPaBTaMgLay rbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al enAEtCabBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxd¾FMmYy kñúgeBlkMBugsresrÉksarenH eKeXIjmanGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alGnþrCatiRbmaN 308 nigfñak;Cati 642

kMBugeFVIkarenAkm<úCa. kñúgqñaM 2004 GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgLay )ancMNayGs;Cit 124lan duløaGaemrik ¬esÞIrEteTVdgénkarcMNay 66lan duløaGaemrik kñúgqñaM 1996¦. fVIebIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgenH manPaB xusKñaxøaMgeFobnwgTMhM/ PaBCMnaj nigmhicäitakþI eKeXIjmankaryl;RsbKñakan;EteRcIn kñúgbMNgtP¢ab;bNþa bTBiesaFn_fñak;mUldæanbMput eTAkñúgmUldæanTinñn½yfñak;CatisþIBIeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFI. b:uEnþ kargarenHmankar lM)ak edaysarTMhMénkarRbwgERbgEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;sMrbsMrYlGgÁkard¾eRcIny:agenH. CamYynwgkarcab;epþImpÞúH kMeNInénEpñkGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al enAedImTsvtS 1990 eKRtUvbegáIteLIgCakMrit² nUvrcnasm<½n§sMrab;sMrb sMrYlmYy. rcnasm<½n§enHKWKN³kmµaFikarsMrbsMrYledIm,Ikm<úCa (CCC) EdlxitxMCYysMrYlkarpøas;bþÚrB½t’manKña/ karsMrbsMrYl nigeFVICaGñktMNagrYmmYy ¬rYmKñaCamYyevTikaénGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al¦ elIbBaðananaEdlCakgVl; rYm. BIeRkamKN³kmµaFikarsMrbsMrYledIm,Ikm<úCa manbNþajkargarminpøÚvkarcMnYn 38 sMrab;sMrbsMrYlbNþaGgÁkar minEmnrdæaPi)alEdleFVIkarenAkñúgvis½ydUcKña³ emDIkaM (MediCam) nigeGDUkaM (EduCam) ¬erogKñasMrab;vis½y suxaPi)al nigGb;rM¦ CabNþajkargard¾eCaKC½yEdl)anksagTMnak;TMngkargarl¥ CamYynwgRksYgBak;B½n§ nigGñk pþl;CMnYytamvis½y RBmTaMgcUlrYmkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaKñay:agTUlMTUlay elITisedAéneKalneya)ayGPivDÆ rbs; vis½ynImYy². eRkABIenH eKeXIjmanbNþajGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alfñak;extþcMnYn 15 Edlpþl;lT§PaBsMrab; karkekItfñak;cenøaHkNþalmYyén {bNþasßab½nCan;kNþal} enAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa EdlEklMGrMhUrB½t’man nigKMnitnana rvagfñak;mUldæanbMput nigrdæaPi)alCati.

RbPB³ Development Weekly 2005; Clarke 1998; Mysliwiec 1994; Conway 1999.


edIm,IksagenAelIGVIEdlsMerc)an nigerob cM begáItRkbxNÐeKalmYy sMrab;eGayTMnak; TMngTaMgLayrvagrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)al GacrIklUtlas;)aneTAtamKnøg viC¢ manmYy km<úCakMBugcab;epþImerobcMc,ab;mYy sMrab;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al . FnaKarBiPB elak)an yl;RBmpþl;CMnYybec©keTsdl;sh Kmn_én GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkarRBagc,ab; enH.

CabBa©b; karbegáIteKalneya)aysgÁm nig esdækic©TaMgenaH RtUvEtKitfa minEmnmUlFn sgÁmTaMgGs; suT§EtKitdl;GñkRk b¤bMerIeGay karGPivDÆeT . enAeBlEdlkarepþatcMNab; GarmµN_RtwmRtUveTAelITMrg;nanaénsmaKm pþl; plRbeyaCn_dl;GñkRkedaypÞal; kñúgnamCa smaCik b¤mYyedayRbeyal tamry³\T§iBl sgÁmCaviC¢man EdlCHeTAeRkARkumeKaledA eKk¾eXIjmanTMrg;{pÞúyBIsIlFm’}nana énmUlFnsgÁmEdr eBalKWRkumnanaEdleFVIskmµPaB edIm,Ipl RbeyaCn_énsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn Et)andak;bnÞúk eTAelIsgÁmTaMgmUl15. karsayPay kan;EteRcIn eLIgénRkumyuvCnBal EdleK)anerobrab;xagelI Ca]TahrN_d¾l¥mYy kñúgcMeNam]TahrN_CaeRcIneTot énskmµPaBelµIsc,ab;EdlmankarerobcM)anl¥ dUcCakarCYjeRKOgejón ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 7>9¦ b¤mYykar CYjmnusS. dUcenAkñúgRbeTsÉeTot²EdrGgÁkarelµIsc,ab;TaMgenH EtgEtEp¥kelITMnak;TMngsgÁmnana ¬PaB Cajatisnþan b¤Gñk]btßmÖ-GtifiCn¦ énPaB esµaHRtg; nigkarkarBar ehIyvaCabBaðaRtUvRbQmmux sMrab; karGPivDÆry³eBlEvgénRbeTskm<úCa.

15 kñúgBakübec©keTsrbs;Gñkesdækic© enHCamUlFnsgÁm kñúgrUbPaBCapll¥sMrab;GñkCasmaCik Etbgáplb:HBal;

CaGviC¢maneTAxageRkA.

RbGb; 7>10³ kareRbIR)as;eRKOgejón KWCabBaða ecaTd¾F¶n;F¶r nigkMBugEtrIkFMeLI² sMrab;yuvv½ykm<úCa

ktþaCaeRcIn rYmmanTItaMgkñúgtMbn;rbs;eK/ cMnYn yuvCneRcIn nigsßab½nRbtibtþic,ab;EdlmankarhVwkhVWn mindl;kMrit bgáCalkçxNÐl¥sMrab;karplit/ kareRbIR)as; nigkarCYjfñaMejónenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. karmanRsab;² nigtMélTabmann½yfa kareRbIR)as;sarFatuxusc,ab; kñúg cMeNamyuvCnmankMritx<s; CaBiessRkumyuvCnTn;exSay dUcCaGñkEdlrs;enAtampøÚvénTIRkugPñMeBj. karGegát ry³eBlmYyéf¶kñúgcMeNamRkumenH EdleK)aneFVIkñúgEx mifuna 2005 edayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al mitþsMlaj; )anrkeXIjfa RbmaNBak;kNþalCasarFatuelµIsc,ab; rab;cab;BIkav rhUtdl;ehr:UGIun. kñúgcMeNamGñkeRbIR)as; eRKOgejón 62° ¬RtUvCa 30° énsMNMusMNakTaMg mUl¦ eRbIy:am:a ¬emtaMeptamIn¦/ 21° ¬b¤RbmaN 10° énsMNMusMNak¦ eRbIehr:UGIun ¬ekIneLIgy:agrh½s cab;BIqñaM 2004 mk ehIymUlehtuénkar)armÖmYy GMBI GnuPaBrbs;va kñúgnamCaGñkcMlgCMgWhIuv¼eGds_¦.


kareFVIeGayvimCÄkarCYydl;GñkRk

karnaMykkarsMerccitþ kñúgkareFVIEpnkarnana b¤karEbgEckfvikacuHeTAkan;fñak;mUldæan k¾man\T§iBl KYreGaykt;sMKal; sMrab;begáInkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaBlrdæ RBmTaMgKNenyüPaB nigRbsiT§PaBénskmµPaB rdæpgEdr. b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_kñúgtMbn; nigGnþrCati bgðajfa RbkarenHmin)anpþl;karFanaNamYyeT eBalKW RtUvmankarxMRbwgERbgedayectna edIm,IeFVIeGayvimCÄkarpþl;plCakarCYydl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk.

dMeNIrkarvimCÄkarEdlrdæaPi)al)ancab;epþIm CamYynwgkareRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;kñúgqñaM 2002 -ehIyfµI²enH manclnad¾xøaMgkøa eq<aHeTArkdMeNIrkarsMxan;CagenHeTAeTot KWvishmCÄkaréntYnaTInana eTAkan;fñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk- BitCa)anbegáIt»kasfµI² sMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsIuvil nigKNenyüPaB. kñúgkrNImYycMnYn RkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;nanaEdlmansmtßPaB nigkareCOCak;x<s; kMBugykcitþTukdak; cMeBaH bNþakar)armÖfñak;mUldæan nigeFVIskmµPaBdUcGñkeCIgÉk b¤mYyy:agehacNas; CaGnþrkarIrvagRbCaCnkñúgXMu nigplRbeyaCn_nanaBIxageRkA EdlmanGMNacxøaMgCag ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 7>11¦.

dMeNIrkaresdækic© nigkarpøas;bþÚrsgÁmd¾qab;rh½sTaMgLay -dMeNIrkarTMenIbkmµTaMgLay- kMBugman pld¾saMjúaMepSg² eTAelIkarcUlrYmnanarvagRbCaBlrdæ nigrdæ. mü:ag kareRCotcUlkan;EteRcIneLIg² énTMnak;TMngEbbTIpSarnana eTAkñúgtMbn;dac;Rsyal )anbegáIneRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana cMeBaHm®nþIkan;GMNac TaMgLay edIm,ITTYlplcMeNjEpñkhirBVaØvtßú. k¾b:uEnþ eKk¾hak;dUcCaeXIjEdrfa karrIklUtlas;énesdækic©/ karrIkraldalénbNþajsgÁmsIuvilnana nigkMeNInlT§PaBTTYlB½t’man GacCYyKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆmUlFn sgÁm Edlpþl;mUldæansMrab;skmµPaBrYmKña. karRsavRCavfµI² rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak GMBIkaredaHRsay vivaT )anKaMRTkarrkeXIjfa fVIebIminEdlmankrNIEbbenHkþI RkumGñkPUmiTaMgLayGacmanlT§PaBTTYl)an karykcitþTukdak;eRcInCag kñúgkaredaHRsaybNþwgtv:arbs;BYkeK ebIsinCaBYkeKksagbNþajTMnak;TMng d¾rwgmaM CamYybNþaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alpg nigCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alRKb;Can;fñak;pg} ¬Nee and Healy

2003: 102¦.

B½t’man nigkarGPivDÆ

rMhUresrIénB½t’man rbs;sßab½npSayB½t’manÉkraCTaMgLay -TaMgTMrg;e)aHBum<pSay TaMgTMrg;eGLic RtUnic- GacCa]bkrN_d¾manGnuPaB kñúgkarEklMGkargarRbRs½yTak;TgKñarvagrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvil RBmTaMg CMrujeGaymankarGPivDÆd¾mansßirPaB/ mansmFm’ nigmankarrYbrYmKña ¬World Bank Institute 2002;


RbGb; 7>11³ RbCaCnkm<úCaenAtamCnbT kMBugsMrbykTMrg;fµI² énskmµPaBrYmKña edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ rbs;xøÜn

- krNIsikSamYy GMBIkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI ¬extþkMBg;FM¦.

enAkñúgkarsikSarbs;FnaKarBiPBelak elIdMeNIrkarénkaredaHRsayvivaTEdlekItmanCak;EsþgmYy enAfñak; mUldæan mankrNIsikSamYyCadMbUgmYy )anpþl;nUvTidæPaBKYreGaycab;GarmµN_nana eTAelIbc©½yepSg² EdlTMngCa GacCYyGñkRkeGayTTYl)anyutþiFm’. vivaTkñúgkrNIenH -elIdImYykEnøgkñúgextþkMBg;FM- Tak;Tgnwgkarcab;ykdIéRB ec,aH²laycMkar edaybNþam®nþICan;x<s;fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;extþ enAtamCayénbNþúMPUmiksikr enAtMbn;TMnabdac; RsyalmYy. karN_EdldIenAkñúgtMbn;dUcKñaenH RtUvRbQmmuxnwgvivaTmYy enAqñaM 2000 nigmþgeTotkñúgqñaM 2005 )anpþl;»kasd¾KYreGaycab;GarmµN_mYy sMrab;sikSakarpøas;bþÚrTMrg;nana énkargaredaHRsayvivaT kñúgry³eBlknøg eTAenH.

mancMNucelceFøaBIr enAkñúgvivaTenH. TImYy XMuenHrgkarGPivDÆeRcIn nacenøaHqñaM 2000 nig 2005. karsg; pøÚvfµI eFVIeGaykareFVIdMeNIrBITIrYmextþeTAkan;mNÐlenaH manry³eBlEtmYyem:agb:ueNÑaH. karvinieyaKFMeTAelI ehdæarcnasm<½nÁ )ancab;epþImman ¬dUcCaTUrs½BÞcl½t/ ExSePøIgGKÁisnI/ mNÐlsuxPaB/ salaeronnana.l.¦. enAeBlEdlGñkPUmiTaMgLayraykarN_GMBIkMeNInsnþisuxmnusSKYreGaykt;sMKal; kñúgry³eBlknøgeTAenaH BYk Kat;k¾beBa©jTsSn³fa karGPivDÆTaMgenH minEmnCakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkBitR)akdeT eRBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRkCYbnwg haniP½yx<s;éneRKaHnana ¬vibtþisuxPaBnana/ ksiplfycuH.l.¦ EdlCMrujBYkKat;eGayFøak;cUlkñúgGnÞak;én PaBRkIRk kñúgTMrg;CabMNul b¤mYykar)at;bg;dIFøI CaCMnYseGaykMeNInkMritnanaén»kasesdækic©.

TIBIr rebobEdlGñkPUmiRtUveKdkhUtkmµsiT§i edaHRsayvivaT )anpøas;bþÚrCaeRcIn. kñúgqñaM 2000 GñkPUmi)an cat;taMgGñktMNagrbs;RkumxøÜn ¬RBwT§acarümñak; nigGacarümñak;¦ eGayniyaykñúgnamBYkKat; CamYyGPi)alRsuk. BYkKat;manGarµN_P½yxøacGPi)alRsuk minGacCMrujerOgkþIenHeTAmux)an ehIy)ane)aHbg;karTamTarEtmþg eday Bnül;fa BYkKat;mindwgRtUveFVIdUcemþcCabnþeTAeToteT. kñúgqñaM 2005 enAeBlmanvivaTdUcKñaenH )anekIteLIgmþg eTot eTAelIdImYydMuEdlenACab;Kña GñkPUmimankareCOCak;xøaMgCagmun. CadMbUg GñkPUmiRbQmmuxTl;nwgRkumm®nþI RsukEdlkMBugvas;dI nig)andkpøaksBaØafa enHCamNÐléRBrbs;rdæ ecal. bnÞab;mk BYkKat;)anerobcMedayxøÜnÉg RbmUlsñameméd edIm,IeFVIjtþimYy RbqaMgnwgrdæ)alRsuk. BYkKat;k¾)anepJIjtþienaH eTAeGaybNþaGgÁkarsiT§imnusS nigsmaCiksPaRbcaMmUldæanenaH EdlmkBIKN³bkSCMTas; pgEdr. fVIebIBYkKat;minGacedaHRsay bBa©b;vivaT)an naeBlsresrjtþienaHkþI GPi)alextþ)ancab;epþImeFVIGnþraKmn_ kñúgnamGñkPUmiTaMgenaH ehIyeK)anGnuBaØateGay BYkKat;RtLb;mkenAelIdIenaHvij CabeNþaHGasnñ.

RbPB³ karRsavRCavrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBI {yutþiFm’sMrab;GñkRk}/ 2006/ nigecjpSaynaeBlxagmuxenH.


Goldin 2005¦. vtþmanénsßab½npSayB½t’manÉkraCTaMgLay CYysMrYlTMnak;TMngénKNenyüPaBTaMgbI EdleK)anKUrbMRbYjenAkñúgrUb 7>3¦³ vaminRtwmEteFVIeGayGñkneya)ayTaMgLaydwgCanic© GMBIkar)armÖnana rbs;Gñke)aHeqñat nigdak;eGayGñkpþl;esvaTaMgLay RbQmmuxnwgkarriHKn;rbs;saFarNCneT vaEfm TaMgpþl;eGayGñkneya)ay nigRkumGñkcgRkgeKal neya)ay nUvRbPBB½t’manÉkraCCabEnßm -eday bMpuskarCECkEvkEjkCasaFarN³ GMBIPaBxøaMg nigbraC½ynanaénkarcat;EcgTaMgLayrbs;rdæ sMrab; kargarpþl;esva- EdlBYkeKRtUvkar edIm,IGacvinicä½y nigEktMrUvKuNPaBkargarrbs;RksYgBak;B½n§ b¤rdæ)alsßab½npSayB½t’manÉkraC k¾mantYnaTId¾sMxan;mYysMrab;bMeBjEdr kñúgkareFVIeGayTIpSaredIr)anl¥ edaykat;bnßy{PaBminesµIKñaénB½t’man{ -enaHKWkarFanafa skmµCnesdækic©TaMgLaymanlT§PaBTTYl B½t’mandUcKña GMBIkarpÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar/ GacsMerccitþy:agsmRsb edaymanB½t’manRKb;RKan; nigGac RbkYtRbECgedayQreCIgesµIKña ¬World Bank 2001¦. kalNamanEtGñkmanbuBVsiT§i b¤sMNagmYy cMnYntUc manlT§PaBTTYlB½t’mansMxan;sþIGMBItMélnana/ eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ b¤Epnkarrbs;rdæaPi)al sMrab;karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ enaHBYkeKmaneRbobelIseK EdlGacmincaM)ac;eRbIsmtßPaBCMnaj EpñkshRKinPaB nigEpñkRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜneLIy. lT§plénGMeBIenH KWTIpSarxusTMngnana nigkarEbgEck FnFany:agKµanRbsiT§PaB. kareqøót»kasrkcMeNj rujRcankarvinieyaKd¾manRbsiT§PaB eGayxÞatecj BITIpSar ehIyskmµPaBesdækic© sMKal;edaykarepþateTAelIplcMeNjCaGtibrma kñúgry³eBld¾xøIEdl minEmnCakMeNInesdækic©ry³eBlEvg/ mansßirPaB nigbegáItkargareLIy.

sßab½npSayB½t’mank¾)anedIrtYd¾FMmYy kñúgkarBRgIkkaryl;dwgsgÁm nigkñúgkarbþÚr\riyabf elIbBaðamYy cMnYnEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆCati pgEdr. kñúgRbeTskm<úCa TUrTsSn_/ viTüú nigsarB½t’man suT§EtedIrtYd¾sMxan; kñúgkarpSBVpSaydMNwg GMBIkarTb;sáat;CMgWhuIv¼eGds_ nigrebobkarBarsuxPaBnana/ GMBI PaBGsIlFm’ nigPaBxusc,ab;énGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar b¤mYy GMBIeRKaHfñak;énkarCYjmnusS.

CabBa©b; sßab½npSayB½t’manÉkraCEdltMNageGayBhuPaBénsMelg GacrYmcMENksMerceKaledA énkarksagÉkPaBCati nigsßirPaBneya)ay. sßab½npSayB½t’manEdlbBa©ÚlerOgr:avBITUTaMgRbeTs eday minEksMeNAedImtamkarkMhitNamYy -nigtP¢ab;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaCamYyBiPBelak- CYyRbCaCnkm<úCa eGayKitGMBIxøÜnÉg faCaRbCaBlrdæEdlmanbBaðaecaT/ »kas/ plRbeyaCn_ nigsßab½nTaMgLayrYmKña RBmTaMgelIkTwkcitþRbCaCneGayEsVgrkmeFüa)ayrYmKña edaysnþiviFI edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆCati. sMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCaCaeRcIn PaBxusKñarvagsßab½npSayB½t’manesrIénTsvtSknøgeTAenH nigbNþaTsvtSmun TsvtScugeRkayenHénkarenAÉeka nigkarRtYtBinitüEkB½t’mantamlkçN³vinicä½ykMhit manPaBc,as;


Nas;. BImun BYkeKrs;enA{dUckEgábenAkñúgGNþÚg} cMENkÉenAkñúgry³eBldb;qñaMcugeRkayenH RbCaBlrdæ km<úCa)an rIkraynwgkar)andwgB¤TUlMTUlayCagmuny:ageRcIn GMBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜnpÞal; nigGMBIRbeTsepSg² eTot nig TMngCaeGaytMélx<s;cMeBaHesrIPaBCamUldæanenH -ehIyBitCacg;BRgIkva TaMgEpñkkarpSayEbb eGLicRtUnic TaMgkarpSayEbbe)aHBum< ¬Phnom Penh Post 2005a, 2005b¦. TnÞwmKñanwgtMrUvkarCa bnÞan; nigCaRbcaMénkarelIkkMBs;kMritviC¢aCIv³ enAkñúgsßab½npSayB½t’manPaKeRcIn cMNucTUeTAEdlenAman CabnþKW sarB½t’manesrI esÞ IrEtCanic©kal EklMG TMnak;TMngrdæ-sgÁmTaMgLay nigCMrujkarGPivDÆCati Et minBnüWteT edayelIkykbBaðasMxan;² eTAkan;saFarN³CnCacMh b:uEnþminlak;vaTuk mineGaymannrNa dwg nigKµankaredaHRsayenaHeT.

rdæ/ sgÁmsIuvil nigkarGPivDÆCati

edayR)ak;cMNUlmFüm/ kMritGkçrPaB nigkarGb;rMrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa ekIneLIgRsbeTAtameBlEdl eTAmux BitCaminGacecosputeTfa BYkeKnwgsYreRcInCagmunGMBIrdæaPi)alrbs;BYkeK -ehIyRbkard¾TMngmYy KWBYkeKnwgBRgIksmtßPaBcUlrYm tamrebobnanaEdlmanGtßn½yxøaMgCagmun edayQreCIgesµICagmun CamYy Gñkpþl;esva nigGñkcgRkgeKalneya)ayTaMgLay.

karEklMGRbesIreLIg énsmtßPaBrbs;sgÁmsIuvil kñúgshRbtibtþikar edIm,IlT§plesdækic© nigsgÁm TaMgLaynwgmansar³sMxan; cMeBaHkarGPivDÆCati EtenAeBlNaEdlkarGPivDÆ kñúgrgVg;sßab½nrdæTaMgLay k¾mansar³sMxan;Edr. KµanKMrUCak;lak;NamYy sMrab;CalMGanénkarerobcMTMnak;TMngrvagrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvil eT. ]TahrN_TaMgLayenAkñúgtMbn; )anbgðajkarerobcMxus²KñaCaxøaMg dUcCakarerobcMmhaCnenARbeTs evotNam/ karGPivDÆshKmn_enARbeTséf b¤mYyKN³kmµaFikartamXøaMemIlnana enARbeTssigðbur I ¬Burke and Nil 2005¦. cMNucsMxan;KWrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil minKYrKitGMBIkargarenH faCakarRbkYt RbECgénCMerIsnana tamEbbEl,g{plbUkesµIsUnü} ¬ebImçagQñH)anGVImYy mçageTotRtUvEtcaj;GVIenaH¦ enaHeT. Rbvtþisa®sþénesdækic©nanarbs;GgÁkarshRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_esdækic© (OECD) ¬kñúgcMeNam Rbvtþisa®sþdéTeTot¦ KWGMBIskmµPaBrbs;rdæEdlbegáIteRKOgelITwkcitþ sMrab;GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil. RBmKña enaH rdænanaEdl)anbegáItKUrsnÞna CasgÁmsIuvilTaMgLay TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn. karpþl;lT§PaB eGaysgÁmsIuvilcUlrYm kñúgdMeNIrkareKalneya)ay eFVIeGayrdæGac³

■ TTYl)ankarpþl;mtieyabl;CaRbcaM BIfñak;mUldæanTabbMput GMBIeCaKC½y nigbraC½yéneKalneya)ay rbs;eK -RBmTaMgBIrebobEdleK)anTTYlyl;dwg GMBIeKalneya)ayTaMgenaH nigGMBIrdæaPi)alpÞal;.


■ kñúgeBlerobcMbegáIteKalneya)ay eKGacbgðÚrcMeNHdwg nigKMnitTaMgLayeTAkñúgEdnmYyFMCag. ebIsin CakarsMerccitþnanafñak;eKaleya)ay RtUvkarB½t’manCak;lak; EbbCaPsþútag enaHkarcUlrYmCa mYy viTüasßanRsavRCavÉkraCTaMgLay EdlmanCMnajviPaKeTAtamÉkeTs EdlGacCakarpÁt;pÁg;d¾ xøImYy enAkñúgrdæaPi)almansar³sMxan;Nas;.

■ kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigeFVIkarCamYybNþabBaðaecaTkñúgsgÁmEdlkMBugkekIteLIg b¤EdlGacnwgekIteLIg kñúgGnaKt EdlGñkcgRkgeKalneya)ayCan;x<s;TaMgLay minGaccab;PøwkemIleXIj rhUtdl;køay eTACabBaðaF¶n;F¶r Bi)akedaHRsay.

■ erobcMeRbIsmtßPaBsgÁmsIuvil enAkñúgtMbn;TaMgLayNa EdlBYkeKmanlkçN³sm,tþil¥Cag ¬dUcCakar kMNt;RKYsarRkIRksMrab;kmµviFIEdl)aneRKagTuk¦/ b¤enATINaEdlkarEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv rvagrdæa Pi)al nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alpþl;lT§pll¥RbesIrCagkarbMeBjParkic©enaHEtmñak;Ég. bTBiesaFn_ nanaénkarcuHkic©snüapþl;esvasuxPaB b¤GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al EdlbMerIkarCaGñkrdæ)alénbNþaeKal neya)ayelIkElgBn§ nigmUlniFismFm’ KWCa]TahrN_d¾l¥.

Gacniyay)anfa ebIsinCardæEdlcg;CYyKaMRTmYy GacbgálkçN³gayRsYlCag sMrab;eGaysgÁm sIuvilrIklUtlas;)an enaHkareQagédy:agskmµeTArksgÁmsIuvilvij k¾GaceFVIeGayParkic©énGPi)alkic© manPaBgayRsYlCag nigmansßirPaBCagEdr. rdæEdlGPivDÆrwgmaM nigsgÁmsIuvild¾rs;revIk rh½srhYn KYrEtCaédKUEdlbMeBjeGayKña nigBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgkarGPivDÆCati EtminEmnCaKURbqaMgKñaeT.

8> sm<½n§PaBfµI² sRmab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

segçb

km<úCaGacnwgseRmceKaledAnana énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkar GPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ 2006-2010 )anb¤min)an nwgGaRs½ymYyEpñkFM eTAelIRbkarfa etIrdæaPi)al GacksagEbbEpnénkMeNInesdækic©mYy EdlbEgVrTisénplkéRmnanaeRcInCagmun eq<aHeTArkvis½y/ tMbn; nigshRKasTaMgLay EdlmanRbCaBlrdæRkIRkenAkñúgenaH )anb¤min)an. RbkarenH Gacbgðaj rUbPaBenAkñúgcMeNal EdlEp¥kelIyCMerIsnanaénesnarIeyakMeNInesdækic©. ebIsinCa]sSahkmµ nig esvakmµ GacnwgrIkceRmIn)an 10° kñúgmYyqñaM ÉksikmµbnþrIkceRmInCamFüm kñúgkMrit RtwmEt 2/5° kñúgmYyqñaM enaHPaBRkIRkGacfycuH EttamGRtatMhyd¾TabmYy ehIyRbeTskm<úCa GacnwgseRmc min)annUveKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk[enARtwm 24° enAkñúgqñaM 2015 eT. pÞúyeTAvij ebIsinCa plitplkñúgRbeTssrub (GDP) ekIneLIg 7° kñúgmYyqñaM b:uEnþkñúgenaH vis½yesvakmµekIn)an 6° kñúgmYyqñaM ÉksikmµekIn)an 4° kñúgmYyqñaM enaHRbeTskm<úCa TMngCaGacseRmceKaledAkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk)an nigTTYl)anlT§plRbesIrCagkareRKagTuk.

karseRmckMeNInesdækic©EdlCYydl;GñkRk nigkargarpþl;esvaEdlRbesIrCagmun nwgTamTarkar EklMGCabnþeTot nUvTMnak;TMng nigRbsiT§PaB éneKalneya)aynana nigkarcMNay. eyagtamTMhM énCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KuNPaBénbNþaTMnak;TMng{rdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYy} nig RbsiT§PaBénCMnYy mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;. kñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH CMnYy)anedIrtYd¾sMxan;mYy enAkñúg eCaKC½ymYycMnYn. k¾b:uEnþ CMnYymYyEpñkFM RtUv)aneKeRKagerobcMeLIg nigRbtibtþiy:agGaRkk; Edlpþl; lT§plCaGRbsiT§PaB nigrYmcMENkbegáItbBaðaecaTnana enAkñúgGPi)alkic©énRbeTskm<úCa.

edayehtuenH karseRmceKaledAnanaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkRmgeKaledA GPivDÆn_qøgshsvtSrbs;km<úCa TamTarkarEklMGsmtßPaB nigGPi)alkic©fñak;Catipg RBmTaMg RbsiT§PaBénCMnYypg. RbkarenH TamTar[mankarceRmInlUtlas;énmuxRBYjbI Tak;TgnwgPaBm©as; kar/ karsRmbtRmUv nigkarRsuHRsYlKña.


PaBm©as;karmann½yfa CMnYyRtUveKeRbIsRmab;skmµPaBTaMgLay EdlkMNt;edayrdæaPi)al CaCag skmµPaBEdlENnaMedayGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay. tamry³kardak;ecjnUveKalneya)ay nigGaTiPaB énkarcMNayTaMgLay sRmab;ry³eBlR)aMqñaMxagmux EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ begáItRkb x½NÐeKalmYy sRmab;[Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay Gac nigKYrsRmbtRmUvkmµviFICMnYyTaMgLay rbs;BYkeK eTAtamenaH. Rkbx½NÐeKalenH kMNt;eKaledATaMgLayénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlRtUvKñaCamYynwg eKaledAGPivDÆn_qøgshsvtSrbs;km<úCa/ bBa¢ak;tYnaTIrbs;EpnkarrMkilénkarGPivDÆsaFarN³ kñúgkar sRmbtRmUvcMNaymUlFnnana CamYyGaTiPaBTaMgLay rbs;EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nigbegáItEbbbTkargarnana sRmab;BinitüemIleLIgvij elIkarrIkceRmInRbcaMqñaM nigsRmab;EktRmUv eKalneya)aynana.

bc©úb,nñ Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay RtUvKaMRTEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ edaysRmuHsRmYl CMnYyrbs;BYkeK ¬dUcCakarsRmbsRmYlKñarvagBYkeK edIm,IbegáItsþg;daénRbB½n§RKb;RKgnana nig pøas;bþÚrkarviPaKnanaCamYyKña¦ nigsRmbtRmUvCMnYyenaH CamYynwgGaTiPaB nigRbB½n§nana rbs; rdæaPi)al ¬dUcCa tamry³EpnkarGPivDÆn_saFarN³ b¤viFIcUleTAtamGPiRkmvis½y¦. fVIebIkñúgbNþa qñaMknøgeTAenH eK)aneFVI[mankarrIkceRmIneq<aHeTArkkarcuHsRmugKña nigsRmbtRmUvxøHehIykþI eKenA RtUvkar kargarEbbenHCaeRcIneTot.

CabBa©b; rdæaPi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay nigsgÁmsIuvil RtUvbegáItsm<½n§PaBnana sRmab;kargartam Binitü nigvaytMélkarrIkceRmIn enAkñúgRbtibtþikar niglT§plTaMgLay rbs;EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆ CayuT§sa®sþ. CafµImþgeTot karrIkceRmInEdleFVI)an nigEpnkarsßitiem )anbgðajTisénskmµPaB nig RbB½n§nana sRmab;RbmUlTinñn½ysgÁm-esdækic©pg nigsRmab;EklMGkarksagsmtßPaBnanaEdlcaM)ac; sRmab;RTRTg;kargarenH[mannirnþrPaBpg. karEklMGCabnþeTot ehIybnÞab;mk karpþl;hirBaØvtßúdl; Rkbx½NÐeKal sRmab;kargartamBinitü nigvaytMél Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCa yuT§sa®sþ nwgmansar³sMxan;Nas; sRmab;kargartamBinitüemIlrYmKña elIkarrIkceRmIn kñúgkargarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk.

sm<½n§PaBfµI² sRmab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 235

munenH manbMNgkMNt;bBaða cMeBaHmuxCayuT§sa®sþ EdlraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvxMRbwgERbg CMnH edIm,IBenøÓnkarrIkceRmIn kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. eyIgcab;epþImvKÁcugbBa©b;enHeday bgðajCalMGitnUvyfaPUt¬esnarIeya¦eRKagTukmYycMnYn Tak;TgnwgGRta nigr)ayénkMeNIn

esdækic© RBmTaMgrebobEdlyfaPUtepSg²KñaTaMgenaH Gacpþl;lT§plCaGRtaénkarrIkceRmInxus²Kña. dUcenH EpñkbnÞab;eTAenH nwgerobrab;GMBIyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆry³eBlmFümfµI rbs;rdæaPi)al ¬EpnkarCati énkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ¦ Edldak;ecjnUvyuT§sa®sþnana sRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAcenøaHqñaM 2006 nig 2010.

eKalbMNgdMbUgrbs;EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ KWnaMpøÚveKalneya)ay nigkarseRmccitþ TaMgLay elIkarEbgEckFnFanrbs;raCrdæaPi)alGFibetyükm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþkm<úCa enAbnþxVHFnFan y:agF¶n;F¶r nigenAbnþGaRs½yCaxøaMgnwgCMnYyBIeRkARbeTs eTaHCaKitBITMhMénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA) eFobnwgplitplkñúgRbeTssrubkþI ¬CamFüm RbEhlCa 13° sRmab;ry³eBldb;qñaMknøgeTAenH¦ b¤mYy KiteFobnwgR)ak;cMNUl nigkarcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)alkþI ¬kñúgGMLúgqñaM 1999-2004 manlMnwgCabgÁÜrEt fycuHCalMdab;edaymantMélmFüm 140° nig 90° erogKña sRmab;GMLúgeBlenaH ¦.

RbeTskm<úCa TMngCabnþGaRs½yy:agxøaMgnwgrMhUrénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarTaMgLay sRmab;ry³eBlbI bYnqñaMxagmuxenH. edayehtuenH karBwgEp¥kelICMnYy/ PaBRbesIrénlT§pl nigRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy køayeTA Camansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMg cMeBaHkarseRmceKaledATaMgLay Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkar GPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ. kñúgTsvtS cab;BIeBlEdlkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBTIRkug):arIs )anebIkpøÚvsRmab;kar hUrcUlénCMnYykñúgRTg;RTayFMTaMgLay RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlnUvCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkary:ageRcIn. dUcenH enAeBlEdlGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay GacTTYlykKuNsm,tþimYycMENk kñúgkarcUlrYmEklMGkargarpþl; esva niglT§plnana EdleK)aneXIjkñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH k¾mankarTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAEdrfa CaerOy² karsRmbsRmYl nigkarpþl;CMnYymankMritTab eRkamsþg;danana EdleKKYrbMeBj. karBwgEp¥kCaxøaMgeTA elICMnYybec©keTs nigKeRmagedayELk²BIKñaTaMgLay fVIebImü:agvaCakarsmehtuplkñúgnamCakar eqøIytbeTAnwgsmtßPaB nigbBaðaecaTnana enAkñúgsßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)alkþI CaerOy²vak¾EtgEtBnüWt dMeNIrkarEklMGsßab½nTaMgenaH kñúgry³eBlEvgpgEdr.

dUcenH ebIsinCaEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ cg;seRmceKaledATaMgLayrbs;eK RbkarsMxan; KWrdæaPi)al nigédKUBIxageRkATaMgLayRtUvkMNt;viFIeFVIkarCamYyKña[manlT§pll¥Cagmun nigman RbsiT§PaBCagmun eBalKWeFVIy:agNa[kmµviFITaMgLayénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar KaMRTdl;bNþaeKal

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neya)aykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlrdæaPi)al)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ. tam ry³kareFVIEbbenH mUlniFibUkbBa©ÚlKña manTMhMeRcInCag mUlniFisrubrbs;PaKInImYy². EpñkTIbIénvKÁenH BinitüemIlRtYs² elIbBaðaecaTmYycMnYn EdlCH\T§iBleTAelICMnYysRmab;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgTsvtSknøgeTA enH RBmTaMgBiBN’naGMBIrebobEdlRkbx½NÐeKald¾eBjelj énsßab½n nigeKalneya)aysRmab;RKb;RKg CMnYy edaHRsaybBaðaTaMg[kan;EteRcIneLIg² enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ.

CabBa©b; vKÁenHniyayGMBIkarTamTarTaMgLay [mankarrIkceRmIn kñúgkargartamBinitü nigvaytMél eq<aHeTAkan;eKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLayrbs;rdæaPi)al. eRkayeBlCaeRcInqñaM EdlCMnYyrbs;Gñk pþl;CMnYy sRmab;RbmUl nigkarviPaKTinñn½y manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñ nigtRmUvtamkarpÁt;pÁg; viTüasßan CatisßitirYmCamYyshKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy )anksagRkbx½NÐeKalry³eBlmFüm CayuT§sa®sþCagmun sRmab;ksagsmtßPaBsßiti nigkarGnuvtþsßitiEbbCak;lak;nana. EpñkcugeRkay BiBN’naGMBIRkbx½NÐeKal enH nigkMNt;RbkarcaM)ac;TaMgLay kñúgkarEklMGlT§PaBpþl;B½t’manBak;B½n§ y:agCak;lak; nigTan;eBl sRmab;GñkcgRkgeKalneya)ayTaMgLayEdlRtUvkar edIm,IerobcMbegáIt nigRbtibtþiyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßy PaBRkIRknana. tarag8>1: GRtaénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmansPaBl¥ - b:uEnþ RbeTsmYycMnYnepSgeTot)ansMerc

eCaKC½yRbesIrCag

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qñaM bBa©b;

kñúgqñaM cab;epþIm

kñúgqñaM bBa©b;

GRtaénkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkRbcaMqña MCa

mFüm nIhÁarahÁ½r 1993 2001 50 56 0.5 km<úCa 1993/4 2004 47 35 1.1 Lav 1993 2003 46 33 1.3 mUsaMbiuc 1997 2003 69 54 2.5

G‘Ukg;dar 1992 2000 56 35 2.6 evotNam 1993 2002 58 29 3.2 taCIKIsßan 1999 2003 75 57 4.5

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karvaytMélnaTsvtSknøgeTA

karkat;bnßyPaKRkIRkenAkñúgcMNucBI 10 eTA 15° kñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSknøgeTAenHKWCakarTTYl )aneCaKC½yd¾FMmYy . karKNnasMrab;kMeNInRbCaCn )anrkeXIjfaeBlenHmanRbCaCnRkIRkticCagEt 460 000 nak; eFobeTAnwg10 qñaMmun1 .

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cMeNalcMeBaHninñakarsMrab;TsvtSxagmux

kMrit nigEbbEpnénkMeNInesdækic© nwgCH\T§i Bly:agxøaMg eTAelIGRtatMhyPaBRkIRkkñúgbNþaqñaMxag mux ehIyedayehtuenH BYkvak¾man\T§iBl pgEdr eTAelIGnaKt énkarseRmceKaledAGPivDÆn_sh svtSrbs;km<úCa EdleRKagnwgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeRKOg]bePaKbriePaK [enARtwmBak;kNþaléntMél eKaleFob BIqñaM 1993¼4 RtwmqñaM 20152 ¬eBalKW BI 47° mk 24°¦. eKeXIjmanviFIepSg² EdleK 1 karpþl;eGaynUvPaBxusKñaenAkñúgkarkMNt;PaBRkIRkenAqñaM 1993¼94 )an)a:n;sµanCak;lak; vaKYRtUv)aneKniyayfa

manRbCaCnRkIRkticCagcenøaHBI 240 000 eTA 790 000 nak; eFobeTA 10 qñaMmun. 2 bc©úb,nñ eKkMNt;GRtaeKaledAénPaBRkIRkkñúgqñaM 2015 enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþ

nigÉksarEkfµIénRkumBieRKaHeyabl; qñaM 2005 Rtwm 19/5°. karseRmcenH Ep¥kelI GMNancas; EdleKGanpÞal; ecjBIGRtarkeXIj kñúgkarGegátqñaM 1993¼4 EdlGac[eKkMNt;)an eKaleFobmYyesµInwg 39°. b:uEnþ


rUbPaB8>1 GRtakMeNInbc©úb,nñnwgminkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anBak;kNþalenArvagqñaM 2015 eLIy - evorElgEtvis½yksikmµmankMeNInx<s;CagenH

RbPB³ cMeNaleFVIeLIgedayFnaKarBiPBelak ¬bkfyeRkay nignaeBlGnaKt¦ edayeRbITinñn½yénkarGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 1993¼4 nig karGegátsgÁmkic©-esdækic©enAkm<úCa (CSES) qñaM 2004 nigsßitiPaBRkIRk

GackMNt;eXIjTsSnvis½yényfaPUtCaCeRmIsnana. viFImYyEdleyIgeRbIenATIenH KWCaviFIsamBaØbgÁÜr. edayeRbIGegátsgÁm-esdækic© (CSES) 2004 eFVICaqñaMeKal eyIgbgðajcMeNalénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayrab;cMnYnmnusSBIqñaM 1994¼2004 ¬mann½yfa kar)a:nsµanGRtaPaBRkIRksMrab;qñaM2004 man 35° nig qñaM 1993 man 47°¦edayEp¥kelIsmµtikmµxus²KñaénGRtakMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrubenAkñúgvis½y nana nigkarKNnacMeNalTaMgenH edayeRbI PovStat Toolkit rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬sUm emIl]bsm<½n§ GMBIlkçN³lMGiténviFIsa®sþ¦. tamExSbnÞat;enHeFVIeGayeyIgGackMNt;ExSbnÞat;sMrab;PaBRkIRkkñúgGMLúg eBlBIqñaM 1994 dl; 2004.

rUbPaBTI 8>1 tMNageGaykar)a:n;sµanRbcaMqñaM tagedaybnÞat;exµAxøaMg Ep¥kelIcMeNallIenEG‘énGRta PaBRkIRkpÞal;. cMeNalenHsnµtfa karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbRBwtþeTAtamKnøgmYy EdlEp¥kelIExSekag TMenarEdlsmCageKsRmab;GRtaPaBRkIRkTaMgLay enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1993-2004 tMNageGayGRtaén karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdlniwgGacekItmaneLIgRbsinebIkMeNInenAbnþdUcsBVéf¶ ¬7°kñúgmYyqñaM¦ nigkMeNIn

ebIsinCaeyIg cg;)antYelxéneKaleFob R)akdniymCagenH sRmab;PaBRkIRkTUTaMgkm<úCa kñúgqñaM 1993¼4 tam ry³cMeNaleTAeRkay edayeRbIGVIEdleyIgdwgfa CaTMenarenAkñúgEpñknanaénRbeTs EdleK)anRKb edayGegát BIqñaM 1993¼4 pg nig 2004 pg eyIgKYrEtKNnaeXIjeKaleFobqñaM 1993¼4 esµI nwg 47°. dUcenH eKaledA sRmab;qñaM 2015 KW 23/5°.

47%

24%

35%

GRta)a:nRbmaNRbcaMqñaM 1993 - 2004

¬GRtakMeNInRbcaMqñaMCa mUldæan PovStats ¦

21% karTsSnÞTayenAcMNucdUcKña

(7% srubkMeNIn

b:uEnþRbEhlCa 4% sMrab;kMeNInksikmµ

0

10

20

30

40

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

cMnYnPaBRkIRk (%)

28%

niTsSmUldæan³ PovStats cMeNalmUldæanqñaM 1993-2004

kMeNInsrub 7 ° visüydUcKñak¾cUlrYmEdr

PaBRbesIrEdlxitCit PovStats

Kar)a:nRbmaNPaBRkIRk 1993-2004

CMDG mUldæan (1993/4) nigTisedA (2015)


enAtamvis½ynanamanGRtadUcTsvtSknøgeTA . cMeBaHcMeNalTI2 KWGaEp¥keTAelImUldæanesnarIeyamYy EdlmankMeNInRbcaMqñaMefr ¬7°kñúgmYyqñaM¦ nig4° kñúgksikmµ nigrYmpSMeday]sSahkmµ nigkñúgesvakmµ. edayeyagtamGRtaPaBRkIRkRbcaMqñaMsMrab;qñaM 1994 nig 2004 enaHesnarIeyasMrab;eBlxagmuxTaMgBIrKI eRbIrUbmnþPovStat Toolkit rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenHEdr . GVIEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)anenaH KWGacman\T§iBl cab;BIqñaM 2007 eTA . dUcenHehIyeyIgKitfakMrit nigEbbEpnénkMeNInesdækic©enAkñúgqñaM 2005 nig 2006 nwgmancMnYndUcKñaenAkñúgkarBüakrenH .

dUcEdl)aneXIjenAkñúgrUbTI 8>1 ehIyfa RbeTskm<úCa minTMngCaGacTTYl)ankarkat;bnßyeTAtam TisedAsMrab;qñaM 2015 enaHeT RbsinebIBMumankarpøs;bþÚr nigsßitenAelIesnarIeyaTI1 . eyagtamcMeNal enH RbsinebIkMeNInbnþtamGRtadUcbc©úb,nñsMrab;vis½y enaHPaBRkIRkenakm<úCarMkileTACitRbmaN 29° enAqñaM 2015 EdleKaledAenAeBlenaHeGayenARbmaN 24° .

b:uEnþ enAkñúgesnarIeyaTI2 ¬EdltagedaybnÞat;exµARbepHenAkñúgrUbTI 8>1¦ énkarCMrujkarekIneLIg ¬edaykMeNIn 4° RbcaMqñaM¦ BIkMeNInvis½yksikmµ enaHtMhyPaBRkIRkGacFøak;cuHxøaMgenAqñaM 2007 nig 2015 . enAeRkamesnarIeyaenH RbeTskm<úCa TMngCaGacTTYl)antameKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtScMeBaH eKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdltamcMeNalenaHeXIjfamanRbmaN 21° enAqñaM 2015 .

edaykardak;nUvcMnYntYrelxsMrab;CaesnarIeyaedIm,ICaCMerIs enaHkarBüakrTaMgenH bBa¢ak;elIkrNIyl; sµanfa ebIsinCakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAmanel,ÓndEdl b¤mYysÞúHelOnCagmun enaHvatamTar[mankar xMRbwgERbgRsbédKña edIm,IbegáInGRtakMeNIn kñúgvis½yksikmµ - ehIyRtUveFVIEbbenH tamrebobmYyEdl pþl;plRbeyaCn_PaKeRcIn dl;CnbT nigRbCaBlrdæRkIRkCnbT. karbriyayenHminEmnmann½yfa vis½yÉ eTotGacRtUvbMePøcecalenaHeT dUcCakarelIkkMBs;vis½yGb;rM niglubbM)at;plb:HBal;dl;esdækic© dUcCa tMélx<s; nigKµanRbsiT§iPaBcMeBaHkarBüa)alCMgWEdlmansPaBF¶n;F¶r eRBaHvaGacCH\T§iBleTAdl;kMeNInenA CnbTEdr . vanwgGacCYysMrab;begáItCaeKalneya)ay nigkarvinieyaKTunsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© EdlRtUv epþateTAelIvis½yksikmµ nigesdækic©enAtamCnbT ebIsinCacg;CYyeGayRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)aneKArbs;xøÜn sMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk .


EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ (NSDP) nig eKaledAGPivDÆn_qøgshs vtSrbs;km<úCa (CMDGs)

edIm,ICMnH)anelIbBaðaecaTGnþrvis½y dUcCaPaBRkIRkenH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtGnum½tykRkbx½NÐ§eKalmYy Ebbc,as;las; nig[GaTiPaBeTAelIry³eBlmFüm EdlRbmUlykeKalneya)ayTaMgLayBIvis½yCa eRcIn ¬cab;BIkarRKb;RKgm:aRkUesdækic© rhUtdl;karBRgwgplitPaBedIm,IEklMGkargarpþl;esva¦ mkdak; bBa©Úl CamYynwgkarEbgEckFnFan nigyuT§sa®sþnanaénkarGPivDÆsßab½n. rdæaPi)alCaeRcIn)anbegáItEpn karGPivDÆCati ry³eBlR)aMqñaMnana eFVICamUldæanénRbB½n§eKalneya)aynana nigkargareFVIEpnkar. Epnkar TaMgenaH begáIt)anCamUldæansRmab;EpnkarcMNaysaFarN³ ry³eBlmFüm ehIybnÞab;mk kMNt;RTg; RTayénkarksagEpnkarRbcaMqñaM nigdMeNIrkarnanaénfvika. cab;BIqñaM 2000mk shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy )anENnaM [manyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknana (PRS) enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlKµanRbB½n§ksagEpn karEbbenH b¤min)anKitKUredaHRsaybBaðaPaBRkIRk ¬sUmemIl RbGb; 8>1¦.

kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgmkenH eK)anBRgwgsar³sMxan;ényuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlKYr[eCOTukcitþ)an kñúgkarEklMGRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy RBmeBlKñanwgsMTuHénkarksagrebobvar³sakl sRmab;karsRmuHsRmYl nigkarsRmbtRmUv. esckþIRbkassþIBIRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy enATIRkug ):arIs Exmina-2005 )ankMNt;yk GtßiPaBényuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati eFVICalkçxNÐcaM)ac;dMbUg sRmab;PaBm©as;karrbs;rdæaPi)al. vak¾)anCMruj pgEdr [Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay sRmbtRmUv kmµviFInanarbs;RbeTsBYkeK CamYynwgyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_ Catirbs;bNþaRbeTsCaédKU ¬nigRtUvCamYykarBinitüemIleLIgvij tamxYbkMNt;nana elIkarrIkceRmIneFob nwgeKaledATaMgLayEdl)anEcgenAkñúgyuT§sa®sþTaMgenH¦.

karksagEpnkarry³eBlmFüm enAkm<úCa 1993-2005

enARbeTskm<úCa eK)anbegáIteLIgvijnUvdMeNIrkarksagEpnkar cab;BITsvtS 1980 mk CamYynwg FnFand¾tictYc nigEp¥kelIeKalkarN_esdækic©tamEpnkarBIfñak;kNþal. va)anERbRbYlcab;BIqñaM 1993 mk edaymankarcUlrYmmeFüa)aynana BIsMNak;Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay edIm,IsRmbeTAtamesdækic©cRmuHd¾sµúK sµajmYy.

k¾b:uEnþ eKenAbnþCYbnwg]bsKÁF¶n;F¶rmYycMnYn EdlelcecjBIkarevjcUlKñamYyén ¬1¦FnFanhirBaØvtßú nigmnusSmankMhit/ ¬2¦karerobcMcat;Ecgsßab½n nigdMeNIrkar EdlminEmnCanic©kal RtUvKñaCamYyParkic©


Edl)andak;eGayeFVIenaHeT ¬Toda 2001¦. karerobcMEpnkarenAkñúgrdæaPi)alTaMgmUl nigkarsRmb tRmUvfvikaTaMgLay CamYyEpnkarnanaenAEtexSay3. fVIebI TIbBa©b; vaCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi)alkþI Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay k¾)anrYmcMENkkñúgsßanPaB kargarEbbenHEdr. CamYynwgCMnYyeTA[RksYgEpnkar tamry³karTTYlykTRmg;énKeRmagnana enAfñak; GgÁPaB eK)anrYmcMENk eFVI[manPaBcRmUgcRmas;KñaénParkic©eFVIEpnkarTaMgLay. karxMRbwgERbgknøg mkrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy CakarKaMRTkarksagEpnkar ry³eBlmFümnana CYbnwgkarlM)ak EdlbNþalmkBI xVHkarsRmbsRmUl³ Gñkpþl;CMnYyBhuPaKITaMgLay)anKaMRT edayELk²BIKña cMeBaHkarksagyuT§sa®sþ Cati b¤kRmgeKaledAEbbCayuT§sa®sþnana ehIyCYnkaleKeFVIkargarRsbKña. RbkarenH eFVI[mankarRcbUk Rcbl;mindwgCaRtUveFVItamEpnkarNamYy b¤mindwgRtUveFVIkarbnþelIkRmgeKaledANamYy nigCYyBnül; GMBImUlehtufa KµanyuT§sa®sþNamYy EdleKRbtibtþi[)ansBV RKb;eLIy4. mü:agRbEhlmkBIEpnkar nana Kµansar³sMxan;xøaMgenAkñúgrgVg;rdæaPi)al eBalKW BYkeKCH\T§iBltictYcNas; eTAelIkarbegáItkmµviFI rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy. lT§plEdl)anmk KWkarxatbg;CMenOcitþCaTUeTA eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarksagEpnkar.

rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay )anRBmeRBogKñafa KYrEtedaHRsaybBaðaenH enAkñúgEpnkar ry³eBlmFümbnÞab;. eK)anRBmeRBogKñafa KYrmanEpnkarEbbenHEtmYyb:ueNÑaH Edlnwgpþl;kRmgeKal edATUeTAmYy nigsUcnkrsRmab;kargartamBinitüemIl EdleK)andkRsg;ecjBIkRmgeKaledAGPivDÆn_ shsvtSrbs;km<úCa. Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgGs; GacnwgKaMRTyuT§sa®sþenH nigeRbIvaeFVICacMNuceyagsRmab; karcrcaTaMgLay rvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy sþIBIkarEbgEckCMnYy nigrebobpþl;CMnYy. kñúgqñaM 2005 elxaFikardæanmYy enAkñúgRksYgEpnkar )anerobcMEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬NSDP¦ 2006-2010. EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ pSMeLIgedayyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_ry³eBlmFüm Edlman karÉkPaBKñarbs;km<úCa sRmab;ry³eBlR)aMqñaMxagmux. va)andak;cUleTAkñúgRbtibtþikar nUvTsSnvis½y d¾TUlMTUlay EdlmanEcgenAkñúgyuT§sa®sþctuekaN ¬EdlRbkasedayrdæaPi)alfµI kñúgExkkáda qñaM 2004¦ nigmanTisedAseRmceKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLay éneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSrbs;km<úCa.

3 sUmemIlkñúgvKÁmun GMBIkarBiPakSaelIPaBKYr[eCO Tukcitþ)anénfvika. 4 karRbtibtþiEpnkarBIrcugeRkayenH -EpnkarGPi vDÆsgÁm-esdækic©TIBIr ¬SEDP II¦ nigyuT§sa®sþ

Catikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬NPRS¦ 2003-2005- k¾rgkarlM)ak BIsMNak;kardac;CacenøaH²énneya )ay cab;BIqña M 2003 mk.


RbGb; 8>1 yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLay³ PaBm©as;kar/ karcUlrYm nigplseRmcnanaénPaBRkIRk

karbMpusedayGñkpþl;CMnYynana GMBIyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRknana ¬b¤sMeNAdMbUgEdlmaneQµaHfa Éksar yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¦ )ankekIteLIgBIbJsKl;mYycMnYn. BIdMbUg sMeNIenaHEcgfa bNþaRbeTsEdlsßitenA kñúgcMeNamGñkmansiT§iTTYlkarkat;rMls;bMNul BIFnaKarBiPBelak nigmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati nwgRtUvbegáItÉksar yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmYy edIm,Ibgðajfa R)ak;enaHnwgRtUvykeTAeRbIsRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigRtUvbgðaj BIrebobeFVIkargarenaH. k¾b:uEnþ mYyry³d¾xøIeRkaymk karbMpusGMBIÉksaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk RtUv)aneK BRgIkCaTUeTAdl;RKb; RbeTs edIm,ITTYl)ansm,TanhirBaØvtßú IFI -ehIyGñkpþl;CMnYykan;EteRcIneLIg² )ansRmb ykeFVICalkçxNÐKnøwHénkarcrcaCMnYy enAfñak;RbeTs. viFIenH )anTTYlsÁal;fa CaerOy² eKalneya)ayTaMgLay EdleK)ankMNt;ykeFVICaEpñkmYy énbNþalkçxNÐCaRbéBNIsRmab;EktRmUvrcnasm<½n§ EtgEtminGacbMeBj)an b¤min)aneCaKC½y eRBaHrdæaPi)alCaGñkTTYlCMnYy KµankarebþCJacitþbMeBjlkçxNÐTaMgenaH. kMritd¾TabénRbsiT§PaB CMnYy bNþalmkBIrdæaPi)alCaGñkTTYlCMnYy xVH{PaBm©as;kar}. pÞúyeTAvij bNþaRbeTs ¬]TahrN_l¥bMputEdleK sÁal;KWRbeTsG‘Ukg;da¦ Edl)anbegáItyuT§sa®sþlMGitry³eBlmFüm rbs;BYkeKpÞal; sRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk Edl)antP¢ab;CamYynwgdMeNIrkarnanaénfvika nigksageLIgedaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk EtgEt TTYl)aneCaKC½yeRcInCag kñúgkarEkTRmg;nanad¾mannirnþrPaB EdlCakarbEnßmcUlmk nUvGVIEdlmantMélelIsBI mUlniFibdiPaKrbs;BYkeK eTAeTot.

dUcenH yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk manbMNgCYykMNt;eLIgvij nUvTMnak;TMng rvagrdæaPi)almYy nigGñkpþl; CMnYyTaMgLayrbs;eK. ebIsinCardæaPi)alGacEcg[c,as; nUvEpnkarry³eBlmFümd¾RtwmRtUv nigKYr[eCO)an sRmab;tRmg;TiseKalneya)aynana nigkarcMNaysaFarN³ eTArkeKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enaHGñkpþl;CMnYy TaMgLaynwgGacTTYlykEpnkarenaH eFVICaRkbx½NÐeKalsRmab;kmµviFIpþl;CMnYynana rbs;BYkeK. yuT§sa®sþkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk Edlqøgkat; viFIcUleTAtamvis½y (SWAPs) nigRkbx½NÐeKalénkarcMNayry³eBlmFüm (MTEF) KYrEtbegáIt)anCakargarRKwHsRmab; ¬1¦b®Ba¢ablkçxNÐEdlRtUvbMeBj/ ¬2¦bnßycMnYnKeRmag/ ebskkmµ nigkarvaytMélnana EdleFVItamKMnitGñkpþl;CMnYy ehIyGñkpþl;CMnYyEbreTAKaMRTfvikavij edayElgTamTar r)aykarN_lMGit ehIybþÚreTACakarpþl;eyabl;eTAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigr)aykarN_rIkceRmInRbcaMqñaMrYmKña nig ¬3¦EklMGPaBGacRbemIleXIjCamun)an énkarpþl;CMnYy. karerobcMcat;EcgEbbenH GacbnßyéføcMNayRbti btþikar nigGacCYy[eKEbgEckfvikaénR)ak;cMNUl ¬kñúgRbeTs nigBICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar¦ tamEbbCayuT§sa®sþCag nigmanRbsiT§PaBCag.

viFIyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk manbMNgbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkareFVIEpnkarCatiénPaBRkIRk nUvkarécñRbDitfµImYy cMnYn. karécñRbDitfµIBIrsMxan;CageKKW ¬1¦karsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarcUlrYm nig ¬2¦kartRmg;TiseTArklT§plseRmc TaMgLayénkarGPivDÆ. karKaMRTdl;karcUlrYm Ep¥kelIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati Edlpþl;KMnitd¾c,as;fa eKalneya)ay énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLay EdlTak;TajkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk TMngCamanPaBsmRsbCag R)akdniymCag nigmanPaBRsbc,ab;Cag enAkñúgkaremIleXIjrbs;GñkTaMgLay EdlRtUvTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_

¬ >>> teTATMB½rbnÞab; >>> ¦


elxaFikardæan )anTTYlkarKaMRTbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßú BIRkumsñÚlmYyénGñkpþl;CMnYybIPaKI ¬FnaKar BiPBelak/ FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu nigRbB½n§shRbCaCati¦ nigBiPakSaEpnkarTaMgLayrbs;BYkeKCamYy RkumenH. eK)anbegáItRkumkargarbec©keTsmYy sþIBIkareFVIEpnkar nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬TWG-

PPR¦ edIm,Ipþl;eyabl; cUlrYmrbs;édKUnana eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarksagEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ EdlkñúgenaH manGñktMNagmkBIrdæaPi)al/ Gñkpþl;CMnYyPaKeRcIn nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcRmuHcMnYn 12. fVIebImankarGPivDÆCaviC¢man vaminTan;bgðajGnuPaBrbs;vaenAeLIyeT ehIymkTl;eBlenH eK)an CYbRbCMuKñaEtBIrdgb:ueNÑaH.

bc©úb,nñenH EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ pþl;[rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYynana nUvs<anmYy cMnYn EdltP¢ab;eKaledAGPivDÆn_TaMgLay EdlCamUldæan Gac[eKBRgIkEpnkartamvis½y nigEpnkar fñak;eRkamCatiTaMgLay. vaCamUldæansRmab;bNþaEpnkarrMkilénkarvinieyaKsaFarN³ ¬PIPs¦ Edlrdæa-Pi)alnwgeRbIkñúgry³eBlbIqñaMxagmux edIm,Icat;EcgkarvinieyaKmUlFnnana ¬rYmTaMgkarvinieyaKEdlTTYl hirBaØvtßúBIkñúgRbeTs nigBICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar¦ eTA[vis½yGaTiPaBTaMgLay. eKeRKagykvaeFVICaÉksar

RbGb; 8>1 ¬t¦ yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkTaMgLay³ PaBm©as;kar/ karcUlrYm nigplseRmcnanaénPaBRkIRk

eRKagTuk dUcenH vaTMngCanwgTTYl)aneCaKC½yCag. cMENkÉkarsgát;eTAelIlT§plTaMgLayvij va)ankekIteLIg ecjBIRTwsþIRKb;RKgsaFarN³fµI nigmanbMNgbþÚrniymn½y éneKalbMNg nigeKaledArbs;kareFVIEpnkar [gak ecjBIlT§plpÞal;nana ¬dUcCa salaeronEdl)ansg;/ qµbEdl)anbNþúHbNþal/ plitplksikmµEdl)aneekIn eLIg¦ nigEbreTArklT§plseRmcTaMgLayénkarGPivDÆvij ¬dUcCa GkçrPaB)anRbesIreLIg/ GRtamrN³énmata )anfycuH/ karfycuHénPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT¦. fVIebIlT§plpÞal;enAEtmansar³sMxan;xøaMg nigRtUvEttamBinitü emIlkþI karbþÚrTisénkarcab;GarmµN_ eTAelIkartamdanplseRmcnana EtgEtCYyBRgwgPaBmWugm:at; EdlRtUvman enAkñúgkarcgRkg/ karRbtibtþi/ karvaytMéleKalneya)aynana nigkarBinitüEklMGeKalneya)ayTaMgenaH eLIgvij.

cMENkÉxagGñkpþl;CMnYyvij karKitGMBIyuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk )anvivtþtaMgBIeBlEdleK)anbegáItvaeLIg kñúgqñaM 1999 mkemøH. eK)anRKb;RKgPaBtantwgEdlman rvageKalkarN_énPaBm©as;karrbs;RbeTs nigtRmUvkar bMeBjlkçxNÐrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy RbkbedayeCaKC½ykñúgkMritepSg²Kña enAkñúgRbeTsxus²Kña. ebIniyayGMBIbT BiesaFn_enH bc©úb,nñenH eKeXIjmanbMNgTUeTA cg;CYyRbeTsTaMgLayEdlmanRbéBNIeFVIEpnkarry³eBlmFüm edaybBa©ÚleKalkarN_yuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeTAkñúgenaH ¬dUcCakarepþateTAelIPaBRkIRk/ PaBm©as;karCati y:agTUlMTUlay/ karcUlrYm/ kartRmg;TiseTArklT§pl.l.¦ CaCag tRmUv[begáItEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk RsbKña CamYynwgEpnkar{Fmµta} EdlCakrNIekItmanmþgmáalb:ueNÑaH.


yuT§sa®sþd¾xøImYysRmab;kargartamBinitü nigBinitüemIleLIgvij Caerogral;qñaM edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMg emIlkarrIk ceRmIn/ Tinñn½yfµI² nigbBaðaecaTEdlekIteLIg. fVIebI EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþnwgRtUveFVIbBa©b; nigRtUvGnum½tedayrdæsPa kñúgExFñÚkþI RbGb; 8>2 )anpþl;nUvesckþIsegçbmYyéneKaledA nigskmµPaB GaTiPaBTaMgLay EdlmanEcgenAkñúgesckþIRBagbc©úb,nñ.

karKaMRTEpnkarCati énkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ³ RbsiT§PaBénCMnYy enAkm<úCa karbegáItyuT§sa®sþd¾RKb;RCugeRCaymYy CalkçxNÐcaM)ac; b:uEnþminEmnCalkçxNÐRKb;RKan;sRmab;kat; bnßyPaBRkIRkeT. eKenARtUvkarehdæarcnasm<½n§sßab½nmYy EdlmansmtßPaB GacRbtibtþiEpnkarenH)an. eyagtamtYnaTId¾sMxan;rbs;CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarenAkm<úCa Rkbx½NÐeKalénsßab½nenH RtUvKitKUrGMBIkarsRmb sRmYlépÞkñúg nigrvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay. Rkbx½NÐeKalénsßab½n EdlRtUvRbtibtþi Epnkar CatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ RtUvEtFanafa ¬1¦RksYg nigsßab½nTaMgLay eFVIkary:agmanRbsiT§PaB Ca mYyKñakñúgkarRbtibtþi nigEklMGEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþenH eFVICayuT§sa®sþmYysRmab; rdæaPi)alTaMgmUl/ ¬2¦Gñk pþl;CMnYyTaMgLay sRmbsRmYlrvagKña edIm,IKaMRTGaTiPaBTaMgLayénEpn karCatiénkarGPi vDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nig ¬3¦ rdæaPi)alTaMgmUl nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay kñúgnamCa shKmn_mYy rk[eXIjmeFüa)ayRbRs½yTak;TgKña elIbBaða CayuT§sa®sþnana RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig pþl;lT§pll¥RbesIr sRmab;eFVIkarCamYynwgkar RbtibtþiEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ. RbGb; 8>2 EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬NSDP¦ 2006-2010³ karebþCJacitþsMxan;²

1> GPi)alkic©l¥ o Rbtibtþikic©xMRbwgERbgTaMgLayRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy tamry³kMENTRmg;nanaéneKalneya)ay/ karpøas;bþÚr

Gakb,kiriya nigtmøaPaB edIm,IRbyuT§nwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigbNþúHvb,Fm’bMerIesva enAkñúgrdæ)alsaFarN³. o CMruj[sIuCeRmA nUvkMENTRmg;c,ab; nigtulakar tamry³karBRgwgsßab½n/ karksagsmtßPaB/ karGnum½tc,ab;

CamUldæanTaMgLay/ karpþl;CMnYyEpñkc,ab;dl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigynþkarnanaénkaredaHRsayvivaT enAeRkA tulakar.

o RbtibtþikmµviFICatiénkMENTRmg;rdæ)al rYmTaMgsniTankmµesvaraCkar tamry³karTTYl[eFVIkar nigkardMeLIg zan³EdlEp¥kelIKuNPaBkargar nigtamry³kardMeLIgkMritnanaénR)ak;Ex.

o CMrujvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar edIm,IBRgwgRbCaFibetyüfñak;mUldæan nigkarGPivDÆedaymankarcUlrYm RBmTaMgEklMGkargarpþl;esva enAfñak;mUldæan tamry³karksagsmtßPaBRKb;RKgrbs;fñak;mUldæan nigRbtiPU kmµCabnþeTAeTot nUvkarTTYlxusRtUv nigkarbBa¢ÚnmUlniFinana.


RbGb; 8>2 ¬t¦ EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬NSDP¦ 2006-2010³ karebþCJacitþsMxan;² o EkTRmg;kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFnana nigbnþkat;rMsaykgT½B.

2> brisßansRmab;RbtibtþiyuT§sa®sþctuekaN o FanasnþiPaB/ sßirPaBneya)ay nigsNþab;Fñab;sgÁm edayerobcMkare)aHeqñatnana sRmab;eRCIserIsRBwT§sPa/

rdæsPa nigRkumRbwkSaXMu¼sgáat;. o BRgwgkarGPivDÆsm<½n§PaBCamYyPaKIcUlrYmTaMgLay rYmTaMgEpñkÉkCn/ shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigsgÁmsIuvil

RBmTaMgbegáInRbsiT§PaBCMnYy edayGnuvtþtamesckþIRbkasTIRkugr:Um nigTIRkug):arIs/ elIkTwkcitþGñkpþl;CMnYy [Gnuvtþkan;EteRcIneLIg² tamry³viFIcUleTAtamvis½y nigkarKaMRTfvika.

o RTRTg;brisßand¾GnueRKaHénm:aRkUesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú tamry³karFanasßirPaBénkMeNInplitplkñúgRbeTssrub 6° kñúgmYyqñaM/ karBRgIkmUldæanykBn§/ karedATiscMNayeTArkvis½yGaTiPaBTaMgLay/ kareFVIsvnkmµfvika y:ageTogTat; enAkñúgrdæaPi)alTaMgmUl/ karRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþirdæ RbkbedaytmøaPaB. RbtibtþikmµviFIRKb;RKg hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigkmµviFIskmµPaBGaTiPaB RBmTaMgEpnkarénvis½yhirBaØvtßú.

o bnþCMrujsmhrNkmµeTAkñúgtMbn; nigBiPBelak tamry³karcUlkñúgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeRcInCagmun nig karTak;TajkarvinieyaKTaMgLay.

o edaHRsayPaBRkIRk tamry³karFanafa yuT§sa®sþTaMgLaysuT§EtepþateTAelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk CamYynwg eKaledAbnßyPaBRkIRk[enARtwmkMrit 25° enAkñúgqñaM 2010 nigCMruj[karvinieyaKTaMgLay [maneKaledA CYyRbCaBlrdæRkIRk.

3> karEklMGKuNPaBénvis½yksikmµ o cgRkg nigRbtibtþiyuT§sa®sþksikmµ nigFnFanTwk d¾lMGitmYy. o EklMGplitPaB nigBhuvb,kmµksikmµ edIm,IbegáInkarnaMecj nigsnþisuxes,ógGahar. o eFVIkMENTRmg;nana kñúgkargarrdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI/ ensaT nigéRBeQI. o vinieyaKeTAelIkarGPirkSbrisßan nigkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT. 4> bnþCYsCulsþareLIgvij nigsßabnaehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ o CYsCul nigsßabnaehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún EdlrYmmanpøÚvfñl;/ kMBg;Ep/ pøÚvEdk.l. o EklMGkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk nigkarEckcayTwkeRsacRsB. o GPivDÆfamBl nigbNþajfamBlGKÁisnI edIm,IbBa©úHéfø nigbegáInlT§PaBTTYlfamBl tamry³karTak;Taj

karcUlrYmBIEpñkÉkCn/ RKb;RKgRbPBeRbg nig]sµ½n nigR)ak;cMNUlBIRbPBTaMgenH naeBlGnaKt. o GPivDÆbec©kviTüaB½t’man nigTUrKmnaKmn_.


CMnYy nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 1993-2004

kñúgTsvtSknøgmkenH km<úCa)anTTYlCMnYykñúgbrimaNd¾eRcIn. smiT§plEdlr)aykarN_enH elIk ykmkniyay sþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgTidæPaBepSg²rbs;va -kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar x<s;Cagmun/ karEklMGlT§plseRmcmYycMnYnén karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS.l.- qøúHbBa©aMgBIkMrit mYycMnYnéneCaKC½y rbs;PaKIGñkpþl;CMnYy kñúgkarCYyKaMRTdl;karEklMGkargarpþl;esva nigkMrit mYyénkMeNInesdækic©.

b:uEnþ k¾eXIjmankarTTYlykCaTUeTApgEdrfa PaKeRcInbMputénCMnYy Edlkm<úCa)anTTYlkñúgTsvtS knøgmk KµanRbsiT§PaBsmRsbkñúgkarRbyuT§nwgPaBRkIRkeLIy. sRmab;ehtuplCayuT§viFI nigyuT§sa®sþ nana eKmin)anpþl;GaTiPaB[/ sRmbsRmYl b¤pþl;CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar tammeFüa)ayCakarksag smtßPaB rdæaPi)aleLIy. enAkñúgkrNICaeRcInéRkElg dMeNaHRsayTaMgLay sRmab;RKb;RKgCMnYyry³ eBlxøI EdleK)anerobcMbegáIteLIg edIm,IecosvagbBaðaecaTnana EpñksmtßPaB nigGPi)alkic© rbs;rdækm<úCa kñúgdMNak;kaleRkays®gÁam ¬]Ta> karBwgEp¥kelICMnYybec©keTssuT§ edIm,IbMeBjkarxVHcenøaHsmtßPaBenH b¤mYyeRbIR)as; KeRmagedayELk²TaMgLay edIm,IFanakarRKb;RKg)anl¥ nigecosvaghaniP½yénkar

RbGb; 8>2 ¬t¦ EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬NSDP¦ 2006-2010³ karebþCJacitþsMxan;² 5> karrIklUtlas;énEpñkÉkCn nigkarpþl;kargar o GnuvtþEpnkar 12 cMNucrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigGnusasn_TaMgLay BIkñúgkarGegátelIbriyakasvinieyaK

sMedABRgwgEpñkÉkCn nigTak;TajkarvinieyaK. o CMrujshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm/ BaNiC¢kmµ nigeTscrN_/ \NTanCnbT. o begIátkargar nigFana[mankarEklMGlkçxNÐkargar. o ksagbNþajsuvtßiPaBsgÁm sRmab;RbCaBlrdæTn;exSay caj;eRbobeK. 6> karksagsmtßPaB nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS o EklMGKuNPaBénkarGb;rM tamry³karRbtibtþikmµviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rM. o EklMGlT§plseRmcnanaEpñksuxPaB tamry³EpnkarskmµPaBsuxPaB ¬kargarpþl;esva/ karpøas;bþÚrGakb,

kiriya/ karEklMGKuNPaB/ karGPivDÆsßab½n nigFnFanmnusS/ karpþl;hirBaØvtßúelIvis½ysuxPaB¦. o bMpussmFm’EynD½r tamry³karb®Ba¢ab/ karedaHRsaybBaðaGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsar nigkarCYjmnusS/ karbegáIn

lT§PaBTTYlFnFanplitkmµdl;®sþI/ karpþl;kargard¾manKuNPaBx<s; nigkarcUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIesckþI seRmccitþ nigkñúgrdæ)alsaFarN³.

o RbtibtþieKalneya)aycMnYnRbCaCn edIm,IbnÞablT§PaBbgákMeNIt nigbMpuskarBnüarkMeNIt.


eRbImUlniFi xuseKaledA Tak;TgnwgkareFVIkartamry³rcnasm<½n§énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa¦ eRcInEtbBa©b; Cakar eFVI[bBaðaecaTTaMgenaH enAmanCabnþ b¤kan;EtGaRkk;eLIg sRmab;ry³eBlEvg ¬World Bank 2004¦.

kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgmkenH eKeXIjmankarTTYlsÁal;kan;EteRcIneLIg enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa famanbBaðaecaTedayELk² mYycMnYnTak;TgnwgRbsiT§PaBCMnYy nigkMeNInkarGMBavnavrkkarsRmuHsRmYl KñaCagmun nigkarsRmbtRmUv CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 8>3 edIm,Iyl;niymn½yénBakü TaMgenH¦. brimaN nigKeRmagénCMnYybec©keTs Føab;CacMNucBiess Føab;CacMNucBiessénkarmincuH sRmugKña. TIRbwkSaCMnYybec©keTs breTsTaMgLay mancMnYneRcInNas; ¬RbmaN Ca 800 nak;¦ ebIKitCa smamaRténCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar Edl)ancMNayeTAelIxÞg;CMnYybec©keTs ¬RbmaNCa 162lan duløaGa emrik kñúgqñaM 2001³ RbEhlnwg 21° éncMNayTaMgLay EdlTTYlhirBaØvtßúBIkñúgRbeTs nigBIxageRkA b¤ eRcInCagR)ak;ebovtSsrub rbs;rdæaPi)aleTAeTot¦. KµankarsgS½yeTfa CMnYybec©keTsman tYnaTId¾sMxan; EdlGacrYmcMENkGPivDÆsmtßPaBsRmab;ry³eBlEvg ebIsinCaeKRKb;RKgva)anRtwmRtUv. k¾b:uEnþkarBwg Ep¥kelITIRbwkSaTaMgLay edIm,IRKb;RKgKeRmag b¤dMeNIrkarEkTRmg;nana GacbMpøajPaBm©as;karrbs;Cati nigraraMgkarGPivDÆsmtßPaBsßab½n CaBiess kñúgkrNIEdl eK)anrYmbBa©ÚlTIRbwkSaTaMgenaH kñúgkMritd¾exSay eTAkñúgcrnþdMeNIrkarRbRktIénRksYg ¬Godfrey et al 2003; Mysliwiec 2004¦. b:uEnþ enATIbBa©b; bBaðaecaTEdlman manlkçN³TUlMTUlay CagbBaðarbs;CMnYybec©keTseTAeTot. mUlehtu EdlenA BIeRkaykareRbICMnYybec©keTsd¾ eRcInelIslb; nigKµankarriHKn;enH -enaHKWbMNg cg;ecosvagkic©karraCkar EdlmanR)ak;ebovtS minRKb;RKan; nigRKb;RKgmin)anl¥ edIm,IseRmckarEklMGd¾elceFøaTaMgLayenAkñúg CIvitRbCa BlrdæRkIRk kñúgry³eBlxøI nigmFüm- dUcKñanwg mUlehtu EdlenABIeRkayrebobeRbICMnYyd¾Rbfuy RbfanmYyEbbeTotEdr ehIyTIbBa©b; vaCakarGnuvtþpÞúyBIeKalkarN_plitPaB kñúgTRmg;Cakarpþl;R)ak; ebovtSbEnßm CabeNþaHGasnñ edayGñkpþl;CMnYy dl;nieyaCitrdæaPi)alTaMgLay ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 7>2 kñúgvKÁmunbnÞab;¦. CaGkusl TRmg;énkarpþl;CMnYyTaMgBIr Edlmann½yminR)akdRbCa nigbgábBaðaecaT Ca erOy²enH - nigCaCRmkmYyénbBaðaepSg²eTot - minEmnmanEtmYy enAkm<úCaeT ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 8>4¦.

karrIkceRmInkñúgkarKitKUrGMBIRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy )anTTYlkarCYysRmYl BIsMNak;karcUlrYmy:agskmµ rbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkargarrbs;KN³kmµaFikarCMnYyGPivDÆn_ ¬DAC¦ énGgÁkarshRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_ esdækic© ¬OECD¦ edIm,IRsavRCav GMBIsßanPaBénkarsRmuHsRmYl nigsRmbtRmUvCMnYyRBmTaMg begáItesckþIENnaMCa saklnana CaBiess esckþIRbkasTIRkugr:Um ¬2003¦ nigTIRkug):arIs ¬2005¦ sþIBIRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy ¬sUmemIl OECD qñaM 2003 nigevbsay OECD-DAC ¦ .


RbGb; 8>3 PaBm©as;kar/ karsRmbtRmUv nigkarsRmuHsRmYl³ TsSnaTanmUldæan PaBm©as;kar³ CabBa©b; karEklMGFM² enAkñúgshRbtibtþikarGPivDÆ Ep¥kelIkarbgðajd¾KYr[eCO)annana nUvPaB m©as;karrbs;rdæaPi)al elIrebobvar³énkarGPivDÆ. PaBm©as;kar tRmUv[rdæaPi)alyl;GMBIbBaðaecaTTaMgLay EdleKCYbRbTH/ ksag)annUvyuT§sa®sþEdlGacGnuvty:ageCaKC½ymYy sRmab;CMnHbBaðaTaMgenaH nigbgðajsBaØa TaMgLayénkarebþCJacitþEpñkneya)ayd¾R)akdRbCa fanwgRbtibtþiyuT§sa®sþenH. karsRmbtRmUv³ ebIsinCamanehtuplKYreCO)an GMBIPaBRKb;RKan; nigPaBesµaHRtg;ényuT§sa®sþGPivDÆ rbs;rdæa Pi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay KYrEtsRmbtRmUvkmµviFIshRbtibtþikarfñak;RbeTsrbs;BYkeK CamYynwgKMnitpþÜcepþIm rbs;rdæaPi)al sþIBITisedAnanaéneKalneya)ay nigGaTiPaBnanaénfvika. enATINaEdlKµanPaBm©as;karEbbenH eTenaH eKKYreRbICMnYy tammeFüa)ayTaMgLayNa EdlCMruj[mankarviDÆénPaBm©as;kar -b¤ y:agehacNas; minBnüWtkarrIkceRmInrbs;va. EbbEpnnanaénkarsRmbtRmUv TamTar[Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLaytaMgcitþ eRbIRbB½n§ rdæ)al nighirBaØvtßúTaMgLayrbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IRKb;RKgCMnYy CaCagkarTamTar[rdæaPi)alsRmbdMeNIrkarpÞal; rbs;eK ¬dUckñúgkrNIFmµtaknøgmk¦ eTAnwgRbB½n§epSg²KñaCaeRcInEbb rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy. k¾b:uEnþ karsRmbtRmUv RbB½n§TaMgenH TamTar[Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay ¬nigGñkbg;Bn§ b¤PaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLayrbs;BYkeK¦ yl;RBmfa RbB½n§ nigrebobkargarTaMgLayrbs;rdæaPi)al RtUvtamkMritGb,brmaénsþg;dabec©keTsnana EdlTak;TgnwgRbsiT§PaB nigKNenyüPaB hirBaØvtßú. karsRmuHsRmYl³ CabBa©b; eKeXIjmanEdnkargard¾KYr[kt;sMKal;mYy sRmab;karsRmuHsRmYlKñakñúgcMeNamGñk pþl;CMnYy GMBIrebobkargarpÞal;rbs;BYkeK eday³ ¬1¦karGnum½tykrebobcat;EcgrYmnana sRmab;eFVIEpnkar nigpþl; CMnYy ¬dUcCa PaBc,as;las; nigrYmKñaCagmun Tak;TgnwglkçxNÐTaMgLay EdlGacnaMeTAdl;karpþl;[eRcInCag b¤ticCagmun b¤mYytamry³viFIcUleTAtamvis½y¦/ ¬2¦karsRmYlkargar[rlUn nigkareFVIsniTankmµrebobkargar TaMgLayrbs;BYkeK ¬dUcCa tamry³ebskkmµ nigkarsikSananarYmKña CaCageFVIedayELk²BIKña¦ edIm,Ikat;bnßy bnÞúkeTAelIrdæaPi)al nig ¬3¦karEckrMElkKña y:agTUlaytamEdlGaceFVI)an nUvkic©karviPaK nigB½t’man GMBIrMhUrénCMnYyeRKagTuk nigCak;Esþg. karsRmuHsRmYlKñakñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;CMnYy Gac nigKYrEtekItman eTaHBYk eKGac b¤minGacsRmbtRmUvkareFVIkmµviFI nigRbB½n§nanarbs;BYkeK CamYynwgkmµviFI nigRbB½n§rbs;rdæaPi)alk¾eday. man½yfa eTaHbIGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay minGacsRmbtRmUveKalneya)ay b¤RbB½n§TaMgLayrbs;BYkeK CamYyGVI² TaMgenHrbs;rdæaPi)alkþI ¬eRBaHBYkeKvinicä½yfa eKalneya)ayTaMgenaHminsmehtupl b¤fa RbB½n§TaMgLay minRKb;RKan; sRmab;Fana[kareRbIFnFanCMnYyTaMgenaH manKNenyüPaB/ RbsiT§PaB b¤pþl;lT§pll¥RbesIr¦ k¾Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLayenaH Gac QaneTArkkarsRmuHsRmYlKña)anEdr.


km<úCaCaRbeTsmYy kñúgcMeNamRbeTsCaéd KUcMnYn 14 enAkñúgEpñkkargarsþIBIRbsiT§PaBén CMnYy énKN³kmµaFikarCMnYyGPivDÆn_ énGgÁkar shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_esdækic© RBmTaMgCa GñkcUlrYmmYy kñúgcMeNamGñkcUlrYm 9 kñúgkar BinitüemIleTAvijeTAmk elIkarsRmuHsRmYl nig karsRmbtRmUv.

rcnasm<½nnana sRmab;shRbtibtþikar rvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy

kñúgTsvtSTImYy énkarksagRbeTseLIgvijrbs;km<úCa KWTsvtS 1980 karsRmbsRmYl minEmn CabBaðaecaTFMeT³ manGñkpþl;CMnYytic enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ÉFnFank¾mantictYcsþÜcesþIgEmnETn min)an eFVI[eKKitKUrCECkEvkEjk GMBIGaTiPaBTaMgLayrbs;rdæaPi)aleT. edayehtuenH rcnasm<½n§énkar sRmbsRmYlfñak;vis½y eFVIkar)any:agl¥5. b:uEnþ CamYynwgkarekIneLIgy:ageRcInéncMnYnGñkpþl;CMnYy 5 tamkarBiBN’na enAkñúgvKÁmunbnÞab; GgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)alGnþrCatimYycMnYntUc EdleFVIkarenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa

kñúgbNþaqñaM 1980 )aneFVIkardUcCa Gñk pþl;CMnYy edaybBa¢ÚnmUlniFiCaeRcIn eTAkñúgkar vinieyaKelImUlFn nigkarpþl;esvaCamUldæan.

RbGb; 8>4 EklMGlT§plseRmc b¤mYy ksagsßab½n? ®hVan;sIus PUKUy:am:a-Francis Fukuyama )ankt;sMKal;fa Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay eRcInEtbBa©b;{edayeFVI[

GVI²eTACaGaRkk;Cagmun} tamry³karbMpøajy:agCak;Esþg nUvsmtßPaBsßab½n kñúgkarEsVgrklT§plPøam². elak)anTajehtuplfa Gñkpþl;CMnYymñak;minGacEklMGkargarpþl;esva niglT§plseRmcénkarGPivDÆFnFan mnusS kñúgry³ eBlxøI-mFümpg RBmTaMgksagsmtßPaBsRmab; ry³eBlEvgpg)aneLIy. drabNakarpøas; bþÚrrcnasm<½n§éneRKOgelIkTwkcitþEdlRbQmcMeBaHmuxGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLayeTRtUv)anbþÚr dUcCakartRmUvkarcg;bM eBjcitþGñkbg;Bn§/ Gñkneya)ay/ GaCJaFrsvnkmµ nigRkumGñkdak;sm<aFTaMgLayénRbeTsGñkpþl;CMnYy-ehIy tamBiteTA KWrdæaPi)alnanaénbNþa RbeTsrIkceRmInCaédKU Edlcg;Cab;eqñatsaCafµI b¤mYycg;enAkan;GMNacCabnþ- nwgpþl;lT§plCakarcab;GarmµN_ eTAelIEtkarEklMGlT§plseRmcTaMgLay kñúgry³eBlxøI ¬tamry³karcUl rYmpÞal;rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy kñúgkargarpþl;esva¦ edayQñHelIcMNuccab;GarmµN_ EdlenAEvgq¶ayCag/ yWtCag/ bNþalkarQWcab;eRcInCag nigBi)akbBa¢ak;ehtuplCag Tak;TgnwgkarksagsmtßPaBénrdænana EdlmanR)ak; cMNUlTab edIm,I[BYkeKGacEklMGkargarpþl;esva nigplseRmc edayxøÜnÉg. eKeXIjmanPaBRtYtsIuKña rvag karkt;sMKal;eXIjrbs;elak PUKU y:am:a nigrbs;elak Nan;sIu eb‘Ítsl-Nancy Birdsall Edl)an dak;bBa©ÚleTA kñúgbBa¢Id¾samBaØén {)abkmµEdlmaneRKaHfñak;dl;søab;TaMg 7 énshRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_} EdlkñúgenaHman {PaBKµan GMNt; ¬CamYynwgkargarksagsßab½n¦}.

RbPB³ Fukuyama 2004; Birdsall 2004.


nigbrimaNCMnYy GPivDÆn_pøÚvkar enAedImTsvtS 1990 rcnasm<½n§ TaMgenaHkøayeTACaminRKb;RKan;eLIy. cab;taMgBI eBlenaHmk Rkbx½NÐeKalCasßab½n sRmab;kar snÞnaKña rvagraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa-Gñkpþl;-sgÁm sIuvil GMBIeKalneya)ayGPivDÆ )anvivtþqøgkat; dMNak;mYycMnYn.

dUcenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsÉeTot²Edr bc©úb,nñenH karRbCMuRbcaMqñaMTaMgLayénRkumBieRKaHeyabl; RbRBwtþ eTAenAkñúgRbeTs minEmnenAkñúgrdæFanInanaénRbeTsGñkpþl;CMnYy dUcBImuneToteT. karRbCMuTaMgenH begáIt )anCaevTikamYysRmab;karBinitüemIleLIgvijCayuT§sa®sþ elIkarrIkceRmInénkarEkTRmg;TaMgLay nigkar BiPakSaGMBITMhMénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar EdlGñk pþl;CMnYyTaMgLayeRKagnwgpþl;[kñúgqñaMbnÞab;.

tYGgÁGcié®nþy_mYycMnYn EbgEckGaNtþiTaMgGs;CamYyKña sRmab;eFV IEpnkarCayuT§sa®sþ nigkarbBa©Úl CMnYyGPivDÆn_ eTAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigEpnkarnana rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. RksYgEpnkar manParkic© sRmbsRmYlkarbegáIt nigRbtibtþiEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nig eFVIkarCamYybNþanaykdæan Epnkar enAtamRksYgTaMgLay. b:uEnþ RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa -EdlEsVgrkkarvinieyaKelImUlFn pÞal; ¬kñúgenaHmanCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar nigkarvinieyaKÉkCn¦ eTAelIGaTiPaBnana rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa- k¾manParkic©dwknaMkarerobcM {TsSnvis½y nigyuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_TaMgLay} rbs;Cati nigsRmbsRmYl skmµPaBnanakñúgrdæaPi)al nigrvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLaypgEdr6. cMENkÉRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú manParkic© KitKUrGMBIIeKalneya)aym:aRkUesdækic©/ sareBIBn§ nigrUbiyvtßú dUcenHmanParkic©cMbg RKb;RKgelIkarEbgEckhirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ rIÉshRbtibtþikareTVPaKICamYyRbeTs)araMg RbRBwtþeTAtamry³ RksYgkarbreTs.

CMhannana eq<aHeTArkCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar cUlsMNMuKñaCagmun EdlRtUvKñal¥Cagmun CamYykardwknaM rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )ancab;epþImmansMTuHxøaMgCagmun CadMbUgenAfñak;vis½y. bc©úb,nñ rebobvar³énkar EkTRmg;CMnYy RbRBwtþeTAelOnCageK enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM nigsuxaPi)al Edlsm<½n§PaBénGñkpþl;CMnYyBhuPaKI )anvivtþbnþicmþg² eTACakarKaMRT cMeBaHkarksagyuT§sa®sþnanasRmab;vis½yTaMgenH. viFIcUleTAtamvis½y enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM nigkarRKb;RKgeTAtamvis½y ¬SWIM¦ enAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al )ansRmbtRmUvCMnYy GPivDÆn_ [enABIeRkayyuT§sa®sþrbs;RksYg nig)ankat;bnßyéføRbtibtþikarnana. sm<½n§PaBnanaénGñkpþl; CMnYyBhuPaKI k¾)anCYysRmYlkargarmYycMnYnpgEdr kñúg ¬1¦TMnak;TMngnana rvagGñkpþl;CMnYy nig

6 RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa manParkic©RbmUl nig raykarN_GMBIbrimaN nigkarEbgEckCMnYyGPi vDÆn_pøÚvkar

CaBiess enAkñúgkarRbCMRkumBieRKaH eyabl;TaMgLay.


rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgkat;bnßyKMlat nigkarRtYtCan;KñananaénkargarvimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan ¬tamry³kmµviFIsila nigPaBCaédKUsRmab;GPi)alkic©mUldæan¦/ ¬2¦karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³¬eday mankarRBmeRBogKña elIkarKaMRTrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyBhuPaKI cMeBaHdMeNIrkarbIdMNak;énkMENTRmg; rYmman kMENTRmg;R)ak;ebovtS enAkñúgRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦ nig¬3¦karGPivDÆEpñkÉkCn EdlGñkpþl;CMnYy TaMgLay kMBugsRmbsRmYlkarxMRbwgERbgnana edIm,IKaMRT Epnkar 12 cMNuc rbs;raCrdæaPi)al sRmab;Ek lMGbriyakasvinieyaK nigCYysRmYlkargarBaNiC¢kmµ ¬2004¦. kñúgvis½yRKb;RKgdIFøI eKeXIjmanviFI mYyEdlEp¥kelIkmµviFI kMBugkekIteLIg EdlsRmuHsRmYlkarKaMRT rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYycMeBaHkarGPivDÆ nigkar RbtibtþitYnaTIKnøwHnana rbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgEpñkFnFandIFøI.

b:uEnþ enAkñúgvis½yÉeTot² KuNPaBéneKalneya)ayrbs;vis½y RBmTaMgkarsRmbsRmYlCMnYy nigRbsiT§PaBénkarcMNaysrub enAmankMritTabCagenHeRcInNas;. enAkñúgbNþaqñaMénedImTsvtSenH kar erobcMcat;Ecgfñak;vis½y ERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg ebIeFobnwgkMlaMg. kñúgbMNgxMRbwgCMruj [manrcnasm<½n§ CamUldæandUcKñamYy eK)anbegáItRkumkargar 5 Rkum kñúgqñaM 1999 RBmTaMgbEnßmBIreTot ¬GPi)alkic© nigPaBCaédKU¦ enAkñúgExFñÚ-2002. CakareqøIytbeTAnwg ]bsKÁnanaenAkñúgKMrUenH EdleK)ankt;sMKal; eXIj enAExtula-2003 elaknaykrdæm®nþI)an yl;RBmelIsMeNImYy esñIEkTRmg;rcnasm<½n§énRkum kargarTaMgenaH. eBjmYyqñaM 2004 karsRmbsRmYlRkbx½NÐeKal )anbegáIteLIgkñúgTRmg;CaRkum kargarbec©keTstamvis½y nigtamkmµvtßú cMnYn 17 Rkum. sMeNIrYmrbs;rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy[BRgwg RTg;RTayénrcnasm<½n§ sRmab;pþl;CMnYy Edl)anRbkaskñúgExkBaØa qñaM 2004 nig)ankMNt;;ecjnUvFatu sMxan;²cMnYnBIr. TImYy KWRkumkargarbec©keTsTaMg 17 EdlrgkarEkrcnasm<½n§ ¬eRkaymk eK)an begáItRkumkargarbec©keTsTI 18 sRmab;kareFVIEpnkar nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¦. RkumkargarnImYy² dwk naMedayRksYg b¤sßab½nBak;B½n§rbs;rdæaPi)al nigcUlrYmsRmbsRmYledayGñkpþl;CMnYymYy b¤BIrEdlnaMmux eKenAkñúgvis½yenaH. Rkumkargarbec©keTsnImYy² manParkic©erobcMyuT§sa®sþ nigEpnkarskmµPaB rYmKñanana sRmab;vis½yTaMgenaH EdlRtUvKñaCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþctuekaN/ RbmUlFnFancaM)ac;TaMgLay sRmab;RbtibtþiyuT§sa®sþenH nigtamBinitüemIlrYmKña elIkarrIkceRmIneFobnwgeKaleFobTaMgLay Edl)an kMNt;enAkñúgyuT§sa®sþrbs;vis½y RBmTaMgP¢ab;CamYynwgsUcnkrrYm sRmab;kargartamBinitüTaMgLay ¬JMIs¦ Edl)anRBmeRBogKña kñúgGgÁRbCMuénRkum BieRKaHeyabl;.

FatuTIBIr KWKN³kmµaFikarsRmbsRmYlrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyfµImYy ¬GDCC¦ EdlmanParkic© BRgwgkarsRmbsRmYl fñak;eKalneya)ay/ kMNt;GaTiPaB nigedaHRsaybBaðanana EdlelIkeLIgeday


rUb 8>3 sßanPaBénkarsRmuHsRmYl nigkarsRmbtRmUv kñúgqñaM 2004³ GaMgDIkaT½rmYycMnYn

RbPB³ kRmgsMNYrEdl)anbMeBj sRmab;karGegátCaeKal rbs;KN³kmµaFikarCMnYyGPivDÆn_ énGgÁkar

shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_ esdækic© - esckþIRbkasTIRkug):arIs sþIBIRbsiT§PaBCMnYy. kMNt;sMKal;³ Gñkpþl;CMnYyEdl)ancUlrYmman Danida, AusAID, EC, CIDA, Sida, UN, DFID, USAID,

World Bank, ADB, AFD, French Embassy, Japan, KfW, GTZ and DED.

Rkumkargarbec©keTsTaMgLay. karRbCMuRbcaMRtImasnana rbs;KN³kmµaFikarsRmbsRmYlrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM 2004. eK)anGeBa¢IjGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcMnYnbI ¬tamFmµta KWGgÁkarTaMgLayEdlcUlrYmkarRbCMuénRkumBieRKaHeyabl;¦ [cUlrYmkarRbCMu énKN³kmµaFikarsRmb sRmYl rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy EdlBinitüemIlr)aykarN_TaMgLay rbs;Rkumkargarbec©keTs sþIB I karrIkceRmIn eFobnwgEpnkarskmµPaBTaMgLay nigbNþaGaMgDIkaT½rrYmsRmab;kartamBinitü.

fVIebIkartRmUvynþkarsRmbsRmYltamvis½y eTAtamsþg;daGacCYy)ankþI KuNPaBkargarrbs;Rkum kargarbec©keTsTaMgLay bnþmanPaBcRmuHKñaCaxøaMg. RkumkargarxøHeFVIkar)anl¥ ÉRkumxøHeTot kMBug RbyuT§CamYysmtßPaBd¾mankMrit edIm,IRKb;RKgsmaCikTaMgLayrbs;eK nigFnFannana EdlsmaCik nana)anykmkkan;tueFVIkar.

karkMNt;rebobvar³énRbsiT§PaBCMnYy kñúgqñaM 2005

CMucugeRkayénkarcUlrYmrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarCECkBiPakSaCasakl dwknaMedayKN³kmµaFikarCMnYy GPivDÆn_ sþIBIRbsiT§PaBCMnYy )anbBa©ÚlkarcUlrYmrbs;km<úCaeTAkñúgkarGegátCaeKalrbs;sUcnkrTaMgLay sRmab;kargartamBinitü énesckþIRbkasTIRkug):arIs. fVIebIsUcnkrTaMgenH Ep¥kelITinñn½yénkarraykarN_ edayxøÜnÉg ecjBIsMNakEdlmanGñkpþl;CMnYy cMnYn 16 ehIymanCab;mkCamYy nUvkMritmYyénkarbk


RsayEbbGtþenam½t GMBIlkçN³vinicä½ynanaénsUcnkrkþI k¾va)anpþl;nUveKaleFobd¾manRbeyaCn_mYy sRmab;vas;karrIkceRmIn naeBlGnaKt ¬rUb 8>3¦. eKRtUvbkRsaysUcnkrsRmab;karKaRTfvika eday RbugRby½tñ. Gñkpþl;CMnYymYycMnYn ¬rYmmanFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu nigFnaKarBiPBelak¦ )anpþl; nigbnþpþl; fvika b¤mYykar]btßmÖsmtulüénR)ak;ebovtS eTA[km<úCa³ dUcenH tMél{sUnü} enAkñúgqñaM 2004 bgðajnUv qñaMd¾BiessmYy.

k¾b:uEnþ karN_fa Kµan GñkeqøIyGegátNamYy raykarN_fa )aneRbIkar]btßmÖfvikaenAkñúgqñaM 2004 enAEtmanGtßn½ysMxan; edayehtufa Gñkpþl;CMnYymYycMnYneTotEdleK)anGegát -kñúgbribTénRbeTsédKU epSgeTot- manbMNgnwgeFVI eTaHbIBYkeKminEmnCaGñkKaMRTy:agsaTr cMeBaHkarKaMRTfvikakþI. rUbPaBfa manEt 11° énCMnYyGPivDÆn_srub EdleK)anebIkecjBIkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;CMnYyCasMNak RtUv)ancay edayeRbIRbB½n§lT§kmµCati )anBRgwgcMNab;GarmµN_fa Gñkpþl;CMnYyCaeRcInmineBjcitþnwgkMrithaniP½y énkareRbImUlniFieGaycMeKaledA Edldk;Cab;kñúgkareRbIRbB½n§nana rbs; raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

b:uEnþ k¾mansUcnkrénsuxdumnIykmµmYycMnYnEdr ¬dUcCa kargarviPaK b¤ebskkmµnana rYmKña/ CMnYy bec©keTsEdleK)anpþl;Cakarcat;EcgBhuPaKIénGñkpþl;CMnYy¦ EdlenAmankMritTabeFobnwgkarBitEdlfa Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay GaceFVI[mankarrIkceRmInkMritFMCagenH edayminKitBIsmtßPaBrdæaPi)al b¤]bsKÁ kñúgGPi)alkic©eLIy.

eyagtambTBiesaFn_nana énkarcUlrYmy:agCitsñiT§ kñúgdMeNIrkarTaMgLay enATIRkugr:Um nigTIRkug ):arIs RbeTskm<úCa)anbMElgeKalkarN_saklTaMgenaH eFVICaÉksareKalneya)aynanasRmab;km<úCa sþIBIkarEklMGRbsiT§PaBCMnYy CaBiess EpnkarskmµPaBsuxdumnIykmµ nigtMErtMrgqñaM 2004 ¬sUmemIl RbGb; 8>5¦. rdæaPi)al k¾)anbBa¢ak;kan;Etc,as;eLIg GMBIGaTiPaBTaMgLayrbs;eK sRmab;CMnYyGPivDÆn_ pøÚvkar kñúgn½y CakarEbgEcktamvis½y ¬edaypþl;[eRcInCagmun eTAelIksikmµ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic© CaBiess RbB½n§eRsacRsB¦/ karkMNt;eKaledAtamPUmisa®sþ ¬edaypþl;eRcInCagmun eTAkan;tMbn;CnbT¦ nigrebobeFVIkarnana ¬edaycayticCagelICMnYybec©keTs nigCMnYyKeRmag nigpþl;[eRcInCagtamry³kar KaMRTfvika¦. eK)andak;cMNucTaMgenH enAkñúgesckþIRBagrbs;EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþ nig Éksarrbs;RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa naBak;kNþalqñaM 2005 ¬Rkbx½NÐeKalCayuT§sa®sþ sRmab;RKb;RKg shRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_ ¦ Edl)ankMNt;eKalkarN_naMpøÚvmYycMnYnsRmab;eFVIEpnkar nigkarRKb;RKgFnFan CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar elIbBaðanana dUcCakareRbI\NTanTaMgLay CaCMnYsGMeNayhirBaØvtßú/ tYnaTIrbs;Rkum RbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa nigkarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYybNþaRkumkargarbec©keTs. RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa


)anerobcMÉksarRsedogKñamYyeTot kRmgesckþIENnaMRbtibtþifñak;Cati sRmab;CMnYyCaGMeNayénsh-RbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_ Edlpþl;karENnaMnana sRmab;ksagkarRKb;RKgvdþénKeRmagEdlEp¥kelIlT§pl.

eKeXIjmanCMhanviC¢mannana eq<aHeTArkkMeNInPaBm©as;kar elIkarRKb;RKgCMnYy. b:uEnþ eKeXIjman eRKaHfñak;mYyfa karCECkBiPakSaKñarvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLaykøayeTACa ¬b¤enAEtCa¦ karmin cuHsRmugKña d¾KµanRbeyaCn_. GPi)alkic©Gn; nigkarRKb;RKgCMnYyGn; )anvivtþrYmKña enAkñúgTsvtSknøgmk. karCRmH]bsKÁCakarCab;KaMgenH nwgTamTarkarEkTRmg;RBmKña nigbMeBjKña edayPaKITaMgBIrKW rdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_TaMgLay. Gacniyaymü:ageTotfa karEklMGRbsiT§PaBCMnYy[)anRbesIreLIgnwgTam-TarkarrIkceRmInénEpñkGPi)alkic© nigRcas;mkvij.

dUcenH Ca]TahrN_ Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay )anBwgEp¥kelICMnYybec©keTs nigKeRmagnana eRBaHmü:ag edIm,Iecosvagsßab½nRbtibtþi d¾KµanRbsiT§PaBrbs;rdæ nigmü:ageTot edIm,IbnßykarRbQmmux Tl;nwg haniP½y énGMeBIBukrlYy. bc©úb,nñenH eK)anTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa bMNgB½T§rbgCMuvijmUlniFirbs;Gñkpþl; CMnYy enAkñúgGgÁPaBRbtibtþiKeRmag nigkarTamTar[pþl;r)aykarN_ eTAtamkarkMNt;rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy min)anCYyedaHRsaybBaðaecaTTak;TgnwgRbB½n§nana énrcnasm<½n§rbs;rdæaPi)aleT ¬eBalKW kgVHFnFan

RbGb; 8>5 EpnkarskmµPaBkm<úCa sRmab;kar sRmuHsRmYl nigkarsRmbtRmUv EpnkarskmµPaBkm<úCa sRmab;suxdumnIykmµ nigtMErtMrUv RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgExFñÚ-2004 nigBinitüEklMGkñúgqñaM

2005 edIm,IbBa©ÚlGnusasn_nana énesckþIRbkasTIRkug):arIs. EpnkarskmµPaBenH )ankMNt;eKaledA dUcteTA³ 1> BRgwgPaBm©as;karCati kñúgenaH rdæaPi)alGnuvtþkardwknaMRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB elIbNþaeKalneya)ay/

yuT§sa®sþ nigskmµPaBGPivDÆn_EdlmansuxdumnIykmµ. dUcenH RksYgEpnkardwknaMkarerobcMEpnkar CatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ/ RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa dwknaMdMeNIrkarRbmUlFnFan nigsRmbsRmYlCMnYy ÉRksYgtamvis½y TaMgLay dwknaMkarRKb;RKgCMnYyGPivDÆn_.

2> CMrujkartMErtMrg. édKUGPivDÆn_TaMgLayKYr Ep¥kkarKaMRTTaMgLayrbs;eK elIbNþayuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_ ¬dUcCa EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nigkmµviFItamvis½y/ kmµvtßú b¤tambBaða¦/ sßab½n nigrebobkargarTaMg Layrbs;km<úCa ¬dUcCa tamry³karBRgwgsmtßPaBraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sRmab;RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nig sRmab;eFVIEpnkar/ RKb;RKg nigkargarKNenyü edIm,I[eKalneya)ay nigkmµviFITTYl)anlT§pll¥¦. édKU GPivDÆn_KYrbegáIntMélR)ak; kñúgkarRKb;RKgCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar ¬]TahrN_ edayRsaycMNgénCMnYy¦.

3> begáInsuxdumnIykmµ. skmµPaBnanarbs;édKUGPivDÆn_TaMgLay KYrEtmankarRsuHRsYlKña/ mantmøaPaB nigman RbsiT§PaBrYml¥Cagmun. kñúgenH rYmmankareRbIcMNat;karrYm nigrebobkargarnanaEbbsRmYl/ begáInkarbMeBj [Kña kñúg cMeNamédKUGPivDÆn_ nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana sRmab;Gakb,kiriyacg;shkarKña.


hirBaØvtßú nigFnFanmnusS/ karerobcMsßab½nminsmRsb nigkMritd¾TabéntmøaPaB nigKN³enyüPaB¦. CaerOy² Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay )aneFVI[bBaðaecaTTaMgenH mansPaBkan;EtGaRkk;eTA². ]TahrN_ Cak;Esþgl¥bMputKW kalNaGñkpþl;CMnYyeRCIserIsykm®nþIl¥CageK [eTARKb;RKgkarRbtibtþiKeRmagEdl eK)andkykecjBIcrnþemrbs;RksYg eBalKWBIkEnøgEdleKKYrdak;vaenATIenaH sRmab;dwknaMkarGPivDÆ éneKalneya)aysñÚl nigRbB½n§nanarbs;raCrdæaPi)al. TnÞwmKñaenH ebskkmµerobcMbegáItKeRmagnana/ kartRmUv[raykarN_/ kargartamBinitü nigvaytMél nigdMeNIrkarsvnkmµ EdlkMNt;edayGñkpþl;CMnYy )anbEnßmTMgn;eTAelIbnÞúkrdæ)aleTAelIbuKÁlikénRksYgEdlxVHxatFnFan/ rMxanBYkeKkñúgkarbMeBjParkic© eKalneya)ay nigkarEkTRmg;rdæ)al RBmTaMgkareFVIEpnkar nigkargarfvikaRbcaMéf¶.

k¾b:uEnþ ebIsinCakRmgehtupléncMeNamKMrU ry³eBlxøI kMNt;edayGñkpþl;CMnYyénshRbtibtþikar GPivDÆn_ sßitenAkñúgTsSnvis½yTUlMTUlayCag nigsRmab;ry³eBlEvgCag TIbMput QñH)anedayxøÜnÉg7 enaHrdæaPi)alenAEtRtUvTTYlsÁal;PaBRsbc,ab;énkar)armÖnana Edly:agehacNas; )anKaMRTGakb,kiriya EbbenHmYycMnYn. fVIebIGñkpþl;CMnYymYycMnYn pþl; nigbnþpþl;karKaMRTdl;fvika ehIymYycMnYneTot TMng CanwgcUlrYmCamYy naeBlxagmuxkþI eKeXIjfa minTMngCamankarpøas;bþÚreTACaEbblk;dMuNamYy BIsMNak; Gñkpþl;CMnYy cMeBaHkarKaMRTdl;fikaeT luHRtaEteKGacedaHRsay)annUvbBaðaecaTTaMgLay EdlkMBugman enAkñúgGPi)alkic© ehIyGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLaymanCMenOcitþCagmun eTAelI;karcat;Ecgnana Tak;TgnwgGñk kan;tMENgCaTITukcitþ EdlcaM )ac;sRmab;karRbtibtþiCMnYyrbs;rdæaPi)al.

dUcenH manehtupld¾xøaMgmYyfa TnÞwmKñanwgkarbnþbegáInsm<aF kñúgkarEsVgrkkarKaMRTdl;fvika Edl CaviFIEdleKcg;)ansRmab;ry³eBlEvg rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay k¾RtUvkMNt;rebobvar³¬Cakar bMeBjbEnßm¦ ry³eBlxøI eTAry³eBlmFüménkarsRmuHsRmYlkMritkNþal nigkarEkTRmg;nanaénkar tMErtMrg; EdlGacnwgseRmc)an kñúgCIvitrbs;EpnkarCati énkarGPivDÆn_CayuT§sa®sþ. RbGb; 8>6 )anerob rab;GMBI]TahrN_CaviC¢mannana BIkñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAfµ I²enH ÉRbGb; 8>7 pþl;KMnitmYycMnYnecjBIrebob eFVIkarl¥² enAkñúgRbeTsepSg²eTot EdlGñkpþl;CMnYy nigrdæaPi)al )ane)aHCMhanFM² eq<aHeTArkkardak; eKalkarN_KNenyüPaBeTAvij eTAmk eTAkñúgkarRbtibtþikargar.

7 manehtuplmYyedayELkBIeK EdlRtUvelIkeLIg eBalKW rebobeFVIkargarKeRmagTaMgLay mincaM)ac;man

RbsiT§PaBCagmun kñúgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIBukrlYyeLIy. bTBiesaFn_kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH rbs;FnaKar BiPBelak nigkmµviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelakpþl;Kmnitfaykl¥KeRmagTaMgLay enA[q¶ayBIkarFanaelIkarkarBar min[mankarbnøM lYc b¤lT§kmµminRtwmRtUv.


karksagBIelIkarGPivDÆTaMgenH nigRkb x½NÐeKalCayuT§sa®sþfµI rbs;rdæaPi)al sRmab;CMnYypþl; KMnitCaGaTiPaBnana sRmab;EklMGRbsiT§PaBénCMnYy dUcteTA³

■ karxMRbwgRBmKña edIm,IbegáItshRbtibtþikar GPivDÆn_ RsbeTAtamEpnkarCatiénkarGPi vDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nigkmµviFIvinieyaKsaFarN³ Edl¬sgÇwmfa¦nwgRtUveRbIsRmab;sRmbtRmUvkarvinieyaKmUlFnTaMgLay CamYynwg GaTiPaBTaMgLay enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkar GPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ.

■ karBRgwgRkbx½NÐeKalénsßab½n sRmab;karsnÞnarvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy - kñúgenH ebIcaM)ac; eK RtUvbEnßmtMNnanaEdlenAxVH. edIm,IeFV I[EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþmanRbsiT§PaB dUcCa

RbGb; 8>6 karsRmuHsRmYl nigkarsRmbtRmUv³ ]TahrN_d¾manRbeyaCn_ mYycMnYn kareFVIEpnkaryuT§sa®sþrYmKña. FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu/ RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatiéncRkPBGg;eKøs/ FnaKarBiPBelak

nigRbB½n§shRbCaCati )anerobcMrYmKña nUvyuT§sa®sþfµI²sRmab;RbeTs ¬bnþBIqñaM 2005 eTA¦. fVIebIkargarenH eFVI[manéføcMNaybEnßmnana eTAelIbnÞúkénédKUTaMgbYnkþI va)anbnßyTMgn;BIbnÞúkénPaKIcUlrYmeTot² ¬]Ta> kñúgTRmg;CakarRbCMuBieRKaHeyabl;nana¦ nigmankarEbgEckkargarmYycMnYnrvagPaKITaMgbYn. karviPaK sßanPaBRbeTs RtUveKEckrMElkKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ eFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚrkaryl;dwg EdlEklMGkarviPaK nig BRgIkkaryl;RsbKña kñúgTsSnvis½y RBmTaMg)andak;RKwHmYy sRmab;shRbtibtþikarnaGnaKt rvagPaKITaMg bYn )anRbesIrCagmun.

kartMErtMrg;énkareFVIEpnkarkñúgRbeTs. eK)anpSBVpSay nig)ankMNt;edayeyagtamyuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaB RkIRk ¬NPRS¦ nUvdMeNIrkarvaytMélRbeTsrYmKña-Rkbx½NÐeKalénkar pþl;CMnYyGPivDÆ ¬CCA-UNDAF¦ enAkñúgrgVg;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.

kargarviPaKrYmKña. karsikSaCayuT§sa®sþmYycMnYn ¬dUcCa karvaytMélEynD½renAkm<úCa¦ )aneFVIeLIgedayGñkpþl; CMnYyBIr b¤eRcInCagenH. kñúgkrNImYycMnYn kargarTaMgenH)anpþl;nUvmUldæanFMTUlayCagmun sRmab;kmµviFI nana Edl)anRBmeRBogKñaCabnþbnÞab; CamYyrdæaPi)al ¬dUcCa karvaytMélrYmKñaelIPaBcMeKaledAénkar eRbIR)as;fvika nigkarBinitüemIlcMNaysaFarN³ EdleFVIeLIgedayFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu nigFnaKarBiPB-elak edayman karpþl;viPaKTannana BIGñkpþl;CMnYymYycMnYneTot¦.

rebobkargar nigkarKaMRTEdlmankarRsuHRsYlKña sRmab;karGPivDÆRbB½n§sñÚlnanarbs;rdæaPi)al. raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa/ FnaKarBiPBelak nigFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu )anshkarKñabegáItesovePAENnaMrebobeRbImYy sþIBIrebob kargarRbtibtþitamsþg;da RBmTaMgRbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúénKeRmagrYm nigesovePAENnaMrebobeRbI. bnÞab;mk TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_)araMg ¬AFD¦ )anyl;RBmeRbIrebobkargarTaMgenH ehIyeKsgÇwmfa GñkÉeTot² nwg eFVItam.


cMNuceKalmYy sRmab;PaBm©as;karrbs;rdæaPi)al eKRtUvEklMGRkumkargarbec©keTsTaMgLay ¬dUcCa edayFanafa nwgbBa¢ÚnmnusSsmRsbnana eTAcUlrYmRbCMu/ edaybegáItlMhmYysRmab; [skmµCnnana minEmnmkBIsßab½nrdæ cUlrYm nigTTYl)ankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmun GMBIeKalneya)ayTaMgLay rbs; raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa/ edaybegáIteKalkarN_énsm<½n§PaB edIm,IrkSa[kargarrbs;RkumenH epþatCanic© eTAelIbBaðananaéneKalneya)ay minEmnRKan;EtCakarpøas;bþÚrB½t’manenaHeT nigbBa©ÚltYnaTImYy sRmab;Rkumkargarbec©keTsTaMgLay enAkñúgkareFVIEpnkarRbcaMqñaM/ karerobcMfvika nigkñúgvdþnanaénkar BinitüemIleLIgvij EdltP¢ab;eTAkñúg ]Ta> KN³kmµaFikarsRmbsRmYlrdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYy b¤kar RbCMunana énRkumBieRKaHeyabl; b¤mYykñúgkarBinitü emIlkarrIkceRmInRbcaMqñaM rbs;EpnkarCatiénkar GPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ -EdlKYrEtykmk dak;CamYyKña eTIbl¥.

■ karsnÞnaKñad¾esµIPaB GMBICMnYybec©keTsEdl begáIt)anCaeKalkarN_GnuvtþCamUldæan eFVICaviFIrYmmYy sRmab;ksagsmtßPaB nigtYnaTIrbs;CMnYybec©keTs. tamBiteTA nwgmanPaBcaM)ac; nigtRmUvkarCabnþ [manCMnYy bec©keTs8. y:agNad¾eday eKeXIjmanlMhsRmab;dMeNaHRsayTaMgBIr³ kat;bnßycMnYn nigEklMGKuNPaBénCMnYybec©keTs. RtUvmankarebþCJacitþBIsMNak;Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay EdlCMruj[ Rbtibtþiedaysm<aFeTAvijeTAmk nigsmPaKITaMgLay faeKalbMNgTImYyénCMnYybec©keTs KWksag smtßPaBry³eBlEvg tamry³karepÞrcMeNHCMnajnana nigkarerobcMsßab½neLIgvij ¬nigminEmnCa karbMeBjcenøaHxVHxat b¤hVwkhVWnbuKÁlnanaeT¦. EdnénkargarRtUvEtmankarRBmeRBogKña CamYy rdæaPi)al nigédKUtamvis½yTaMgLay tamry³Rkumkargarbec©keTssmRsb nigRtUvEtCakarpøas;bþÚr mankarRKb;RKgmYy BICMnYybec©keTsGnþrCati mkCafñak;Cati.

■ karsRmYldMeNIrkar nigkarsRmuHsRmYl tamry³karcat;Ecgkic©shRbtibtþikarnana EdleK)an RbKl;[. kñúgenaHGñkpþl;CMnYyBIr b¤ eRcInPaKI RBmeRBogKñaelIkmµviFImYy énkarerobcM sRmab;[PaKI mYyRbtibtþimUlniFinana rbs;PaKITaMgBIr ehIyPaKIEdlRbKl;kargar [eKTamTarEtr)aykarN_tam xYbkMNt; nig karBinitüemIlrYmKñab:ueNÑaH.

8 KYrkt;sMKal;fa enAeBlEdlEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nigRkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa GMBav nav[man

CMnYybec©keTsticCagmun RksYgTaMgLayenAEtbnþesñIsMuCMnYybec©keTs eRcInCagmun edIm,ICYyerobcMbegáIt b¤RbtibtþikmµviFInana b¤dMeNIr karEkTRmg;TaMgLay ¬EdlCaerOy² manehtu plbBa¢ak;y:agl¥ -dUcCaenAkñúg r)aykarN_GMBI karrIkceRmIn TImYy sþIBIkmµviFIEkTRmg;karRKb;RKg hirBaØvtßú saFarN³¦.


■ karRtYtBinitümanRbsiT§PaBCagenH eTAelIRbsiT§PaBCMnYytamry³kartamBinitü nigvaytMélrYmKña ¬Gñkpþl;CMnYyBhuPaKI nigGñkpþl;CMnYy-rdæaPi)al-sgÁmsIuvil¦ kñúgcMnYnticCag EtmanGtßn½yFMCag EdlbegáIteLIg edayeyagtamsMNMueKaledAtamvis½y nigtamkmµvtßú RBmTaMgedIm,IsRmuHsRmYl nig

RbGb; 8>7 eq<aHeTArkKNenyüPaBeTAvijeTAmk³ emeronnanaBIRbeTstg;sanI nigm:UsMb‘íc

kMritd¾x<s;énkarBwgEp¥kelICMnYy enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsPaKeRcIn éntMbn;GaRBiceRkamsahar:a )annaMeTAdl; TidæPaB raMgsÞHkargarCaeRcInénbNþaTMnak;TMngrdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYy tamEbbEdleKeXIjmanenAkñúgRbeTs km<úCa. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgRbeTsTaMgenaHmYycMnYn eK)aneFVI[mankarrIkceRmInCaeRcIn kñúgry³eBl 5-10 qñaMknøg mkenH. enARbeTstg;sanI karEkTRmg;naMmux edaykarcab;epþIménvibtþiesdækic© nigneya)ay enAeBlEdlGñk pþl;CMnYy TaMgLayp¥akCMnYyTaMgGs;Kña kñúgqñaM 1994. karvaytMélÉkraCmYy elIbNþaTMnak;TMngrdæaPi)al-Gñkpþl;CMnYy ¬r)aykarN_rbs; Helleiner, 1995¦ )anviPaKy:agl¥itl¥n; elIkgVHTsSnvis½yrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkarrIksuHsay kan;EtxøaMgeLIg² énGMeBIBukrlYy Edl)anbNþaly:agKMhuk[manclnaenH b:uEnþk¾)an riHKn;y:agxøaMgEdr cMeBaHrebobeFVIkargard¾Gn;rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyEdl)anrYmcMENky:agFM kñúgkareFVI[rdæaPi)al KµanPaBm©as;kar. cab;BIqñaM 1995 mk r)aykarN_rbs;elak ehLIenI-Helleiner )ankMNt;RTg;RTay y:agsIuCeRmAénkarerobcMbegáIteLIgvij nUvTMnak;TMngénkarpþl;CMnYy. sm<½n§PaBkan;EteBjTRmg;Cagmun )an kekIteLIg kñúgqñaM 2002 CayuT§sa®sþCMnYy tg;sanI ¬TAS¦ EdlkñúgenaH rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYy )anRBm eRBogKña begáItr)aykarN_ÉkraCnanaén kartamBinitü nigvaytMél edIm,IBinitüemIlrYmKña eFVICamUldæansRmab; BiPakSaKña elICMhanbnÞab;nanaEdlRtUvedIr. bc©úb,nñ RkumGñktamBinitüÉkraCmYy ¬IMG¦ EdleK)aneRCIs taMgeLIgrYmKña )anraykarN_[karRbCMuBieRKaH eyabl;BIrdg³ r)aykarN_qñaM 2005 kt;sMKal;eXIjkarrIk ceRmInCaeRcIn Etk¾segáteXIjEdrfa CMnYybec©keTs KWCarebobpþl;CMnYyEdlbgábBaðaCageK. va)anpþl; Gnusasn_fa rdæaPi)altg;sanI RtUvbegáIteKalneya)ayCMnYy bec©keTsd¾c,as;las;mYy EdlbBa¢ak;c,as;fa tYnaTITImYyrbs;CMnYybec©keTs RtUvEtCakarksagsmtßPaB nig)anGMBavnavfa RtUvpþl;karGnuBaØatcMeBaHEt KeRmagCMnYyNa EdlbMeBj)antamlkçN³vinicä½yEdlmanEcg.

kñúgRbeTsm:UsMb‘íc rdæaPi)aleRkays®gÁam )ancat;EcgbegáIt nigEfrkSa TMnak;TMngCMnYyEbbminFmµta mYy EdlmanlkçN³cMh nigKYr[eCOCak;)an ehIyeKeXIjfa mancMnYnGñkpþl;CMnYykan;EteRcIneLIg bBa¢Ún CMnYytam EbbenH kñúgTRmg;CakarKaMRTpÞal;dl;fvika. kñúgqñaM 2004 Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMg 15 ¬bc©úb,nñ 16¦ Edl)ancuHhtßelxa elIGnusSarN³énkaryl;Kña CamYyrdæaPi)al faPaKITaMgsgxagseRmccitþ eFVIkarBinitü emIlrYmKñaelIKuNPaBkargar énPaKITaMBIr TaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al TaMgrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy. RbPB³ ESRF 2005; Killick et al 2005.


sRmbtRmUvtamGaMgDIkaT½rTaMgLay. emeronBIenH KYrEtrYmcMENkkñúgkarEklMGrebobeFVIkargar nig KNenyüPaB minRtwmEtcMeBaHsßab½nénGñkpþl;CMnYy nigcegáamGñkcUl rYmenAkñúgRbeTskMeNItrbs;eK ¬Gñkbg;Bn§/ GñktMNagra®sþ b¤PaKIcUlrYmnana¦ b:ueNÑaHeT³ vaKYrEtCaemeronpgEdr sRmab;karEkTRmg; eKalneya)ay nigsßab½nTaMgLayénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RBmTaMgbNþúHeKalkarN_fa Gñkpþl;CMnYy TaMgLay manKNenyüPaB {tamExSedk} ¬cMeBaHrdæaPi)alkm<úCa¦ nig {eTAxageRkam} ¬cMeBaHGñk TTYlplRbeyaCn_ EdlCaeKaledA kñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæRkIRk¦ sRmab;KuNPaBénCMnYyrbs;BYkeK.

■ rYmbBa©ÚlPaKIcUlrYmkm<úCaTaMgGs;. RbkarenH KYrEtTak;TgnwgkarpSBVpSayy:agskmµnUv B½t’mannanaCa PasaExµr sþIBIbNþakmµviFIfñak;RbeTs/ KeRmag/ eKalkarN_énshRbtibtþikar nigkarvaytMél. enAkñúg sgÁmeRkays®gÁam EdlkñúgenaH mansßab½nTaMgLayTaMgrbs;rdæ TaMgrbs;sgÁmsIuvil tictYcCaxøaMgenaH tYnaTImYyrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay GacCakarpþl;evTikanana sRmab;naMykrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil mkCamYyKña³ sgÁmsIuvilGacTTYl)ankaryl;RbesIrCagmun GMBICMhrnana éneKalneya)ayrdæaPi)al nigehtuplTaMg Layrbs;eKalneya)ayTaMgenaH rIÉGñkcgRkgeKalneya)ayTaMgLay GacTTYl )ankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmun GMBIrebobEdleKemIleXIjkarpøas;bþÚr¬b¤Kµan¦ éneKalneya)ay nig lT§plTaMgLayenAfñak;mUldæan. enHCatYnaTI EdlBi)akbMeBj EtCatYnaTImYy d¾mantMélKYrxMRbwg ERbgbMeBj.

■ karKaMRTEdlmankarsRmbsRmYl nigcuH sRmugKñarbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYysRmab;yuT§sa®sþ ry³eBlmFüm mYyrbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IksagsmtßPaB kñúgkargartamBinitü nigvaytMél elIkarrIkceRmInénkar RbtibtþiEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ niglT§plnanaénPaBRkIRk³ EdlCaRbFanbTénEpñk bnÞab;.

kartamBinitü nigvaytMél elIkarrIkceRmIn

kñúgGtItkal karksagRbB½n§nanasRmab;kargartamBinitü nigvaytMélrgkarlM)akeday sarCYbnwg bBaðaecaTnana kñúgenaH PaKeRcIndUcKña nwgsuxdumnIykmµGñkpþl;CMnYymin)anl¥ Edl)anerobrab;rYcmk ehIyEdr. CamYynwgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúd¾mankMhitBIrdæaPi)al sRmab;viTüasßanCatisßiti b¤mYysRmab;kargar sßitiTaMgLay énRksYgtamvis½y enaHkarRbmUl/ karviPaK nigkareRbIR)as;Tinñn½ysßiti mankarkMhit eday sarxVHxaty:agF¶n;F¶rnUvFnFanhirBaØvtßú nigFnFanmnusS. CalT§pl karGPivDÆsßitiPaKeRcIn sßitenAeRkam kardwknaMrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy. eK)aneXIjRbkarenHc,as;bMput enAkñúgkrNIfa karGegátFM² ¬dUcCaCMuepSg²én


karGegáttamRKYsar¦ esÞIrEtRtUveKkMNt;kalviPaK nigerobcMbegáIteLIg edayEp¥kelIlkçN³beNþaHGasnñ TaMgRsug.

plvi)akmansPaBF¶n;F¶rNas;. kñúgenaHman ¬1¦GaMgDIkaT½rsMxan;²eFobnwgeBlKµan PaBsmRsb GacykeTAeRbobeFob)an ¬edaysarkarpøas;bþÚr kñúgkarelIkKeRmagénkarGegát¦/ ¬2¦EbbEpnKµan RbsiT§PaBénkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú EbbmþgbribUN’RCul-mþgsþÜcesþIgRCulsRmab;karRbmUlTinñn½y nigkarksag smtßPaB ¬brimaNd¾ eRcInénCMnYyhirBaØvtßú nigbec©keTs RtUveKpþl;eTA[viTüasßanCatisßiti enAeBlEdl Gñkpþl;CMnYy )anseRmccitþpþl;mUlniFi dl;karGegátNamYy EdlbnÞab;mkCadMNak;kals¶b;s¶at; enAcenøaH karGegátnana ehIyeBlenaHbuKÁlikCMnaj )an cl½teTAeFVIkargarepSg² ÉkarcgcaMGMBIsßab½n RtUv)at;bg;¦ nig ¬3¦mantRmUvkarTab cMeBaHPaBm©as;kar b¤kareRbIR)as;Tinñn½yCalT§plBI sMNak;RkumGñkcgRkg eKalneya)ay rbs;rdæaPi)al ¬CabBaðaecaTmYy EdleTACaGaRkk;eLIg² edaysarKµansm<½n§ rvagKuNPaB kargar nigfvika¦. eKRtUvbEnßmeTAelIenHnUv ¬4¦karEbg EckkarTTYlxusRtUvnana mindac;eRsc nigKµan karRbRs½yTak;TgKñarvag RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú nigRksYgEpnkar GMBIkargartamBinitü nigvaytMél elIeKalneya)ayCati nigPaBminc,as;las;GMBIsmtßPaBrbs;RksYgEpnkar ¬EdlCasßab½nemrbs; viTüasßanCatisßiti¦ kñúgkarbMeBj tYnaTIEdleK)ankMNt;[ eFVICasßab½nRbmUl nigEckcayB½t’man Cakar eqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkar rbs;rdæaPi)alTaMgmUl CaTinñn½y nigkarviPaK EdlpÁt;pÁg;ecjBIviTüasßanCatisßiti nig sßab½n nanabs;raCrdæaPi)al.


RbGb; 8>8 srubFatunanaEdlRtUvman rbs; RbB½n§CatisRmab;kargartamBinitü nigvaytMélPaBRkIRk kargartamBinitü ¼ tamdan CaRbRktIén ■ karRbtibtþieKalneya)ay ¬FatubBa©Úl¼Fatu beBa©j¦ ■ karpøas;bþÚrénlT§plGnþrkal ■ PaBxusKña énsßanPaB nigTMenarTaMgLay enAkñúgRkum¼tMbn;nana bUknwgkarvaytMél eTAtamxYbkMNt; én ■ karrIkceRmIn eq<aHeTArklT§plseRmcCabBa©b; ■ mUlehtuéneCaKC½y b¤braC½y ■ nirnþrPaBénTMenar EdlTMngCaman eFVIeday b¤eFVIsRmab; ■ rdæaPi)al ■ sgÁmsIuvil ■ Gñkpþl;CMnYy edIm,IKaMRTdl; ■ kareFVIeKalneya)ayepþateTAelIPaBRkIRk EdlKitBIlT§pl/ kareFVIEpnkar nigkarEbg EckFnFan

\LÚvenH eBlEdlrdæaPi)alkMBugbBa©b;yuT§ sa®sþGPivDÆn_ ry³eBlmFüm EdlKitBIlT§pl kñúg TRmg;CaEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþenH eKRtUvkarRbB½n§cMruHmYyd¾xøaMgedIm,IRbmUl nigviPaKsUcnkr sMxan;² énkarrIkceRmIn nigedIm,IFanafa Tinñn½yTaMgenHRtUveKdak;bBa©Úly:agmanRbsiT§PaB kñúgbMNgerob cMkarseRmccitþnana elIeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ nigkarEbgEckcMNay saFarN³ ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 8>8¦.

eTaHbImanbBaðaecaTnana dUc)anerobrab;xagelIkþI bc©úb,nñenH eKbMeBj)annUvlkçxNÐcaM)ac;dMbUg² sRmab;ksagRbB½n§rbs;CatimYy EdlnwgGnuBaØat[PaKIcUlrYmTaMgLay BinitüemIlkarrIkceRmIn nigBiPakSa elIkarpøas;bþÚrnana éneKalneya)ay edayEp¥kelIB½t’manEdleKEckrMElk[ nigEdlGacykCakar)an. FatunanaénRkbx½NÐeKalEdlekIteLIg sRmab;tamBinitü nigvaytMélPaBRkIRkenH rYmman³

■ c,ab;sßitifµImYy EdlcUlCaFrman kñúgEx]sPa 2005 nigEdlkMNt;eKalkarN_nana nigkarTTYlxus RtUvrbs;sßab½n kñúgkarRbmUlTinñn½y/ viPaK nigpSBVpSay.

■ karbegáItEpnkarsßitiemmYy ¬SMP¦. EpnkaremenH kMNt;kalviPaKénRkbx½NÐkargar nigfvika sRmab;karGegátCaGaTiPaBnana nigRbB½n§RbmUlTinñn½yepSg²eTot EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;tamdankar


RbtibtþiEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM xagmuxenH rYmCamYykarvinieyaK kñúg kargarbNþúHbNþal nigbec©kviTüaEdlcaM)ac;sRmab; ksagsmtßPaBénRbB½n§sßitiCati ¬EdlrYmman viTüasßanCatisßiti/ GgÁPaBsßitiénRksYgtamvis½y nigFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa¦.

■ karRBmeRBogKña elIkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_dUcKña ¬CamInfo¦ eFVICakEnøgTukdak;Tinñn½y sgÁm-esdækic © Ebb “front-end” Edl)anmkBIRKb;RbPB ¬karGegát nigminEmnCakarGegát¦ EdlGñkeRbITaMgGs; GaccUleRbI)an.

■ eKalkarN_énkargartamBinitü nigvaytMélRBmTaMgsUcnkrRBagTuk nigkRmgeKaledA EdlmanenA kñúgEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ . eKalkarN_enH esñI[mankar BinitüemIlRbcaMqñaM elIkarrIk ceRmInkñúgkarRbtibtþiEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ niglT§plsRmcTaMgLay edIm,IdwknaMeFVIkar EklMGeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFITaMgLay EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;seRmceKaledAqñaM 2010 nigkRmgeKal edAGPivDÆqøgshsvtSrbs;km<úCasRmab;qñaM 2015. vatRmUv[mankMeNIny:agsMxan; Tak;TgnwgkMrit éntRmUvkarrkTinñn½yTan;eBl/ ykCakar)an nigCak;lak;GMBIFatubBa©Úl/ FatubeBa©j niglT§pl .

■ kic©RBmeRBogkñúgcMeNamRkumsñÚlminpøÚvkarmYyénGñkpþl;CMnYy nwgRtUvBRgIkkñúgeBlqab;²enH edIm,I sRmbsRmYlkarKaMRTrbs;BYkeK cMeBaHyuT§sa®sþmYy dwknaMedayrdæaPi)al edIm,IksagsmtßPaB

sRmab;kargartamBinitü nigvaytMélEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ.

Cavi)ak \LÚvenH eK)aneFVIrYcehIy nUvkargarmUldæan edIm,IerobcMbegá ItRbB½n§Catid¾ÉkPaBKñamYy sRmab;kargartamBinitü nigvaytMél eKalneya)ay nigPaBRkIRk. edIm,IseRmcskþanuBlenH eKRtUveFVI skmµPaBmYycMnYn. TImYy RbkarsMxan; KWRtUvbBa¢ak;[c,as; GMBItYnaTIrbs;RksYgEpnkar enAkñúgRbB½n§kar gartamBinitüTaMgmUl. ynþkarsRmab;sRmbsRmYlkargar enAkñúgrdæaPi)alTaMgmUl EdleK)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IerobcMEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬elxaFikardæanEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ¦ RtUv EterobcMCasßab½n nigRtUvBRgwgedIm,IFanafa EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ BitCacak;b¤senAkñ úgkar RbtibtþikñúgnamCaEpnkarrbs;rdæaPi)alTaMgmUl EdlmanskmµPaBCaeRcIn nigCaviC¢man kñúgkarEbgEck FnFanrvagRksYgTaMgLay nigenAkñúgRksYgnImYy². eday sarmansm<aFeBlevla GgÁénsm<½n§PaB Edl manbMNgbgálkçN³[sgÁmsIuvil/ Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigEpñkÉkCn y:agTUlay GaccUlrYmkñúgkarcgRkg EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ ¬Rkumkargarbec©keTs sþIBIkarksagEpnkar nigkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk¦ BMuman»kasbMeBjtYnaTIenH [)aneBjeljeT. eKcaM)ac;RtUvxMRbwgERbgy:agbþÚrpþac; edIm,IFanafa


enAkñúgqñaM 2006 eKGac BRgIktYnaTIBitR)akdmYyrbs;xøÜn kñúgkargartamBinitü nigKaMRTkarRbtibtþiEpnkar CatiénkarGPi vDÆCayuT§sa®sþ.

TIBIr nwgmankarcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;PaBxusKña rvagRksYgTaMgLay eFobnwgPaBxøaMgbc©úb,nñénsmtßPaB kñúgkarRbmUl nigeRbIR)as;Tinñn½yénkargarRbtibtþi. TaMgenHehIyCaTRmg;nanaénkarksagsmtßPaB kargartamBinitü nigvaytMél EdleKRtUvkar. Ca]TahrN_ RksYgGb;rM nigsuxaPi)alEdleCOnelOn CageK KYrepþateTAelIkarksagsmtßPaBsRmab;eFVIkmµviFIfvika nigkarkMNt;tMél. ÉRksYgTaMgLay EdlsßitenAkñúg dMNak;dMbUg énkarGPivDÆeKalneya)ay nigsßab½n ¬dUcCaRksYgksikmµ/ GPivDÆn_CnbT b¤FnFanTwk¦ CadMbUg RtUvksagsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeK sRmab;cgRkgeKalneya)ay kñúgenaHmanlT§PaB kMNt;lT§plseRmcnana éneKalneya)ay EdleKGactamBinitü)an. fVIebI GaTiPaBénkargartamBinitü nigvaytMélEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ KWlT§plnanaénkarGPivDÆPaBRkIRk¼mnusS enAfñak; CatikþI kmµviFInana sRmab;ksagRbB½n§kargartamBinitü nigvaytMélCamYynwgRkbx½NÐlT§pl ¬logframe¦ d¾xøaMg k¾sMxan;Edr. kartamBinitüenAfñak;kmµviFICYydl;Parkic©viPaKeKalneya)ay -EdlCakarkMNt;karrYm cMENkTaMgLay eTAkñúgkarseRmclT§pl cugeRkay EdleKalneya)ay nigkmµviFIepSg² EdlmanGMeBI eTAelIvaRBmTaMgrebobEklMG\T§iBlTaMgenaH - nigCYybNþúHeKalkarN_énkargarRtYtBinitü nigKNenyü-PaBsgÁm.

TIbI RtUvbgáPaBgayRsYlCagmun kñúgkarTTYlesckþIGnuBaØatcUleTAkan;Tinñn½ysßitipøÚvkar ¬TaMgTinñn½y RbmUledayviTüasßanCatisßiti TaMgTinñn½yEdlplitedaybNþaRbB½n§B½t’manénkarRKb;RKg ¬MIS¦ én RksYgtamvis½ynana¦. eK)anbegáItkBa©b;kmµviFIkMuBüÚT½r CamInfo kñúgry³eBlbIbYnqñaMknøgmk eFVICa meFüa)ayd¾gayRsYlcMeBaHGñkeRbIsRmab;rkSa nigdkRsg;ykTinñn½yBIkñúgkarGegátTaMgLay nigTinñn½y rdæ)al EdlplitedayRbB½n§B½t’manénkarRKb;RKgnana. k¾b:uEnþ CamInfo GaRs½yCaxøaMgnwgkar KaMRTrbs;GgÁkaryUnIeshV ¬UNICEF¦ nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati ¬UNDP¦. viTüasßanCatisßiti RtUvbegáInsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn kñúgkarEfrkSa nigelIkkMriténmUldæanTinñn½y nigksagzan³Casßab½nrbs;xøÜn kñúgnamCamCÄmNÐlTuk dak;Tinñn½y EdlGacpþl;CUnGñkeRbITaMgGs;Kña.

TIbYn eKRtUvBRgIklT§PaBTTYlTinñn½y[RKbelItRmUvkarBIsMNak;GñkeRbIR)as;EdlecHsßiti edaycab; epþImBIGñkeFV IkarkñúgrdæaPi)al EdlykkarviPaK nigPsþútagTaMgenH eFVICamUldæanbEg¥kéneKalneya)ay/ kmµviFI nigkareFVIEpnkar. m®nþItamRksYgTaMgLay KYrEteqøótcab;yk»kasd¾l¥ énkarbNþúHbNþal GMBIkareRbI R)as;sßiti EdlGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigsßab½n epSg²eTot ksag)anmkenH.


TIR)aM karxitxMksagcMeNHsßitiCamUldæanenH ¬enaHKW ksagcMeNHCMnaj GMBIrebobbkRsay sßitinana EdleKeRbIkñúgkarBiBN’na¦ caM)ac;sRmab;BRgwgkarxMRbwgERbg ksagsmtßPaBCati [manCMnajbec©keTs viPaKsßiti EbbeCOnelOn sRmab;kMNt;GtþsBaØaNénbBaðaecaT/ ):an;sµan \T§iBléneKalneya)ay nig RKb;RKgcMNay saFarN³edayEp¥kelIKuNPaBkargar. edIm,IFanaPaBm©as;karrbs;CatiTaMgmUl minEmn RtwmEtCarbs;rdæaPi)ald¾tUcceg¥ót elIkarRbtibtþi nigkargartamBinitüemIl EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆ Ca yuT§sa®sþ eKRtUvEtksagcMeNHCMnajTaMgenH kñúgrdæaPi)alpg nigkñúgcMeNamsßab½nÉkraCénGñkviTüa-sa®sþ/ GñkRsavRCav nigGñkts‘Umtipg.

TIR)aMmYy eKRtUvkMNt;GaTiPaB nigkalviPaKénkargarRbmUlTinñn½yTaMgLay ¬nigksagsmtßPaB caM)ac;sRmab;eFVIkargarTaMgenH¦ RsbeTAtamkalviPaKéntRmUvkarTinñn½yTaMgenaH sRmab;karRbtibtþi nig BinitüemIlEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ eLIgvij. karerobcMEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ rgkaryWty:av xøH edaysarEtxVHTinñn½ysgÁm-esdækic©KnøwHmYy cMnYn BIkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qña M 2004 EdleKeTIbnwgTTYl)an kñúgqñaM 2005³ brikarN_ enHpþl;eBlEt 6 Exb:ueNÑaH sRmab;[RkumGñk RBagEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ viPaK nigbkRsayTinñn½yTaMgenaH nigeFVIva[eTACaFatu edImmYy sRmab;EpnkarenH. eKRtUvrg;caMkarrkeXIjnana rbs;karGegátRbCasa®sþtamRKYsar ¬DHS¦ ¬Edltam karBiPakSarYcehIy enAkñúgvKÁ TI 6 mansPaBx<s;Cagq¶ay BIGegátRbCasa®sþ tamRKYsar sRmab;sUcnkr sMxan;² énkarGPivDÆmnusS ¼ eKaledAGPivDÆn_qøgshsvtS¦ rhUtdl;RtImasTIBIr énqñaM 2006 KWenAeBl EdleK)anbBa©b;EpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ rYceTAehIy. l¥bMput karerobcMEpnkarR)aMqñaMbnÞab; ¬2011-2015¦ RtUvmanB½t’manenH -rYm TaMgkar):an;sµanfµI elIPaBRkIRkeRKOg]bePaK briePaK- taMg BIdMbUg edIm,I[GñkeFVIEpnkarTaMgLay Gacvinicä½ykarrIkceRmInEdleFVI)an/ kMNt; TidæPaBnanaénkarGPivDÆ esdækic© b¤sgÁm Edl mankarrIkceRmInTabCageKaledARBagTuk RBmTaMgEsVgrkkarbkRsayBnül;nana nigkareqøIytbéneKalneya)ay eTAnwgbBaðaecaTTaMgenaH. kargarenH RbEhlCanwgRtUvykkarGegát sgÁm-esdækic©km<úCaTaMgmUl¬sMNakRTg;RTayFM¦ nigkarGegátRbCasa®sþtamRKYsar mYyqñaMeTAmux KWeFVI y:agNa[karGegátTaMgenH GacRbRBwtþeTA)ankñúgqñaM 2008/ bBa©ÚlTinñn½y/ sMGat nigviPaKrYc Rtwm Bak;kNþalqñaM 2009/ bkRsay karviPaK nigTajesckþIsnñidæaneKalneya)ay nanarYc RtwmcugqñaM 2009 bnÞab;mkRtUvbBa¢Ún kar):an;sµanPaBRkIRkenH eTAdl;édRkumGñkRBagyuT§sa®sþ sRmab;eRbIeBjmYyqña M 2010.


TIR)aMBIr eKRtUvksagTMnak;TMngnana rvagkarRbmUl nigviPaKTinñn½ypøÚvkar CamYyGñkeRbIR)as;BIxag sgÁmsuIvil nigEpñkÉkCn. kargarenH rYmmankarxMRbwgERbgksagsßab½n edIm,I;pSBVpSayy:agskmµ nUv Tinñn½yKnøwH² sRmab;rdæsPa/ bNþaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al/ smaKmGaCIvkmµ nigRkumnanaRbhak;RbEhl KñaenH RBmTaMgbegáItkar snÞnaKña rvagRbB½n§sßitipøÚvkar nigkarpþÜcepþImKMnit TaMgLay EdlEp¥kelIshKmn_ nigÉkraC sRmab;kargartamBinitüemIlelIkarrIkceRmIn.

CabBa©b; eKcaM)ac;RtUvFanakarpþl;mUlniFiTaMgmUl sRmab;karGPivDÆsmtßPaBsßitisñÚl nigdMeNIrkar RbmUlTinñn½yKnøwHmYycMnYn EdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkarsßitiem edayeFVIy:agNa[rdæaPi)al ¬nigédKUTaMg Layrbs;eK kñúgsgÁmsIuvil/ EpñkÉkCn nigshKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy¦ GacTukcitþ)an elIrMhUry:ageTogTat; énTinñn½ysgÁm-esdækic©EdleKGaceCO)an. Tinñn½yEbbenH nwgmansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;dMeNIrkar eKal neya)ayEp¥kelIKuNPaBkargar Edl)anRBagTuk enAkñúgEpnkarCatiénkarGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ. sUcnkrnanaénkarrIkceRmIn Edlpþl;[Tan;eBl nigGaceCO)an mansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;karEklMG sm<½n§PaB rvagrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPi vDÆn_TaMgLayrbs;eK. ebIsinCaGñkpþl;CMnYy TaMgLayRtUvsRmb tRmUvCamYyEpnkarCatién karGPivDÆCayuT§sa®sþ nigRtUveFVIkaredIm,IKaMRTfvika enaHRbkarsMxan;KW PaKITaMg Laydwgfa BYkeKmanB½t’man GMBIkarRbtibtþi niglT§plTaMgLay éneKalneya)ay. ebIsinCaBYkeKKµan B½t’manTaMgenHeT BYkeKTMngCanwgbnþdak;karTam Tar[eFVIkartamBinitü nigvaytMél RBmTaMgray karN_ tamkarkMNt;rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy ¬l¥bMput KWeFVItamrebobkargarmYy Edl)anRsuHRsYlKña kñúgcMeNamGñkpþl; CMnYyTaMgLay ÉGaRkk;bMput KWtRmUvtamrebobkargaredayELk²BIKña EdlGñkpþl;CMnYynImYy² )an kMNt;[¦. enAeBlEdlGñkpþl;CMnYyTaMgLay BitCanwgbnþpþl;hirBaØvtßúmYyEpñkFM sRmab;karRbmUl/ viPaK nigpSBVpSay Tinñn½yrbs;rdæaPi)al enaHebIsinCardæaPi)albnþ EbgEckmUlniFimYyEdlekIneLIgCaRbcaM eTAelI - y:agehacNas; - karcMNaysMxan;² rbs;viTüasßanCatisßiti nigEpñkepSg²eToténRbB½n§sßiti enaH vanwgrYmcMENky:agsMxan; kñúgkarksagCMenOcitþ ¬nigCacMENkmYykñúgEpnkarsßitiem¦.

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs

karerobcMbegáItkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa (CSES) 2004

eK)aneRCIserIssMNakénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004 BimNÐl (strata) cMnYn 45 ¬24 extþ/ TIRkug nig CnbT¦1 CabICMhan edayeRbIsßitiC MerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998 eFVICaRkbxNÐénsMNak. CMhanTImYy eKeRCIserIsykPUmicMnYn 900 ecjBImNÐlepSg² edayeRbIkareRCIsyksMNaktamPaBécdnüCaRbB½n§ ¬edayerIsyksMNakenAtammNÐlTIRkugeRcInCag¦. CMhanTIBIr enAkñúgPUmiEdl)aneRCIserIsnImYy² eKeRCIserIstamPaBécdnü yktMbn;GegátmYy (enumeration area) EdleK)ankMNt;kñúgkareFVICMerOn. CMhanTIbI eKeRCIserIsykRKYsarc MnYn 10 BItMbn;GegátmYy enATIRkug nig cMnYn20 enATICnbT tamPaBécdnü EdlkarenHbegáIt)anCasMNaksrubmYyEdlmancMnYn 15>000 RKYsar ¬kñúgenaH eKeFVIsmÖasCak;Esþg)an 14>984 RKYsar¦. kñúgExnImYy²énkarGegát eKeFVIsmÖas 1>000 RKYsar EdleK)aneRCIserIstamPaBécdnü ecjBIPUmiCasMNakcMnYn 60 ¬dUcenHvamanlkçN³CatMNag[CatiTaMgmUl¦. karGegátsgÁm-esdæk ic©km<úCa 2004 minEmnCakarGegátEdlmanktþaemKuN (weight) sMrab;EktRmUvedayxøÜnÉgeT. eK)anbegáIt taragemKuNsMrab;sMNakEktRmUvrYc2 cMnYnBIrkMrg kñúgenH kMrgTImYy sMrab;eRbICamYysMNaktamqñaMRbtiTin 2004 EdlmancMnYn 12 000 RKYsar ¬eK)ansmÖasCak;EsþgCamYy 11>993 RKYsar¦ ÉkMrgmYyeTot sMrab;eRbICamYysMNMusMNakTaMgmUl Edlman 15>000 RKYsar ¬eK)ansmÖasCak;Esþg CamYy 14>984 RKYsar¦. drabNaKµankarkt;sMKal;epSgeTenaH kar):an;sµanTaMgGs;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH suT§EtEp¥kelI sMNaktamqñaMRbtiTin 2004 énRKYsarEdleK)ansmÖasCak;EsþgTaMg 11>993 nig EktRmUvtamktþaemKuN [manlkçN³CatMNagsMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgmUl.

EdnRKbdNþb;énkarGegát

bBaðaecaTd¾FMmYy kñúgkarerobcMes‘rIénkar):an;sµanPaBRkIRkeFobnwgeBlmun²enAkm<úCa EdlGaceRbobeFob Kña)an KWkarERbRbYl¬ekIneLIg¦énEdnRKbdNþb;KittamPUmisa®sþ rbs;karGegátRKYsar eFobnwgeBlepSg² Kña. BIdMbUg EdnRKbdNþb;énkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 manTMhMtUc edaysarmUlehtusnþisux CaBiess enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTTaMgLay ¬eBalKW RKbelIEt 56° énPUmienAtamCnbT nig 65° énRKYsarCnbT

1 manRkugbI kñúgcMeNamextþRkugTaMg 24 enAkm<úCa EdlKµantMbn;CnbTesaH ¬KWRkugEkb RkugRBHsIhnu nigRkugéb:lin¦. 2 ktþaemKuNénsMNak esµInwgcMras;énRbU)ab‘ÍlIetrbs;CMerIsnImYy²énRKYsar nigEp¥kelIrcnasm<½n§énsMNuMsMNak ¬extþ/

TIRkug¼CnbT/ Gayu nigePT¦ énsßitiCMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998.

268 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 b:ueNÑaH¦. tarag 1 bgðajBIr)aytamtMbn; nigtamextþ énbNþasMNakEdlGaceRbobeFobKña)an BIkarGegát cMnYn 3 Edl)anKitktþaemKuN edayeyagtamcMnYnRbCaCn):an;sµan kñúgeBleFVIGegátnImYy².

tarag 1> r)ay ¬°¦ énsMNaknana EdlGaceRbobeFobKña)an enAtamextþ/ qñaM 1993¼94

1993¼94 1997 2004 tMbn;

PñMeBj 10/74 14/45 13/81 TIRkugepSgeTot 11/02 12/29 12/79 CnbT 78/25 73/26 73/40

km<úCa 100/00 100/00 100/00 extþ¼Rkug

bnÞaymanC½y 3/61 3/86 2/49 )at;dMbg 4/68 6/07 4/36 kMBg;cam 18/85 16/34 17/03 kMBg;qñaMg 2/48 2/64 3/14 kMBg;s<W 2/16 1/66 2/41 kMBg;FM 0/92 0/84 0/83 kMBt 2/64 2/15 2/51 kNþal 13/19 13/10 13/85 ekaHkug — — — RkecH — — — mNÐlKIrI — — — PñMeBj 10/74 14/45 13/81 RBHvihar 0/00 0/00 0/00 éRBEvg 15/32 14/89 13/64 eBaFisat; 3/81 4/12 4/18 rtnKIrI — — — esomrab 2/96 2/18 3/29 RkugRBHsIhnu 0/72 0/86 1/91 sÞwgERtg — — — sVayerog 7/08 6/38 6/60 taEkv 10/84 10/48 9/95 ]tþrmanC½y — — — RkugEkb — — — Rkugéb:lin — — —

km<úCa 100/00 100/00 100/00 N 5 578 4 470 7 596

RbPB³ 1993/94 SESC, 1997 CSES, 2004 CSES.

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs 269 kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar

RbePTlMGiténkareRbIR)as;TaMgLay EdleK)aneRbIenAkñ úgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km< úCa (SESC) qñaM 1993¼94 edIrtYCacMNuceyag sMrab;kMNt;RbePTepSg²énkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar EdleK)anbgðajenAkñúg tarag 2 eRBaHRbePTTaMgLayenH enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 k¾RtUv)aneKykeTAeRbI edIm,IkMNt;RbePTrMlwkeLIgvijepSg² énkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa (CSES) ¬dUckñúgkarbgðajénkar BiBN’naCabøúkénRbePTnImYy² EdleK)andak;cUleTAkñúgkMrgsMNYrénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa¦. eK)an bgðajB½t’manenH enAxageRkam edayP¢ab;CamYynwgkarBiBN’na GMBIrebobkargarEdleK)aneRbI edIm,I):an;sµan kareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbePTd¾FMTUlaynImYy².

tarag 2> niymn½yénkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar EdlPaKeRcIn Ep¥kelITinñn½yrMlwkeLIgvij dkRsg;ecjmkBI karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004

RbePTénkareRbIR)as; RbPBB½t’man ry³eBl cMnYnéf¶ 1> Gahar nigePsC¢³ kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 1X³

sMNYr 1-16/ 18-20 7 éf¶ mun 7

2> sMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIg kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 7x³ sMNYr 1

6 Ex mun 182/5

3> pÞHsEm,g nigeRKOgeRbIR)as;

3>1> pÞHsEm,g

3>1>1> pÞH¼bnÞb; CYl

éføQñÜlEdl)anbg; kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 28

1 Exmun 30/4

éføQñÜl):an;sµan kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 8³ sMNYr 6

Ex 30/4

éføsNæaKar¼bnÞb; esovePATinanuelxn_/ cMNuc 9407/ 9415

ExtamRbtiTin cMnYnéf¶kñúgEx tamRbtiTin

3>1>2> karEfTaMpÞH kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 29

1 Exmun 30/4

3>2> eRKOgeRbIR)as;

3>2>1> éføTwk nigeRKOgGnam½y

éføTwk kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 17

1 Exmun 30/4

éfølUTwk¼TwkkxVk; kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 21

1 Exmun 30/4

éføRbmUlsMram kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 22

1 Exmun 30/4

270 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 RbePTénkareRbIR)as; RbPBB½t’man ry³eBl cMnYnéf¶ 3>2>2> FatueqH¼famBlsMrab;

cMGinGahar nigbMPøW

3>2>2>1> FatueqHminEmnCaeQI

GKÁisnI kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24k

1 Exmun 30/4

]sµ½n kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24x

1 Exmun 30/4

eRbgkat kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24K

1 Exmun 30/4

GaKuy kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24c

1 Exmun 30/4

3>2>2>2> FatueqHCaeQI

]s kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24X

1 Exmun 30/4

FüÚg kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24g

1 Exmun 30/4

3>2>2>3> FatueqHepSgeTot kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 3³ sMNYr 24q

1 Exmun 30/4

4> karpÁt;pÁg; nigRbtibtþikar kñúgRKYsar

kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 7x³ sMNYr 2

6 Exmun 182/5

5> karEfTaMsuxPaB kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 14³ sMNYrelx 12 ¬cMeBaHEtGñkEdl Føab;QW¦

4 s)þah_mun 28

6> kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarTak;TgKña kMNt;RbcaMéf¶/ cMNuc 7111-8081


7> karkMsanþ kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 7x³ sMNYr 3

12 Exmun 365

8> karGb;rM kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 2³ sMNYr 14k-14C ¬tMélsrub manenAkñúgsMNYr 14C¦

qñaMsikSamun 365

9> karEfTaMpÞal;xøÜn¼RTBüpÞal;xøÜn

9>1> karEfTaMpÞal;xøÜn kMNt;RbcaMéf¶ / cMNuc 9513-9721/ 9805-9813


9>2> RTBüpÞal;xøÜn kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 7x³ sMNYr 4

12 Exmun 365

10> fñaMCk; kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 1X³ sMNYr 17

7 éf¶mun 7

11> rbs;epSg² kMrgsMNYrtamRKYsar/ Epñk 7x³ sMNYr 5

12 Exmun 365

RbPB³ kMrgsMNYrénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km< 2004

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs 271

r)aykarN_enH bgðajkar):an;sµannanaénkareRbIR)as;kñ úgRKYsar sMrab;karGegáttamRKYsarBIrEdlman kmµvtßúeRcIn rbs;km<úCa eBalKW karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©énkm<úCa 1993¼94 nig 2004. Tinñn½ysþIBIkareRbI R)as;kñúgRKYsar RtUv)aneKRbmUlenAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 1993¼94 sMrab;sMNakEdlmancMnYn 5>578 RKYsar ¬dkRsg;ecjBIsMNakkat;bMRBYj eyagtamTItaMgPUmisa®sþ¦ ehIyCaTUeTA RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa Cak;lak;lµmGacTTYlyk)an. kMrgsMNYrénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 )anRbmUlTinñn½yrMlwk eLIgvij sMrab;muxvtßúeRbIR)as;mYycMnYnFM ¬eRKOgbriePaK 177 mux nigeRKOg]bePaK 266 mux¦. karGegát sgÁm-esdækic ©km<úCa 1993¼94 k¾)anRbRBwtþeTACabYnCMuEdr kñúgry³eBl 12 Ex ¬eBalKW BIExtula 1993 dl;ExkBaØa 1994¦. eyagtamRbkarenH kar):an;sµanTaMgLayénkareRbIR)as;mFümkñúgRKYsar Edlva)an pþl;[ manlkçN³snµtfa min)anrg\T§iBlénkarERbRbYlbrimaN b¤tMélénkareRbIR)as;eLIy. kar):an;sµan TaMgLayénkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar qñaM 1993¼94 EdleK)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)anerobcMeLIg edayeRbIÉksarTinñn½y dUcKñanwgTinñn½yEdlGñkniBn§ {TidæPaBénPaBRkIRk 1993¼94} TaMgLay)aneRbIEdr -eyagtamGVIEdleK)anraykarN_ enAkñúgÉksarenaH (Prescott and Pradhan 1997)

3.

karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 2004 )anRbmUlTinñn½ysþIBIkareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar BI 14>984 RKYsar edayeRbIviFIsa®sþepSgKñaBIr enaHKW kMrgsMNYrmYy dUcKñanwgsMNYrTaMgLayEdleK)aneRbIenAkñúgkarGegát sgÁm-esdækic ©km<úCa 1997 nig 1999 ehIymYyeTot CaesovePATinanuelxn_tamRbtiTin-Ex EdlbMeBj edayGñkeqøIyGegátTaMgLay edaymanCMnYyBIGñkGegát Edlsñak;enAkñúgPUmiCasMNaknImYy² eBjmYyEx. kar):an;sµanénkareRbIR)as;TaMgLay EdleK)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)aneKerobcMeLIg edayeRbI Tinñn½yRbmUl)ankñúgqñaMRbtiTin 2004 ehIyEpñkPaKeRcInbMput RtUv)aneKerobcMeLIg edayeRbITinñn½yrMlwkeLIg vij. k¾b:uEnþ eK)aneRbITinanuelxn_Tinñn½y edIm,I):an;sµankareRbIR)as; sMrab;BIrRbePT ¬kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarTak;Tg RBmTaMgkarEfTaMpÞal;xøÜn¦ eRBaHeKmin)anRbmUlTinñn½yrMlwkeLIgvij sMrab;kareRbIR)as;TaMgBIrRbePTenHeT 4. eKmin)aneFVIkarEktRmUvNamYy cMeBaHTinñn½yEdleK)anelIkeLIgenHeT eRkABIkarbBa© Úléfø QñÜl):an;sµan sMrab;pÞHEdlkan;kab;edaym©as; cMeBaH 5/9° énbNþaRKYsarCasMNakEdlmin)anraykarN_ mYyesaH nigcMeBaH

3 ÉksarTinñn½yenHCaÉksarRbePT Stata EdlmaneQµaHfa reqsmall.dta. 4 edayehtufa ry³eBlCaeKaleFob sMrab;muxvtßúTaMgBIrKW {mYyExmun} enaHenAkñúgCMumun²énkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©

eK)ansMerccitþ edayeyagtamkarsnµtfa mincaM)ac;RbmUlTinñn½yrMlwkeLIgvij sMrab;ry³eBlCaeKaleFob dUcK ñanwg kñúgTinanuelxn_eT.

272 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 2/4° énbNþaRKYsarCasMNakEdlraykarN_famantMélesµIsUnü5. Tinñn½yGMBIkareRbIR)as; enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004 Rbhak;RbEhlCaxøaMgeTAnwgTinñn½yEbbenH enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 edayehtufa karGegátTaMgBIrenH )anRbmUlTinñn½ysMrab;ry³eBl y:agehacNas; 12 Ex. k¾b:uEnþ Tinñn½yGMBIkareRbIR)as; enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004 xusBITinñn½yGMBIkar eRbIR)as; enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic ©km<úCa 1993¼94 y:agehacNas; mYycMNuc eBalKW kñúgkarGegátqñaM 2004 eK)anRbmUlTinñn½yrMlwkeLIgvij sMrab;RbePTénkareRbIR)as;ticCagkñúgkarGegátqñaM 1993¼94 CaeRc In ¬eRKOgbriePaKEt 20 RbePT Tl;nwg 177 RbePTénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 nigeRKOg ]bePaK 13 RbePT Tl;nwg 266 RbePTénkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94¦.

kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaBénExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkeKal edayKittamGtiprNa6

ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCaeKaleFobrbs;km<úCa pSMeLIgedayExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGaharrbs;CatimYy nigviPaCn_ eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn;cMnYnbI. tMélCaeKaleFob KWKitCaR)ak;erolkñúgqñaM 1993¼94 RBmTaMgeFobeTAnwgkMrit énkareRbIR)as;Gahar nigeRKOg]bePaK RbcaMéf¶ énmnusSmñak;. eKRtUvEteFVIbc©úb,nñPaB TaMgExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk Gahar TaMgviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn; edIm,IkitbBa©ÚlGtiprNa eBalKW eKRtUvbMElgva[eTACatMél TaMgLay enAkñúgqñaMRbtiTin 2004. vKÁenH )anBiPakSaGMBIrebobkargar EdleK)aneRbI kñúgkareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkCaeKaleFob edayKitBIGtiprNa.

ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar Edl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc

ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar Ep¥kelIéføcMNay):an;sµan éncegáamGaharCatiCaeKaleFobmYy Edlpþl;rbb GaharmFümsMrab;RTRTg;CIv it RtUvnwgfamBl 2>100 kaLÚrI kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬enHCabrimaNmFümsMrab;mnusS RKb;rUb RKb;v½y nigePTTaMgBIr¦7. cegáamGaharCaeKaleFobenH RtUv)aneKerobcMeLIg edIm,Iq øúHbBa©aMgrUbmnþ nanaénkareRbIR)as;Gahar rbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa EdleRbIrbbGaharmYy pþl;famBlRbmaNCa 2>100 kaLÚrI kñúgmYyéf¶. vaEp¥kelIbrimaNnanaénGaharepSg² EdleRbIedaymnusSTaMgLaycMnYn20°cenøaHkNþal

5 tamkareRbobeFob enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 1997 manEt bI RKYsarb:ueNÑaHEdl)anraykarN_fa éføCYl

pÞHesµIsUnü. mankarBiPakSaenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 4 GMBImUlehtuénkarbBa©ÚltMélxusBIsUnü sMrab;cMelIyEbbenH enAkñúg karGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa 2004.

6 eKGacrkeXIjRbkarlMGitnana enAkñúgÉksar³ Knowles, James “A new set of poverty estimates for Cambodia,

from 1993/94 to 2004”, August 2005, EdleK)andak;enAkñúgEvbsayrbs;kariyal½yPñMeBjénFnaKarBiPBelak. 7 enAkñúgqñaM 2000 elak CIbsun-Gibson )anEktRmUvxøH² elIExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGaharCaeKaleFobBIdMbUg (MOP 2000)

ehIyeK)aneRbItMélEktRmUvrbs;elakCIbsun enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH.

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs 273 énkareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak; eRBaHenHCakVan;Til (quintile) TImYy EdlRtUvnwgfamBlGb,brma 2>100 kaLÚrIenH. eK)aneRbIcegáamGaharCaeKaleFobEtmYyb:ueNÑaH sMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;.

tamBiteTA {tMélnana}énGaharCaeKaleFobBIqñaM 1993¼94 KWCaemdüanénbNþatMélÉkta EdleK KNnaecjBIc MelIytamRKYsarTaMgLay enAkñ úgkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 1993¼94 sþIBItMél nig brimaNGaharnanaEdlmnusSmñak;)aneRbI8. eK)aneRbI{éføTMnijnana} sMrab;):an;sµanéføcMNay qñaM 1993¼94 eTAelIcegáamGahar enAkñúgtMbn;nImYy² ¬eBalKW PñMeBj/ TIRkugepSg²eTot nigCnbT¦9. ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk GaharCaeKaleFob sMrab;;tMbn;TaMgbI RtUv)aneKeFVIbc©úb,nñPaBBIelIkmun edIm,IKitbBa©ÚlnUv\T§iBlénGtiprNa enAkñúgsNæanénPaBRkIRk qñaM 1997 nig 1999 edayeRbIviFIsa®sþTUeTAmYy (Knowles 1998, MOP

2000). viFIsa®sþenH )anbBa©Úlkar):an;sµanGtiprNaéføGaharenAPñMeBj edayeRbITinñn½yéføTMnij dkRsg;ecj BIsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as;-CPI énTIRkugPñMeBj nigktþaTMgn;énbrimaN dkRsg;ecjBIcegáamGaharCaeKal eFob nigedayeRbITinñn½yénkarGegáttamRKYsar ¬enaHKW éføGaharenAkñúgPUmi EdleK)anRbmUlenAkñúgkarGegát sgÁm-esdækic ©km<úCa qñaM 1997 b¤ 1999¦ edIm,I):an;sµanPaBxusKñaeTAtamtMbn; énéføGaharTaMgLay enAkñúg qñaMkMNt;NamYy ¬1997 b¤ 1999¦. eKRtUvkarrebobkargarmanBIrCMhanenHCacaM)ac; eRBaHkarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCa qñaM 1997 nig 1999 min)anRbmUlTinñn½ylMGiténkareRbIR)as; [)anRKb;RKan; ¬nigKµanTinñn½y sþIBIbrimaNénkareRbIR)as;esaH¦ edIm,IGacKNnatMélÉkta)aneLIy. eK)aneRbIviFIsa®sþmanBIrCMhan dUcKña enH kñúgr)aykarN_enH edIm,I):an;sµanGtiprNaéføGaharnana enAkñúgry³eBlBIqñaM 1993¼94 dl; 2004. KuNsm,tþimYyrbs;viF Isa®sþenHKW vabeBa©óskareRbobeFobKñaedaypÞal; rvagtMélÉkta (unit values) nigéføTMnij (prices).

tarag 3³ GRtamFümRbcaMqñaM énGtiprNaéføGaharTaMgLay ¬KitktþaTMgn; tamcegáamGaharCaeKaleFob¦/ qñaM 1993¼94-2004

tMbn; 1993¼94-1997 1997-1999 1999-2004 1993¼94-2004

8 kñúgkarKNnatMélÉktaTaMgLay enAqñaM 1993¼94 eK)aneRbIEtkarpøas;bþÚrTMnijCasac;R)ak;b:ueNÑaH eRBaHeK)ancat;T uk vafaCargVas;tMélCak;EsþgEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)anCageK (Prescott and Pradhan 1997). tamBiteTA sUm,IEttMélÉktaCa sac;R)ak;TaMgLay enAPñMeBj k¾TabCagéføkñúgTIpSarénTMnijdUcKñaenAkñúgsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; CPI énTIRkugPñMeBj ¬]bsm<½n§ 1¦ RbmaN 11° Edr. b:uEnþ tamkarkt;sMKal;CabnþeTAeTotenAkñúgGtßbTenH kar):an;sµanTaMgLayén GtiprNa kñúgr)aykarN_enH minEmnEp¥kelIkareRbobeFob rvagéføTMnijnana nigtMélÉktaeT.

9 edaycab;epþImCamYynwgsßitiCMerOnRbCaCnqñaM 1998 eK)ancat;fñak;RsukmYycMnYneLIgvij BItMbn;TIRkug eTACaCnbT. edayehtuenH sMrab;karGegátTaMgLayEdleK)aneFVIeRkayqñaM 1998 eQµaHtMbn;RtwmRtUvKW PñMeBj/ TIRkugepSg²eTot nigCnbT.

274 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 tMbn; 1993¼94-1997 1997-1999 1999-2004 1993¼94-2004

PñMeBj 5/0 12/5 0/5 4/2 TIRkugepSg²eTot 3/3 20/1 -0/2 4/6 CnbT 2/1 21/2 0/1 4/6

tarag 3 bgðajkar):an;sµan énGRtamFümRbcaMqñaMrbs;GtiprNaéføGaharTaMgLay sMrab;ry³eBl rvagkarGegáttamRKYsarcMnYn 4 ¬CYrQr 2-4¦ nigsMrab;ry³eBl 10 qñaM TaMgmUlKW 1993¼94-2004 ¬CYrQr 5¦10. tarag 4 bgðajExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar EdleK)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc nigsnÞsSn_éføGahar edayeRbIbrimaNnana enAkñúgcegáamGaharCaeKaleFob eFVICaktþaTMgn;.

tarag 4³ ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar Edl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc ¬KitCaerol kñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgmYyéf¶¦ nig snÞsSn_éføGahar ¬KitktþaTMgn; tamcegáamGaharCaeKaleFob¦/ qñaM 1993¼94

tMbn; 1993¼94 1997 1999 2004 ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar ¬KitCaerol kñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgmYyéf¶¦

PñMeBj 1 185 1 372 1 737 1 782 TIRkugepSg²eTot 996 1 098 1 583 1 568 CnbT 882 938 1 379 1 389

snÞsSn_éføGahar ¬1993¼94 PñMeBj = 100¦ PñMeBj 100/0 115/8 146/6 150/4 TIRkugepSg²eTot 84/1 92/7 133/6 132/3 CnbT 74/4 79/2 116/4 117/2

viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKnana Edl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc

eK)ankMNt;viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKCaeKaleFobnana faCat Mél):an;sµanénkareRbIR)as;eRKOg]bePaKrbs; RbCaCnkm<úCa ehIytMélsrubrbs;va sMrab;kareRbIR)as;k ñúgRKYsar kñúgmnusSmñak; RtUvesµInwgExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk Gahar. enHCaviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaK eRBaHvatag[kareRbIR)as;eRKOg]bePaK EdlRtUvTajykcMNaymYyPaK ecjBIkareRbIR)as;Gahar ehIyeKGaceRbIfvikaEdleKcMNayelIeRKOg]bePaKenH edIm,ITTYl)anrbbGahar mFümRbcaMéf¶EdlmanfamBl 2>100 kaLÚrI tamry³kareRbIR)as;cegáamGaharCaeKaleFob11. fVIebI eK)an

10 kardak;elxCYrQréntarag enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH cab;epþImBICYrQrxageqVgbMputeTA ¬EdltamFmµta maneQµaHCYr¦. 11 fVIebIbuK ÁlTaMgLayEdlmankareRbIR)as; kñúgmnusSmñak; TabCagExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahar GacRtUvbUCakareRbIR)as;

GaharxøH edIm,ITijeRKOg]bePaKnanakþI BYkeKGacCMnYsGaharefakCagnana edayGaharéføCag enAkñúgcegáamGaharCa eKaleFob. eKeXIjmanlT§PaBCaeRcIn sMrab;karCMnYsEbbenH enAkñúgcegáamGaharCaeKaleFob. ]TahrN_ fVIebI GaharTaMgBIrmux RsUbykPaKcMENkénéføcMNayBIcegáamGaharCaeKaleFob Rbhak;RbEhlKñakþI eKeXIjfa

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs 275 eRbIcegáamGaharCaeKaleFobEtmYy sMrab;RKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;kþI viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKnana manbnSMéneRKOgeRbI R)as;xus²BIKña. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgqñaM 1993¼94 RKYsarTaMgLayenAPñMeBjEdlmankMriteRbIR)as;eRKOg ]bePaK kñúgmnusSmñak; RbmaNCa 20° énviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKenAPñMeBj )anEbgEckkareRbIR)as;eRKOg ]bePaKrbs;BYkeK eTAelIpÞHsEm,g nigeRKOgeRbIR)as;nana ¬CaBiess eTAelIQñÜlpÞH¦ eRcInCagkarcMNay rbs;RKYsarRsedogKña enAkñúgTIRkugepSg²eTot b¤enAtamCnbT. enHGaRs½ynwgviFIsa®sþereRksüúg (regression) EdleK)aneRbI edIm,ITajrkviPaCn_eKOg]bePaKCaeKaleFob 1993¼94 (Prescott and

Pradhan)12.

edIm,IeFVIbc©úb,nñPaBviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn;xus²Kña eFobnwgGtiprNa eKcaM)ac;RtUvmansnÞsSn_éfø eRKOg]bePaKdUcKñanwgsnÞsSn_éføGaharEdleK)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag4 xagelIEdr. ]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkar erobcMsnÞsSn_EbbenHKW kalBImuneBlmankarGegátsgÁm-esdækic©km<úCaqñaM 1997 EdlRbmUl)anTinñn½ysþIBI éføTMnij enAtamPUmisMrab;eRKOg]bePaK 42 muxenaH eKmanB½t’mantictYcNas; GMBIéføeRKOg]bePaKenAeRkA TIRkugPñMeBj. eRkABITinñn½yd¾eRcInsþIBIéføeRKOg]bePaK enAkñúgsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as;enAPñMeBj EdlmancuH kalbriecäTcab;taMgBIExkBaØa 1994 mk Tinñn½yénéføeRKOg]bePaKenAtMbn;epSg²eTot manRtwmEtTinñn½yEdl eKeTIbnwgrkeXIj naeBlfµI²enHb:ueNÑaH. eKGaceRbITinñn½yfµI²TaMgenH edIm,IKNnatMélÉktananaénkareRbI R)as;sMelokbMBak; nigfñaMCk; enAkñúgkarGegátsgÁmesdækic©km<úCa 1993¼94 RBmTaMgkar):an;sµannana elIéfø QñÜlpÞHeTAtamtMbn; EdleKTTYlGac)anBIereRksüúghIudUnicénéf¶TMnij (hedonic price regression). kar):an;sµannana énGtiprNaéfø eRKOg]bePaKTaMgLay EdleK)anerobcMenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH Ep¥kelIFnFan Tinñn½yd¾tictYcenH nigTTYl)antamry³kareRbIviFIsa®sþmYy dUcKñanwgviFIEdleK)aneRbI edIm,I):an;sµanGtiprNa éføGaharTaMgLay eBalKW eK)aneRbITinñn½yénéføeRKOg]bePaK dkRsg;ecjBIsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; enAPñMeBj ¬KitktþaemKuN edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgBIbnSMéneRKOgeRbIR)as;xus²Kña rbs;viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaK enAtam tMbn;nImYy²¦ edIm,I):an;sµanGtiprNaéfø eRKOg]bePaK enAPñMeBj cMENkÉTinñn½yénkarGegát eK)aneRbIva edIm,I):an;sµanPaBxusKñaénéføeRKOg]bePaK nana eTAtamTItaMgPUmisa®sþ enAkñúgqñaM 1993¼94 nig 1997. eKk¾)aneRbIviFIdUcKñaenHEdr edIm,I):an;sµan GtiprNaéføeRKOg]bePaK kñúgGMLúgqñaM 1997-2004 TaMgLayNa EdlmanTinñn½yBak;B½n§bEnßmeTot.

éføcMNay eTAelI 100 kaLÚrI énGgár edayeyagtamsnÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; 1993¼94 enAPñMeBj KWRbEhl 20 erol cMENkÉéføcMNayelI 100 kaLÚrI énRtIpÞk; KW 342 erol (MOP 2000).

12 fVIebIeKalbMNg KWTTYl)anviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKxus²KñatamtMbn; EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBxusKñaénéføeBjeljTaMgLay eTAtamtMbn;kþI eKeXIjy:agc,as;BIkarBiPakSaenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 2 fa viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKnanaEdleK)an):an;sµaneXIj k¾)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBxusKñaeTAtamtMbn; énTMnak;TMngéføGahar¼eRKOg]bePaKTaMgLay nigGacbgðajBIPaBxusKñaén cMNg;cMNUlcitþ eTAtamtMbn;pgEdr.

276 ÉksarvaytMélPaBRkIRkqñaM 2006 tarag 5 bgðajnUvkar):an;sµannana énGRtamFümRbcaMqñaMrbs;GtiprNaéføeRKOg]bePaKTaMgLay kñúg

GMLúgqñaM 1993¼94 dl; 2004 ¬b:uEnþ RtUvdkry³eBl 1997-1999 ecj eRBaHkñúgry³eBlenH Kµankar):an;sµanGtiprNaéføeRKOg]bePaKeLIy¦13. tarag 6 bgðajBIviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKeTAtamtMbn;Edl eK)anEktRmUveFobnwgGtiprNarYcehIy RBmTaMgExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk¬srub¦ ¬enaHKW plbUkénbNþaExSbnÞat; PaBRkIRkGaharEdl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc enAkñúgtarag 4 nigbNþaviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKEdl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaB rYc¦ nigsnÞsSn_éfø):an;sµanéneRKOg]bePaK edayeRbIktþaemKuNEdlbgðajGMBIbnSMéneRKOgeRbIR)as;):an;sµan énkareRbIR)as;eRKOg]bePaK kñúgcMeNamRKYsarEdlmankareRbIR)as;kñúgmnusSmñak;CMuv ij 20° énviPaCn_ eRKOg]bePaK sMrab;tMbn;EdlBYkeKrs;enA14.

tarag 5³ GRtamFümRbcaMqñaM ¬°¦ énGtiprNaéføeRKOg]bePaKTaMgLay ¬KitktþaTMgn; eTAtambnSMén eRKOgeRbIR)as;):an;sµan rbs;bNþaviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn;nana¦/ 1993¼94-2004

tMbn; 1993¼94-1997 1997-2004 1993¼94-2004 PñMeBj 2/9 4/2 3/8 TIRkugepSg²eTot 3/4 3/7 3/6 CnbT 4/6 4/4 4/4

tarag 6³ viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKEdl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc nigExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRksrub ¬KitCaerol kñúgmnusS mñak; kñúgmYyéf¶¦ nigsnÞsSn_éføeRKOg]bePaK ¬KitktþaTMgn; RsbeTAtambnSMéneRKOgeRbIR)as; ):an;sµan énbNþaviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn;nana¦

tMbn; 1993¼94 1997 2004 viPaCn_eRKOg]bePaK ¬KitCaerol kñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgmYyéf¶¦

PñMeBj 393 428 569 TIRkugepSg²eTot 269 297 384 CnbT 236 270 364

ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRksrub ¬KitCaerol kñúgmnusSmñak; kñúgmYyéf¶¦ PñMeBj 1 578 1 800 2 351 TIRkugepSg²eTot 1 265 1 395 1 952 CnbT 1 118 1 208 1 753

snÞsSn_éføeRKOg]bePaK ¬1993¼94 éføenAPñMeBj = 100¦ 13 eKmin)anerobcMkar):an;sµanGtiprNaéføeRKOg]bePaK Tak;TgnwgsNæanénPaBRkIRkqñaM 1999 eLIy (MOP 2000). 14 enAkñúgtarag 6 Kµankar):an;sµanviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaK Edl)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaBeFobnwgGtiprNa sMrab;qñaM 1999 eT eRBaH

sNæanénPaBRkIRk )an):an;sµanviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKtamtMbn;nana edayeRbIviFIsa®sþmYydUcKñanwgviFIEdleKeRbIedIm,I):an; sµanviPaCn_eRKOg]bePaKCaeKaleFobnana.

]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§bec©keTs 277

PñMeBj 100/0 108/8 144/8 TIRkugepSg²eTot 90/4 99/9 129/0 CnbT 78/0 89/3 120/4

kMNt;sMKal;³ eKTTYl)anExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRksrub edaybUkbnÞat;PaBRkIRkGahareFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrYc CamYyviPaCn_eRKOg ]bePaKeFVIbc©úb,nñPaBrY.

]bsm½n§ 2 ³ lT§plviPaKtam Regression enAkñúgCMBUk 5 tarag A2.1 ³ kt þakMNt;elIplitPaBksikmµ ³ KMrUmUldæan

GefrBwgEp¥k ³ tMélTinñpleQIkñúgmYy hicta

OLS regression IV regression

kan;kab;edaymanb½NÑkmµsiT§ 0.035 0.730 (1.14) (3.22)**

eQIEdldaMCalkçN³cMkar -0.693 -0.699 (28.93)** (28.70)**

eQIkñúgTMhMkargar 0.152 0.136 (6.25)** (5.48)**

eQIcMNayelIFatucUldéTeTot 0.457 0.450 (21.91)** (21.48)**

)aneRsacRsB 0.099 0.109 (2.88)** (3.05)**

RbePTdI ³

dIrdUvR)aMg 0.09 0.105 (1.74) (1.98)*

dIrdUvR)aMgnigrdUvvsSa 0.366 0.349 (4.15)** (3.88)**

dIcMkar 0.179 0.197 (2.88)** (3.18)**

cMkarbEnø 1.036 1.085 (5.72)** (5.72)**

RbePTdIepSgeTot 0.155 0.158 (1.10) (1.13)

cMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMrbs;emRKYsar 0.007 0.007 (2.22)* (2.33)*

GRtaPaBkñúgbnÞúk 0.023 -0.046 (1.80) (3.96)**

efr 0.618 0.740 (2.40)* (2.74)**

GclnRTBükñúgPUmi man man


karGegát 14892 14892 R-squared 0.51 Chi-sq overidentification test 7.45 (0.114)

sMKal; ³ sißtibEnßm. RbePTdIenAkñúgEpñkEdl)anlb;ecal KWRbePTdIrdUvvsSa. * man 5 PaKry/ ** man 1 PaKry. GefrsiT§kan;kab;RTBüsm,ti þ RtUv)anerobcMeLIg tamry³karp þl;nUvplitplKMrUepSg² ¬]TahrN_ karTij GMeNay mrtk kan;kab;elIdIkab;qáa GaBah_BiBah_ karkan;kab;edayminbg;R)ak; nigkar]btßmÖBImit þ Pki þ¦. tarag A2.2 ³ kt þakMNt;elIplitPaBksikmµ ³ xñatKMrUeRCIserIs GefrBwgEp¥k ³ tMélénplitpleQIkñúgmYyhicta

dILÚt×TaMgGs;Edl)aneRbIR)as;

dILÚt×EdlmankmµsiT§ nig)aneRbIR)as;

OLS IV OLS IV

kan;kab;edaymanbNÑkmµsiTi§ 0.008 0.634 0.006 0.621 (0.30) (3.68)** (0.23) (3.60)**

eQIEdldaMCalkçN³cMkar -0.721 -0.723 -0.717 -0.719 (31.85)** (30.21)** (30.70)** (29.10)**

eQIkñúgTMhMkargar 0.154 0.138 0.157 0.141 (5.80)** (4.83)** (5.79)** (4.87)**

eQIcMNayelIFatucUldéTeTot 0.497 0.491 0.494 0.486 (25.49)** (23.24)** (24.64)** (22.28)**

cMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMrbs;emRKYsar 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 (1.47) (1.35) (1.70) (1.61)

GRtaénPaBkñúgbnÞúk 0.042 0.042 0.045 0.045 (2.96)** (2.77)** (3.13)** (2.92)**

)aneRsacRsb; 0.12 0.132 0.116 0.129 (3.97)** (3.96)** (3.76)** (3.81)**

RbePTdI ³

dIrdUvR)aMg 0.187 0.208 0.196 0.216 (4.18)** (4.34)** (4.29)** (4.39)**

dIrdUvR)aMgnigdIrdUvvsSa 0.306 0.184 0.323 0.202 (3.57)** (2.19)* (3.25)** (2.18)*

dIcMkar 0.377 0.385 0.353 0.36 (6.89)** (6.86)** (6.34)** (6.34)**

]bsm<½n§ 2³ lT§plviPaKtam Regression enAkñúgCMBUk 5 281

cMkarbEnø 1.175 1.188 1.196 1.208 (6.68)** (6.30)** (6.67)** (6.27)**

RbePTdIepSgeTot 0.274 0.283 0.241 0.254 (2.45)* (2.51)* (2.15)* (2.24)*

ehdæarcnasm<½n§PUmi

TIpSarGciéRn þy_kñúgPUmi 0.203 0.211 0.197 0.205 (3.19)** (2.98)** (3.14)** (2.96)**

cMgayBIPUmieTAkan;pøÚvTaMgGs; ¬K>m¦ -0.006 -0.005 -0.006 -0.005 (2.72)** (1.99)* (2.89)** (2.13)*

efr 0.074 0.039 0.105 0.073 (0.31) (0.14) (0.43) (0.26)

GclnRTBü Province Province Province Province

karGegát 15,457 15,457 14,813 14,813 R-squared 0.43 0.42

sMKal; ³ sißtibEnßm. * man 5 PaKry/ ** man 1 PaKry. enAkñúg IV-regression {kan;kab;edaymanb½NÑ kmµsiT§} RtUv)anerobcMeTAtamKMrUénplitplKMrUEdlTTYl)an. rab;bBa©ÚlEttMbn;CnbTb:eNÑaH. tarag A2.3 ³ siTi§kan;kab;RTBüsm,ti þ nigplitPaB karBinitüemIlPaBxøaMg kMriténsiTi§kan;kab;elIRTBüsm,ti þ

ÉksarepSg² eQµaH karGegát

kMritcMkar 0.279 (3.29)**

0.624 (3.28)**

8.740

sMrab;EtdIdaMRsUv 0.337 (3.66)**

0.782 (3.69)**

12.066

sMrab;EtdIminsMrab;daMRsUv 0.314 (1.13)

0.695 (0.96)

2.462

rYmTaMgstVBahn³ 0.391 (3.30)**

0.792 (2.99)**

11.135

RKYsarEdleRbIkMlaMgBlkmµCYl 0.338 (3.18)**

0.684 (2.98)**

10.927

RKYsarEdlmineRbIkMlaMgBlkmµCYl 0.338 (1.52)

0.734 (1.54)

4.141

sMKal;³ sißtibEnßm. * man 5 PaKry/ ** man 1 PaKry. lT§plbgðajfa ¬IV regression¦emKuNelIGefr siTi§kan;kab;RTBüsm,ti þ cMnYnx<s;xusBIxñatKMrUenAkñúgtarag A2.2. GefrBwgEp¥kkñúgRKb;krNItMélTinñpleQI kñúgmYyhicta. GefrsiTi§kan;kab;RTBüsm,ti þkñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs; RtUv)anerobcM eTAtamKMrUxus²Kñaénkar


TTYl)andIFIø ¬karTij GMeNay mrtk karkan;kab;dIkab;qáa GaBah_BiBah_ karkan;kab;edayminbg;R)ak; nigkar ]btßmÖBImit þPki þ¦. tarag A2.4 ³ TMhMcMkar nigplitPaB GefrBwgEp¥k ³ tMélTinñpleQIkñúgmYyhicta RKYsarEdlKµankMlaMgBlkmµCYl RKYsarEdlmankMlaMgBlkmµCYl eQIdaMCalkçN³cMkar -0.553 -0.552 -0.700 -0.453 -0.456 -0.677 (17.00)** (16.65)** (21.28)** (16.13)** (16.31)** (20.02)**

eQIdaMCalkçN³RKYsar 0.195 0.119 (3.77)** (4.27)**

eQIEdlRtUvcMNayedImTun 0.379 0.349 (8.95)** (14.92)**

eQIEdlRtUvcMNayelIkMlaMgBlkmµCYl 0.134 (9.38)**

)aneRsacRsb; 0.14 0.12 0.177 0.134 (2.30)* (1.85) (4.25)** (3.19)**

dMNaMEdl)andaMkñúgrdUvcueRkay ³

dMNaMeRkABIRsUv 0.304 0.321 0.33 0.309

¬rYmTaMgbEnø¦ (2.41)* (2.57)* (4.37)** (4.02)**

RsUv nigdMNaMepSgeTot 0.001 -0.027 0.189 0.148 (0.01) (0.2) (2.04)* -1.65

edImeQIGayuEvg 0.297 0.357 0.132 0.176 (2.07)* (2.51)* -1.29 -1.71

Kµan^ ̂ 0.178 0.662 0.526 0.581 -0.29 -1.08 -1.83 (2.15)*

cMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMrbs;emRKYsar 0.006 0.004 -1.02 -1.21

GRtaénPaBkñúgbnÞúk -0.072 -0.037 (2.82)** (2.60)**

GclnRTBükñúgPUmi Kµan Kµan Yes Yes Yes Yes

karGegát 4432 4432 4222 11295 11295 11040 R-squared 0.48 0.49 0.54 0.43 0.43 0.5


sMKal; ³ sißti t bEnßm. * man 5 PaKry/ ** man 1 PaKry. ^ ̂Tinñn½yTinñpleyageTAelIry³eBl 12 cug eRkay. dUecñH dILÚt×mYycMnYn)ancuHbBaI¢Tinñpl eTaHbICadMNaMminRtUv)andaMenAkñúgrdUvkalcugeRkayk¾eday ¬dI LÚt×EdlKµanTinñplesaH kñúgry³eBl 12 ExcugeRkay minRtUv)aneKrab;bBa©ÚleT¦. RbePTeyag sMrab;dMNaM Edl)andaMkñúgrdUvkalcugeRkayKW RsUv. kMlaMgBlkmµCYlrYmmanTMagkarcMNaysMrab;kMlaMgCYleRtom. {kareRsacRsb;} KWCaKMrUmYysMrab;dIEdlRtUv)aneRsacRsb;kñúgrdUvR)aMgb¤rdUvvsSa b¤TaMgBIrrdUv. tarag A 2.5 ³ kt þakMNt;elItMéldI ¬kar)a:nsµan IV¦--kMritdILÚt× GefrBWgEp¥k ¬TaMgGs;KitCa duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyGar¦ tMélQñÜldI tMéllk;dI b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI ¬)anerobcM¦

0.587*** 0.571*** 1.039*** 0.381***

(5.26) (4.45) (9.80) (3.32)

épÞdI ¬eQI¦ -0.505*** -0.522*** -0.549*** -0.521***

(48.27) (53.71) (56.50) (61.92)

épÞdIdaMeQIEdl)anedaHRsay 0.026*** 0.025*** -0.017*** -0.011***

(7.99) (8.89) (5.72) (4.69)

dIEdl)andaMedImeQI 0.665*** 0.559*** 0.598*** 0.581***

(19.20) (17.66) (18.85) (21.34)

)aneRsacRsb;enAkñúgrdUvR)aMg 0.258*** 0.148*** 0.258*** 0.104***

(8.93) (5.46) (9.46) (4.35)

)aneRsacRsb;enAkñúgrdUvvsSa 0.134*** 0.080*** 0.158*** 0.132***

(6.82) (4.08) (8.53) (7.58)

dIcMkar ¬dMNaMsMrab;lk;¦ 0.396*** 0.304*** 0.011 -0.015

(16.16) (12.83) (0.49) (0.74)

dIdaMbEnø 0.171*** 0.231*** 0.289*** 0.214***

(2.88) (4.31) (5.08) (4.48)

dIrdUvR)aMg 0.180*** 0.172*** 0.061* -0.112***

(5.43) (5.05) (1.96) (3.74)

RbePTplitplKMrU Edl)an bBa©Úl

Province Village Province Village

karGegát 19,170 19,170 19,654 19,654

R-squared 0.38 0.61 0.32 0.62


karerobcMEdl)ankMNt; KWCavt þmanénkarTTYlykkarGnuvt þmYy plitplKMrUsMrab;RbePTxusKñaénkarTTYl ykdI criklkçN³rbs;RkumRKYsar. tMéldac;xatrbs; t enAkñúgesckI þbEnßm. * man 10 PaKry. ** man 1 PaKry. tarag A2.6 ³ plb:HBal;elIsuxmalPaBénkmµsiTi§nigb½NÑsMKal;dIFIø ¬IV regression¦

GefrBwgEp¥k ³ cMNaykñúgmnusSmñak;

b½NÑkmµsiTi§dIFIø ¬)anerobcM¦ 0.362*** 0.244***

(5.22) (3.06)

karGb;rMrbs;emRKYsar ¬eQI¦ 0.055*** 0.044***

(8.80) (7.72)

karGb;rMrbs;emRKYsar ¬eQI¦ Edl)anedaHRsay 0.006*** 0.005***

(7.55) (6.90)

tMélénRTBüsm,ti þminEmndI ¬eQI¦ 0.153*** 0.128***

(56.28) (48.36)

emRKYsarCaRsI þ -0.000** -0.000***

(2.41) (3.93)

karrYmcMENkrbs;smaCikkñúgkargarEdlman R)ak;eborvtSr_ 0.424*** 0.298***

(9.38) (7.10)

karrYmcMENkrbs;smaCikkñúgkargarEdlmanR)ak;ebovtSr_pÞal;xøÜn 0.060** -0.028

(2.45) (1.19)

KMrUKµandI 0.177*** -0.001

(5.54) (0.03)

KMrUenACnbTEdlKµandI -0.109*** -0.007

(4.67) (0.25)

cMnYnsmaCikkñúgRKYsar -0.645*** -0.617***

(50.36) (51.51)

KMrUenACnbT -0.157*** -0.890***

(8.60) (4.76)

RbePTénKMrUEdl)anbBa©Úl Province Village

karGegát 14978 14978

R-squared 0.53 0.66

sMKal; ³ karerobcMEdl)ankMNt; KWCavt þþþmanénkarTTYlykkarGnuvt þmYy plitplKMrUsMrab;RbePTxusKñaén karTTYlykdI nigcriklkçN³rbs;RkumRKYsar. tMéldac;xatrbs;sißti t enAkñúgesckI þbEnßm³ * man 5PaK


ry/ ** man 1 PaKry. min)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag KWCaeQIEdldaM nigmankarbBa¢aTijeRcIn Gayurbs;em RKYsar nigkarbBa©aTijeRcIn. karBnül;GMBI regression (IV) Gefrskmµ ³ b½NÑkmµsiTi§dIFIøKWCaGefrBnül;mYykúñgcMeNamGefrBnülCaeRcInenAkñúg regression b:En þ vaKWCaGefrxag kñúgmYy dUecñH eKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIR)as;viFIsaRs þGefrskmµ ¬IV¦. }Gefrxagkúñg} EdleyIgelIkmkniyayenH KWfa ]TahrN_ KuNPaBdIGacman\Ti§BleTAelITaMgplitPaB ¬nigtMél¦éndILÚt× niglT§PaBTTYl)anb½NÑ kmµsiTi§. m©as;dI EdldIrbs;Kat;manCICatieRcIn nwgmankarelIkTwkcit þeRcIneGayTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§sMrab;dI rbs;Kat;. edaysarEteyIgKµanGefrl¥sMrab;;;RtYtBinitüemIlKuNPaBdIenAkñúg regression OLS eyIgnwg lb;ecalplb:HBal;xagkúñgelIKuNPaBdI tamry³kareRbI IV edIm,IkMNt;bMErbMrYlxageRkAenAkñúgkarp þl;b½NÑ kmµsiTi§dIFIø. IV Edl)aneRbIenAkñúgkrNIrbs;eyIg KWCaKMrUénkarTTYl)andIFIø –karTij mrtk GaBah_BiBah_ karkab;qáarpÞal;xøÜn kar]btßmÖ b¤karp þl;edayrdæaPi)al. ehtuGIV)anCa IV KWCaKMrUénkarTTYld¾l¥mYy? TImYy etIdImYykEnøgEdlTTYl)anBitCamanplb:HBal;eTAelIlT§PaBénkarTTYl)anb½NÑsMKal;dIb¤y:agNa? ]TahrN_ dIEdlTij)anmanRbU)abx<s;CagTak;TgeTAnwgb½NÑkmµsiTi§ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgdIéRBEdlRtUv)an kab;qáaedaym©as;. TIBIr KMrUénkarTTYl min)annigminKYrb:HBal;dl;plitPaBrbs;dI ¬nigtMél¦eT. tamry³ kareRbIR)as; IVs emKuNelIGefrén {b½NÑkmµsiTi§dIFIø} )a:n;sµanGMBIplb:HBal;énb½NÑkmµsiTi§dIelIplitPaB nigtMéldI eday)anlb;ecalplb:HBal;xagkñúgelIKuNPaBdI. pÞúyeTAvij emKuN OLS manPaBlMeGog edaysarplb:HBal;xagkñúgEdlekItecjBIKuNPaBdIEdlmin)anRtYtBinitü.

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0-Abbreviation & Acknowledgement · 2016. 7. 11. · sUhVIúy:a es)asi©n, kar:Ul sÞIekøI (CCC), eGmI GU‘CIda, hIur:Uts‘UhÁÚ GU‘CIda nigeqrIl GU‘r:asIum:a . r)aykarN_enHerobcMeLIgeRkamkarshkar