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Ixtapa, G°MéxicoNovember 4th, 2010 Ricardo J. Sánchez ChiefInfrastructure Services UnitNatural Resources and Infrastructure Division
Infrastructure, logistics and inland ports
Infrastructure, gaps and policies in Latin America, a vision from ECLAC
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All of you will be welcome at IAME 2011 Latin America next year in Santiago, Chile
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Infrastructure and Development
Global experience, both theoretically and empirically analyzed, gives valuable results regarding the positive relationship between the provision of infrastructure and economic and social development. Although in the past several questions were raised about the forms of measurement and empirical results, now it is recognized that there is a positive relationship, and that the presence of improvements in infrastructure helps to explain growth differentials among regions or countries.
The services provided from the infrastructure complement that relationship, concluding that improved infrastructure services depend, among other factors, of appropriate conditions in their supply, and both supporting improvements in productivity and competitiveness of a country or region, contributing to economic growth.
In the current design, we can no longer considering the infrastructure on one side and the other services, as it was traditionally. Is the definition of infrastructure services which play a role in the economic and social development.
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Infrastructure Action and transport
Economic Growth
Infrastructure services increase productivity / reduce production costs
Inequality and poverty
Access to infrastructure services (including transport) has more positive effect on income and welfare of the poorest segments. Public services and universal access.
Better access to markets (working, for example)
Improving human capital: directly (access to safe water, sanitation) or indirectly (transportation to school, hospital, entertainment, etc.).
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Infrastructure Stock and Economic Development
AGO
ARE
ARG
AUSAUT
BDI
BEL
BENBFABGD BGR
BHR
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAF
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIVCMRCOG
COLCRI
CYP
CZEDEUDNK
DOM
DZAECU
EGYESP
ESTETH
FINFRA
GAB
GBR
GHA
GIN
GMBGNB
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRVHTI
HUNIDNIND
IRL
IRN
IRQ
ISLISRITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZKEN
KGZ
KOR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LUXLVAMAR
MDG
MEX
MLT
MRTMWI
MYS
NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NPL NZL
OMN
PAK PAN
PER
PHL
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLE
SLVSVK
SVNSWESYR
TCDTGO
THA
TTOTUN
TUR
TWN
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
VENYEM
YSR
ZAF
ZAR
ZMBZWE
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Infrastructure Stock Index (WB)
Gro
wth
of
rea
l p
c G
DP
(%
)
Infrastructure Stock and Income Inequality
ZWE
ZMBZAF
YSR
VEN
USA
URY
UKR
UGATZA
TWN
TUR
TUN
TTOTHA
SWE
SVN
SVK
SLV
SLE
SGP
SEN
RWA RUSROM
PRY
PRT
POL
PHL
PER
PAN
PAK
NZL
NPL
NOR
NLD
NICNGA
NER
MYS
MRT
MEX
MDG
MAR
LVA
LUX
LTU
LKA
KORKGZ
KEN
KAZ JPN
JOR
JAM
ITA
ISR
IRQ
IRN
IRL
INDIDN
HUNHRV
HND
HKG
GTM
GRC
GNB
GIN
GHA
GBR
FRA
FIN
ETH
EST
ESP
EGY
ECU
DZA
DOM
DNKDEU
CZECYP
CRI
COL
CIV
CHN
CHL
CHECAN
BWA
BRA
BOL
BLR
BGR
BGD
BFA
BELAUT
AUS
ARG
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Infrastructure Stock Index (WB)G
ini
Co
eff
icie
nt
Source: Luis Servén 2008
If one considers the relationship between quality of infrastructure,real GDP per capita and the inequality of income distribution
trends are the same in each case
Infrastructure, Development and Equity
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Major Infrastructure Challenges in Latin America
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However, with regard to infrastructure in Latin America it is observed a lag, with the following main drawbacks:
1) Physical tightness or shortage in the provision of infrastructure and services.
2) High dispersion and multiplicity of views regarding public infrastructure and services, and the consequent lack of integrality in policy approach in different processes (conception, design, implementation and monitoring, supervision and evaluation).
3) Failures or institutional and regulatory obstacles in driving policy and the organization of the markets.
4) Weakness and / or lack of sustainability criteria in the design of policies for infrastructure services, especially transport.
5) Also, issues such as problems in the facilitation of transport and trade (which relate to technical regulations and bureaucratization of business and transit processes) as well as access to funding, quality and performance of public –private associations, institutional and regulatory accounting and operating conditions and mature infrastructure market completes the spectrum of issues that should be reviewed to maximize the contribution of infrastructure services on development and integration.
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For us, the main challenge is to align the conception, design, implementation and monitoring and control of policies related to infrastructure and services to maximize their impact on development, requiring the review of its policies for infrastructure services.
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The Infrastructural Gap
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Estimate of the infrastructure gap in transport in Latin America (base 1995 = 100)
Source: ECLAC, 2009
Gap
0
50
100
150
200
250
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo NecesarioSupply DemandGap
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo Necesario
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo Necesario
Estimate of the infrastructure gap in transport, selected countries (base 1995 = 100)
-40
10
60
110
160
210
260
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo Necesario
0
50
100
150
200
250
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo Necesario
Argentina Brazil
Chile Mexico
Gap Supply Demand
Gap Supply Demand Gap Supply Demand
Gap Supply Demand
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How we are today in terms of infrastructure investment?
Source: ECLAC, 2010
Investment in economic infrastructure has reversed its downward trend during the period 2007-2008.
Internal composition shows the public sector with a stable share of about 40% in the last two decades.
For its part, private sector, of great importance in the nineties, returned to exhibit higher dynamism in 2007 and 2008.
This composition could change temporarily in 2009 due to the impact of counter-cyclical policies and increased private risk aversion took place during the international crisis.
Inversión en Infraestructura como % del PIBSector 1980-1985 1996-2001 2002-2006 2007-2008
Pública 3.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7%Privada 0.6% 1.4% 0.9% 1.3%TOTAL 3.7% 2.2% 1.5% 2.0%
Fuente: Ca lderón y Servén (2004), Rozas (2008) y elaboración propia .
Public
Private
Total
Source: the authors.
Infrastructure Investment as ratios of GDP
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Challenges beyond the infrastructure gap
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Physical infrastructure, economic and technical regulations
Technical and operational conditions
Market conditions, regulatory and policy for the provision of infrastructure and services
Superior condition in the provision of infrastructure and related services, lower costs and better operating conditions, greater reliability and new services
Physical Infrastructure
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Creating a strategic, shared,
complementary and integrated vision
Productive DevelopmentProductive
Development
Internation
al Legal
Organizatio
n
Internation
al Legal
Organizatio
nEnviro
nmental
Protectio
n
Environmental
Protectio
n
Social
Developmen
tSocial
Developmen
t
Economic
and
Technical
Standards
and
Regulation
Economic
and
Technical
Standards
and
Regulation
Institutional Development
Institutional Development
Territorial
Development
Territorial
Development
Assoc
iativ
ity
Assoc
iativ
ity
Source: Sánchez y Wilmsmeier (2005)
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Grouping of conditions for Development
(1) Economic Factors
positive externalities, local economic conditions, skilled labor, expectations
(1) + (2) + (3) Economic
Development
(2) + (3) Accessibility changes
No growth.
(1) + (2) Unfavorable policy environment,
implies a negative impact on growth.
(2) Investments Availability of investment funds, investment scale and location,
investments and efficiency in their implementation.
(1) + (3) Without investment, implies that no change of accessibility. No growth.
(3) Political and institutional environment
Political, institutional and organizational framework that leads investment, legal process and framework, complementary policies, and efficient infrastructure management.
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ProductiveDevelopmentProductive
Development
International Legal
Organization
International Legal
Organization
Environmental
Protection
Environmental
Protection
Social Development
Social Development
Economic and Technical
Standards and Regulation
Economic and Technical
Standards and Regulation
InstitutionalDevelopmentInstitutional
Development
TerritorialDevelopmentTerritorial
Development
AssociativityAssociativity
A strategic, shared,
complementary and integrated vision
Source: Sánchez y Wilmsmeier (2005)
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Institutions:
how public policies are conceived, developed and implemented
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The design of public policies
Economici Regulation
Logistics Cost
Technical Regulation
Port Security Road Safety Charges Security
Cargo Tracking Intelligent Systems
Document Flow
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUC-TURE Logistic
The traditional way promotes dislocated policies that can not address the interactions and do not have synergistic effects. Decreases its contribution to development because
it spreads naturally associated phenomena
syne
rgy
Associated phenomena, common needs, regulation, integrated policy
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Economici Regulation
Logistics Cost
Technical Regulation
Port Security Road Safety Charges Security
Cargo Tracking Intelligent Systems
Document Flow
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUC-TURE Logistic
Social and Economic DevelopmentSUPERIOR CONDITIONS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS
syne
rgy
Associated phenomena, common needs, regulation, integrated policy
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Is required to analyze infrastructure, transport and
logistics as a system rather than as separate components to meet market requirements (quality-security-price) (administrative and legal
implications!)
For an efficient provision of public goods is required
Planning and Regulation(This is not inconsistent with Public – Private Associations)
Essential is a national and regional clear strategy, shared and sustained over time!
► Within the same authority (Public Leadership)
► Consensus with business and labor sector (Private Sector Participation and Commitment)
► Strengthen Dialogue and Analysis with consistency and coordination (Actors)
Role of the Government in Logistics Planning
How it is built an integrated policy?
G. Cipoletta Tomassian, Gabriel Pérez & Sánchez, Ricardo J. (2010): Políticas integradas de infraestructura, transporte y logistica: Experiencias internacionales y propuestas iniciales; Serie NRID No 150, ECLAC
Recognizing that each country is unique and has special features that prevent "import" a solution directly. ECLAC has published a study:
Spain
Germany South Korea Finland
Colombia
European Union
Netherland
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In this context… what about inland ports? (i)
The development of inland ports in Latin America has followed a path similar to the policies of infrastructure, transportation and logistics, with low integration into the planning and execution of public policies.
Has been restricted to private initiative, thus, there are now excellent centres with high productivity within the precincts, but with no sufficient connection to the rest of the transport and logistics system.
Many inland ports are sometimes installed in locations that do not have the necessary connections, creating congestion and new infrastructure needs to be solved, without planning and with the tight timetable, reducing the efficiency of public resource allocation and appealing almost exclusively to the prevailing mode (ignoring railways and waterways, frequently).
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In this context… what about inland ports? (ii)
In short, there is not integration of logistics and inland ports to the entire transport system.
There are no agreed policies at regional level (between countries) and often also within a country.
Transportation planning and infrastructure tend to be dissociated from the logistic needs.
The development of inland ports is independent, many times, of the development of seaports.
Currently there are major inland ports throughout Latin America, however, because the issues raised above, the numbers are still low.
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In this context… what about inland ports? (iii)
For these reasons, the potential expansion of inland ports is very high throughout the region.
Already some countries, like the case of Jamaica, and incipiently some of South America, have begun planning integrated transport and logistics systems.
It is therefore necessary to integrate the vision and address the resolution of issues related to the development of inland and maritime ports together, and also with the rest of the system.
Otherwise the solutions will remain partial and inefficient from the point of view of the economy as a whole, beyond the private benefits of the suppliers.
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Client Logo
ThankYou!
Ricardo J. Sánchez
ChiefInfrastructure Services Unit
Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division United Nations ECLAC
+56 2 210-2131
[email protected]://www.eclac.org/transporte
