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399
Index
Africa, 20–21, 30, 37, 49, 53–56 passim, 127, 269, 271, 304. See also Angola; Mozambique
Agamben, Giorgio, 11–12, 63–64, 334n18
Ah-Ma Temple, 41, 216, 322n17 aiguo aixiang, 143, 144, 339n14.
See also patriotism Albuquerque, Afonso de, 37, 38,
39 Alvares, Jorge, 40 Amaral, João Maria Ferreira do
(governor of Macau, late 1840s), 46–47, 250, 287, 288; streets named for, 190, 191, 347n22; statue of, 211–12
ambivalence, 31, 58, 80, 208, 264, 273–74, 291–92, 297–98, 301
ancestry, see descent Ang, Ien, 19, 108, 334n17 Anglo-American hegemony, 30,
57, 58, 148, 150, 311 Angola, 49, 55, 136, 327n46 Aomen, 43, 44, 46, 322n21. See
also Macau Aomen ren (Macau people), see
oumuhn yahn
apabico (Macanese dumpling), 22–23, 105, 312, 318n14
Apolinário, Manuel António, 69, 72, 93–94
Areia Preta, see northern district Asian financial crisis (1998), 7,
25 Asian People’s Theatre Festival
Society, 266 Auden, W. H., 299, 304 autonomy, 17, 112, 119, 340n15;
in one country, two systems, 7, 27, 92, 135, 139; of Macau, 26, 28, 42–45 passim, 48, 77, 153, 156–57, 278, 324n30; of Macau schools, 153, 156, 157
Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro, see San Ma-Louh
bandits, 64, 69, 76, 77, 81, 82, 95, 97
Baptista, António Marques, 88, 89. See also Rambo
Basic Law (of Macau under the PRC), 7, 25, 28, 106, 116, 177, 249, 333n11
Basso, Keith, 181, 187
400 Index
Beijing, 6, 59, 147, 244, 321n12 belonging, see sense of belonging Big Spender (Cheung Tze-keung,
Hong Kong gangster), 87, 92 binaries, 18–19, 304. See also
either-or rhetorics blood (as vector of collective iden-
tity), 14, 76, 101, 110–11, 114, 124–27, 129–31, 171, 179, 282. See also jus sanguinis; xuetong
Bretton-Woods Agreement, 67 bridge (image of Macau as), 28–29,
31, 138, 145–50 passim, 153, 158, 167, 175, 243, 261. See also East-meets-West rhetoric
Broken Tooth Koi (triad leader), 87–95, 305
Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper, 19
Butler, Judith, 62 Camões, Luís Vaz de (Portuguese
poet, ca. 1524–80), 68, 327n3, 358n6
Cantonese (dialect), 21, 25, 103, 165, 216, 270, 309, 311, 358n11
capitalism: in China, 4, 107, 142, 143, 180, 339n12, 340n15; in Macau, 7, 24, 67–68, 145, 161, 206, 209, 227–28, 301; and sov-ereignty, 10, 12–13, 32, 96; and modernity, 67, 150; transna-tional, 282, 292, 339n10
Carvalho, Nobre de (governor of Macau in 1960s), 48
Casino (film), 88–90, 94, 330n25 casinos, 24, 69, 72, 74, 83, 88, 215,
227, 310–11. See also Gambling; STDM
Catholic church, 36, 38–39, 42, 149, 154, 350n36. See also Jesuits, Padroado Real; Rites Controversy
Catholicism, 102–3, 147, 242; converts to, 244, 284–85
Catholic schools (in Macau), 154, 157, 159, 252, 280, 284, 285
Cavaco Silva, Aníbal, see Silva, Aníbal Cavaco
censorship, 267–68, 357n5 Chan Kai-kit (Macau legislator),
76 Cheung Tze-keung, see Big
Spender Chinese Chamber of Commerce,
26, 48, 206, 284, 359n16 Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), 81, 107, 131, 142, 339n12, 340n16, 345n4; and Macau, 4, 48–49, 50, 78, 135, 139; and Chineseness, 16, 260, 334n16; and sovereignty, 78, 180, 305; antipathy toward, 80, 114, 296
Chineseness, 6, 20, 143–44, 179, 275, 295–96, 303; of Macau, 21–23, 135, 158, 160, 229, 277; of Macau Chinese, 3, 115, 126–27, 144, 168, 263, 276–78, 285, 300; and sover-eignty, 15–19, 24, 31–34 pas-sim, 58, 80, 100, 112, 130, 248–49, 263, 278; sort-of, 22, 23, 99, 100, 125, 130, 131, 135, 261; limits of, 23, 100–101, 108, 130; in law, 108–9, 128–29, 132. See also under
Index 401
identity; Macanese; nationality; xuetong
Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, 51, 109
chunambo (building material), 202, 234
Cidade do Nome de Deus na China (City of the name of god in China), 36, 42, 43
citizenship, 16, 31, 132, 264, 280, 296–97; flexible, 32, 123, 280–82, 292, 295, 297, 358n14; dual, 131, 336n30. See also nationality
civic associations, 77, 152, 206, 276, 280
civilization, 2–3, 10, 133, 175, 189, 241, 260, 277, 340n19; Chinese, 18, 33, 57, 108, 141, 249, 277; and lusotropicalism, 52, 54, 326n42; and Macau, 60, 65, 67, 145–53 passim, 158, 175, 189, 242–45 passim, 272; as scale, 141, 144, 148, 174
coffee, 20, 275, 289 Colégio de São Paulo, see São
Paulo Seminary collective memory, 212, 259,
353n18 Coloane Island, 24, 91, 158, 170,
183, 238, 351n1 colonialism, 7, 133, 159–60, 188–
89, 300, 301; Portuguese, 2, 27, 35, 45, 49–52 passim, 77–79, 130, 146, 170–71, 194; in China, 4, 19, 180; in Macau, 6, 15, 36, 46, 144, 155–56, 191, 290; British, 6, 56, 67, 77, 79, 115, 158, 170, 327n46, 333n13. See also Hong Kong; luso-
tropicalism; national humilia-tion
coolie trade, 67, 188, 250, 271 corruption, 26, 57, 76, 82–84,
107, 158, 186, 209, 273, 312 cosmopolitanism, 10, 54, 281,
242; and Chineseness, 3, 17, 142, 345n3; of Macau, 138, 148, 149, 175, 243, 300
Cotai, 183, 187 Cultural Heritage Department,
187, 200, 230 Cultural Institute of Macau
(ICM), 201, 208, 230, 266– 67, 268
Cultural Revolution, 49, 78, 107, 277
Deng Xiaoping, 4, 329n17,
344n38 descent (ancestry), 102, 116, 118,
126–28, 279, 337n35. See also blood; xuetong
difference (uniqueness) of Macau, 22–23, 27–28, 68, 79, 96, 204–6 passim, 227, 246–49 passim, 265–66, 273–78 passim; from PRC, 219–20, 260, 312; fragility of, 20–21, 29, 198–99, 208, 263, 308
docks, the (as docas), 196–97, 309
Dominguez, Virginia, 120 dumpling, 22, 237, 246, 265, 271,
358n9. See also apabico; won-ton
East-meets-West rhetoric, 3, 134,
152, 268, 280, 302. See also bridge
402 Index
education, in Macau, 27, 29, 79, 166, 342n29; poor quality of, 27, 144, 150, 155, 156; history of, 144–53 passim, 159, 160; char-acteristics of, 153–55, 156, 175, 302–3, 338n3, 342n30; reform of, 156–57, 159, 160
either-or rhetorics, 9, 46, 100, 109, 125, 131, 141, 181, 298
empire, 10, 67, 150, 152, 212, 241, 313; Chinese, 85, 108, 249; Por-tuguese, 36–37, 49, 56, 158, 232
Escola Comercial, 171–72, 342n29
Escola Portuguesa 168, 171–73, 344nn44–45
Escola Pui Ching, 161–64, 166, 344n41
Escola Secundária Luso-Chinesa Luís Gonzaga Gomes (ESLC), 165–68, 174
“Essentials of Macau History” (textbook), 157–59, 161, 163, 164, 166
Estado da Índia, 37, 320–21n9 ethnicity, 79–80, 110–11, 135,
143, 220, 251, 337n33 Eurasians, see Macanese fado, 262, 357n1 flag (of Macau SAR), 138, 249,
306, 310 flexible citizenship, see under citi-
zenship Fok, K. C., 45 Fong, Henry (film producer), 89,
90 Fortaleza São Paulo do Monte, see
Monte Fort
Foucault, Michel, 11, 12, 13, 317n6, 318n9, 318n10
14K triad, 83, 87, 88, 91, 329n12, 330n25
Freyre, Gilberto, 52–54, 55, 56, 58, 325nn38–39, 326n40, 326n42. See also luso-tropicalism
Fujian (province in China), 40, 41, 85, 323n24
Fujianese in Macau, 41, 216, 217–18, 350n39, 351n40
gambling, 3, 72, 90; industry in
Macau 25, 29, 67, 71, 227, 250; inspectors, 69, 70, 83, 93–94. See also casinos; Ho, Stanley; STDM
gaps, 152, 194, 228–29, 248, 251, 258
global, the, 140–45 passim, 159, 173–75 passim, 182, 280, 339n10, 339n12. See also un-der scale
globalization, 3, 10, 12, 15, 19, 34, 62, 153, 174, 180
Goa, 2, 37, 38, 48, 49, 324n32 Goodman, Bryna, 141 Guangzhou, 40, 48, 74, 87, 92,
162, 207, 232, 321n12, 344n41
Gupta, Akhil, 62 Handler, Richard, 226, 265 handover, the (huigui), 21, 29, 36,
60, 65, 80, 131, 249, 298, 305–10; as end of imperialism, 6, 7, 141, 175, 300; as source of anxiety, 21–22, 25, 111, 113, 160, 173, 203, 199, 219,
Index 403
296; as deadine for projects, 92–94 passim, 185, 208, 225; clock (in Beijing), 6, 59, 199
Haojing, 44, 322nn21–22 He Xin, 57 heritage, 180, 226, 228, 356n36;
cultural, 28, 201, 229, 233–39 passim, 245–51 passim, 255–56, 259–61; architectural, 31, 185, 187, 200, 201–11 passim, 245, 265, 286–87, 348n26; in law, 203, 205, 206, 348n29. See also UNESCO World Heritage Site
Hershatter, Gail, 145 Hinsley, F. H., 8 history (of Macau), 107, 125, 144–
52 passim, 259–60, 302, 308, 310; and Macau identity, 2, 3, 5, 14, 29–31, 57, 96, 133, 204, 312; and Chineseness, 17, 33–35, 130, 275–76, 278, 297–98; al-ternative interpretations of, 36–37, 60, 65–67, 136, 159, 206, 208–9, 212, 298; as colonial, 44, 46, 289–91; and scale, 143–46, 148, 161, 166–67, 174, 175; and place, 188–91, 194–95, 204, 213, 218–19; instruction of, 133–36, 157–70, 172–74; united front on, 159, 164, 298. See also past
Ho, Edmund (first chief executive of Macau SAR), 305, 339n14
Ho, Stanley Hung-sun (head of STDM), 26, 71, 75, 103, 310, 331n5
Ho Yin (prominent Macau Chi-nese in 1960s), 284, 305, 359n16
Hong Kong, 36, 47–51 passim, 137, 196, 269–71 passim, 280–87 pas-
sim, 293–95, 338n8; and one country, two systems, 4, 7, 25, 92, 143, 300, 338n9; likened to Macau, 6, 50, 145, 160, 198; contrasted to Macau, 15, 25–27, 30, 40–41, 56–57, 68, 153, 161, 275–78; as model for Macau, 24–25, 153–54, 162, 165, 206; British imperi-alism in, 30, 41, 46, 56, 57, 66, 79, 107, 115, 169–70; repre-sentations of Macau in, 60, 72–73, 82, 87–90, 95, 268; triads in, 74, 81, 83, 86, 92; Eurasians in, 103, 116–17; handover of, 114, 276, 308
huigui, see handover hybridity: of Macau, 14, 28, 31,
202, 208, 249, 272–73, 278; in lusotropicalism, 53–57 pas-sim, 304, 326n40; of Maca-nese, 106, 248, 333n10
identity: 19–20, 264–65, 297,
302, 357nn2–3; of Macau, 2, 105, 135, 202; government rhetoric of, 3–5, 14, 28–31, 137, 143, 223, 263, 272–73, 282; and Chineseness, 16, 20, 274–75, 295, 303; Macanese, 102, 105, 111–12; alternative views of, 170–71, 229, 256, 274–76, 277
imperialism: and sovereignty, 9, 55, 153, 175; in China, 44, 107, 180, 333n13; Portuguese, 58, 150, 152, 171, 301, 304; in Macau, 158, 234, 298, 311. See also colonialism; luso-tropicalism
404 Index
Japan, 1, 36, 42, 50, 66, 74, 147, 167, 244, 252
Jesuits, 1, 39, 146, 147, 148–49, 231, 232, 244, 342n26. See also Ricci, Matteo; Rites Contro-versy
Jiang Zemin, 307, 308–9 jianghu, 84, 86, 87, 90,
330n24 Jin Yong (author), 87 Joint Declaration, see Sino-
Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau
jumble, 27, 207, 225 jus sanguinis, 108–9, 128, 132 jus soli, 108–9, 132 Kangxi (Qing dynasty emperor),
147, 148, 244, 323n24, 341–42n26
KMT, 34, 48, 285, 291, 325n35, 334n16
knight (in chess), 105–6 land reclamation, 67, 183, 184,
186, 196–97, 202, 206, 213, 319n17, 346n10
Lan Kwai Fong (Macau and Hong Kong), 196–97, 307
law, 4, 110, 132, 153, 157, 297, 331n3; and sovereignty, 12, 63, 106, 120–21; in Macau, 26, 66–68, 76, 92, 95, 106, 138, 185; and triads, 71, 74–75, 95; and Macanese, 100–101, 103, 106–7; in China, 106–7, 113, 118, 131, 333nn12–14; and heritage, 205, 287, 348n29. See also Basic Law; jus sanguinis; jus soli; nationality law; rule of law
lawlessness, 59–60, 65–66, 68, 73, 74, 81, 87, 95, 100
Leal Senado, 43, 150, 191, 193, 201, 211, 284, 287, 306, 307, 311
Li Peng, 115–16 Liampo (Portuguese settlement
in China), 40, 321–22n15 Liang Guangda (mayor of Zhu-
hai), 26 Liceu Nacional (in Macau),
150–51, 152, 166, 168–71, 172, 275, 344n43
liminality, 60, 63–65, 82, 87, 97–98, 106
Lisbon, 36, 37, 185, 196–97, 243, 269
local, the (locality), 31, 132, 135–40 passim, 144–53 passim, 167–68, 173, 175, 303, 338n4
localization, 135, 138–40, 146, 152, 175, 305
lusotropicalism, 52–58 passim, 301, 304, 326–27nn42–46
Macanese, the, 220, 263, 292,
295, 331n5, 332nn9–10; Chi-neseness of, 22–23, 103, 113, 115, 120, 123, 125, 130–31, 167; and Resolution on Na-tionality, 99–101, 112–13, 116–32 passim, 336n30, 337n33; Chinese name of, 104, 124, 332n6; patuá, 104–5, 270; cuisine, 105, 246, 265; and Portuguese colonialism, 103, 106, 109–10, 114, 125, 130, 335n23; inclusive defini-tion of, 110–12, 335n22; as
Index 405
“locals,” 139, 166–67, 198; edu-cation of, 152, 159, 168–69, 171–73, 342n29; in Museum of Macau, 238, 246–49, 250, 254, 355n27; in Macau One Two Three (stage play), 266, 268–70, 272–73; individuals, 22, 77, 136, 155, 156, 171, 204, 211, 224
Macau: location of, 2, 20, 24; population of, 24–25, 101, 110, 115, 185–86, 198, 213–14, 319n17, 350n37; economy of, 7, 24–26, 29–30, 36, 66–68, 74, 185–86, 214, 311; names of, 36, 41–44, 46, 49; Portuguese set-tlement of, 40–42, 44–46, 164; Dutch attack on (1622), 232–34, 243, 352n11. See also Aomen; Haojing
“Macau formula,” 45 Macau One Two Three (stage play),
262–63, 266–67, 268–74 Macau Portuguese state (govern-
ment): 14–15, 31, 103–6, 110, 115, 190, 295, 319n19; identity project of, 2–5 passim, 20, 23, 28–31 passim, 143–44, 178, 199, 272–75 passim, 282, 289; and multiculturalism, 3, 5, 57, 302; and sort-of sovereignty, 14, 64–65, 68, 77, 79, 98, 278, 308; his-tory of, 6, 35, 47–48, 67, 191; and gambling, 25, 67, 69, 71–72, 227; and crime, 61, 65, 72, 76, 82–84 passim, 91, 95; as not co-lonial, 2, 6, 36, 49–50, 55, 170–71; as colonial, 4, 15, 36, 46–47, 155–56, 191, 233, 291, 301; popular perceptions of, 26, 92, 183, 229, 271; as illegitimate,
74, 80, 156, 236, 309; as cor-rupt, 76, 83, 88, 98, 186, 305; as ineffective, 30, 74–77 pas-sim, 90, 96–97, 174; laissez-faire policies of, 68, 79, 156, 161, 175, 276; as failed sover-eign, 76, 79, 80–82, 96, 301; role in education, 133–34, 144, 149–60 passim, 164, 165, 168, 303; and architectural restoration, 2–3, 5, 185, 187, 200–204, 206–9, 211–12, 287; and urban development, 186, 205–6, 213–15, 218; and mu-seums, 223, 230–32, 235, 251, 256, 260; and censorship, 263, 266–68, 357n5
Macau Sempre, 111 Malacca, 37, 38, 39, 216, 321n12,
341n23 Maoism, 15, 16, 34, 142, 329n16,
334n16, 339n12 marginality, 64; of Macau, 65–69,
137, 161, 175; of state, 82; mythologies of, 64, 68, 82, 84, 87, 97, 98
matter out of place, 82, 98 Mendes, Manuel da Silva, 151–
52, 183 Mesquita, Vicente Nicolau de
(statue of), 211, 287 mestiçagem (mixing), 52–54, 57,
58, 171 mestiços, 38, 47, 320n9 MGTO (Macau Government
Tourism Office), 227, 230, 233, 265, 277
Ming (dynasty, 1368–1644), 39–41, 44, 45, 66, 158, 164, 232, 235
406 Index
mixing (racial/cultural), see mes-tiçagem
modernity, 5, 8, 16, 107, 137, 142–43, 148, 149, 180; capitalist, 67, 150, 206, 209
Monge, Manuel (undersecretary for security), 75
monopoly system, 67, 71, 310 Monte Fort (Fortaleza São Paulo
do Monte), 221, 231–34, 235, 236, 241
Mozambique, 15, 49, 55, 269 multiculturalism, 3, 5, 57, 302 Municipal Council (Senado da
Câmara), 42–43 Museum of Macau: visitors in,
221–22, 223–25, 252–54, 256–58; purpose of, 225, 229–31; sensual approach of, 226, 251, 256, 261; as heritage project, 226–28, 251–52; Chineseness in, 229, 248, 260, 261; location of, 231–36; criticisms of, 233, 235–36, 259–60; objects in, 236–41; representative strategies of, 241–44 passim, 246, 248, 249, 251; planning of, 225–26. See also under value
myths (mythologies), 56, 64–65, 68, 82–84, 86–87, 91, 95, 97–98, 108
national humiliation (China), 4, 18, 57–58, 148, 233, 259, 305, 345n4
nationalism, 44, 52, 58, 123, 139, 152–53, 164, 175, 296; in China, 141–42, 179–80, 259, 275–76, 179–80, 259
nationality: dual, 109, 113–17 passim, 122, 125–27, 337n31; Chinese, 115, 122–24, 126–28, 131; Portuguese, 109, 115, 122, 123–24, 126, 129; and choice, 116–25 passim, 127–28, 130, 296
Nationality, Resolution on, 99–101, 112, 116–29, 130–32, 331n1, 335–36n27, 336n30, 337n35
nationality law, 30, 108–9, 113, 116, 127, 128, 336n30, 337n35
National People’s Congress (NPC), 99, 116, 118, 127, 128, 338n9
nation-state, 15, 21, 108, 152, 161, 244, 302, 303; Chinese, 4, 17, 128, 143, 219, 260, 301, 305; sovereignty, 8, 10, 131, 282
native place, 19, 142, 178–79, 198, 213, 218, 220, 279, 281, 297, 334n19, 345n3
neighborhood associations, 26, 78, 139, 154
neoliberalism, 10, 12, 181, 313
New China News Agency (Xin-hua she), 26, 81
new immigrants, 27, 165, 198, 214–20 passim, 350n37
Ng Kuok Cheong (Macau legis-lator), 78–79
niche, 280, 302–3 Nobre de Carvalho (Macau gov-
ernor in the 1960s), 48
Index 407
Nogueira, Franco (Portuguese for-eign minister, ca. 1967), 48, 54–55, 58
non-place, 182, 195, 198, 208 northern district (of Macau), 213–
20 passim, 271, 279 nostalgia, 178, 187, 205, 211, 255,
263, 272, 287, 298; anticipated, 28, 202; colonial, 4, 202–3, 208, 301, 349n33
one country, two systems, 7–8, 27,
35, 42, 65, 139, 211, 300, 301; historical antecedents, 6, 42; in Hong Kong, 25, 92, 143, 300, 338n9; and the local, 132, 135, 143, 174, 175; as patriotic, 4, 291, 340n16
123 incident (1966–67), 47–49, 78, 211, 250, 267, 268, 271–72
Ong, Aihwa, 11, 14, 17, 62, 143, 280–81, 282, 292
opium, 67, 250, 283, 284, 285, 324n31, 354n21
Opium War (1839–1842), 16, 41, 46
organized crime, 30, 73, 75, 79, 215. See also triads
oumun yahn (Macau people), 27, 198, 220, 334n19, 351n40
outlaw, 84, 86–87, 92, 96, 98, 298 overbuilding, 67, 186–87, 209 overseas Chinese, 143, 333n16 overseas provinces (of Portugal),
49, 55 Padroado Real, 36, 38, 146, 320n7 passports, 21, 109, 114, 115, 121–
32 passim, 281, 291–97, 335n25
past, the, 6, 29, 69, 136; and re-lationship to present/future, 10, 34, 57, 133, 135, 173, 175, 177, 201, 206; in China, 33–35, 274–75, 353n18; and scale, 141–43, 145, 153; and place, 188, 203–5, 210, 220; in the Museum of Macau, 223–26, 229–36 passim, 246, 248–51, 255–58, 260–61, 356n33; commodification of, 29–30, 226–27, 254; objectification of, 226–28, 238. See also his-tory; value
patrimony, see heritage patriotism, 4, 81, 85–86, 150,
260, 291–92, 297, 329n17, 340n16. See also aiguo aixiang
patuá (Macanese creole lan-guage), see under Macanese
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 50, 81, 308, 310
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 20, 21, 48, 50–51, 80–81, 92, 178, 259, 311; Macau’s integration into, 4, 6–7, 14, 67, 164, 173, 220; in-fluence in Macau, 25, 29, 153, 154; constitution of, 25, 107, 117, 127, 128, 131, 138; and nationality, 99, 107, 109, 113, 116–19 passim, 122, 124, 127–28, 296
petri dish, 136, 155, 261, 303 pirates, 38, 40, 41–42, 66, 164,
170, 322n19 place, 3, 5, 14, 176–82 passim,
208–9, 286–87, 297, 338n4; sense of, 178, 198–99, 205, 210, 212, 213, 218–19, 289,
408 Index
291; place-names, 16, 188–89, 190, 194, 195, 196–98. See also native place
Portugal, 6, 51, 81, 92–94 passim, 146, 221, 231, 256; presence in Macau, 2, 30, 36, 39, 42–43, 46–51, 57, 151, 189, 302; as marginal, 5, 68, 149, 150; and the Macanese, 102, 105, 112, 114, 122–23; nationality, 109, 115, 122, 123, 126, 129; and education, 153, 161, 164, 168–72; in Museum of Macau, 232, 234, 244
Portuguese colonialism, see under colonialism
Portuguese empire, see under em-pire
Portuguese imperialism, see under imperialism
Portugueseness, 103, 115, 117–19, 123, 127, 150–51, 208
potentiality, 109–10, 112, 116, 119, 125, 128
Praia Grande, 69, 183, 271, 347n19
Qing Dynasty, 16, 45, 46–47, 66,
84, 85, 108, 321n12, 322n21, 323n24, 324n28, 329n19, 333n16, 353n20, 354n21
race, 52, 55, 57–58, 119–20, 199,
295 race-mixing, see mestiçagem racism, 104, 125, 216, 269, 272,
285, 300; and lusotropicalism, 49, 54, 326n42, 327n46
“Rambo, ” 88, 92. See also Baptista, António Marques
rectification of names, 35–36 Redinha, Pedro (Broken Tooth’s
lawyer), 93, 94 renqingwei, 68, 277–78 Resolution on Nationality, see
Nationality, Resolution on Ricci, Matteo, 41, 146, 147, 244.
See also Rites Controversy Rites Controversy, 148,
341nn25–26 Rofel, Lisa, 8 Romance of the Three Kingdoms,
84, 86 ruins, 199–200, 203–4, 206, 209–
10, 220, 301, 350n34. See also São Paulo Ruins
rule of law, 95, 107, 118, 131, 333n12, 339n
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira
(prime minister of Portugal, 1932–68), 48, 49, 54, 56, 326nn40–42
San Ma-Louh, 190, 200, 205, 206, 208, 255, 284, 288, 307
São João island, 146, 170 São Paulo Church, 1, 231, 238 São Paulo Ruins (São Paulo Fa-
çade), 1–5, 28, 30, 72, 189–90, 200, 221, 234, 244
São Paulo Seminary, 146, 147, 148, 149, 235
scale, 140–45, 148, 150, 153, 161, 164, 167, 173–75
Searle, John, 74 self-determination (of nations), 9,
19, 49, 54–55, 299 Seminário de São José, 147, 284 Senna Fernandes, Henrique de,
183, 354n32
Index 409
sense of belonging, 5, 14, 110, 167–68, 178, 198–99, 263, 273; lack of, 27, 134, 155, 172, 198, 216, 263, 282, 287; inculcation of, 199, 212, 264
seuiseuhng yahn (“water-borne peo-ple”), 245, 250, 354n23
Silva, Aníbal Cavaco (prime min-ister of Portugal, 1985–95), 115
Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau (1987), 7, 35, 57, 113, 122, 153, 156, 290
Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friend-ship and Commerce (1887), 47, 164, 250
Soares, Mário, 57, 327n45 socialism, 7, 50, 56, 57, 143, 219,
269 Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões
de Macau (STDM), 24, 26, 71–72, 92, 310, 344n44
sort-of Chinese, see under Chi-neseness
sort-of sovereignty, see under sover-eignty
sovereignty: shared, 3, 14, 31, 224, 234, 244, 245; and Macau’s transition, 6, 8, 21, 80, 175; theories of, 9–13, 318n8; mean-ing of, 8–9, 14–15, 52, 60, 224, 299–300, 305, 309, 312–13; and transnational capitalism, 10, 32, 62, 143, 264; ethnography of, 14, 61, 64, 96–97; edges of, 15, 67, 173, 194; and subjectivity, 15, 31, 265–66, 274, 280, 282, 297; and Chineseness, 16–20 passim, 23–24, 31–34 passim, 58, 100, 112, 125, 130, 248–49, 263,
278; contested claims to, over Macau, 30, 36, 41, 44, 46, 49, 164, 324n30, 325n35; norms of, 48–49, 80, 82, 97, 278, 301; and the law, 51, 107, 109, 128, 331n3, 333nn12–13; “sort-of ” (alternative forms of), 51, 58, 61, 64–65, 68–69, 77, 87, 96–97, 98, 133, 300–304; and representation, 62–63, 81–82, 97; and the state, 61–63, 64, 76–80 passim, 96, 108, 120–21, 131; failed, 62, 65, 80, 81, 82, 208, 301; and the local, 135, 140, 144, 150, 157; and place-making, 178–82, 187, 188, 189, 190–91, 194–95, 206, 218–19
Special Administrative Region (SAR), 7, 25, 143
Special Economic Zone (SEZ), 24, 143, 180, 318– 19, 340
Speculation (real estate), 67, 186–87, 202, 205, 288
St. Paul’s College, see São Paulo Seminary
state, the, 14–15, 82, 150, 228, 282; and sovereignty, 9–13 passim, 61–65, 68, 76, 79, 80, 96–98, 131, 180–81; and Chineseness, 16–17, 123, 295, 303. See also Macau Portu-guese state
statues, 197, 211–12, 286–87, 348n25, 350n35
STDM, see Sociedade de Tur-ismo e Diversões de Macau
stepping-stone mentality, 27, 137, 198, 301
410 Index
Stone Commune, 266–67, 268, 307, 357n2
street names, 188–93, 196, 213, 347n21
Strike Hard Campaign (1998), 80 subjectivity: collective, 15, 19, 34,
110, 140, 153, 174, 175, 251–52; and sovereignty, 16, 23, 24, 31–32, 63, 282, 297, 300–303 pas-sim. See also Chineseness; flexi-ble citizenship
subjects: colonial, 3, 291; creation of, 5, 11, 13–14, 34, 106, 228, 254, 261, 280, 317n6
Sun Yat-sen, 68, 162, 196, 249, 327n3, 329n17
system (of Macau), 4–7 passim, 27, 65, 68–69, 106–7, 135, 156, 248, 301–4 passim. See also one coun-try, two systems
Taipa Island, 24, 47, 183, 217,
218, 245, 279, 280, 283–89 passim
Taiwan, 6, 16, 50, 223, 281, 293, 295, 303, 322n17; and educa-tion, 153–54, 160–61, 174, 343n30, 343n34; and reunifica-tion, 107, 128, 320n4
tanka (boat) people, see seuiseuhng yahn
te-se (characteristics), 265 Third World, The (book by Franco
Nogueira), 54–55 tianxia, 16, 142 Timayya, 37 Timor, 2, 105, 324n30, 324n32 tourism (in Macau), 24–26 passim,
29–30, 67, 72–74 passim, 203, 206, 227, 311. See also MGTO
trade, 37–40, 45, 66–68 passim, 147, 158, 312; civilizing ef-fects of, 4, 225, 243. See also coolie trade
treaties, 16, 41, 46, 47, 107, 146, 164, 250
treaty port cities, 47, 180, 345n4 triads, 71–79 passim, 83–86; and
violence, 59–60, 69–71, 82, 215; as patriotic, 81, 85–86, 329n17; mythologization of, 82, 84, 87, 88–91, 98
Tsing, Anna, 140, 145, 339n10 Tu Weiming, 17 unequal treaties, 47, 164 UNESCO World Heritage Site,
202, 228, 312, 349n32 uniformity, 19, 152, 155, 301–4
passim uniqueness (of Macau), see dif-
ference United Nations, 49–50, 54–55,
94, 325n34, 333n12 universities, in Macau, 68, 73,
145–47, 155, 163–64, 217, 310
urban environment (landscape), 181–82, 188–89, 191, 194, 204–5, 207, 209, 218; changes to, 177, 182–87, 213–14, 310
value: of Macau’s pasts, 224, 229,
248, 251, 254, 259, 261; in heritage projects, 202, 226, 228–29; of museum, 227–28, 230–31, 253; of objects, 225–27, 231, 235–41, 256
Vasco da Gama, 39–40, 271, 327n3, 358n6
Index 411
Vieira, Vasco Rocha (last Portu-guese governor of Macau), 15, 28, 68, 221, 225, 267, 307, 309
violence, see under triads Wan Kuok-koi, see Broken Tooth
Koi Wang Gungwu, 17, 20, 336n30 Wen Yiduo, 43–44 Williams, Patricia, 100 Wittgenstein, 105–6 wonton, 22–23, 312 Woo, John, 72, 328n11 World Heritage Site, see UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Xinhua she, see New China News Agency
xuetong, 108–10, 113, 116, 123, 126, 128–29, 130, 131. See also ancestry; blood; descent
Zheng He (Ming Dynasty
admiral), 39, 242, 271 Zhu Rongji, 186, 307 Zhuhai (Special Economic Zone),
24, 26, 29, 185, 217, 297, 318, 340