Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Intr
oduc
tion
Rece
ntle
y, th
e re
latio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
geop
hysic
al p
aram
eter
s an
d hy
drau
lic p
rope
rtie
s ha
ve b
een
inve
stig
ated
ex
tens
ivel
y. G
eoph
ysic
al e
xplo
ratio
n te
chni
ques
are
use
d ex
tens
ivel
y to
obt
ain
the
prop
ertie
s of
sat
urat
ed a
nd
unsa
tura
ted
zone
s. E
lect
rom
agne
tic C
ondu
ctiv
ity, R
esist
ivity
and
Gro
und
Pene
trat
ing
Rada
r met
hods
are
use
d w
idel
y in
or
der
to d
eriv
e th
e lit
holo
gica
l bo
unda
ries
in t
he h
ydro
logi
cal
stud
ies
and
deve
lop
of h
ypot
hetic
al m
odel
s of
su
bsur
face
mat
eria
ls. F
or e
xam
ple
depe
nden
ce o
f die
lect
ric c
onst
ant o
f sa
tura
ted
soils
on
the
poro
sity
are
know
n ve
ry
wel
l (By
rcha
k et
al.,
197
4). T
he r
elat
ion
betw
een
elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity (σ
) and
por
osity
is a
lso k
now
n by
the
law
of
Arch
ie (A
rchi
e, 1
942)
.
In
this
stud
y, w
e ai
m to
inve
stig
ate
a re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n pe
rmea
bilit
y of
sam
ple
plug
s (o
btai
ned
from
a re
serv
oir)
an
d el
ectr
ical
, hyd
raul
ic p
aram
eter
s (q
uadr
atur
e co
nduc
tivity
, por
osity
sur
face
are
a pe
r un
it po
re v
olum
e, g
rain
size
di
strib
utio
n an
d po
re t
hroa
t siz
e et
c.).
30 p
lug
sam
ples
hav
e be
en p
rovi
ded
by I
rani
an O
ffsho
re O
il Co
mpa
ny (
a su
bsid
iary
of
Nat
iona
l Ira
nian
Oil
Com
pany
). Th
ese
rela
tivel
y un
cons
olid
ated
san
dsto
ne p
lugs
hav
e be
en c
ored
fro
m
Soro
ush
oilf
ield
loca
ted
in P
ersia
n Gu
lf. A
s flu
ids,
brin
e (fo
r SIP
) and
tap
wat
er (f
or N
MR)
is u
sed
for e
xper
imen
ts.
Con
clus
ions
In
thi
s w
ork
we
stud
ied
on 2
sam
ples
; on
e co
nsol
idat
ed s
ampl
e (s
ands
tone
) an
d on
e un
cons
olid
ated
sam
ple
(san
d)(o
btai
ned
from
a
petr
oleu
m re
serv
oir)
by
2 ge
ophy
sical
met
hods
(SIP
and
NM
R). O
ur a
im is
find
ing
a re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n pe
rmea
bilit
y of
sam
ple
plug
s and
el
ectr
ical
and
hyd
raul
ic p
aram
eter
s usin
g a
join
t mod
el b
etw
een
SIP
and
NM
R m
easu
rem
ents
. O
urre
sults
show
sth
ere
isa
good
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
perd
icte
dpe
rmea
bilit
yby
SIP
()a
ndN
MR
()a
ndm
easu
red
perm
eabi
lity
of th
ese
sam
ple.
Ref
eren
ces
Bi
nley
,A.,
L.Sl
ater
,M.F
ukes
,and
G.Ca
ssia
ni,2
005,
The
rela
tions
hip
betw
eenf
requ
ency
depe
nden
tel
ectr
ical
cond
uctiv
ityan
dhy
drau
licpr
oper
ties
ofsa
tura
ted
and
unsa
tura
ted
sand
ston
e: W
ater
Res
ourc
es R
esea
rch,
41,
W12
417,
doi
: 10.
1029
/200
5WR0
0420
2.
Rev
il, A
., A.
Bin
ley,
L. M
ejus
, and
P. K
esso
uri,
(201
5), P
redi
ctin
g pe
rmea
bilit
y fr
om th
e ch
arac
teris
tic re
laxa
tion
time
and
intr
insic
form
atio
nfa
ctor
of c
ompl
ex c
ondu
ctiv
ity s
pect
ra,
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Res
earc
h, 5
1, 1
–29,
doi
: 10.
1002
/201
5WR0
1707
4.
Rev
il, A
., an
d N
. Flo
rsch
(201
0), D
eter
min
atio
n of
per
mea
bilit
y fro
m sp
ectr
al in
duce
d. p
olar
izatio
n in
gra
nula
r med
ia, G
eoph
ys. J
. Int
., 18
1, 1
480–
1498
, doi
:10.
1111
/j.13
65-
246X
.201
0.04
573.
x.
Wel
ler.
A., N
ords
iek,
S.,
and
Debs
chüt
z. W
(201
1), E
stim
atin
g pe
rmea
bilit
y of
sand
ston
e sa
mpl
es b
y nu
clea
r mag
netic
reso
nanc
e an
d sp
ectr
al-in
duce
d po
lariz
atio
n, G
EOPH
YSIC
S,VO
L.
75, N
O. 6
NO
VEM
BER-
DECE
MBE
R 20
10; P
. E21
5–E2
26, 1
1 FI
GS.,
5TAB
LES.
10.1
190/
1.35
0730
4.
Perm
eabi
lity
estim
atio
n of
hyd
roca
rbon
rese
rvoi
rs s
ampl
es u
sing
Spe
ctra
l Ind
uced
Po
lariz
atio
n (S
IP) a
nd N
ucle
ar M
agne
tic R
eson
ance
(NM
R):
a la
bora
tory
inve
stig
atio
n
F. R
azav
i rad
1,2*
, A. G
horb
ani1
, M. S
chm
utz2
,S. G
alau
p2 ,
A. B
inle
y3, L
. Pig
ot2
1. D
epar
tmen
t of
Min
ing
and
Met
allu
rgy,
Yaz
d U
nive
rsity
, Yaz
d, Ir
an
2. E
A45
92 U
nive
rsity
Bor
deau
x M
onta
igne
- IN
P, 1
allé
e D
agui
n, P
essa
c,Fr
ance
3.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Sci
ence
, Lan
cast
er U
nive
rsity
, Lan
cast
er,U
K
* Fat
ima.
Rad
@ip
b.fr
Mat
eria
l and
Met
hods
Firs
t, it
is de
sired
to s
tudy
the
effe
ct o
f wat
er s
atur
atio
n on
NM
R an
d SI
P re
spon
ses.
it is
pla
nned
to s
atur
ate
plug
s w
ith w
ater
(0 to
10
0%) a
nd p
erfo
rm N
MR
and
SIP
test
s at
eac
h st
ep. F
or in
stan
ce, a
plu
g is
satu
rate
d w
ith b
arin
(NaC
l sol
utio
n) u
p to
100
% a
nd, t
hen,
N
MR
and
SIP
resp
onse
s are
mea
sure
d. T
he sa
me
mea
sure
men
t will
be
perfo
rmed
at l
ower
wat
er sa
tura
tions
(75%
, 50%
and
25%
).
The
follo
win
g m
easu
rem
ents
wer
e m
ade
onth
e co
nsol
idat
ed sa
mpl
e (1
3-32
H) a
nd o
ne u
ncon
solid
ated
sam
ple
(12-
4H):
1)W
eigh
ting
the
sam
ple
(dry
sam
ple
wei
ght)
. 2)
Leav
ing
the
cons
olid
ated
sam
ple
(13-
32H)
in th
e de
sicca
tor f
or o
ne d
ay (F
ig.1
.a).
3)In
ject
ing
the
NaC
l sol
utio
n (c
ondu
ctiv
ity 1
00 m
S/m
) (fo
r SIP
) and
tap
wat
er (f
or N
MR)
into
the
desic
cato
r in
orde
r to
satu
rate
the
sam
ple
and
left
it f
or o
ne o
r tw
o da
ys. A
wat
erpu
mp
was
use
d to
sat
urat
e th
e un
cons
olid
ated
sam
ple
(12-
4H)
(Fig
. 2.a
). Th
e sc
hem
atic
dia
gram
for t
his p
urpo
se is
show
n in
the
Fig.
2.b
. 4)
Taki
ng o
ut th
e sa
mpl
e fr
om th
e w
ater
and
wei
ghtin
g it
(sat
urat
ed sa
mpl
e w
eigh
t).
5)Ru
nnin
g th
e SI
P an
d N
MR
mea
sure
men
ts in
4 d
iffer
ent s
atur
atio
n de
gree
s (10
0%, 7
5%, 5
0% a
nd 2
5%) (
Fig.
1.b
and
2.c
).
Figu
re 1
. a) O
ne d
esic
cato
r was
use
d in
ord
er to
satu
are
the
cons
olid
ated
sam
ple.
b) S
IP F
UCH
S-III
inst
rum
ent a
nd th
e SI
P se
tup
in o
rder
to ru
n so
me
mea
sure
men
ts o
n sa
mpl
es.
Fi
gure
2. a
) Exp
erim
enta
l set
up fo
r wat
er d
ispla
cem
ent i
n or
der t
o sa
tura
te th
e u
ncon
solid
ated
sam
ple
(12-
4H),
b) S
chem
atic
dia
gram
of e
xper
imen
tal
setu
p fo
r wat
er d
ispla
cem
ent i
n or
der t
o sa
tura
te th
e u
ncon
solid
ated
sam
ple
(12-
4H),
c) N
MR
inst
rum
ent (
ARTE
C Sy
stem
).
Res
ults
Figu
re 3
.Mag
nitu
de R
esist
ivity
and
Pha
se a
ngle
spec
tra
for c
onso
lidat
ed (1
3-32
H) a
nd u
ncon
solid
ated
sam
ple
(12-
4H)
Ta
ble
1. P
redi
cted
and
mea
sure
d pe
rmea
bilit
y on
the
cons
olid
ated
and
unc
onsli
date
d sa
mpl
es b
y SI
P m
etho
d
Figu
re 4
. T2-
dist
ribut
ions
det
erm
ined
from
the
data
col
lect
ed d
urin
g dr
aina
ge fo
r con
solid
ated
(13-
32H)
and
unc
onso
lidat
ed sa
mpl
e (1
2-4H
).
Tabl
e 2.
Pre
dict
ed a
nd m
easu
red
perm
eabi
lity
on th
e co
nsol
idat
ed a
nd u
ncon
slida
ted
sam
ples
by
NM
R m
etho
d
-50510152025
0.01
0.1
110
100
1000
1000
0
Signal Magnitude
Rel
axat
ion
Tim
e (m
s)
13-3
2H_1
00%
13-3
2H_7
5%
13-3
2H_5
0%
13-3
2H_2
5%
-50510152025
0.01
0.1
110
100
1000
1000
0
Signal Magnitude
Rel
axat
ion
Tim
e (m
s)
12-4
H_10
0%
12-4
H_75
%
12-4
H_50
%
12-4
H_25
%
-20020406080100 0.
001
0.01
0.1
110
100
1000
Magnitude Resistivity (ohmm)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Ampl
itude
Res
istiv
ity
13-3
2H_1
00%
13-3
2H_7
5%
13-3
2H_5
0%
13-3
2H_2
5%
-8-6-4-202468 0.00
10.
010.
11
1010
010
00
-Phase (mrad)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Phas
e
13-3
2H_1
00%
13-3
2H_7
5%
13-3
2H_5
0%
13-3
2H_2
5%
-50
-30
-101030507090
0.00
10.
010.
11
1010
010
00
Magnitude Resistivity (ohmm)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Ampl
itude
Res
istiv
ity
12-4
H_10
0%
12-4
H_75
%
12-4
H_50
%
-10-8-6-4-20246810
0.00
10.
010.
11
1010
010
00
-Phase (mrad)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Phas
e
12-4
H_10
0%
12-4
H_75
%
12-4
H_50
%
Mea
sure
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y(m
D)
(12-
4H)
mD)
(Pr
edic
ted
Perm
eabi
lity
(1
2-4H
)
)(
(R
evil
and
Flor
sch,
201
4)
Mea
sure
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y(m
D)
(13-
32H)
Pred
icte
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y (m
D)
13-3
2H)
( (R
evil
and
Flor
sch,
201
4)
3937
7.49
56
4101
0.98
839
86
06.3
7171
78
09.8
2676
2
Mea
sure
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y(m
D)
(12-
4H)
mD)
(Pr
edic
ted
Perm
eabi
lity
(1
2-4H
)
(W
elle
r et.
al, 2
011)
Mea
sure
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y(m
D)
(13-
32H)
Pred
icte
d Pe
rmea
bilit
y (m
D)
13-3
2H)
(
(Wel
ler e
t. al
, 201
1)
3937
7.49
56
3593
9.97
63
8606
.371
71
8876
.697
01
