Power Electronics

Issa Batarseh • Ahmad Harb

Power Electronics

Circuit Analysis and Design

Second Edition

Issa BatarsehUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, FL, USA

Ahmad HarbGerman Jordanian UniversityAmman, Jordan

ISBN 978-3-319-68365-2 ISBN 978-3-319-68366-9 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68366-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955223

1st edition: © John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2003© Springer International Publishing AG 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar ordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

This book is dedicated to our:late former advisers, Professor C.Q. Lee,Professor Ali Nayfeh, andto our families

Preface

In the past three decades, the field of power electronics has witnessed unprece-

dented growth in research and teaching worldwide, and has emerged as a special-

ization in electrical engineering. This growth is due to expanding market demand

for integrated and networked power electronics-based circuits and systems in all

kinds of energy processing and conversion applications. Moreover, the need for

power electronics engineers and researchers equipped with knowledge of new

energy conversion technologies has never been greater.

Power Electronics is intended as a textbook to teach the subject of modern

power electronics to senior undergraduate and first-year graduate electrical engi-

neering students. Because of the breadth of the field of power electronics, teaching

this subject to undergraduate students is a challenge. This textbook is designed to

introduce the basic concepts of power electronics to students and professionals

interested in updating their knowledge of the subject. The objective of this textbook

is to provide students with the ability to analyze and design power electronic

switching circuits used in common industrial applications.

The prerequisites for this text are a first course in circuit analysis techniques and

a basic background in electronic circuits. Chapter 3 gives an overview of diode

switching circuits and basic analysis techniques that students will find useful in the

remaining chapters.

Material Presentation

Unlike many existing texts in power electronics, Power Electronics targets mainly

senior undergraduate students majoring in electrical engineering. Since the text is

intended to be used in a three-credit-hour course in power electronics, topics such as

power semiconductor devices, machine drives, and utility applications are not

included. Because of limited lecture times, one course at the undergraduate level

cannot adequately cover such topics and still present all power electronic circuits

vii

used in energy conversion. This text contains sufficient material for a single-

semester introductory power electronics course while giving the instructor flexibil-

ity in topic treatment and course design.

The text is written in such a way as to equip students with the necessary

background material in such topics as devices, switching circuit analysis tech-

niques, converter types, and methods of conversion in the first three chapters. The

presentation of the material is new and has been recommended by many power

electronics faculty. The discussion begins by introducing high-frequency,

non-isolated dc-to-dc converters in Chap. 4, followed by isolated dc-to-dc con-

verters in Chap. 5. Resonant soft-switching converters are treated early on in

Chap. 6. The traditional diode and SCR converters and dc-ac inverters are presented

in the second part of the text, in Chaps. 7, 8, and 9, respectively.

Examples, Exercises, and Problems

Unlike many existing texts, this text provides students with a large number of

examples, exercises, and problems, with detailed discussions on resonant and soft-

switching dc-to-dc converters.

Examples are used to help students understand the material presented in a given

chapter. To drill students in applying the basic concepts and equations and to help

them understand basic circuit operations, several exercises are given within each

chapter. The text has more than 250 problems at different levels of complexity and

difficulty. These problems are intended not only to strengthen students’ understand-ing of the materials presented but also to introduce many new concepts and circuits.

To help meet recent Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)

requirements for design in the engineering curriculum, special emphasis is made on

providing students with opportunities to apply design techniques. Such problems

are designated with the letter “D” next to the problem number, such as D5.32,

which is Design Problem # 32 in Chap. 5. Students should be aware that such

problems are open-ended without unique solutions.

A bibliography is included at the end of the text, and a list of textbooks is given

separately.

Web-Based Course Material

Ancillaries to this text are available on a dedicated website, www.fpec.ucf.edu,

where both faculty and students can access additional material such as a complete

set of lecture notes, additional sample quizzes and problems, up-to-date text

corrections, and the opportunity to submit new ones.

Orlando, FL, USA Issa Batarseh

Amman, Jordan Ahmad Harb

viii Preface

Acknowledgments

Over the years, many of our power electronics students have had the opportunity to

read our lectures notes and solve many problems. Their feedback and comments

were instrumental in presenting, to the best of our knowledge, error-free examples,

exercises, and problems. We are grateful for reviewers’ constructive suggestions forthe students’ sake. We are highly indebted to Khalid Rustom, Chris Iannello, and

Osama Abdel-Ruhman for spending many hours reviewing the examples, exercises,

and problem solutions. Our special thanks to our current students Anirudh Pise,

Seyed-milad Tayebi, Xi Chen, Ala’a Amarine, and Rand Mdanat who spent so

much time helping us revise this edition of the book. Without their tireless work,

this text would suffer from numerous errors and omissions! We are very fortunate to

have such dedicated people work with us. We were also fortunate to have Dr. Kazi

Khairul Islam visit our power electronics laboratory at UCF. He helped greatly in

providing insightful suggestions on the inverters chapter, as well as in developing

the appendixes. His suggestions and comments are greatly appreciated.

Special thanks go to the young, bright students from Princess Sumaya University

for Technology (PSUT) in Amman, Jordan, who helped in typing and solving text

problems. Their names are Reem Khair, Ruba Amarin, Amjad Awwad, Bashar

Nuber, Abeer Sharawi, Rami Beshawi, and Mohhamad Abu-Sumra. Specifically,

we wish to acknowledge the help of two of Dr. Batarseh’s students, Khalid Rustomand Abdelhalim Alsharqawi, in solving problems and providing helpful insights

throughout their undergraduate and graduate study at UCF. We would also like to

thank our former graduate students Guangyong Zhu, Huai Wei, Joy Mazumdar,

Songquan Deng, and Jia Luo for their help and suggestions. Many thanks are due to

Shadi Harb, Maen Jauhary, Samanthi Nadeeka, and William Said for their help in

typing the solutions manual and developing the text website. Finally, thanks are due

to Banah Harb, from Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), for her

help in typing some examples and redrawing some figures. Indeed, it was a pleasure

working with all our students who made writing this text a gratifying and enjoyable

experience.

ix

Also, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the editors for her under-

standing and for keeping me on schedule.

Finally, Dr. Batarseh will never forget his late advisor, Professor C. Q. Lee, for

introducing him to the field of power electronics and for being his advisor, teacher,

mentor, and friend. He taught me the art of academic mentoring. On behalf of all his

students, Dr. Batarseh is dedicating this text to him. Dr. Ahmad Harb also dedicates

this book to his late former advisor Professor Ali Nayfeh who has reshaped his life

not only technically but personally and spiritually. Finally, of course, without our

parents’ and families’ love, patience, and support, this text would have never been

written.

Orlando, FL, USA Issa Batarseh

Amman, Jordan Ahmad Harb

x Acknowledgments

Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 What Is Power Electronics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 Recent Growth in Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 The History of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.1 The History of dc and ac Electricity in the Late

Nineteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.2 The History of dc and ac Electricity in the Late

Twentieth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3.3 History of Modern Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.4 The Need for Power Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.5 Power Electronic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5.1 Classification of Power Converter Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5.2 Power Semiconductor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.5.3 Converter Modeling and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.6 Applications of Power Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.7 Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.8 About the Text and Its Nomenclatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.8.1 About the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.8.2 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2 Review of Switching Concepts and PowerSemiconductor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2 The Need for Switching in Power Electronic Circuits . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3 Switching Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.3.1 The Ideal Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.3.2 The Practical Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2.4 Switching Functions and Matrix Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.5 Types of Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

xi

2.6 Available Semiconductor Switching Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.6.1 Bipolar and Unipolar Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.6.2 Thyristor-Based Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.7 Comparison of Power Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

2.8 Future Trends in Power Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

2.9 Snubber Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

2.10 Interest in High-Temperature Power Devices:

The Wide Band Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

3 Switching Circuits, Power Computations,and Component Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.2 Switching Diode Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.2.1 Switching Diode Circuits Under dc Excitation . . . . . . . . . 93

3.2.2 Switching Diode Circuits with an ac Source . . . . . . . . . . 102

3.3 Controlled Switching Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3.4 Basic Power and Harmonic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3.4.1 Average, Reactive, and Apparent Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3.4.2 Sinusoidal Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3.4.3 Non-sinusoidal Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

3.5 Capacitor and Inductor Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

3.5.1 Capacitor Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

3.5.2 Capacitor Steady-State Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3.5.3 Inductor Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3.5.4 Inductor Steady-State Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

4 Non-isolated Switch Mode DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

4.2 Power Supply Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

4.2.1 Linear Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

4.2.2 Switch-Mode Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

4.3 Continuous Conduction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

4.3.1 The Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

4.3.2 The Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

4.3.3 The Buck-Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

4.3.4 The Fourth-Order Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

4.3.5 Bipolar Output Voltage Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

4.4 Discontinuous Conduction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

4.4.1 The Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

4.4.2 The Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

4.4.3 The Buck-Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

xii Contents

4.5 The Effects of Converter Non-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

4.5.1 Inductor Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

4.5.2 The Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

4.5.3 Transistor and Diode Voltage Drops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

4.5.4 The Effect of Switch Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

4.6 Switch Utilization Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

5 Isolated Switch-Mode DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

5.2 Transformer Circuit Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

5.2.1 Transformer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

5.2.2 Circuit Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

5.3 Buck-Derived Isolated Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

5.3.1 Single-Ended Forward Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

5.3.2 Half-Bridge Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

5.3.3 Full-Bridge Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

5.3.4 Push-Pull Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

5.4 Boost-Derived Isolated Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

5.4.1 Single-Ended Flyback Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

5.4.2 Half-Bridge Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

5.4.3 Full-Bridge Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

5.5 Other Isolated Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

5.5.1 Isolated Cuk Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

5.5.2 The Weinberg Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

5.6 Multi-output Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

6 Soft-Switching dc-dc Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

6.1 Types of dc-dc Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

6.1.1 The Resonant Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

6.1.2 Resonant Versus Conventional PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

6.2 Classification of Soft-Switching Resonant Converters . . . . . . . . . 350

6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of ZCS and ZVS . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

6.3.1 Switching Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

6.3.2 Switching Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

6.4 Zero-Current Switching Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

6.4.1 The Resonant Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

6.4.2 Steady-State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

6.5 Zero-Voltage Switching Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

6.5.1 Resonant Switch Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

6.5.2 Steady-State Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

6.6 Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Transition Converters . . . . . . . . 398

6.6.1 Switching Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

6.6.2 The ZVT Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Contents xiii

6.6.3 The ZVT Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

6.6.4 The Practical ZVT Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

6.7 Generalized Analysis for ZCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

6.7.1 The Generalized Switching Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

6.7.2 The Generalized Transformation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

6.7.3 The Basic Operation of the ZCS-QRC Cell . . . . . . . . . . . 433

6.7.4 The Basic Operation of the ZVS-QRC Cell . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

7 Uncontrolled Diode Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

7.2 Single-Phase Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

7.2.1 Resistive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

7.2.2 Inductive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

7.2.3 Capacitive Load Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

7.2.4 Voltage Source in the dc Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

7.3 The Effect of the ac-Side Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

7.3.1 Half-Wave Rectifier with Inductive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

7.3.2 Half-Wave Rectifier with Capacitive Load . . . . . . . . . . . 484

7.3.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers with an Inductive Load . . . . . . . . . . 489

7.4 Three-Phase Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

7.4.1 Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

7.4.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

7.5 Ac-Side Inductance in Three-Phase Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . 501

7.5.1 Half-Wave Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

7.5.2 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

8 Phase-Controlled Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

8.2 Basic Phase-Controlled Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

8.3 Half-Wave Phase-Controlled Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

8.3.1 Resistive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

8.3.2 Inductive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

8.4 Full-Wave Phase-Controlled Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

8.4.1 Resistive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

8.4.2 Inductive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

8.5 Effect of AC-Side Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

8.5.1 Half-Wave Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

8.5.2 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

8.6 Three-Phase Phase-Controlled Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

8.6.1 Half-Wave Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

8.6.2 Full-Wave Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

xiv Contents

9 dc-ac Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

9.1 Basic Block Diagram of dc-ac Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

9.1.1 Voltage- and Current-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

9.1.2 Inverter Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

9.1.3 Output Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

9.2 Basic Half-Bridge Inverter Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

9.2.1 Resistive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

9.2.2 Inductive-Resistive Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

9.3 Full-Bridge Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

9.3.1 Approximate Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

9.3.2 Generalized Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

9.4 Harmonic Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

9.4.1 Harmonic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

9.5 Pulse Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

9.5.1 Equal-Pulse (Uniform) PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

9.5.2 Sinusoidal PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

9.6 Three-Phase Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

9.7 Current-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Contents xv

About the Authors

Issa Batarseh received his Ph.D. and M.S. in electrical

engineering and a B.S. in computer engineering and

science from the University of Illinois at Chicago in

1990, 1985, and 1983, respectively. In a career spanning

three decades in education and research, Prof. Batarseh

has served in numerous academic and administrative

positions at the University of Central Florida (UCF)

where he is currently a professor of electrical engineer-

ing and computer science. In 1998, he established the

UCF’s Florida Power Electronics Center and has been

serving as its director. Dr. Batarseh has pursued power

electronics research that focuses on the development of advanced systems for solar

energy conversion to reduce cost and improve power density, efficiency, and perfor-

mance. He has published over 300 journal and conference papers and a textbook

entitled Power Electronic Circuits in 2003 with John Wiley. He is a fellow member

in National Academy of Inventors (NAI), AAAS, IEEE, and IEE and has served as an

associate editor for IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems and

Transactions on Circuits and Systems. He also served as a reviewer for the National

Science Foundation and several IEEE Transaction journals and was a member of the

program committees of many international conferences. Through his academic

career, Dr. Batarseh has supervised 34 Ph.D. dissertations and 43 M.S. In 2017, Dr.

Batarseh was inducted in Florida Inventors Hall of Fame.

xvii

AhmadHarb received his Ph.D. degree from Virginia

Tech., Virginia, USA, in 1996. Currently, he is a pro-

fessor at German Jordanian University (GJU), School

of Natural Resources Engineering. Dr. Harb is an IEEE

senior member. Dr. Harb is the editor in chief for two

international journals, IJMNTA and IJPRES. Dr. Harbserved as the dean of the School of Natural Resources

Engineering at GJU between 2011 and 2013. Dr. Harb

has published more than 70 journal articles and confer-

ence proceedings. His research interests include power

system, renewable energy and power electronics, mod-

ern nonlinear theory (bifurcation and chaos), and nonlinear control.

xviii About the Authors