Index

AAA2024, 2445, 2446, 2453, 2458, 2464AA2024-T3 alloy, 1772AASG deposition method, seeAerosol–assisted

sol–gel (AASG) methodAATCC method, 3479Ab initio calculations, 813Ab initio methods, 1875Abrasion, 792, 1541–1543

resistance, 3059Abrasive grains, 2032Abrasive materials, 2032Absorption, 2883

and emission maxima, 2103spectra, 644

Accelerated experiments, 2377Acetate, 684Acetone vapor, 1029Acetylacetone, 148, 2981Acetylacetone-modified Ti(O–iC3H7)4, 262Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, 259Acid-catalyzed synthesis of silsesquioxanes,

3123–3126Acid gels, 1492Acidic boehmite sol, TEM grid, 2037Acid rain, 2879Acid shock, 2897Acoustic vibrations of nanoparticles, 1176Acrylamide route, 768Acrylate, 3068, 3069, 3077Acrylic silicone, 2732Activated carbon monoliths, 3333Activation energy, 2651Active additives, 3583–3584Active barriers, 3305–3308Active corrosion protection, 1822, 2437, 2442,

2452, 2461Active waveguides, 2105Additives, 2040, 3583

Adhesion, 778–780, 1539, 1736, 1822, 2439,2441, 2443, 2673–2674

Adhesive properties, 557Adhesive superhydrophobic surfaces, 756–757Adsorbents, 3201Adsorption, 497

of CO2, 2538desorption isotherm, 1412

Advanced anti-reflecting coatings1,6-bis-(trimethoxysirilethyl)

dodecafluorohexane, 2267, 2269characteristics, 2271design, 2267properties, 2271reflection spectra of, 2271silica-fluoride hybrid matrix, 2269structure, 2268

Advanced oxidation processes, 498Aerogel(s), 1427, 1429–1433, 1435, 1437,

1438, 1441, 1443, 1445, 1447, 1950,3318, 3558, 3579

ambient pressure drying, 988applications, 1964–1967bulk density, 1003densification, 1489elastic modulus, 1962freeze drying, 988gelation, 1002to glass transformation, 1501–1506hydrolysis, 1002IR spectra, 1952, 1953mechanical behavior, 1488, 1490–1499mechanical properties, 1555method, 240physical components, 986plastic densification, 1503–1506polysilsesquioxane

mechanical properties, 3200porosity, 3200

# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018L. Klein et al. (eds.), Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32101-1

3745

Aerogel(s) (cont.)pyrolysis, 1951–1952room temperature densification, 1962SCD (see Supercritical drying (SCD)

process)sintering, 1953–1955textural evolution, 1955–1961, 1963–1964thermal conductivity, 1002titania, 1004transparent, 1002zirconia, 1004

Aeromosils, 1554–1555Aerosol(s)

aerosol–gel process (see Aerosol–assistedsol–gel (AASG) method)

aerosol coating technologies, classificationof, 431–433

generation, 430–431vibration and cavitation effects, 430

Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition(AACVD), 433, 436, 448

Aerosol–assisted sol–gel (AASG) methodadvantages, 434aerosol–gel deposition mechanism,

440–442composite films, deposition of, 435deposition rate, 442–444hybrid organic–inorganic compounds,

deposition of, 435implementation, 444–447process description, 437–438ultrasonic processing, 438–440

Aerospace industry, 2392Affinity, 2667AFM, see Atomic force microscopy (AFM)Ag colloids, absorbance spectra of, 2165,

2169, 2170Ag nanocrystals, 641Ageing mechanisms, 2388Ag-Ga nanocrystals, 646Agglomeration of sand, 182Aggregated phase, 2279Ag–Pd alloy catalysts, 823Aircraft industry, 2412, 242527Al, 1283–128727Al NMR, 767α-Al2O3, 462η-Al2O3, 775, 776Al2O3–SiO2 glasses, 2334Al2O3-P2O5 glasses, 1321–1326Al2O3-P2O5-Na2O-NaF, 1337–1341Alcohol condensation, 624–625AlGaAs, 2121

Alginates, 2914, 3473, 3474, 3648, 3649Alignment of mesostructure films, 965–969Alkali cation, 191Alkali silicate and borate glasses, 249–250Alkali silicate method, 239Alkaline earth fluorides, 334

coatings, 341Alkaline hydrothermal treatment, 739Alkaline silicate solutions, 182

agglomeration of sand, 182attack reactivity, 201coating, 194cyclic species, 188FTIR spectroscopy, 184geopolymer, 182impurities, 197kinetics, 197molecular structure, 186number of non-bridging oxygens, 191precursors, 201Q2 position shift, 197Raman spectroscopy, 183rings and oligomers, 186Si/Al molar ratios, 195Si/M molar ratio, 186Si-O-Si peak position and silicon

concentration, 188slope values, 197

Alkene, 3004Alkoxides, 1841, 3435, 3558

derived alumina sols, 158–159ferroelectric thin films, 123–131hydrolysis, 280–282method, 236–238TiO2 coatings, microstructure in, 118–123titanium isopropoxide, diethanolamine and

polyethylene glycol, 114Alkoxyamines, 3020Alkoxysilanes, 2094, 2848, 2861, 2862, 3577

consolidant, 2869coupling agents, 2869interaction with sandstones and

limestones, 2865marble, 2867organo-functionalized, 2871reaction of, 2865uses, 2862

Alkyl(polyethylene oxide) non-ionicsurfactants, 935

Alkynes, 3008All-solid-state lithium batteries, 2633Al(O-iC3H7)3, 1850Al–O–RE bonds, 1616

3746 Index

α-cyclodextrin, 2457Alpha iron oxide, 2044AlPO4 glass, 1321, 1325AlPO4-SiO2 glasses, 1326–1329Alumina (Al2O3), 1320–1321, 3234

microparticles, 460–463xerogels, 815

Alumina supported Ga2O3 catalysts, 822Alumina–magnetoplumbite materials, 2043Alumina–yttria alumina garnet mineral

SEM of polished surface of, 2042Aluminosilicates, 1273

glasses, 250–251sources, 195

Aluminum, 3395, 3399, 3401, 3404, 3412,3413, 3423, 3424

alloys, 2444clusters, 2513hydroxide, 852lactate, 1320, 1325, 1329, 1333colloids, 2165, 2167, 2172

non-linear optical properties of, 2167non-linear optical response and

absorption coefficient of, 2168Ambient pressure drying, 988, 3558Ambigels, 1029Amino acid residues, 3653Amino-functional groups, 3445Amino-functionalized hybrid sol/gels, 3451Amino-groups, 24423-Aminopropyl-methyl-diethoxysilane, 2666Aminopropyl-silicate membrane, 2007Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), 2869,

3444, 3448, 3450, 3451, 35793-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3124Aminosilane, 3446Amino-silanized slide, 3446Ammonium hydrogen tartrate, 2868Amorphous calcium phosphates (ACP),

3628, 3682Amorphous complex method, 211Amorphous gels, 1099Amorphous hydroxyapatite layer, 3573Amorphous metal complex method, 210Amorphous phase, 195Amperometric applications, 2666Amperometric biosensors, 3710Amperometric response, 2665Amphiphilicity, 3126Analyte, 3708Analytical properties, 3708Anatase, 465, 1850, 2614, 3581, 3644

nanoparticles, 3274

phase, 491TiO2 nano-particles, 3581

Angiogenesis, 3584, 3622Anode, 2598, 2613–2620Anodically grown aluminum oxide, 747Anodic electrodeposition, 539Anodic undermining, 1739Anodized coatings, 2481Anodizing method, 748–749, 1733Anticorrosive organic inhibitor, 2418Antifouling, 1737Anti-inflammatory molecules, 3583Antimicrobial activity, 3432Antimicrobial coatings

AATCC method, 3479biocides, natural resources, 3477–3479biological storage materials, 3473–3476contact system, 3465–3467controlled release system, 3467–3469disk diffusion method, 3479glass and metal substrates, 3471MTT assay, 3480, 3481papers, polymer foils and textiles,

3471–3472photocatalytic system, 3469–3470wood, 3472–3473

Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), 594, 2766Antireflection, 2194, 2195

advanced anti-reflecting coatings, reflectionspectra of, 2270

and anti-static coating, 2259panel method, 2258

Anti-reflective and anti-scratch (ARAS)coatings, 592, 593, 596, 598, 615

Antireflective (AR) coating, 341, 342,393–395, 2081–2082

to automobile windows, 2226preparation, 2226–2227by sol–gel method method, 2225surface structure of coating films,

2227–2236Antireflective (AR) films, 796

applications, 588–590colloidal routes, 590–591hybrid organic/inorganic routes, 594–598inorganic polymeric routes, 591–594

Anti-soiling surfacescorrugated hydrophobic surfaces, 3256hydrophobic surfaces, 3255–3256performance validation, 3258–3259photocatalytic surfaces, 3257porous corrugated surfaces, 3257porous hydrophobic surfaces, 3256

Index 3747

Anti-soiling surfaces (cont.)porous SiO2 films, 3259superhydrophilic surfaces, 3257

Anti-static non-glare (ASN) coating, 2258Anti-Stokes luminescence, 1622Anti-Stokes scattering, 1156Antithrombogenic, 3648Apatites, 3056, 3559, 3561, 3563, 3570, 3572,

3575, 3577, 3581, 3583nucleation, 3532, 3545

Apparent viscosity, 1456APTES, 3580, 3647Aquatic biota, 497Aqueous precursors, 767

for LiNbO3 ferroelectric material, 171for perovskites, 172–174for semiconducting ZnO and In2O3,

170–171for SiO2 and Al2O3, 157–159for SnO2, 168–169for SrBi2Nb2O9 and SrBi2Ta2O9

materials, 172for TiO2, 159–168for ZrO2, 169–170

Aqueous sol–gel chemistry, 2915Aqueous solution, 1090Aramid–titania hybrid, 1559Archimedes method, 1400Architectural electrochromic glazing, 2771Architectural glass, coating methods

comparison, 2736Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), 3637Arsenic sulfide (As–S), 407–409Artificial enzymes, 2684–2685Artificial tissues and organs, 1927Asymmetry ratio, 2305ATEOS, 2095Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass

spectrometry (APCI–MS), 3136Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 674, 3447,

3448, 3450, 3453, 3732–3734Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)

spectroscopy, 1124method, 1416

Automatic spray, 2412Automotive glass

colored coating for (see Colored coating)water-repellent coating (see Water-repellent

coating)Automotive glazing, 2771Automotive rear view mirrors, 2772Avalanche photodiodes, 2290A-W GC®, 3630

7-Azaindole, 2947Azide(s), 3008Azide-functionalized mesoporous silica

films, 549AZ31 magnesium alloy, 1761

B11B, 1283B2O3-Al2O3-P2O5 glasses, 1336–1339Bacterial cellulose, 3663Band gap energy, 499BaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramics, 253Barium carbonate, 2848Barium ferrite hexaferrite, 718Barium hydroxide process, 2848Barium titanate (BaTiO3), 2150

aqueous sol, 173Barrier, 2372

coatingshybrid polymers (see Functional barrier

coatings, hybrid polymers)on fluorpolymers (see Functional barrier

coatings, hybrid polymers)effect, 1735, 3525, 3543films for technical applications, 3310–3313layer, 2443properties, 1795, 1822properties of sol–gel coating, 2446

Base-catalysed synthesis of silsesquioxanes,3126–3128

BaTiO3 (BT)-based piezoelectrics, 669(1-x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3

(BZT-xBCT), see BZT-xBCTBead copolymers, 3166Beer’s law, 1124Bent electrochromic devices, 2778Bentonites, 1741, 1775, 2458Benzophenone (BP), 2078, 2948Benzotriazole (BTA), 1772, 1775, 2416, 2445,

2448, 2456, 2462β-cordierite, 855β-diketones, 2704, 3087Betaine dye, 2942Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca3(PO4)2),

(βTCP), 3559Better electrochemical behaviour, 2399Bi and Bi2O3 crystals, 644Bi-functional ligands, 3043, 3047Bi-functional mesoporous silica

nanoparticles, 3022Bi-functional nanomachine, 3032Bi-functional system, 3028

3748 Index

Bimetallic sol–gel catalysts, 822Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT), see BNT thin filmsBinder for sand agglomeration, 182Bingham flow, 1457Bioactive coatings, 3526Bioactive glasses, 1340–1344, 3054, 3562,

3582Bioactive materials, 355745S5 bioactive materials, 356458S bioactive glass, 3493Bioactive papers, 3729Bioactive particles, 3522Bioactive powder, 2400Bioactive response, 3528, 3546Bioactive restorative dental materials, 3490Bioactive species, 558Bioactivity, 3529, 3541, 3545, 3563, 3573,

3583, 3599, 3605, 3610, 3630mechanisms, 3569–3575tests, 3569–3571

Bio-applications, 2356–2359Biocompatibility, 2671, 3558, 3567, 3574,

3579, 3583of SiO2, 3574

Biocompatible coatings, 3506Biocompatible metals, 3509Biodegradability, 3567, 3578, 3621Biodegradable functional coatings, 3309–3310Biodegradable hybrids, 3632Biodegradable hydrogels, 3568Bioencapsulation, 2687Biofilm, 2068–2069, 3628Bio-functional materials, 3491Bioglass®, 3557, 3564, 363045S5 Bioglass®, 3527, 3535–3539, 3563Bioglasses, 3565, 3572, 3584

nanopowder, 3527scaffold, 3571

Biohybrids and composite materials,see Composites

Bioimaging, 3684Bioinert materials, 3557Biological labels, cyanine, 2103Biology, 3029–3032Biomaterials, 857, 3054, 3556, 3575Biomedical prosthesis devices, 3506BioMEMS, 3455Bimolecular ground-state associations

(BGSAs), 2938Biomolecule(s), 3030Biomolecule-encapsulated patterns, 3454bioORMOCER®, 3308–3310Biopolymers, 3321

Bioprobe, 3683Bioreactors, 3621, 3672Biorecognition elements, 3708Bioresorbable materials, 3557Bioresorption, 3579Biosensing, 2671

paper, 3730Biosensor, 795–796, 1925, 3432, 3435, 3683,

3707Bio-separation, 1940Biosil process, 2912, 2914Biostability, 3621Biosynthesis, 1925Bioverit®, 3630Bismuth ferrite, 725–732, 1097Bismuth sodium titanate Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT),

see BNT thin filmsBismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) aqueous

solution, 1731,3-Bis(1-pyrenyl)propane (BPP), 29401,6-Bis(trialkoxysilyl)hexane (BTMH), 3327Bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTEE), 1029Bis(triethoxysilyl)metane (BTEM), 1029Black-enhance filter, 2260Blended POSS nanocomposites, 3160–3162Blends, 2665Blistering, 1738Blobs and links, 1508Block polymerization, 2668Blood clotting, 3627Blood vessel, 3584Blue lasers, 2114BNT thin films

chemical solution deposition, 679–681material, 678

BNT-xBKT, see BNT thin filmsBode plots, 1818, 2385, 2386, 2400, 2408,

2416, 2417, 3524Boehmite, 461, 767, 2034–2036, 3048

crystalsdehydration of, 2040morphology of, 2036

as precursor to abrasive minerals,2036–2039

sol–gel alumina precursor, 2033–2039Boehmite-derived aluminous abrasive

minerals, 2039Bonding agents, 2441Bone cells, 3557, 3574Bone morphogenic protein, 3622Bone resorption, 3531Bone tissue engineering, 3598, 3600, 3616Boric precursor, 625–626

Index 3749

Boron-containing bioglasses, 1344Boron–oxygen arrangements, 638Borosilicate glass

formation mechanism, 652–653metal and metal oxides nanoparticles,

639–645nanoalloy quantum dots, 645–648organic compounds quantum dots, 653–659preparation process, 623–631sulfide quantum dots, 648–651transition process, 631–638

Bottom-up strategies, 3089Bragg reflectors (BRs), 1633Bragg’s reflections, 488Breakdown potential, 3525Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), 957Bridged polysilsesquioxane, 3327Bridged silsesquioxanes, 2979–2981,

3014, 3032Bridging oxygen (BO), 1292Brillouin spectra

backscattering, 1160instrumentation, 1158silica aerogel, 1160silica–titania graded-index waveguide,

1170–1173Brittle, 3567, 3575, 3579Brittleness, 3565, 3575, 3576Bronze, 2872Bruggemann effective index

approximation, 1600Brunauer, Deming, Deming and Teller (BDDT)

classification, 1406Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, 1022

analysis, 3378type, 1413

Brute force method, 696Buckling constant, 1437, 1441Building materials, photocatalyst coating

application, 2730Bulk density, 10231-Butanol, 459BZT-xBCT

chemical solution deposition, 684–686piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties

of, 684

C13C, 1277CaF2 films, 344Cage(s), 3120, 3124, 3125, 3127, 3130, 3131,

3136, 3138, 3140, 3142

Cage-like structures, 3127, 3129, 3138,3142, 3144

Calcification, 3664Calcination, 493, 1098, 2552Calcite, 2547, 2550Calcium

in hybrids, 3582ions, 3641

Calcium phosphates (CaP), 857, 3559, 3574,3576

deposit, 3575Calculation methods, 3142–3145Calibration, 2886–2888Cancellous bone, 3644Cancer, 3030–303243Ca NMR, 1292–1293CaO, 3563, 3565Capacitance, 3365Capillary condensation, 1996

flow, 1417of gasses, 1406–1408

Capillary contraction, 3561Capillary electrochromatography (CEC)

microcolumns, 2923Capillary force, 511, 512Capillary format, 1945–1947Carbide-derived carbon (CDC) aerogels, 1033Carbocyanine dye molecules, 2104Carbon allotropes, 2342Carbon capture and storage (CCS), 2536Carbon ceramic electrodes, 2672, 2679–2681Carbon dots (CDs), 657Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP), 1775Carbon monoliths

approaches, 897colloidal crystal templating, 905emulsion templating, 904–905ice templating, 906–907organic monomers, polymerization of, 900phase separation, 900–903

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 738, 755, 756,2672, 3725

aerogels, 3342–3345polymer/CNT composite, 3348xerogels, 3345–3347

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), 2356, 2364Carbon sequestration, 2538Carbonate, 3217, 3235–3236, 3239Carbonation, 2546, 2552Carbon-based nanostrucutres, 2353Carbon-dots

bio-related applications, 2356–2359CQDs to GQDs, 2364

3750 Index

films, 2363–2364sensing, 2359–2360sorption and catalysis, 2360–2362

Carbon-incorporated FTO (CFTO), 354Carbonization, 2355Carbothermal reduction, 1015, 3333Carboxylic acid, 1093Carboxymethyldextran (CM-dextran), 467Carman–Kozeny equation, 999Casson plots for silicon alkoxide solutions,

1474, 1475Cast films

functionalization, 949structure, 948synthesis, 943–948

Casting, 3232, 3237, 3242Catalysis, 784–785, 2522–2523, 2674,

3026–3029Catalysts, 1922–1923, 3057, 3202–3203, 3626Catalytic membrane reactors (CMR), 2000Catastrophic fracture, 3377Cathode, 1105, 2598Cathode ray tubes (CRT), 588, 589, 593Cathodic delamination, 1738Cathodic electrochromic material, 2748Cathodic electrodeposition, 539Cathodic inhibitor, 2458Cationic admicelles, 2348Cationic surfactant (CTAB), 878, 880Cation precursors, 1091CCE, see Ceramic composite electrodes (CCEs)13C cross-polarization (CP) MAS NMR

spectroscopy, 1363CdO, 1518CdS nanoparticles, 3050Cd2SnO4, 1516, 1518, 1522CdTiO3, 1518, 1523Ce conversion coatings, 2410Cell-adhesive protein, 3637Cell spacer, 2022Cellular model, 1507Cellulose

and chitin, 3221–3224carbonate, 3235–3236nanocrystals, 3219–3221phosphate, 3234preparation, 3216properties, 3238–3241whiskers, 3219, 3223, 3228

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), 3327Cementless devices, 3522CERAMER, 3576Ceramic and vitreous coatings, 2374

Ceramic composite electrodes (CCEs)composition and configuration of,

2679–2681for fuel cell type, 2687glucose sensing, 2687metal CCEs, 2681

Ceramic fibersbiomedical applications, 2057–2058multicomponent, 265–269and multicomponent oxide glass,

2051–2054and nonoxide glass, 2054–2055sensing elements, 2056–2057single component oxide, 264–265and single component oxide glass,

2050–2051structure materials, 2055–2056

Ceramic ion conductive membranes(CICM), 2002

Ceramic matrix composite (CMC), 2056Ceramic microporous membrane, 2974Ceramic nanofilters, 1976Ceramic oxides, 3558Ceramic products, 3199Ceraset PSZ-20, 1030Cerasome, 3622, 3678Ceravital®, 3630Cerenkov effect, 1002Ceria–zirconia sol–gel films, 2762Cerium glass-like coatings, 2411Cerium nitrate, 1768, 1808, 2458Cerium oxide, 488

coatings, 2760–2764Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

(CTAB), 543Chalcogenides, 3050Chalking, 2720Characterization techniques, 3731Charge carriers, 500Charge mediator, 2688–2689Charge separation, 2955–2956Chelates, 1093

complexes, 1093Chelating agents, 282–284, 3070–3074Chemical bath deposition, 407, 421Chemical composition, 632Chemical conversion coatings, 1732Chemical gas adsorption, 1415Chemical grinding aids, 2044Chemical protection, 1924Chemical reaction, 3529, 3542Chemical sensors, 2882, 3056Chemical shifts, 1308

Index 3751

Chemical solution deposition, 1108Chemical valve membrane, 2001Chemical vapor infiltration, 1974Chemisorption isotherm, 1415Cherenkov detectors, 1965Chiral nematic phase, 3223, 3232Chitin, 3216–3219, 3242

composite, 3665See also Cellulose

Chitosan, 2450, 2913, 3055, 3567, 3570, 3575,3579, 3584, 3632, 3652, 3720

composite, 3665Chlorocomplexes, 2167Chlorophenol red, 2884Chromate coatings, 2404, 2478Chromate conversion coatings, 1733Chromatographic applications, 3198Chromatographic column, 846Chromatographic materials, 3203Chromatographic separation, 3136Chromatography, 3024–3026Chromlith, 2666Chromoionophores, 3724Chromophores, 2114Chromophoric structure, 493Citratoperoxotitanate (IV) complex, 163Citric acid (CA), 82, 87, 88, 93, 1091

process, 2633City type contaminant, 2733Class I, 3578

hybrids, 3577, 3583Class II

hybrids, 3577, 3583SiO2 based hybrids, 3578

Click chemistry, 549, 3002Click grafting, 3008Clinical trials, 3563Close-up photography box, 2738Cluster, 3633C-13 NMR, 3184CO, 1029CO2

sequestration, 2539sorbent materials, 2538supercritical, 1018

Coagulate, 3559, 3561Coat, 3395, 3397, 3410, 3411

implants, 3574steels, 2395

Coatings, 1108, 1638, 1732, 3196–3197, 3561,3562, 3574

anti-corrosion, 3201–3202chemical conversion, 1732

chromate conversion, 1733defect, 2443film

heat treatment, 2737mechanical property, 2735

metallic, 1733naphthopyrans, 2074optical, 3204phosphate, 1733reflective and antireflective, 2081resistance, 2387, 2422with self-healing properties, 2425sol/gel (see Sol/gel coatings)surfactant template, 3197thin-films, 2066UV-protection sol–gel, 2078

Cobalt oxide nanotubes, 750Co-condensation, 3013Co-continuous structure, 841Coefficient of friction, 3520Coefficient of thermal expansion, 860CoFe2O4, 2619Collagen, 3557, 3567, 3569, 3575, 3579Collagenous matrix, 3573Collapse, 1432–1434, 1439, 1441, 1442,

1444, 1450Colloidal chemistry, 2509, 2513, 3050Colloidal crystal templating, 905Colloidal dispersions, 2038Colloidal gels, 1018, 3558Colloid–alkoxide mixture method, 239–240Colloidal particles, 3558

stabilization of, 2166Colloidal silica, 2847, 3443Colloidal suspension/nanoparticles, 2415Color display tube, 2257–2259Color picture tube, 2259–2260Colored coating

film for protection, 2242–2244low transmittance film, 2241–2242manufacturing process, 2244structure of, 2241transmission spectra, 2244

Column pressure, 1940, 1942, 1943Commercial brand names, 3563Commercial products, 3562Complex geometry, 544Complexing agents, 1093, 2438, 3070–3074Composites, 2550, 3576

adhesion, 2673aerogels, 3582biocompatibility, 2671biomaterials, 3575

3752 Index

catalysis, 2674and dopant additions, 2712–2717electric and redox conductivity, 2672hybrid materials (see Hybrid materials)increased current density, 2665–2666ionic conductivity, 2672materials, 2545, 3575size exclusion, 2670sol–gel materials (see Sol–gel materials)specific recognition, 2670templating, evaporation induced self-

assembly and molecular imprinting,2667–2670

Compositions structures, 2112Concentration of precursor, 542Concentration quenching, 1613

effect, 2303Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules,

3258Condensation, 190, 532, 533, 3626

of building blocks, 3129–3130reactions, 698, 2438

Conduction, 489Conductive patterns, 544Conductive polymers, 551Cone and plate viscometer, 1464–1466Cone calorimetry, 2826Conformational properties, 3124π-Conjugation, 2356Connectivity, 3564, 3565Conservation, 2891Constant phase element (CPE), 1715Contact angle, 3451Contact-less measurements, 1710Contact potential difference (CPD), 2389Contact system, 3465–3467Container-layers, 2448Contaminants

classification of, 2733on glass, 2733

Contaminated glass, 2739Contamination-index, 2740, 2741Contents of catalyst, 627–629Continuous random network, 1304Controllable release of corrosion, 2447Controlled release system, 3467–3469Conventional drying, 193Conversion coatings, 2410–2413Cooperativity, 3028Coordination number, 1376, 1386, 1390Copolymerization, 2677Copper, 641Core-shell, 3396, 3403–3413, 3416–3424

particles, 477, 3395quantum dots, 3056structure, 1111, 1640, 2356

Corrosion, 1785, 3507, 3508, 3532behaviour, 2404current density, 1795, 2402definition, 1729electrochemical corrosion, 2371, 2376–2392galvanic, 1731high-temperature corrosion, 2371inhibitors, 1736, 1772, 1808, 2409–2423,

2437, 2450, 2456, 2463, 2493intergranular corrosion, 2395magnesium alloys, protection of

(see Magnesium alloys)mechanism, 2376metallic, 1730potential, 2381, 2382, 2384, 2394,

2397, 2417prevention, 1732products, 3522protection, 555–557, 1733, 1785, 2443,

2445, 2453, 2462rate, 1785, 2380, 2381, 2383, 2404resistance to, 556, 2399, 2416

Corrugated hydrophobic surfaces, 3256COSY NMR, 3135Coupling, 3580

agents, 2865, 3577Covalent, 2305, 3576

bonds, 1980, 3558immobilization, 3434

CQDs, see Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)Cracking

heating rate, 290–291humidity, 293in situ observation, 289macroscopic crack formation, 289macroscopic vs. microscopic, 288onset temperature, 291thick film formation, 294–298

Critical concentration of inhibitors, 2447Critical flaw size, 1493–1497Cross-cut test, 778, 1541Cross-linkable copolymers, 3167–3169Cross-link density, 3654Cross-linkers, 3441Cross-linking agent, 2405Cross-polarization (CP), 1266Crushing procedures, 2039Crystalline oxide thin films

hot water treatment, 3277–3278humid vapor treatment, 3276

Index 3753

Crystalline oxide thin films (cont.)liquid phase deposition, 3275–3276nanoparticle deposition, 3272–3275self-combustion, 3278sol–gel transfer technique, 3279–3289UV irradiation technique, 3278

Crystalline structure, 648Crystallization, 575, 673, 679, 685, 686,

1095, 2977temperature, 1839

CuAAC reaction, 3008–3018, 3025, 3027Cu/Al2O3 catalysts, 821Cubic mesophase, 2346Cubic symmetry, 2349CUBITRON®, 2032222 CUBITRON® abrasive grain, 2046321 CUBITRON® abrasive grain, 2043331 CUBITRON® abrasive grain, 2043CuGaS2 quantum dots, 650Cu2In alloy nanoparticles, 645CuInS2 quantum dots, 648Cultural heritage, 2891

glass, 2871Cu(OH)2, 749Curing, 2439Current density, 2380, 2382, 2383, 2391, 2405,

2413, 2419, 2420, 3523, 3525, 3534,3542

Cutback method, 1578Cyclic voltammetry (CV), 3365Cyclization, 3322Cyclodextrines, 3478Cyclodextrin-organic inhibitor, 2419Cytotoxicity, 3582, 3583

DDangling bonds, 1491Darcy’s law, 987Dark-line spectroscopy, 1574Deactivation resistance. silica supported Ru

sol–gel catalysts, 813Dead time, 2286Debris, 3520Decay time constant, 2275Decomposition, 1095

temperature, 2313Deep X-ray lithography (DXRL) method, 2513,

3085, 3087Defects density, 2343Defects/pores, coating, 2395Degradation, 2883, 2901, 3508

Degree of condensation (DOC), 3122, 3129,3130, 3132

Dehydrating agent, 459Dehydration reaction, 625Dehydroxylation process, 195Delamination, 3520, 3522, 3527

and degradation mechanisms, 2389Denaturation, 3715Densification process, 277–282, 574, 1624,

2281Density, 630, 3369

apparent, 1401bulk, 1401measurement, 1400–1402

Density functional theory (DFT), 3142, 3144calculations, 1268

Dental ceramics/bioactive glasscomposites, 3492

Dentistry, 3559Depolymerization, 185Deposition potential, 540Deposition time, 541Depth profile, 3518Derivatography, 1835Detection efficiency, scintillation detectors,

2275Detection limit, 3708Diagnosis, 3029Diamond mat coating, 2258Dibutyltindilaurate, 2862Dielectric, 1669, 1670

dielectric constant, 1672method of measurement, 1673mirror, 2141optical waveguides, 1634strength, 795

Dielectric constant, 1672, 1674, 1685, 1693complex, 1675low frequency, 1674measurement of, 1675static, 1674temperature dependence of, 1675

Dielectric Fabry–Perot filter, 2141Diethanolamine (DEA), 116Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),

1838–1839Differential thermal analysis (DTA), 1837Differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry

(DTA/TG), 774Diffraction patterns, 2307Diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform

spectroscopy (DRIFTS), 1125

3754 Index

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, 494Diffusion coefficient, 2653Diffusion-limited cluster aggregation

(DLCA), 2982Diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation

(DLCA) algorithm, 1508Diffusion of solutes, 3567Diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY

NMR), 3135Diffusion pathway, 2672Diffusivity, 2350Dilatometry (DIL), 1839Dilution rate of sodium silicate solution, 192Dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES), 1846, 3444Dimmers, 1845Dip-coating process, 772, 1096, 1986, 2375,

2618, 2696, 2884, 3197, 3227, 3242,3540, 3575, 3582, 3646

technology, 2170Dipolar polarization, 487Dipole-induced-dipole mechanism (DID), 1155Dipole rotation, 486Direct electron transfer (DET), 3710Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), 2005, 2006Dish method, 1421Disk diffusion method, 3479Di-sodium fluorophosphate, 1338DISPERAL™ boehmite, 2036Dispersion process, 493, 2038Dispersive anti-reflecting coating, 2264–2267Dissolution, 3527, 3537, 3545Di-substituted siloxanes, 1846Divinylbenzene (DVB), 1016, 1022DMFit, 1268DNA, 3018, 3030, 3031, 3435

chips, 3438dendrimers, 3443immobilization, 3442–3452microarrays, 3433, 3437–3442probes, 3442retention, 3445–3452separation, 3436single-stranded, 3439

Dominant growth mechanism, 2982Doping, 670, 678, 681Double angle rotation (DOR), 1266Double coating, 3529, 3543Double layer, 3396, 3398, 3399, 3404, 3406

coating, 2419Double quantum (DQ) coherences, 1315, 1316Double tone, 3099Doxorubicin, 2358

Drude expression, 3401Drude’s formulation, 1596Drude theory, 2162Drug

delivery systems, 18, 466, 759, 3030, 3432discovery, 3436relaease stimuli, 3678

Drying control chemical additive (DCCA), 237Dry temperature, 627DTA/TG, see Differential thermal analysis/

thermogravimetry (DTA/TG)D units, 3642Dye, 3717Dye-derivatized oxide nanocrystals, 2558Dye-doped titania, 2958Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 751, 2958,

2959, 2963–2965Grätzel, M., 11light harvesting units, 2558perovskite solar cell, 12principle, 2556–2559with solid electrolyte, 11–12

Dynamic angle spinning (DAS), 1266Dynamic characterization, 1989Dynamic condensation, 1883Dynamic flow technique, 1414Dynamic polymerization, 1885, 1893–1896Dynamic rheological measurements, 1476

EEBL, 3092, 3098, 3099, 3107E-control™ switchable glazing units, 2746Edge spacer, 2023Effective concentration ratio, 2115Effective diffusion coefficient, 2666Elastic modulus, 1520, 1523Elastic recovery, 3520Electric conductor, 487Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), 1034Electric field, 668, 677, 681Electric field gradients (EFGs), 1309Electrical conductivity, 1699–1701, 3344,

3346, 3352, 3361, 3365, 3369Electrical disorder, 1157Electrical impedance, 1787

spectroscopy, 785Electrification, 508Electro-assisted deposition, 539Electrocatalysis, 2688Electrocatalysts, 2679Electrochemical behavior, 2618

Index 3755

Electrochemical biosensors, 3710Electrochemical cell, 1787Electrochemical corrosion, 2371, 2376–2392Electrochemical deposition, 535

bio-composite films, 558–560corrosion protection and adhesion

promotion, 555–557electrochemically active materials, 551–552electrochemical sensors, 557–558functionalization, 548–550indirect electrochemical deposition, 537inert materials, 553–555liquid-liquid interface, 546mechanism and manipulation, 538–547pH responsive materials, 552–553

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS),1714, 1767, 1787, 1801, 1822, 1828,2379, 2384, 2452, 2457, 3524

Electrochemical performance, 2599Electrochemical properties, 2608

of SnO2, 2312Electrochemical techniques, 1785, 1828,

2378–2392Electrochromic(s), 2575–2577Electrochromic devices

advantages, 2747applications, 2771cathodic and anodic, 2750–2767configuration, 2747–2749devices fabrication, 2772–2781displays, 2781–2783electrolyte, 2767–2771gasochromic devices, 2783transparent conductive electrode

coatings, 2749Electrochromic layers, 2069–2071Electrode, 2633

composites (see Composites)Electrodeposited ordered mesoporous silica

films, 543Electrodeposition, 534–538Electrolyte, 3524Electrolytes, electrochromic devices

glass/ITO/NiO/inorganic, 2768LiNbO3, 2768organic–inorganic composite, 2770polymer, 2769redox, 2771tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) films, 2768

Electrolytic deposition (ELD), 2139, 2140Electromachining, 2685Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)

spectrum, 643

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, 2336Electron transfer processes, 2962–2963Electroneganivity, 2438Electronic conduction, 1914–1915Electrooptical materials, see Optical and

electrooptical materialsElectrophoretic deposition (EPD), 534, 535,

2139, 2140, 2375, 2401, 2403, 2514Electrophoretic sol–gel deposition, 507, 509,

510, 513, 514, 518, 773Electropolymerizaion, 2678Electrospinning technique, 707, 3227,

3583, 3666Electrospray ionization time-of-flight

(ESI-TOF) mass spectrometry,3137, 3139

Electrostatic spraying deposition (ESD), 435Ellipsometry, 1572

description, 1595measurement, 1597–1601pore analysis, 1601–1604

Elongated nanomaterials, 738Embossing, 2178

DWDM, optical gratings for, 2185–2187optical memory disk substrate, 2182–2184research progress in, 2179–2182

Emulsions, 874–876carbon monoliths, 904–905silica, 880–882

Encapsulate corrosion inhibitors, 2421Encapsulating bacteria, 2923–2925Encapsulation, 2688, 3432, 3433, 3630, 3632

approaches, 2447Endocytosis, 3679Energy conversion membranes, 2004–2005Energy diagrams of Sm2+ and Eu3+ ion, 2326Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 2517,

2520, 2521Energy efficient microwave assisted

method, 494Energy gap, 2355Energy harvesting, 668, 678, 686Energy level, 2107

schema, Eu3+ ion, 1625Energy migration, 1613Energy of light, 499Energy production, 496Energy transfer, 2285, 2303

SnO2 nanocrystals, 2309upconversion, 1619, 1621, 1623

Environmental pH, 2880Environmental pollutants, 496Environmental stability, 2897

3756 Index

Environmentally friendly Cr-free system, 2412Environmentally friendly inhibitors, 2408Environmentally friendly systems, 2405Environments, cleaning of, 1927Enzyme, 3006, 3018, 3026, 3434

activity, 3714encapsulation, 3714immobilization, 3709

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA), 2922

Enzyme-triggered drug delivery, 3682EPD coated steel, 2402Epitaxial effect, 3581, 3644Epitaxial growth, 1108

of silica–surfactant films, 965Epoxide-mediated sol–gel reaction,

851–856, 3333Epoxides, 3018Epoxy, 3069, 3077, 3081, 3099Epoxy based coatings, 2486Epoxy group, 2097, 3653Equivalent circuit, 1804Equivalent electric circuit, 2386Er3+�doping, 1616Erbium-activated monolithic silica

xerogels, 1620Erbium-activated system, 1612, 1619Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), 598Escherichia coli, 2924E-spinning, 3666Essential oils, 3477Esterification reaction, 3128, 3129Etching mask, 3100Ethyl silicate, 2861Ethylene glycol (EG), 82, 87, 93, 95, 1090

terminated POSS, 3162Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

(EGMME), 2144Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 96,

138, 139, 721, 2957Ethyltriethoxysilane (ETES), 2940, 2956Eu complex luminescence, 2108Eu3+ ions, 2304Eu3+-doped glasses, 2325Europium complexes, 602–604Evaporation induced self-assembly

methods, 2508, 2668casting, 943–949spin and dip coating (see Spin and dip

coating)Evolved gas analysis (EGA), 1839EXAFS, see Extended X-ray absorption fine

structures (EXAFS)

Excitation and emission spectra, 2102Excitation spectrum, 1631Excited state absorption, 1619, 1621, 1623Expansion coefficient, 1840Expansion curve, 638Experimental lifetimes, 1627Exposition time, 2899Ex-situ methods, 3042, 3045Extended Nernst–Plank equation, 1991Extended X-ray absorption fine structures

(EXAFS), 674External stimuli, 2448Extra cellular material (ECM), 3570, 3572,

3573, 3637Extrapolation method, 2383Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, 3067,

3087, 3089, 3096, 3111Extrusion, 3566

F19F, 1278Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer, 1158Falling sphere viscometer, 1459–1460Farm village type contaminant, 2733Fe(acac)3, 1850Fe–Ni alloy catalysts, 823Fenton type processes, 498Ferricyanide/ferrocyanide, 2666Ferrites, 696

applications, 696barium hexaferrite, 718–724bismuth, 725chemical synthesis approaches, 697nanotubes and nanowires, 705–706powder nanoparticles, 699–705properties, 696sol–gel method, 697spinel, 711–718standard ceramic method, 696strontium ferrite nanoribbons, 707thin film, 709–711

Ferrocene, 2919Ferroelectric PLZT photonic crystals,

2146–2149Ferroelectric thin films

layer-structured ferroelectrics, 129–131lead-free (see Lead-free ferroelectric thin

films)Sr–Bi–Ta and Sr–Bi–Nb, triple alkoxides of,

123–129Ferroelectricity, 1667, 1670, 1916–1917

Index 3757

Ferroelectric, 1693characteristics, 1672crystal structure of, 1667domain wall, 1668fabrication of, 1667hysteresis loop, 1669nano-domains, 1679P–E loop, 1676–1679phases, 1667phase transition temperature, 1670pyroelectric coefficients, measurement

of, 1680pyroelectric effect, 1671

Ferromagnetic microparticles, 456Ferromagnetic nanowires/nanotubes, 706Fiber formation

ceramic, 264–269glass, 262nitride and carbide, 269sol–gel methods, 262–264

Fiber optic, 3710probe, 1582

Fibroblast(s), 3572, 3584, 3636Fibroblast cells, 3570, 3572Fibroblast growth factor, 3673Field works, 2888, 2890–2898Filiform corrosion, 2389Filled sols, 768Film integrity, 3537Films, 2349–2353, 2363–2364, 3646Filter(s), 2079–2081Filter expansion aerosol generator (FEAG), 431Filtering, 1922–1923First generation biosensor, 3710First-order quadrupole effects, 12615d-4f transitions, 2280Fixed size window evolving factor analysis

(FSWEFA), 1251Flame retardancy, 786Flat photocatalytic surfaces, 3257Flat spray technique, 2170, 2171Flavor barriers, 3300Flexographic printing method, 2244Flexo-printing technique, 2171, 2172Flow field method, 970Flowcells, 2684Flowerlike alumina, 777Fluorescence imaging, 3395, 3396, 3414,

3416–3424Fluorescence line narrowing, 1628Fluorescence microscopy, 3439Fluorescent protein, 3683Fluorescent tags, 3444, 3445

Fluoride glassdurability, 335sol–gel processing, 335–337structure, 335

Fluorine, 334Fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) films, 353Fluoroalkaline silane (FAS), 757Fluorodecyl POSS, 3160Fluorosurfactant, 2363Fluosil-coating process, 596Foam, 3566Foaming, 3583Force field calculation, 1876Forced flow contactor mode, 2000Formation mechanism of nanocrysals

stage I, 652stage II, 652stage III, 653

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),184, 1122, 1129, 1135, 1137, 1140,1146, 2234, 3099, 3131, 3133, 3560,3735

analysis, 2310of HA, 3561

Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman)spectroscopy, 1353

Fourier transformation, pore surface, 1408Four-point probe technique, 1701–1705Fractal dimension approach, 1508Fracture energy, 3384Fracture toughness, 1537Free carbon, 1022, 1023Free radical polymerization, 96Freeze-drying, 988, 3229, 3237, 3242, 3566,

3653, 3665Friction, 3508Friction coefficient, 1519–1520, 1523, 1524Friction-wear, 1520Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), 2359Fuel cells, 514, 757–758

type, 2685Fully condensed POSS compounds, 3155–3156Fume pyrolysis method, 818Funcosil

300E, 2870300V, 2869, 2870500 STE, 2870500E, 2870500STE, 2868, 2870

Functional barrier coatings, hybrid polymersactive barrier layers, 3305–3308barrier values, 3298bioORMOCER®, 3308–3310

3758 Index

in-line quality control, 3313inorganic vacuum, barrier layers,

3301–3304interactions and material transitions, 3296permeation barriers, layer set-up for,

3304–3305single barrier coatings, 3300–3301technical applications, 3310–3313transmittance, 3298

Functional coatings, magnesium alloys,see Magnesium alloys

Functionalization, 3567, 3579alkoxysilanes, 2872silica spin coated films, 937sol–gel films, 548

GGadolinium compounds, 3422Galvanic corrosion, 1731Galvanic couple, 1747Galvanostatic deposition, 507γ-AlOOH, 2034γ-alumina membrane

characterization, 1990porous structure, 1992preparation, 1987, 1988

γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APTES), 3635GaPO4-SiO2 glasses, 1328Garnet-type solid electrolytes, 2639Gas adsorption

desorption measurements, 1991See also Capillary condensation of gases

Gas and vapor separation, 1996–1998Gas barrier, 1924

coating, 1416, 3143Gas chromatography (GC), 422Gas permeability, 1419Gas sensing

properties, 1029technology, 721

Gas sensors, 1028–1030, 2118, 3056Gas separation membranes, 1416Gaseous pollutants, 2879Gases, capillary condensation, 1406–1408Gasochromic devices, 2783Gel, 1666, 3558, 3561

formation of, 3184polymethylsilsesquioxane, 3187sol–gel polymerization (see Sol–gel

polymerization)thermoreversible, 3186

Gel filmsstriations in, 321surface roughness of, 318

Gelatin/gelatine, 2914, 3558, 3567, 3575, 3579,3632, 3652

Gelation, 3185, 3193, 3197, 3198, 3200, 3558,3566

of boehmite sol, 2038Gel-derived glass, 633Gel-glass dispersed liquid crystal

(GDLC), 2067Gelling solutions

elastic deformation, 1455non-Newtonian flow, 1456spinnability, 1477–1483viscosity (see viscosity)viscous flow, 1456

Gene expression, 3439Genome chips, 3438GeO2–SiO2 glasses, 247–248Geopolymerization process, 198Germanium sulfide (Ge–S), 409–419GERS, see Graphene-mediated enhanced

Raman scattering (GERS)2.45 GHz, 485, 487Glass, 1652, 1653, 1658, 1660, 1841, 3433,

3436, 3438, 3440, 3441, 3443, 3451,3456

contaminants on, 2733decorative coatings on, 2168glass bulks/thin films, 2094fiber spacer, 2023foams, 517matrix, 1659metal colloids synthesis routes, 2165and mirror products, 2722photocatalyst coating application, 2732solubility, 3564structure, 1303–1305substrates, 2171surface, 3441, 3453, 3456transition, 526, 1838transition temperature (Tg), 3630, 3653

Glass-based composites, 1651, 1652Glass-ceramics, 1634, 1652, 2303

materials, 1585particles, 3539–3546thin films, 2306

Glass-like hybrid coatings, 2423Glass-transition temperatures (Tg), 1846Glucose oxidase (GOx), 2918–2920, 3709Glucose sensing, 2687γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, 3622

Index 3759

3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane(GLYMO), 2097, 3053

Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 35783-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 1272,

1771, 1772, 2097, 36353-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-based

hybrids, 1558Glycol-modified silane (GMS), 207–208Gold nanoclusters, 641Good compatibility, 2416GPTMS, 3580, 3622, 3653GQDs, see Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)Grafting, 3013, 3653

of polymers, 3043Grain boundaries, 192Granite, 2867Graphene, 3673, 3725

aerogels, 3356–3366derivatives, 2342–2344mesoporous films, 2349–2353sandwich mesoporous structures,

2345–2348xerogels, 3366–3370

Graphene oxide (GO), 2342, 3236–3239, 3355,3356, 3358, 3360, 3362, 3363, 3366,3368, 3673

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), 2364Graphene related materials (GRM), 2343Graphene-mediated enhanced Raman scattering

(GERS), 2352Graphene-mediated surface enhanced Raman

scattering (G-SERS), 2352Graphite, 2620, 2679, 3368Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering

(GISAXS), 711, 1186Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, 925, 929Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 3683Green house effect gases, 2536Growth, 3628Growth factors, 3573, 3579, 3583, 3584, 3622Grätzel's dye-sensitized solar cell, 11G-SERS, see Graphene-mediated surface

enhanced Raman scattering(G-SERS)

Guest polymer, 2676Guinier law, 1195, 1208Gyration radius, 2981

H1H, 1276–1277H2, 1029Halides, 3050

Hall effect measurement, 1711–1713Halloysite, 1741, 2456, 2463Hard coating, 3059Hardness, 1516, 1520, 1534–1537, 1553,

3513, 3518ceramics, 1548ormosils, 1552titanium-catalyzed hybrids, 1558

Harmonic glasses, 1156Harrison’s solution, 1771HCAp nucleation and growth, 3498HCl solutions, 241H-dimer, 2950Healing agent, 2465Heat flux DSC, 1839Hedvall effect, 90Helfrich bending energy model, 963Hematite, 750, 3232HEPES, 3640Hetero-cations, 2039Heterocyclic ligands, 2106Heterogeneous catalyst, 2360Heterogeneous photocatalysis, 499Heterometallic precursors, 55–64

heteronuclear metal-metal bonds/isomorphous substitution, 47–48

Lewis acid–base interaction, 43–47Hetero-phase additions, 2040Heteropolysiloxanes, 1980, 1985

membrane, 1997Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, 2850Hexagonal stacking, 3128Hexamethyldisilazane, 2872HF etching, 1033HfO2 nanocrystals, 1636Hg porosimeter, 3388Hierarchical materials, 3184, 3194–3196Hierarchical porosity, 1031–1034Hierarchical structures, 3180, 3184Hierarchically macro-mesoporous

monoliths, 3331Hierarchically organized monolithic sol–gel

materialscarbon monoliths, hierarchical pore

structure, 897–907emulsions and foams, 874–876ice templating, 876–877micro-and mesoporosity, 871non-siliceous monoliths, 884–897phase separation and templating strategies,

872–874silica, 877–883

Hierarchically porous monoliths, 844

3760 Index

High energy resolution fluorescence detection(HERFD), 1238, 1248, 1251

High internal phase emulsion (HIPE), 876, 881,904

High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), 20

monolithic porous silica (see Monolithicporous silica, HPLC separationmedium)

High resolution TEM (HRTEM), 2514, 2518High temperature chlorination, 1033–1034High temperature persistent spectral hole

burning, 2331High-alkali glass, 2851High-barrier coatings for packaging, 3306High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 3648High-molecular weight silsesquioxanes, 3137High-performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC), 848, 3332High-pressure mercury lamp, 494High-temperature superconductors, 1104High-throughput screening (HTS), 3436HIPRESICA, 2023

See also Silica spacerHistology, 3535Historic glass, 2871

paint on, 28722H NMR, 2656Hollow microparticles, 458Hollow nanocontainers, 2456–2457Hologram, 2193, 2194Homogeneity, 1090, 3495Homogeneous line width measurements, 1628Homogeneous nucleation, 486Homogeneous precipitation, 214–218Homogeneous-to-inhomogeneous line

widths, 1628Homometallic precursors, 54–55

alcohol interchange reactions, 40–42in alcohol, oxygen gas, 35anodic oxidation of metals, 35–36inert atmosphere, direct reaction in, 33–34metal oxides/hydroxides, 36–37metathesis reactions, 39–40redox processes, 42weak/volatile acids, alcoholysis, 37–38

Honda–Fujishima effect, 495, 2697–2698Hot water treatment, 3277–3278HRTEM measurements, 25611H–29Si heterocorrelated spectra, 1368H2Ti3O7, 742H2Ti4O9 · H2O, 741, 742Hud system, 2209

Huggins’ equation, 1471Huisgen cycloaddition, 3008, 3019Humidity, 293Hyaluronic acid, 3567, 3570Hybrid, 3509, 3583

aerogels, 3579coating, 1536compressive strength, 1549doped with inhibitors, 2413dynamic modulus, 1555elastic behavior, 1557

incorporate corrosion inhibitors,2409–2423

low organic content, 2399–2404on substrates, 2404–2408

films, 1537gelatin-SiO2 scaffold, 35663-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane

(GPTMS)-based, 1548, 1558, 1561,3582

inorganic–organic materials, 1654–1656,1659–1661

layers, 2399materials

graphite and metal–silicate hybrids,2679–2682

molecular level, 2674–2676nanoporous composite materials, 2676

mechanical properties, 1549, 1557, 1558mechanical testing, 1560organic and inorganic components, 1549

(see also Organic–inorganic hybrids)properties, 1559silica-polyimide, 1559silica content, 1560strength, 1559thermal stabilization, 1553–1554titanium-catalyzed, 1558type II, 1549Young's modulus, 1550, 1557, 1559zirconium-catalyzed, 1558

Hybrid microporous organosilica membranesatomic-scale incorporation, 2981chemical and thermal stability, 2977chemical vapor deposition, 2977gas separation, 2993–2996hydrothermal stability, 2977pervaporation, 2990–2992pore size distribution, 2987–2988pore structure, 2983–2985preparation, 2985–2986selection mechanism, 2976

Hybrid O/I silica aerogels, 1028

Index 3761

Hybrid organic–inorganic (HOI) sol–gelsystems, 1028, 1980, 3558,3565, 3575

applications, 3102–3112bottom-up strategies, 3089chelating/complexing agents, 3070inorganic patterns, 3085–3091multiple pattern technologies, 3098organically modified dense patterns,

3078–3084organic modification, degradation of,

3075–3077polymerizable/crosslinkable hybrids,

3068–3070porous patterns, 3083–3086top-down strategies, 3089

Hybrid polymer, 1871, 2436barrier coatings (see Functional barrier

coatings, hybrid polymers)Hybrid polymeric sols, 2406Hybrid silica monoliths, 1946Hybrid SiO2 aerogel, 3581Hybrid SiO2 coatings, 2401Hybrid sol/gels, 2439, 2441

array performance and opportunities for,3442–3443

coatings, 1540, 2436DNA microarrays, 3438–3442films, 1814, 2423, 2444, 2465immobilization of biomolecules,

3433–3435lab-on-a-chip devices, 3435–3438micro-patterning, soft lithography,

3453–3455sol/gel coatings (see Sol/gel coatings)

Hybridization, 3438Hydridosilsesquioxanes, 3142Hydrogels, 3558, 3567, 3575Hydrogen, 715

bonding, 3137, 3138bonds, 1980

Hydrogen peroxide, 2688Hydrolysis, 156, 532, 533, 624, 697, 1849,

2438, 2911, 3626condensation reaction, 1467and polycondensation, 2675reaction, 2985

Hydrophilicity, 496, 1924, 3124Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), 456Hydrophobic anti-soiling surfaces, 3255Hydrophobic siloxane network, 655Hydrophobic–hydrophilic micropatterns,

2196–2197

Hydrophobicity, 2349, 3718of electrodeposited silane sol–gel films, 549

Hydrosilylation reaction, 1016Hydrotalcites, 2458Hydrothermal gelation, 213Hydrothermal treatment (HT), 1246Hydrothermal/chemical processing, 739Hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA), 2058Hydroxy conversion treatment, 2868Hydroxyapatite (HA), 857, 3511, 3526,

3529–3531, 3536, 3557, 3559, 3567,3570, 3576, 3582, 3630

formation, 3572FTIR spectra, 3561gelatin, 3572nanoparticles, 3560X-ray diffraction patterns of, 3562Hydroxyapatite (HAp), 465, 2713

Hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA), 3573, 3628Hydroxycarbonate apatite/hydroxyapatite

layer, 3491Hydroxyethyl metacrilate, 35103-Hydroxyflavone (3-HF), 2948Hydroxyl groups, 2439

number of, 2652Hydroxyl radicals, 498, 500Hydroxylation, 5788-Hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), 1774, 2416Hyperthermia, 456

IIce templating, 876–877

carbon monoliths, 906–907silica, 882–883

Imaging, 3394, 3395, 3412, 3416Imidization, 3053Immobilization, 759, 2689, 3433–3435,

3443–3452Immunoaffinity-based biosensing, 2921–2922Impedance, 2449

measurements under current control, 1822Impedance spectroscopy (IS), 1713–1717, 2379Implant, 3556, 3557, 3559, 3574Impregnation, 2510–2512, 2675–2676Imprinting, 2668, 2685INADEQUATE NMR, 3135In class I, 3576In class II, 3576Incompletely condensed POSS, 3156–3157Indentation, 1539

test, 780Indirect electrochemical deposition, 537

3762 Index

Indium tin oxide, 1098INDO, 3142Indoor, 2890Inductive effect, 3122Industrial effluents, 496Inelastic light scattering, 1154–1157Inelastic scattering, 1380INEPT, 3134Inert membrane reactor (IMR), 2000Inflammation, 3556, 3629Inflammatory problems, 3583Influence factors, 626–631Infra red (IR)

absorption spectra, 284analysis, 635–636lasers, 2113light to the visible light, 2121reflection-absorption spectroscopy

(IRRAS), 1124, 1125spectra, gels, 244, 245spectroscopy, 775, 1356, 3131–3132transmission spectra, 2306

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, sol–gel materialsATR spectroscopy, 1124bulk and thin film gels and gel-derived

glasses, 1127–1128DRIFTS, 1125FTIR, 1140heat treatment, temperature and time,

1137–1138infrared absorption and porosity, 1132–1133inorganic vs. hybrid SiO2, 1134–1136IRRAS, 1124materials preparation, 1123multilayer silicate films, microstructure of,

1142–1144non-silicates and non-oxides, 1144–1148OH species, 1131–1132silica gel and glass, 1126–1127structure, 1128–1130TO and LO vibrational mode splitting,

1130–1131TO peak frequency, evolution of,

1138–1140Inhibiting additives, 2439Inhibition, 2443Inhibitive compounds, 2447Inhibitive pigment, 2453Inhibitor, 2409–2423, 2443

molecules, 2443release kinetics, 2445in sol–gel film, 2423

Inhomogeneous broadening, 2305, 2310

Inhomogeneous nucleation, 756Injectability, 3621Ink-jet printing, 2179, 2199Inorganic brittle material, 1548Inorganic brittle silicates, 1560Inorganic coatings, 2440

incorporate corrosion inhibitors, 2409–2423low organic content, 2393–2404on substrates, 2404–2408

Inorganic content, 1559Inorganic glasses, 1552Inorganic matrix, 2440Inorganic membranes

block copolymer-based templatingagents, 1979

organic templating method, 1978sol–gel process, 1975steric effect, 1975templating approach, 1978

Inorganic nanocontainers, 2448Inorganic nanophase, 1558Inorganic network structure, 1557Inorganic oxides, 1548, 1560Inorganic pre-treatments, 2439Inorganic salt-derived alumina sols, 157–158Inorganic scintillators, 2277Inorganic SiO2 gel, 1555Inorganic TEOS-derived phase, 1557Inorganic–organic hybrids, 1272–1273, 1844,

1870Inorganic–organic polymers, 3299–3310In-plane tensile stress, 1600Insertion, 2597In situ IR spectra, resorcinol–formaldehyde

aerogel, 1951In situ methods, 3042, 3044In situ mode of energy conversion, 485In situ time-resolved small angle X-ray

scattering, 925In situ water production (ISWP), 3128–3129Integrated optics, 1567Intensity modulated photocurrent (IMPS), 2559Intensity modulated photovoltage (IMVS)

spectroscopy, 2559Intercalation, 2597–2599Interdigitated array, 3727Interfacial energy, 841Interfacial polarization, 487Intergranular corrosion, 2395Intermediate-range order, 1304Intermolecular chain-to-chain distance, 3142Internal gain, 1588Inter-particle interaction, 487

Index 3763

Interparticle potential barrier, 507Intramolecular chain-to-chain distance, 3142Intramolecular condensation, 3122, 3135,

3137, 3138Intrinsic stress

definition, 277measurement, 278–280

Intrusion, 1427, 1429, 1434, 1437, 1439, 1442,1447, 1449

and buckling, 1435–1437membrane test, 1438–1439

In vitro cytotoxicity, 3570In vitro tests, 3569In-vivo experiments, 3561, 3563, 3571, 3574,

3575, 3584Ion exchanger, 752–754Ion product (IP), 3638Ion-exchange materials, 2458Ionic bonding, 2305Ionic conduction, 1916Ionic conductivity, 2672–2673Ionic current, 2450Ionic ladder silsesquoxanes, 3123Ionic strength, 3398, 3399, 3402, 3404, 3406,

3409, 3410Ion-selective microelectrodes, 1755–1766IP value, 3641Iridium black, 148Iridium oxide thin film preparation, 146–148Iron oxide nucleated alumina abrasive grain,

SEM, 2045IROX, 2206Irradiation, 3050Isocyanate, 3018

polymerization, 3054Isotherms, 1406

JJ-dimer, 2950Judd-Ofelt theory, 2107

KK0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN), see KNN thin filmsKapton®, polyimide segments, 1998Karstedt's catalyst, 1017Kasha’s rule, 1631Keggin-type cluster, 157, 158Kelvin probe (KP), 1717–1719Keto–enol tautomerism, 509Kirby-Bauer test, see Disk diffusion methodKittel formula, 710

KNN thin filmschemical solution deposition, 673–678phase relations and modification, 671–673

Knoop hardness, 1558Knudsen diffusion, 1996, 2976Knudsen flow, 1417Kohlrausch model, 1618Ksp, 3639

LLa0.8Sr0.2Co0.5Ni0.5O3–δ (LSCN) thin films,

136Labelling, 759Lab-on-a-chip, 3435–3438

devices, 17, 1928Lab-scale, 2423Lactate, 1325Ladder silsesquioxanes, 3142Ladder-like condensed silsesquioxanes,

3157–3158Ladder-like structure length, 3144Ladder-type structures, 3120, 3123, 3127,

3132, 3144Langmuir type adsorption, 1413Langmuir–Blodgett method, 1597Lanthanide ions, 2105

optical transition, 2106Lanthanides, 2105

applications, 2105luminescence, 2108radiative transitions, 2105

Lanthanide–titanium oxide (LTO), 446Lanthanum trifluoroacetate gel, 339Laplace's relation, 986Larmor precess, 1261Larnite, 2543, 2551Larnite/Silica Aerogel Composites, 2544–2546Laser

irradiation, 3498photolysis, 580in UV region, 2114

Laser assisted biomimetic (LAB) method, 3498Lasing range, extension of, 2113Lasing spectrum of WGM, 1639Layer by layer (LbL), 3229

deposition method, 1741polyelectrolyte films, 2452processing, 3237, 3242technique, 1772, 2421, 2461

Layered double hydroxide (LDH), 855, 1741,2458, 2461

Layered materials, 2600–2603

3764 Index

Layered titania sols, 167–168LDH, see Layered double hydroxide (LDH)Leaching, 3717Lead zirconate-lead titanate (PZT), 1068Lead-free ferroelectric thin films

BNT thin films, 678–681BZT-xBCT thin films, 681–686KNN thin films, 671–678

Leakage, 674, 681, 688LEIM techniques, see Local electrochemical

impedance mapping (LEIM)LEIS technique, see Localized electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (LEIS)Lepidocrocite titanates, 741, 743, 744Lew rats femours, 35317Li, 1282Li2O-Al2O3-GeO2-P2O5, 1345Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramics, 252Li2O-SiO2-P2O5 glasses, 1345Li4Ti5O12, 2616LiCoO2, 2600LiFePO4, 2600, 2605Lifetime, 2900–2901

measurements, 1617Ligand exchange, 3043Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT), 2959Light emitting diode (LED), 2119Light streak, 1570Light yield, scintillators, 2275Light-directed chemical synthesis, 3440Lightweight products, 518Li-ion storage capacity, 2598Limestones, 2865LiMnO2, 2600, 2603LiNbO3 ferroelectric material, 171–172Linear concentration range, 3708Linear (resistance) polarization, 2382Linear velocity, 1941LiNiO2, 2602LiNiPO4, 2609Lipases, 2920–2921Liquid chromatography, 1939Liquid crystal display (LCD) cell, 2020Liquid intrusion, 1404–1406Liquid mass separation, 161, 1992–1996Liquid phase deposition, 3275–3276Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), 2342Lithium

batteries, 754–755, 790, 1027–1028, 1105,1345, 2574–2575, 2577

insertion, 2611titanium oxide, 2613transition, 1079

LiVOPO4, 2612Ln3+ ions, 2312Local anodes, 2387Local defects, 2387, 2389Local electrochemical impedance mapping

(LEIM), 2391, 2392Localised electrochemical techniques,

2387–2392Localized attack, 2378Localized corrosion, 3534, 3542, 3547Localized electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (LEIS), 1766, 2388,2390, 2391

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR),2509, 2515, 2523, 2525, 2526

Lock and key model, 2918Long term corrosion protection, 1801Longitudinal couplers, 1570Long-term switching experiments, 2752Lorenz-Lorentz equation, 2315Loss measurements, 1578Loss tangent, 487Low κ dielectric, 3203

materials, 3196Low-temperature Sol–gel (solution-gelation)

process, 3492LSC, loss mechanism, 2115Luminescence spectroscopy

in glass-ceramic waveguides, 1634–1637in rare earth activated micro-and

nanospheres, 1638–1640Luminescence-based sensors, 2118Luminescent materials, 1110Luminescent molecules, 937Luminescent solar concentrators, 2105, 2114Lyophilization, 906Lyotropic liquid crystals, 1978

MMacro-meso-porous titania graphene-

nanocomposite, 2349Macropores, 1402, 1940, 1941, 1946, 3565,

3566, 3577Macroporous, 2667

materials, 2668silica, 1408

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), 466Magic-angle spinning (MAS), 1264, 1308Magnesium alloys, 2450, 2475

aeronautic industry, 2476anodizing, 2480–2483automotive industry, 2475–2476

Index 3765

Magnesium alloys (cont.)chromate coatings, 2478–2480epoxy coatings, 2486–2487healthcare industry, 2476–2477history, 2474–2475plasma electrolytic oxidation, 2483–2485self-healing coatings, 2493–2496silane coatings, 2492–2493sol–gel coatings, 2487–2492

Magnetic dipole, 2305Magnetic dipole-dipole coupling, 1311–1317Magnetic moment, 1306Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), 466Magnetic shielding, 1307–1309Magnetically guided delivery, 3678Magnetite (Fe3O4), 466, 3231Magnetite (Fe3O4)-based microparticles,

467–470Magnetoliposome, 3678–3680Magnetooptical materials, 2082–2083Magnetoplumbite, 2042Magnetoplumbite phase, 321 CUBITRON®,

2044Magnetron cooling fan, 487Malonamide-bridged hybrid membrane, 2995Marble, 2867Mark–Houwink–Sakurada relation, 1471Marshmallow-like gels, 3328–3331Mass spectrometry (MS), 3135–3139Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) massspectrometry, 3136, 3138

Matthiesen’s rule, 1700Mayenite, 855MC3T3-E1, 3648MCM41, 2358, 3025Mechanical behavior, 1429, 1443, 1449Mechanical disorder, 1157Mechanical properties, 200, 1514, 1522, 1524,

1561, 2446, 3517aerogels, 1555hardness, 1560of hybrids, 1551, 1553inorganic glasses, 1557M–O–PDMS hybrids, 1557organic/inorganic coatings, 1548Ormosils, 1550polysilsesquioxane aerogels, 3200polysilsesquioxane xerogels, 3199Sono-Ormosils, 1556

Mechanical stability, 1516Mediatiting layer, 3637Medical diagnoses, 3394, 3396

Mega Joule Laser program, 591Melt quenching, 3563Melting gels, 1846Melting temperature, 1839Melt-quench, 3563, 3572Melt-quenched glass, 633Membrane, 784, 3666

and film materials, 2721–2722reactors, 1998–2004

MEMS, 3097, 3105Mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), 1771Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 1771, 2445,

2446, 2461, 24652-Mercaptobenzothiazole, 1808, 2463, 24653-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3128, 3134Mercaptosilane, 3051Mercaptotrimethoxysilylpropane, 2872Mercury porosimetry method, 1405, 1989Merocyanine (MC), 2956Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 3528Mesopore structure, 836, 844Mesopores, 1402, 1406, 1407, 1941, 1946,

3180, 3196, 3198, 3566Mesoporosity, 3178, 3184, 3200Mesoporous, 3076, 3083, 3085Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs), 1342,

1344, 3599bactericide capabilities of, 3613–3615bone tissue regeneration, scaffolds for,

3610–3613for drug delivery, 3615vs. sol–gel glasses, 3601–3607

Mesoporous carbon, 2345Mesoporous materials, 19, 20, 1054

carbon-dots (see Carbon-dots)graphene (see Graphene)

Mesoporous membranesdefinition, 2976sieving mechanism, 2976

Mesoporous nanoparticles, 2454Mesoporous oxide thin films (MPF), 2508

catalysis, 2522–2523metal loading, characterization of,

2520–2521optical characterization, 2515–2517optical devices, 2525–2527sensors, 2523–2525structural characterization, 2517–2519synthesis methods, 2509–2515

Mesoporous particles, 2463Mesoporous polysilsesquioxanes

adsorbents, 3201anti-corrosion coatings, 3201

3766 Index

bridged polysilsesquioxanes, 3189–3196catalysts, 3202chromatographic materials, 3203coatings, 3196copolymers of silsesquioxanes and silica,

3188–3189general procedures, 3180–3184low κ dielectric films, 3203membranes, 3203–3204optical coatings, 3204particles, 3197pendant polysilsesquioxanes, 3184–3188polysilsesquioxane aerogels, 3200polysilsesquioxane xerogels, 3198–3200sunscreens, 3204surfactant and polymer templated materials,

3200–3201Mesoporous silica, 3005

nanocontainers, 2454nanoparticles, 3017–3018, 3030particles, 2356

Mesoporous thin films, 2607Mesoporous TiO2 films, sol–gel preparation of,

2559–2561Mesostructured material, 3189Metakaolins, 194Metal alkoxides, 2437

β-hydrogen elimination, 51–52ether and ester elimination, 50–51fluoride cluster, 375, 383heterometallic alkoxide precursors

(see Heterometallic precursors)homometallic precursors (see Homometallic

precursors)oxidation, 49–50partial hydrolysis, 48–49solvolysis, 52–53thermal desolvation, 52

Metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, 639–645Metal ceramic composite electrodes (Metal

CCEs), 2681–2682Metal coatings, 2372–2373Metal colloids, 2162

decorative coatings on glass, 2168new coating technologies application,

2170–2172non-linear optical properties, 2167spectra of, 2164synthesis routes to, 2165theoretical background, 2162

Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), 2360Metal fluoride

coatings, 342

hydroxide, 393xerogel powders, 366

Metal ions, 551principle of stabilization, 2167

Metal loadings, 2520–2521Metal matrix composites (MMC), 2056Metal nanoparticles (NP), 3048

catalysis, 2522–2523metal loading, characterization of,

2520–2521optical characterization, 2515–2517optical devices, 2525–2527sensors, 2523–2525structural characterization, 2517–2519synthesis methods, 2509–2515

Metal organic deposition (MOD), 436Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 856Metal oxide nanoparticles, non-hydrolytic

sol–gelacetophenone route, 1050alkoxide and ether routes, 1049benzylamine route, 1050–1051benzyl alcohol route, 1048carboxylic acid route, 1049–1050evaporated-induced self-assembly,

1053–1054microwave-assisted deposition, 1054nanofillers, 1053oriented attachment and mesocrystals,

1051tert-butyl alcohol route, 1048

Metal oxide thin film preparationmodified Pechini’s method, 137Pechini’s method, 134using acetylacetone, 148–150with alkanolamines, 140–142

Metal oxides nanomaterials, 500Metal salt precursors, 851–856Metal salts, 134Metal substrates, 2423Metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT),

2952, 2954Metallasilsesquioxanes, 3169–3172Metallic coatings, 1733Metallic iron (α-Fe), 471–473Metallic patterns, 2511Metallic substrates, 2442, 3516, 3541Metallic surfaces, 2436Metastable phase, 1095Methacrylate, 3005Methacrylate groups, 2407Methacrylic monomers, 3087Methylacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2872

Index 3767

γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(γ-MPTS), 3643

3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 1357Methylene blue, 492Methylmethacrylate (MMA), 3686Methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), 284–285,

847, 2095, 2097, 2225, 2849, 2861,2940, 2942, 2957, 3323

TEOS systems, 1356Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 films, 716MgF2 thin films, 343Mg(O-C2H5)2, 1850Micelles, 2346, 3679Micro-and nanofabrication, hybrid materials,

see Hybrid organic–inorganic (HOI)sol–gel systems

Micro-and nano-spherical resonators, 1638Micro injection moulding, 3081Micro Total Analysis Systems, 3436Microarc deposition, 537Microcells, 1767Micro-cracks, 511, 512, 2404Microdot, 3013Microelectrodes, 1763, 2390Microemulsion, 494Micro-engineered abrasive mineral systems,

2032Microfabrication, 2349

hybrid materials (see Hybridorganic–inorganic (HOI) sol–gelsystems)

Microfluidic elements, 3436Microlens, 3103, 3105

arrays, 2181, 2184–2185Micromolding, 3453Micropatterning, 526, 3453–3455Microporosity, 1407Microporous absorbent, 3449Microporous surfaces, 3442Microresonators, 1638Micro-spotting, 3441, 3445, 3451Microstructural anisotropy, 1600Microstructural control, boehmite-derived

aluminous abrasive minerals,2039–2045

Microstructure, 485, 650, 670, 674, 679, 681321 CUBITRON®, abrasive grain, 2043thin films, 2308

Microtransfer molding, 3453Microwave, 1841, 1862

drying, 192heating, 486, 501oven, 486

Microwell plates, 3436MIE scattering, 2291MIE theory, 2162, 3401Migration barrier coatings, 3296, 3300Mineral carbonation, 2537Mineralization, 3527Minimum inhibitory surface concentration

(MISC), 3467Mixed ions-electrons conducting (MIEC)

membranes, 2003Mixed oxides, 1055Mixed-alkali glass, 2659M-line spectroscopy, 1572, 1574MNDO, 3142β-MnO2 nanotubes, 750Mobile deuterons, 2657Mobility, 2650Mode profile, 1575Modified graphene oxide sheet (modGO), 2347Modified Pechini’s method, 137–140Modifiers, 3565Modulus, 3347, 3348, 3353, 3369Molded products, 2721Molding, 2178

mesostructure materials, 2188–2189research progress in, 2187–2188

Molecular brush, 3622Molecular chemistry, non-hydrolytic sol–gel,

1041alkyl halide elimination, 1044–1045ester/acetamide elimination, 1045–1046ether elimination, 1046M-OH groups, 1042–1043

Molecular dynamics (MD)simulations, 2983trajectory, 1877

Molecular imprinting, 2670, 2684Molecular interaction, 489Molecular probe ellipsometry (MPE), 1601Molecular sieving, 1996

type separation, 1417Molecular species, 1844Molecularly imprinting technique, 557Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC),

2584–2586Molybdate inhibitor, 2445Molybdenum oxide coatings, 2757Monoclinic germanium disulfide, 411Monolith(s), 3005–3006, 3014Monolithic capillary column, 847Monolithic columns, 846Monolithic porous silica, HPLC separation

medium

3768 Index

capillary format, 1945linear velocity, 1941particle-packed columns and limitations,

1940phase separation, 1941plate height, 1941plate number, 1941pressure gradient mode, 1943Van Deemter plot, 1941

Monolithic xerogels, 3181Monomers, 3180, 3187, 3192

bridged polysilsesquioxane, 3193, 3203hydrolysis and condensation of, 3179methoxysilane, 3181triethoxysilyl, 3198

Mono-protic acids, 2037Mono-substituted siloxanes, 1846Montrol Scher model, 2562MOPMS, 3647Morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), 668,

671, 678, 681, 684, 685Moth’s eye, 2194MPB-compositions, see Morphotropic phase

boundary (MPB)MSINDO study, 3142mSiO2–CQDs composites, 2357MTEOS, see Methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS)MTMOS, see Methyltrimethoxysilane

(MTMOS)Multianalyte detection, 3727Multiarray, 3728Multicomponent oxide materials, 1091Multi-enzymatic sol–gel biosensors, 3716Multiferroic, 705, 1097materials, 14–15Multilayer, 3725Multilayer casting method, 1974Multilayer structure, 1809Multilayer systems, 2414, 2423Multiple quantum magic angle spinning

(2D MQMAS) technique, 1266Multiple resonance experiments, 1266Multiple scattering series, 1235Multiple-dipping method, 1518Multi-step annealing, 679Mutual solubility, 842

N15N, 1277Nafion, 3722Nano-alloy quantum dots, 645–648Nano-anatase titania, 2352

Nano β-TCP, 3562Nanobuilding blocks, 3120Nanocarriers, 2456NanoChromics™, 2772Nanocomposite aerogels

brittle behaviour, 3383–3385mechanical properties, 3381–3383plastic densification, 3387–3390textural properties, 3378–3381Weibull analysis, 3385–3387

Nanocomposite films, 3047Nanocomposites, 1666, 2340, 2349, 2352,

2356, 2360, 2362, 2364biomaterials, 3054catalysis, 3057chemical sensors, 3056hard coating, 3059NP@MPF (seeMesoporous oxide thin films

(MPF); Metal nanoparticles (NP))sol–gel synthesis, 3043–3054wettability, 3058

Nanocontainers, 1772, 1775, 2418–2423, 2447,2448, 2453, 2456, 2461, 2463, 2465

Nanocrystal(s), 3219, 3559growth, 2304

Nanocrystalline cubic phase, 487Nano-domains, 1679Nanofabrication, hybrid materials, see Hybrid

organic–inorganic (HOI) sol–gelsystems

Nano hydroxyapatite, 3560, 3562, 3576Nano imprint lithography (NIL), 3067, 3069,

3071, 3086, 3089, 3104Nanoindentation, 1514, 1515, 3348, 3513, 3519Nano-lime, 2870Nanomachines, 3030, 3678Nanomaterials, 3725Nanomedicine, 3032Nanomer coatings, 1536, 1542, 2166Nanoparticle(s), 484, 1046, 2312–2314, 2354,

2413, 2418, 2538, 3006–3008,3016–3018, 3124, 3125, 3142,3395–3403, 3412, 3413, 3415, 3725

additives, 2453coin metals, 2108of inorganic scintillators, 2278silver-doped TiO2, 494silver, gold and copper, 2106TiO2, 491ZnWO4, 492

Nanoporous composite materials, 2678Nanoreactor, 2359Nano-reservoirs, 1740, 2418–2423, 2448

Index 3769

Nanorods, 3017Nanoscience and technology, 501Nanoscopic metal fluorides, 376, 395Nanosheets, 860Nano-sized particles, 1661Nanospheres, 3017Nanostructured optical fibers, 2314Nanotraps, 1740Nanotubes, titanate, see Titanate nanotubes

(TNTs)Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3 glasses, 1331–1336Na2O-Al2O3-P2O5 glasses, 1326Na2O-AlPO4-SiO2 glasses, 1329–1331Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glass, 633Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3 glasses, 1339–13401-Naphthol, 2948Naphthopyran, 2071, 2074–2075Na Super Ionic Conductor (NASICON)-type,

857, 2634Na2Ti2O5 . H2O, 741Na2Ti3O7, 746Natural bone, 3557, 3559, 3561, 3583Natural wollastonite, 2542NBS dry gel, 630–631N-doped carbide derived carbon aerogel, 1033Near infrared dye laser, 2114Near IR losses, 2315Neel theory, 710Nernst-Einstein equation, 2653Nernst–Plank equation, 1995Net optical gain, 1587Network formers, 1304Network modifiers, 1304Neutron capture therapy (GdNCT), 3680Neutrons, 2275New bone tissue, 3531Next generation lithographies, 3067,

3087, 3096Ni-base alloy, 776Nickel metal hydride batteries, 2576–2577Nickel oxide and hydroxide coatings,

2758–2760Ni80Fe20–(BiFeO3/BiFe0.95Co0.05O3)

core–shell nanowires, 705NiFe2O4, 2619Niobium oxide (Nb2O5), 477

coatings, 2754–2757Nitridation, 2393Nitride and carbide fibers, 269Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of

mesoporous film, 921, 922Nitrogen BET method, 1414

Nitrogen porosimetry, 3360, 3364NLO sol–gel materials, 2083N-methyl formamide (NFA), 891NO2, 1029Non-aqueous fluorolytic sol gel synthesis

chemical pathway, 364–366mechanistic aspects, 378–391reaction parameters, 366–378

Non-biodegradable hydrogels, 3567, 3568Non-bridging (NBO) oxygen, 1292, 2660Non-destructive methods, 497, 2384Non-electrochemical tests, 2376–2378Non-hydrolytic sol–gel

mesoporous (mixed) oxides, 1054–1058metal oxide nanoparticles, synthesis of,

1046–1054molecular chemistry (see Molecular

chemistry, non-hydrolytic sol–gel)Non-ionic polymeric surfactant, 460Non-ionic poly(oxythylene ether) surfactant

templates, 935Nonionic surfactant, 460Non-linear optical properties, 2167Non-linear optics, 561, 2525–2526Non-oxides, 1275Non-radiative energy exchanges, 1613Non radiative relaxations, 2108Non-silane based sol–gel systems, 542Non-silica sol–gel matrices, 2917Non-siliceous monoliths, 884

Al2O3, 895–896CuO, 896–897Fe3O4, Fe, 893–895phase separation, 890post-synthetic reactions, 889TiO2, 891–893

Non stationary behaviour, 1824Non-steady state techniques, 2378Non-volatile ferroelectric random access

memories (NVFRAM), 1916Non-woven, 3666N2 physisorption, 1019Nuclear electric quadrupole interactions,

1309–1311Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1258,

3132–3135, 3362analysis, 638approach, methodology and interpretation,

1318–1320experimental considerations, 1261–1262fundamental principles, 1306–1307gel materials, 1259

3770 Index

physical background, 1262solid state, internal interactions in,

1307–1318spectra, TEOS, 929spectroscopy, 767time-dependent monitoring, 3129triple-quantum NMR, 1310

Nuclear resonance scattering, 2291Nucleation, 1849, 3628

and growth, 840Nucleophilic catalysis, 3130Number of hydroxyl groups, 2652Nyquist plot, 2385, 2449

OOH-induced fluorescence quenching, 1612Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, 875Oil–water separation, 3329Oligonucleotides, 3432, 3435, 3440, 3442Olivine, 2605–26111-D dielectric microcavity, 16331D photonic crystals, 16331D-pore, 2657One-dimensional techniques, quadrupolar

nuclei, 1265–1266Onset of apatite formation, 3494Open circuit potential, 1786, 1801, 1828Open circuit voltage, 2959Optical amplification, 1610Optical and electrooptical materials

biofilms, 2068filters and solar absorbers, 2079magnetooptical materials, 2082NLO sol–gel materials, 2083–2084optical sensors, 2078photochromic sol–gel materials, 2071photonic sol–gel materials, 2077–2078reflective and antireflective coatings, 2081refractive and photorefractive sol–gel

materials, 2082thin-films, GDLC, 2067–2068UV-protection sol–gel coatings, 2078waveguides, 2081

Optical biosensors, 3710Optical coatings, 3204Optical devices, 2525–2527Optical efficiency of plate, 2115Optical fiber sensor, 2120Optical gain, 1587Optical losses, 2315, 3102

Optical memory disk, 2180, 2182–2184Optical microscope, 3451Optical microscopic examination, 2041Optical pH sensors, 2891Optical properties, 2508, 2515, 2516,

2523, 2525of waveguide, 2311

Optical response, 2882, 2899Optical sensors, 2078, 3107Optical spectroscopy, 1609, 2312Optical waveguides, 1566Optical window, 3683Optimal solvents, 627Ordered mesoporous thin films

evaporation induced self-assembly(see Evaporation induced self-assembly methods)

growth from air/solution interface, 951–960growth from solution-substrate interface,

960–972pulsed laser deposition, 973vapor phase deposition, 972

Oreophobicizing effect, 2701Organic aerogels, 1004Organically modified ceramics, 1871Organically modified silicates (Ormosils),

2099, 2668, 2675, 2679alkoxides, 3068, 3078, 3086, 3087

Organic bonds, 1558Organic chemical functionalities, 3178Organic components, 1548Organic compounds, 2416

quantum dots, 653–659Organic content curves, 1559Organic corrosion inhibitors, 2445, 2454Organic dyes, 2565–2566, 2881Organic encapsulation approach, 600–602Organic functional groups, 2440, 2443Organic groups, 1558Organic inhibitors, 2419Organic–inorganic aerogels, 1555Organic–inorganic coatings, 3510, 3528

mechanical properties, 1548Organic–inorganic components, 1557, 1561Organic–inorganic composites, 391, 1558Organic–inorganic constituents, 1560Organic–inorganic hybrid, 1048, 1051,

1548, 1560materials, 2643, 3319scintillators, 2280

Organic–inorganic interface, 1549, 1561Organic–inorganic network, 1558, 1559

Index 3771

Organic–inorganic phases, 1559size, 1549type I, 1549

Organic–inorganic sol–gel hybrid materialsFourier transform Raman (FT-Raman)

spectroscopy, 1353infrared spectroscopy, 1356multinuclear NMR spectroscopy,

1361–1369Raman spectroscopy, 1353–1355

Organic laser dyes, 2099Organic light-emitting diodes, 2105Organic nanocontainers, 2448Organic paints, 2441Organic polymerization, 3072, 3075, 3078Organic polymers, 1548, 1558Organic spacer groups, 1558Organic templates, 748Organic templating method, 1978Organo(alkoxy)silanes, 3002Organoalkoxysilanes hydrolytic condensation,

3121, 3122, 3129Organo-functional groups, 2436Organo-inorganic matrices, 2096–2099Organopolysiloxanes, 3322Organosilane, 937Organosilicas, 2985, 3184, 3186, 3202Organosilicon compounds, 2675Organotrialkoxysilanes, 3178, 3184, 3186,

3188, 3189, 3203Ormocer®, 1536, 1871, 2675, 2850, 2871,

3069, 3079, 3105, 3299, 3310Ormosils, 6, 1536, 1560, 2871, 3576, 3577,

3582, 3624, 3716with colloidal silica, 1552hardness, 1552–1553mechanical properties, 1550modified bioactive, 1552thermal stabilization, 1553Young’s modulus, 1550–1552

Osetaoclast, 3584Osetointegration, 356117O solid state NMR, 1368Osseointegration, 3507, 3539, 3547Osteoblasts, 3556, 3573, 3584, 3636

proliferation, 3536Osteoclasts, 3573Osteoconduction, 3557Osteoconductive, 3559Osteocysts, 3573Osteogenesis, 3557, 3559Osteogenic, 3577Osteoinduction, 3557

Osteointegration, 3557, 3560Ostwald ripening, 507, 3333Ostwald viscometer, 1461–1462Outdoor, 2890Oxidation resistance, 2394Oxidative decomposition, 496Oxide contamination, 417Oxide/fluoride nanocomposite thin films,

350–353Oxide graded films, 553Oxide nanoparticles, 2441, 2453, 3046Oxide nanorods, 527Oxide/SWNT-CA composites, 3350Oxidoreductases, 3713Oxime ligation, 3020Oxycarbides, 1274–1275Oxyfluoride glass–ceramics, 346–350Oxygen barriers, 3308Oxygen reduction electrodes, 2685–2687Oxygen storage capacity (OCS), 819

P31P, 1278–1281Paint(s)

adhesion, 1818application, 1735composition, 1734on historic glass, 2872manufacture, 1735

Pake pattern, 2656Parallel assays, 3436Partial charge model, 206, 207Partially dense aerogels (PDA), 1488, 1502Partially densified aerogels, 1967Particle(s), 3180, 3181, 3186, 3197–3198,

3395, 3398, 3399, 3403–3424,3528–3529

modified consolidants, 2866release, 3536size, 769, 2616

Particle-packed columns, 1940Particulate basic sols, 2401Passivation potential, 2381Passive current density, 2381Passive metals, 1731Passive oxide film, 3506Pathlength, 2685Pattern, 3728Patterning, 1109

silicate surfactant films, 970–972207Pb, 1282Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films, 668

3772 Index

Pd colloids, 2164PDMS/SWNT-CA composites, 334831P DRENAR, 1328P–E loop

ballistic galvanometer, 1677–1678commercial equipment, 1678Sawyer–Tower bridge method, 1676–1678symmetric and asymmetric shapes, 1678

Pechini, M.P., 1069, 1090Pechini method, 82, 84, 86, 100, 134–137

applications, 1077–1086limitation, 1072preparation and properties, 1071–1077reactions, 1071

Pechini process, 1069applications, 1077–1086ceramic precursors, 1072preparation and properties, 1071–1077

Pechini-type process, 2633PEGylation, 3416Pencil hardness, 778Pendant copolymers, 3162–3166Penetration, 3518Pentamers, 1845Peptization, 767Percolation conductivity, 2679Percolation gelation analogy, 1507Perhydropolysilazanes, 2871Periodic mesoporous organosilica, 3008

nanoparticles, 3018, 3032Periodic mesoporous structures, 3178, 3197Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), 3493Perioglas®, 3492Permalloy, 705Permanent implants, 3507Permeability, 2667Permeation coefficient, 1417Permporometry, 2987Permselectivity, 2674Perovskite, 669, 671, 673, 674, 677, 679, 681,

685, 686, 2634solar cell, 12

Peroxyester-W derivative, 2752Persistent spectral hole burning, 2322

glasses, 2323–2324high temperature, 2334sol–gel glasses, 2326thermal stability, 2331

Pervaporation process, 2990–2992Perylimide dyes, 2099Pesticides, 496pH, 1768

effect, 533

indicators, 3724sensor, 2359, 2902

Phase diagram, 932, 933Phase separable solutions, 241Phase separation, 19, 1941, 2666, 3322Phase separation agent (PEO), 878Phenolphtalein, 1749Phenomenological model, 1175Phenyl, 3075, 3077, 3099Phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES), 1846Phonon confinement, 1175–1176Phosphate(s), 3234Phosphate coatings, 1733Phosphating, 777Phosphors, 1099Phosphorus-containing compounds, 851Photo acid generators (PAG), 3070, 3084Photocatalyst, 8, 514, 755–756, 3057Photocatalyst coating application

to building materials, 2730–2732to glass, 2732to windowpanes, 2732–2742

Photocatalystic filmsapplications, 607–608basic/acidic solutions, thin film deposition,

612–615liquid solution processing, 610–612water exposure, treatments, 608–610

Photocatalyst technology, 497Photocatalytic activity, 493Photocatalytic cleaning glass, 2733, 2734

characteristic of, 2733coating film heat treatment, 2737coating solution, photocatalyst film

preparation, 2735–2736vs. normal float glass, 2740oil decomposition on, 2734outdoor exposure, 2740plate glass coating with photocatalyst film,

2736–2737self-cleaning effect, 2738–2742

Photocatalytic cleaning (self-cleaning) action,2730

Photocatalytic effect, 2731Photocatalytic properties, 490Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings, principle,

2698–2703Photocatalytic surfaces, 3257Photocatalytic system, 3469–3470Photochemical splitting of water, 499Photochemistry, 547Photochromic inorganic compounds, 2074Photochromic sol–gel materials, 2071–2077

Index 3773

Photochromism, 2526–2527, 2956–2957Photodegradation, 490, 3076, 3099

efficiency, 494Photodynamic therapy, 3680Photoelectric conversion properties, dye-doped

titania, 2958–2965Photoelectrochemical applications, 2676Photo-excitation, 2557Photofluorescent reporters, 3683Photoinduced hydrophilic conversion,

2700–2703Photoionization, 2332Photolithography, 2178Photoluminescence (PL), 598, 600, 602, 605,

2354, 2364spectroscopy, 1586

Photolysis, 3070, 3073Photonic and optoelectronic devices, 1609Photonic band gap (PBG), 2128, 2129, 2133,

2134, 2149, 2153Photonic crystalsdeposition methods,

2139–2141materials for, 2130–21321D photonic crystals, 2141–2144structures of, 2132–2136template-based synthesis, 2136–21383D photonic crystals, 1631, 2149–21532D photonic crystals, 2144–2149

Photonic sol–gel materials, 2078Photonic structures, 2303Photopic transmittance, 2764Photoreduction, 3058Photorefractive Sol–gel materials, 2082Photoresists, 3066, 3087, 3096, 3097Photosensitivity, 2312Photostability, 2073, 2110, 3413–3416

rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G, 2112Photothermal deflection, 1584Photovoltaic cells, 2117Photovoltaic devices, 2556Photovoltaic performance stability, 2567–2569Photovoltaic solar energy, 2117Physical adsorption, 1412Physical barrier, 2407Physical gas adsorption, 1414Physical gel, 3558Physical interactions, 3558Physisorption, 3434Piezoelectric, 1667

elastic parameters, transportation linemethod, 1687–1689

electromechanical coupling factor,1686–1687

equations, 1685–1686piezoelectric film/substrate system,

piezoelectric coefficient of,1690–1691

static/quasi-static method, piezoelectricconstants, 1689–1690

vibrators and determination, 1687Piezoelectric d33 coefficient, 671, 675, 677,

678, 682, 687Piezoelectric effect, 668Pigment-oil suspensions, 1473Pillar, 3085, 3092Pin-printing, 3728pKa, acid catalyst, 3124Planar waveguides, 1609Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO),

2450, 2483Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition,

1974Plasma polymerization, 1980Plasmon coupling effect, 2360Plasmonic gas sensors, 2118Plasmonic sensors, 3108Plastic densification, silica aerogels, 1503–1506Plastic flow, 1457Plastic scintillators, 2276Plate height, 1941Plate number, 1941Platinum divinyltetramethyldisiloxane

complex, 1017PL properties, 658Pluronic F127, 848, 1772Pluronic P123, 845, 3570, 3579Poisson’s ratio, 1520Polarization, 668, 675, 677, 682, 686, 687

curve, 2381, 2382, 2396, 2401, 2406,2408, 2415

resistance, 2383, 2384, 2386, 2395,2396, 2402

techniques, 1786transfer experiments, 1264transfer techniques, 3132

Pollutants, 2882Polyacrylamide, 3442Polyamide (PA), 3648Poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT), 3664Polycarbosilanes, 1016, 1022Poly(c-glutamic acid), 3579Polycomponent gels, 1841Polycondensation reaction, 197, 282, 2095Polydimethylsilane, 3624Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 3453, 3455,

3576, 3577, 3626

3774 Index

Polyelectrolyte, 1741, 1774, 2461, 2462, 2464layers, 2423multilayers, 2421

Poly(E-caprolactone) (PCL), 3663, 3664Polyesterification, 1090Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 97, 114, 2940,

3561, 3643, 3721Polyethyleneimine (PEI), 1772Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), 3664Polyglycolic acid (PGA), 3567Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS),

3120, 3124, 3127, 3132, 3139, 3154bead copolymers, 3166blended POSS nanocomposites, 3160–3162classification, 3154cross-linkable copolymers, 3167–3169fully condensed compounds, 3155–3156incompletely condensed POSS, 3156–3157ladder-like condensed silsesquioxanes,

3157–3158metallasilsesquioxanes, 3169–3172pendant copolymers, 3162–3166polymeric nanocomposites containing

POSS, 3158–3159synthetic strategies, 3154

Polyhydridomethylsiloxane (PHMS), 1027Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), 469Polyimide matrix, 3053Polylactic acid (PLA), 3567, 3663Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), 3668Polymer, 2667, 2668, 2670, 2672, 2676

CNT composite, 3348coatings, 2374doping, 2677–2678grafting, 2678matrix, 3052templating, 3180, 3181–3184, 3187–3188,

3191–3196Polymer derived ceramic (PDC), 1015Polymeric, 3563

capsules, 2466nanocomposites containing POSS,

3158–3159Polymeric gel method, 82–84

chemistry, 84–85formation and behavior of, 92–94high quality ceramics, 98–100metal complexes, 87–92precursors, 85–87thin films and coatings, 101–102ultrafine powders, 100–101

Polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP),3633

Polymerizable complex (PC) method, 82, 214,217, 226, 227, 229

amorphous metal complex method, 95–96efficient use of, 102–105free radical polymerization, 96–97monomers and ligands, 96origin of, 82soluble polymers, 97

Polymerization, 698, 1102, 1849, 2112, 2438chemistry, 3197, 3204

Polymer/SWNT composite, 3348Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 905,

2138, 3559, 3575Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ), 847, 3324Polyorganosiloxane film, 2247Polyoxometalates, 2676Polypyrrole, 2672Polysaccharide, 3055, 3214, 3242, 3567

crystalline, 3215–3224nanocomposite, 3224–3238

Polysilazane, 1016, 1030, 1031Polysiloxane, 1016, 2678Polysilsesquioxane, 518–527, 3075,

3096, 3108mesoporous (see Mesoporous

polysilsesquioxanes)Polystyrene (PS), 905, 2138Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), 1772Polyurethane microcapsules, 2465Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 97, 3673Polyvinylchloride (PVC), 3648Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 286, 295, 463Polyvinylsilsesquioxane, 3331Polyvynilpyrrolidone (PVP), 677Pore(s), 1412, 3557, 3558, 3574

classification, 1401organisation, 2340, 2346, 2349, 2352size, 1402size distribution, 1413structure, 836, 3654three-dimensional imaging, 1407–1408

Porod invariant, 1957Porod’s law, 1193, 1959, 1963Porogens, 2666, 3566Porosity, 780, 1585, 2880, 3180, 3494

definition, 1400density measurement, 1400–1402polysilsesquioxane aerogels, 3200polysilsesquioxane xerogels, 3198pore volume determination, 1402–1408surfactant and polymer templated materials,

3200–3201Porous anatase coatings, 115–116

Index 3775

Porous anti-soiling SiO2 films, 3259–3266Porous corrugated surfaces, 3257Porous fluoride coatings, 342Porous hybrids, 3653Porous materials, 1427–1428, 1431Porous nanocontainers, 2463Porous photocatalytic films, 3258Porous scaffolds, 3055Porous texture, 1426, 1441, 1445, 1446, 1449Porphyrines, 3011, 3027Portable measurement unit, 2890, 2903(P2O5)x-(SiO2)1-x, 1344Posner cluster, 3633POSS with poly(methyl methacrylate)

(PMMA), 3160Post-pyrolysis treatments, 1031–1034Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP),

589, 591Potassium silicate solutions, 188Potentiodynamic curves, 2382, 2397, 2406Potentiodynamic polarization, 1786, 1795,

1801, 1828, 3522, 3533, 3538,3543, 3545

Potentiodynamic tests, 2379, 2402Potentiometry, 1750Potentiostatic deposition, 507Powders, 1841Powder synthesis, 1108Power compensated DSC, 1839Preceramic polymer, 1015Precipitate, 3559Precipitation, 1095

method, 488polymerization, 1018

Precursor(s), 2599, 3558, 3561, 3563, 3564concentration, 3127of HA, 3559list, 2098and solvents, 626–627

Preformed silicate films, 2678Pre-hydrolysis, 928Preparation process, borosilicate glasses,

623–631Preventive conservation, 2878Prism-coupling technique, 1570Prism-sliding method, 1579–1581Propagation modes, 1567Propagator matrix, 1235Property, 632–633Protection methods, 2372Protective coatings, 2436, 2447

ceramic and glass coatings, 2374–2375corrosion (see Corrosion)

deposition methods for, 2373inorganic and hybrid coatings, 2393–2423metal coatings, 2372–2373polymer coatings, 2374use of, 2392

Protective hybrid sol–gel coatings, 2405Protective layer, 3522Protein arrays, 3434, 3454Proteins, 3055, 3434Proton conductivity, 2650Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

(PEMFC), 2578–2584Proton transport number, 2659Pseudo-boehmite, 767, 1850, 2034Pt catalyst, 1016Pulling-up-sphere method, 1460–1461Pulsed laser deposition, 973–974Pulse FT NMR spectrometer, 1262Pulse-height spectra, 2281Pycnometry, 1403–1404Pyrene

environmental polarity, 2935–2938hybrid systems, 2940–2942molecular dispersion, and motion/

interaction, 2938–2940Pyrenyl-substituted trimethoxysilane (PyTMS),

2939Pyrex-type glass, 5Pyrolysis, 1015, 1020

of organic aerogels, 1951–1952PZT and PLZT ceramics, 173

QQ units, 3642Q-factor, 1638QuadFit, 1268Quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill

(QCPMG) pulse sequence, 1264Quality protocol, 2884, 2889Quantification limit, 3708Quantum chemical calculation (QCC), 3139Quantum dot, 2565, 3395, 3403–3424, 3683Quantum efficiency, 1619, 2102, 2108Quantum mechanical calculation (QMC), 3139Quantum Monte Carlo calculations, 3142Quantum yield, 1618Quarternary ammonium compounds (QACs),

3466, 3467Quarternary ammonium silanes (QatS), 3467Quartz-crystal microbalance, 3435Quenching concentration, 1614Quenching the melt, 3563QYs, 659

3776 Index

RRadiant flux, 493Radiative lifetimes, 1627Radiative striations, 314Radiotherapy, 454Ragone plot, 3366Raman scattering, 2351Raman spectra, 3145Raman spectroscopy, 183, 1353,

3512, 3538glass ceramics, 1173–1175instrumentation, 1158nanocrystals, 1175–1179selection rule, 1157uses, 1154xerogels, 1167–1170

Random lasers, 2083–2084Random network architectures, 3131Rapid thermal annealing (RTA), 713Rare earth(s), 2413

activated micro-and nanospheres, 1638clustering-induced luminescence

quenching, 1612–1619doped glasses, 1586doped oxide scintillators, 2277earth ions, 2302fluorides, 334ion-doped glasses, 2324oxyfluoride thin films, 345oxyfluorides (REOF), 334

Rare earth doped filmsapplications, 598–600europium complexes, 602organic encapsulation approach, 600terbium complexes, 604

Reactant species, 488Reactive modeling, 1878Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 3556, 3571,

3583Reactivity, 32, 44Real liquids, 1458Rechargeable batteries, 2597Reconstitution, 516Recyclability, 494REDOR, 1312Redox, 2666, 2671–2672, 2674, 2689

mediator, 3710I3�/I� electrolytes, 2771

processes, 2560Reduced graphene oxide (rGO),

2343, 2672Reduction, 576

approach, 2510–2512

Reflection, 2224characteristics, 2225low, 2224

Reflection measurement, 1633Reflective coating

dip-coating, 2215film composition determination, 2211high laser damage threshold mirrors, 2207HUD system, 2209lamp properties, 2207manufacturing, 2212–2213new coating method, 2215–2217new patterning process, 2217–2219optical design, 2210–2211preparation of coating solution,

2213–2215screen printing, 2215

Refractive index, 1568, 2082, 3126REGAL®, 2032Regeneration, 2889, 2901–2902Regenerative medicine, 3637Reinforced coating, 3525Reinforced polymer composites, 758–759Release kinetics, 2446Repeatability reproducibility, 3708Residual OH, 1614Residual stress

definition, 277sol–gel-derived oxide thin films, 299–307

Resilience, 1552Resin spacer, 2022Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF), 3356–3362Resorption, 3559, 3563, 3583Response time, 2899–2900Reverse osmosis, 497Reversibility, 2901–2902, 3708Reversible addition-fragmentation chain

transfer (RAFT) copolymerization,3164

Reversible photochromism, 2074Reynolds number, 1460RGD, see Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)Rhodamines

dyes, 2102polarity of, 2112

Rhodamine, 6G (R6G), 2948–2949Rhodamine B (RB), 492, 2949–2952Ring-opening metathesis polymerization

(ROMP), 3163Rotating cylinder viscometer, 1463–1464Rotational echo double resonance (REDOR),

1312, 1323, 1326, 1328, 1344pulse sequence, 1312

Index 3777

Rotational-Echo Adiabatic Passage DoubleResonance (REAPDOR), 1267

Rotor assisted polarisation transfer (RAPT),1265

Rubbers, 3054Ruthenium(II)hexaammine probes, 2666Rutile, 1850, 3644

SSacrificial polymer, 3566Salt spray tests, 2415Sample thickness, 1224Sand test, 1542Sandstones, 2865Satellite transitions, 1309SAXS spectra, 3380SBA-15, 845, 3005Scaffolds, 3557, 3559, 3561, 3563, 3565, 3576,

3577, 3579, 3584, 3610–3615, 3621Scaling, 1159Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM),

547, 1766, 3734Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 2137,

2151, 2514, 2517, 2518, 2520, 3731of anodic porous alumina, 2138of PLZT, 2147of resist molds, 2137of SiO2 opal, 21392D TiO2 photonic crystal, 2145

Scanning ion-selective electrode technique(SIET), 1750

application, 1761–1763corrosion and healing of coatings,

1767–1771measurements, 1759–1760sol–gel process, 1771–1777

Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP), 1766Scanning vibrating electrode technique

(SVET), 1742, 2390, 2419, 2420,2423, 2424, 2452

AA2024-T3 alloy, 1748aluminum alloy, 2024-T3, 1748corrosion and healing of coatings,

1767–1771instrumentation, 1743–1745limitations, 1747measurements, 1745–1747sol–gel process, 1771–1777

Scattering intensity function in absolute scale,1227

Scattering-detection technique, 1581–1584Scherer’s model, 1954

Sciatic nerve, 3675Scintillation

detectors, 2275spectra, 2287

Scintillators, 2274Scotch tape test, 1541Scratch, 3519Scratch test, 778, 1516Scratch testing, 1539Screen printed electrodes, 3727Screening, 3727Sealant spacer, 2023Second generation biosensors, 3710Second moment, 1312Second order quadrupolar effect, 1311Second-order optical nonlinearity, 1652–1656Seebeck effect, 1709Seeding layers, 686Seeding process, 2044Segregate, 3582Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), 2519Selective light absorption filter

picture quality, 2263structure and spectral transmittance, 2260techniques, 2261–2263manufacturing process, 2263

Selectivity, 3708Self-assembled monolayers (SAM's), 3647Self-assembled nanophase particle (SNAP),

1771Self-assembled surfactants, 3178, 3181, 3204Self-assembly, 2341, 3141Self-cleaning effect

evaluation method, 2738–2740of glass, photocatalyst film, 2738photocatalytic cleaning glass outdoor

exposure, 2740–2742research on, photocatalyst, 2730

Self-cleaning/sterilization coatings, 2696Self-combustion, 3278Self-erasing device, 2748Self-healing, 1739, 1772, 1808, 2449, 2455,

2460, 2462, 2478, 2479coatings, 2450, 2493corrosion protective properties, 2450mechanisms, 2437protection, 2409

Self-humidifying ability, 514Semiconductivity, 1029Sensing, 3030Sensitive phase, 2881Sensitive quadrupole nuclei

27Al, 1283–128711B, 1283

3778 Index

7Li, 128217O, 1287–129251V, 1287

Sensitivity, 3708Sensors, 2117, 2523–2525Separation efficiency, 1416Separation media, 3331Sequestration, 2552SERS, see Surface enhanced Raman scattering

(SERS)Shake-off satellites, 1384Shake-up satellites, 1384Shear strain, 1456Short-range order, 1304Shrinkage, 512, 629Shrinkage rate, 630Shrinkage volume, 3379α-Si3N4/β-SiC composite, 1031β-SiC, 1022Si-C bonds, 1844Si-C system, 1022–1026SiC/C, 102629Si chemical shifts, 3132Si-C-N system, 1030–1031, 1033Sieving mechanism, 2976Signal enhancement, 1588Si-H groups, 1016Silane, 3049, 3441, 3624

coatings, 2492composite films, 544

Silanization, 3441, 3443Silanized-glass, 3446Silanol(s), 2670, 3120, 3122, 3136, 3573, 3574Silanol groups (Si–OH), 2095, 3565,

3573, 3641Silcon-zirconium alkoxides, 2872Silica (SiO2), 842, 1049, 1053, 1057, 3075,

3078, 3084, 3085, 3099, 3102,3224–3226, 3241, 3350, 3395,3403–3425, 3432, 3434, 3563,3574, 3579

aerogel, 18–19, 1158–1165, 3318(see also Aerogels)

based hybrid, 3577based inorganic–organic hybrid materials,

1844CaO-P2O5, 1342chitosan, 3579coatings, 2393, 2398, 2399, 2401, 2403coating sols, 2167emulsions and foams, 880–882fibers, 3576films, 1531gel, 3563

gel network, 3565gelatin, 3566gelatin hybrid, 3560gelation, 3577gels, 1841GPTMS scaffolds, 3579HfO2 planar waveguides, 1636HfO2 systems, 1635ice templating, 882–883LaF3 glass–ceramics, 348microparticles, 454, 458–460nanoparticles, 3564PbO coatings, absorbance spectra of, 2169phase separation, 878–880refractive index, 223180SiO2–20TiO2–AlO3/2 system, 1615SnO2 glass-ceramic waveguides, 1637SnO2 systems, 1635, 2303SWNT-CA composite, 3351thin films, 3509–3525TIO2, 3574, 3576

Silica coat, 3396–3403Silica colloid method, 238–239Silica gels, 1844

antibodies trapped in, 2921enzyme immobilization, 2917films, 320lipases, 2920monolithic porous silica (see Monolithic

porous silica, HPLC separationmedium)

Silica nanocontainers, 2462Silica nanoparticles, 2407, 3510, 3519,

3543, 3545Silica precursor, 3577Silica sols, 2870, 2871

Silica spacercharacterization, 2023compression characteristics, 2026dispersion in sealent, 2024particle size distribution, 2023–2024physical properties, 2024–2025SEM photograph, 2022synthesis, 2026–2028

Silica spheres, 1639Silica supported Ru–Cu catalysts, 811Silica–alumina catalysts, 828Silica-based materials, 2302Silica-polyimide hybrids, 1559Silicate, 1269–1272, 2536, 3434, 3435

composite electrode (see Composites)glass scintillators, 2279

Silica–tin dioxide system, 2302Silica-zirconia hybrid coatings, 2405

Index 3779

Silicon alkoxide, 258Silicon carbide (SiC), 1015, 2032Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC), 1015

aerogels, 1027Silicon tetrachloride, 2860Silicon-29, 1268–1269Silicone alkoxide, 3395Silicones, 3322Silicon-oxycarbide, 3199Silmulated body fluid (SBF), 3560Siloxane, 3435, 3558

bonds, 3120, 3121materials, 2096polymers, 260skeleton, 3632

Siloxane ≡ Si–O–Si ≡3564

Silsesquioxane, 2670, 3178, 3184, 3188, 3192,3203, 3322

self-organization, 3123Silsesquioxanes architecture

acid-catalyzed synthesis, 3123–3126base-catalysed synthesis, 3126–3128calculation methods, 3142–3145condensation of building blocks,

3129–3130hydrolytic condensation, in-situ water

production, 3128–3129infrared spectroscopy, 3131–3132long range ordering, 3139–3142mass spectrometry and chromatography,

3135–3139nuclear magnetic resonance, 3132–3135viscosity and structural properties, 3138

Silver particles, 2074Si/M molar ratio, 186Simulated body fluid (SBF), 465, 2057, 3492,

3496, 3511, 3536, 3569, 3574, 3581,3583, 3638

in vitro tests, 3570Simulation strategies, 1879Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), 1835SINDO, 3142Single edge notched beam (SENB) technique,

1489, 3384Single quantum dot, 3403–3406Single-layer graphene, 2342Single-mode operation of waveguide, 1623Single-source precursors, 33, 42, 53Single-stranded DNA, 3439Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT)

polymer/SWNT composite, 3348SWNT-CA, 3342, 3344, 3346, 3347, 3349

SWNT-CX, 3345, 334729Si NMR spectrum, 184, 638, 1888Sintering, 1501–1502

colloidal gels, 245effect, 2974nanoparticles, 2711and preparation process, 631–632SiOC system, 1027–1030

Si-O-metal heterolinkages, 2310Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching, 3131Si–ÖH silanol, 3573Site selection spectroscopy, 1628–1631Size exclusion, 2670Size exclusion chromatography (SEC),

3135, 3138Skeleton density, 1023Skin-heating process, 594Slip-casting method, 1986Slope efficiency, 2109Sm2+-doped glasses, 2324

optical spectra, 2325Small angle X ray scattering (SAXS), 1952,

1960, 1961, 1963, 2517, 2519, 3184Fe-doped organic–inorganic hybrid

nanomaterials, 1205fractal structures, 1206–1212nanophase separation, 1212–1216nanoscopic two-pase systems, 1192–1194PbTe nanocrystals embedded in silicate

glass, 1199–1200photon–electron interaction, 1186spatially uncorrelated nanoparticles,

1194–1197ZnO nanoparticles, 1200

Smart, 1739Smart self-healing anticorrosion coatings, 2421Smart windows, 2071Smearing effects, 1226SMP-10, 1025119Sn, 1281SnO2, 3350SnO2 nanocrystals, 2303, 2307, 2346SnO2 rutile crystal phase, 230730SnO2–70SiO2 glass–ceramic thin films, 2306SnO2-SiO2 waveguides, 2311SnO2/SWNT-CA, 3351, 3354Sn–OH groups, 2313Sn–O–Sn bonds, 2313Sodium, 623Sodium borophosphate, 1344Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2937, 2956Sodium silicate, 3397, 3407, 3414–3416, 3435

solution, 182

3780 Index

Sodium tungstate, 492Soft lithography, 2187, 2189, 3453–3455Sol, 473, 1666, 3558, 3559Solar absorbers, 2080Solar cell, 797, 1515

panchromatic sensitizers, 2563–2565Solar light, collection efficiency, 2115Sol–gel, 3563

abrasive grains, 2045–2046history of, 2032–2033alumina precursor, 2034approach, 2032biocomposite films, 559bioencapsulation

alkoxide route, 2910–2915aqueous route, 2915–2916

bioglass, 3566, 3576bridged silsesquioxanes, 2979–2981chemistry, 3204coatings, 1716, 2488, 2711–2712,

3528–3529, 3536, 3547adhesion, 1539–1541

coatingsdeposition, 3443DNA retention and characteristics,

3446–3452evaluation of, 3444–3446fracture toughness, 1537–1539hardness, 1534silanization, 3443spin coating, 3443stress, 1528–1534

sensor applications, 2119Sol–gel derived Ag-doped material (Ag-BG),

3496Sol–gel derived bioactive glass-ceramic, 3495Sol–gel derived silver doped bioactive dental

glass-ceramic (Ag-BGCOMP), 3499Sol–gel electrochemical applications, 2672Sol–gel electrochemical deposition,

see Electrochemical depositionSol–gel electrochemistry, 2664, 2667Sol–gel electrochromic coatings

cerium oxide, 2760–2764molybdenum oxide coatings, 2757nickel oxide and hydroxide coatings,

2758–2760niobium oxide, 2754–2757titanium dioxide, 2766–2767tungsten oxide, 2750–2754vanadium oxide coatings, 2764

Sol/gel encapsulated enzymes, 3454Sol–gel films, 1382, 1389, 1773

Sol–gel glasses (SGGs), 1655–1656, 1660,1662, 3563, 3564, 3599, 3601–3607

Sol–gel materials, 1428–1431, 1442, 1698characterization, 1699

Sol–gel matrix, 2445Sol–gel method, 1550, 1553, 1666, 1677, 2094,

2599, 2604, 3527advantages of, 1666aims, 4biochemical and biomedical materials,

15–18borosilicate glass (see Borosilicate glass)ferroelectic materials, 12–15inorganic–organic hybrid materials, 6ITO films, 7photocatalyst, 8porous materials, 18–21thin film (see Thin film)

Sol–gel mixtures, 553Sol–gel oxide, 3575

coatings, 3574Sol–gel polymerization

1,2-bistriethoxysilylethane, 3184,3185, 3193

condensation conditions, 3186definition, 3180hydrolysis, 3181of monomers, 3181, 3203phase-segregated templates, 3182without templating, 3190–3191

Sol–gel preparationbulk silica glasses, 234–246glass–ceramics, 251–253mesoporous TiO2 films, 2559multi-component glasses, 247–251

Sol–gel process, 134, 484, 1186, 1448, 1548,1549, 1554, 1556, 1560, 1692, 2322,2438, 3558

advantages, 2704alkaline earth and rare-earth fluoride thin

films, 344alumina supported metal or metal oxide

catalysts, 816–822bimetallic catalysts, 822–825of fluoride glass, 335–337molecular probes

betaine dye and Nile Red, 2942–2943PRODAN, 2944pyrene, 2935–2942PYRANIN, 2943spin probes, 2944–2945

photonic crystals (see Photonic crystals)protective coatings (see Protective coatings)

Index 3781

Sol–gel process (cont.)photocatalyst preparation, 2703–2719mixed oxide catalyst, 825–829oxide/fluoride nanocomposite thin films,

350PSHB (see Persistent spectral hole burning)rare-earth ion-doped glasses, 2324rare-earth oxyfluoride thin films, 345–346silica supported metal or metal oxide

catalysts, 810–816sulfides (see Sulfide materials)trifluoroacetate-based, 337UV irradiation (see UV irradiation)

Sol–gel processed membranes, 1974biomedical applications, 2006biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry,

2007characterization, 1989–1992direct methanol fuel cells, 2005gas and vapor separation, 1996–1998liquid mass separation, 1992–1996membrane reactors, 1998–2004solid oxide fuel cell, 2004top-layer synthesis, 1985–1989

Sol–gel protective coatings, see Protectivecoatings

sol–gel SiO2-gelatin hybrid, 3562Sol–gel syntheses, 1104, 3509Sol–gel systems, 1553, 1559Sol–gel technology, 1906, 2392

with biochemical and biomedical functions,1925–1928

with chemical function, 1921–1925with electronic function, 1914–1917energy and environmental problems, 1913with mechanical function, 1919–1921microstructure types, 1909microstructures, 1907optical absorption and reflection, 1912with optical and photonic functions,

1909–1914processing steps, 1908shapes, 1909significance and advantages, 1907–1909transmission of light, 1912with thermal functions, 1917

Sol–gel thin filmsantireflective films, 588–598photocatalystic films, 607–615rare earth doped films (see Rare earth doped

films)Sol–gel transition, 3558Sol–gel/enzyme composite films, 560

Sol-get technologyoptical switching and wavelength selection,

1913Solid electrolytes (SEs), 2632

garnet type Li-ion conductors, 2634–2639NASICON-type Li-ion conductors, 2634organic–inorganic hybrids, 2643perovskite-type Li-ion conductors, 2634preparation process, 2633–2634sulfide Li-ion conductors, 2639–2643

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), 1101, 2004,2586–2589

Solid solution, 646Solid state dye-sensitized solar cells, 2569Solid state reaction, 2639Solid state Si-29, 3184Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), 560Solid-state NMR, 3197Solubility, 32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 2302, 3137

parameter, 1020product, 3639

Solution diffusion mechanism, 1419Solution-based sol–gel synthesis method, 702Solution–gel process, 156Solvent, 2229

evaporation method, 20exchange method, 19

Solvolysis, 3131, 3133, 3137, 3138Solvothermal treatment, 860Solzymes, 3454Sonication, 2537Sonocatalytic method, 2755Sonogels, 2537, 3714Sono-Ormosils, 1555–1557Sorbent, 2360Sorbitan monooleate, 456Sorbitan stearate, 456Sorption, 2360Spatially resolved fluorescence–depolarisation,

925Specific absorption rate, 470Specific recognition, 2670–2671Specific surface area (SSA), 780, 1022, 3379,

3560, 3564, 3572, 3576, 3582Spectra, 2099Spectral analysis and simulation, 1268Spectroscopic and optical techniques, 1609Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), 1585, 2516Spectroscopic properties of Er3+ ions, 2308Spherical micelles, 919Spheroidal vibrations, 1176Spin and dip coating

aging time, 928

3782 Index

alumina and titania, 942evaporation rate, 922–928film thickness, 936functionalization and patterning, films,

936–943silica and surfactant ratio, 930–933sol concentrations, 928surfactant template structure, 933–936

Spin-coating, 291, 314, 712, 1096, 3181, 3197,3227, 3232, 3242, 3443

Spin-coating filmsgel films striations, 321–322in situ observation, 322–324sol dispensed, sol viscosity, and spinning

rate effect, 317–321striations quantitative evaluation, 314

Spinel, 2603–2605Spinel ferrites, 711Spin–lattice relaxation time, 2654Spinnability

and fiber formation, 1477and rheological behavior, 1477–1483

Spinodal decomposition, 840–841, 3331Spin-on silica gel films, 317Spin-on titania film, optical micrographs of, 321Spin-spin coupling, 1317–1318Spirooxazine, 2071, 2073Spiropyran, 2071Sponge bone, 3644Sprague Electric, 1069

acquisition, 1069logos, 1070

Sprague, R.C., 1069Spray pyrolysis (pyrosol) method, 2705Spray-coating, 773, 2696Spray-drying, 3227, 3242Sputtering processing, 2706Stability, 3708Stainless steels (SS), 3507, 3526, 3529,

3537, 3547bioactivation, 3526–3546corrosion, 3508permanent implants, 3507silica based thin films, 3509–3525types of, 3507wear, 3508–3509

Standard null ellipsometer, 1597, 1598Star gels, 3583Stark levels, local symmetries, 1626Static characterization, 1989Static–volumetric technique, 1414Stationary behaviour, 1823Stöber process, 507, 3564

Steady state techniques, 2378, 2379Steel, 776, 2872, 3574Steric effects, 3121Stiff gel, 636Stiffness, 2665, 3514Stoichiometry, 1097Stokes scattering, 1156Stone cleaning, 2870Stone conservation, 2861, 2862, 2870Stone consolidant, 2861Stone consolidation, 2863, 2866, 2867, 2871Stoney's equation, 278Strength, 2665Stress, 1528

corrosion, 1499–1501values, 1560

Stress–strain behavior, 3644Stress–strain curves, 1559Stress–strain relationships, 1559Striations

formation mechanism of, 325–327in gel films, 321in situ observation of, 323quantitative evaluation, 314

solvent volatility effect, 327–329Strong solid Lewis acids, 391Strontium, 3529, 3535–3539Strontium ferrite nanoribbons, 707–709Structural characterization, silsesquioxanes

calculation methods, 3142–3145infrared spectroscopy, 3131–3132mass spectrometry and chromatography,

3135–3139NMR, 3132–3135

Structure, 37, 41, 44, 45, 47freezing, 841

Subtraction of parasitic scattering,1225–1226

Sulfide materialsAs–S, 407–409features of, 406Ge–S powders and thin films, 409–419inorganic precursors, 406–407organometallic precursors, 406oxide gels, vulcanization of, 407TiS2, 421–422ZnS films, 419–421

Sulfide quantum dots, 648–651Sulfide solid electrolytes, 2639Super critical drying, 1022Supercapacitors, 758, 1967Superconducting thin films, 1107Superconductors, 1104

Index 3783

Supercritical drying (SCD) process, 240, 998,1016, 1488, 1490, 3319, 3558, 3561

alcohol, 993atmospheric pressure, 989autoclave, pressurization of, 995boiling temperature, 989critical parameters, 992disadvantage of CO2, 993inorganic solvents, 992organic solvents, 992principle of, 989solvent exchange, 998–999stresses, 999–1001

Supercritical fluid, 991Superelastic behavior, 3344Super-hydrophilic effect, 2731Superhydrophilic surfaces, 3257Superhydrophilicity, 2700Superhydrophobicity, 3058, 3329Superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic

micropatterns, 2197Superoleophobicity, 3330Superoxide radical, 500Superparamagnetism, 710Supramolecular organization, 3123Supramolecular templating, 845Supramolecularly templated mesopores, 836Surface area, 1413, 3494, 3527Surface diffusion, 1996Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS),

2509, 2523, 2524Surface modification, 3507Surface plasmon, 2118Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 3395, 3435Surface reactivity, 201Surface roughness, 3508

parameters, 316Surface species, 1415Surface tension, 768Surface-modified silica, 3201Surfactant, 456, 3565Surfactant template structure, 933Surfactant templated materials, 3187Surfactant templating, 3180, 3181, 3200,

3201, 3203advantages for, 3201of bridged polysilsesquioxanes, 3191,

3194, 3195of copolymers, 3191of pendant silsesquioxanes, 3189of silica, 3183

SVET, see Scanning vibrating electrodetechnique (SVET)

Swell, 3567Switching, 2068SWNT-based carbon aerogels (SWNT-CA),

3342, 3344, 3346, 3347, 3349SWNT-based carbon xerogels (SWNT-CX),

3345, 3347Synchrotron radiation, 2290Syneresis, 999Synergistic effect, 2444Synergistic inhibiting effect, 2460Synthetic efforts, 2567Synthetic hydroxyapatite, 3559

T2024-T3 aluminum alloy, 1771, 177347,49Ti, 1293–1294T units, 3120Taber test, 1542Tafel plots, 785Tafel slope, 2383, 2404Tailored porosity, 3178Tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), 475TEM, 642, 644, 647Temperature dependent effects, 1708–1710

dynamical effects, 1156Templating, 2668

agents, 1841Tensile stress evolution, 278TEOS, see TetraethoxysilaneTEOS-derived spin-on silica gel films, 325, 326Terbium complexes, 604–607Tetraalkoxysilanes, 3181, 3185, 3188, 3203Tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, 165Tetrabuthylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH),

167Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide

(TTAB), 881Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS), 810, 843, 1271,

1844, 2165, 2225, 2735, 2846, 2860,2936, 2940, 2941, 2947, 2950, 2952,2955, 3435, 3443, 3448, 3449, 3451,3510–3525, 3570, 3574, 3577, 3624

Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 459, 1847, 2306, 2759,3398, 3563

Tetra-isopropyl orthotitanate, 1772Tetramers, 1845Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), 463, 843, 1489,

1771, 2666, 3435, 3627, 3662Tetramethyl-tetravinyl-ciclo-tetrasiloxane

(TMTV), 1017Tetra-n-propyl zirconate (TPOZ), 1748, 1772Tetrasiloxane rings, 3131

3784 Index

Tetravinylsilane (TVS), 1017, 1022, 1025Texture, 1426–1427, 1431, 1435, 1443TG-DTA analysis, 633–635Theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics,

3377Theranostic, 2356Therapy, 3029Thermal conductivity, 3325Thermal decomposition, 484, 679Thermal expansion, 1918Thermal induced polymerization, 1365Thermal insulation, 1918, 3318Thermal protection systems (TPS), 2208Thermal stability, 3199Thermal treatment, 1987, 2095Thermally stabilized alumina, 818Thermobalance, 1837Thermochromic properties, 2073Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 702, 1837Thermogravimetry, 1837Thermo-optic effect, 1576Thermoporometry, 995Thin film, 1528, 1609, 1666, 1676, 1677, 2066,

2067, 3201, 3443C–V characteristics, 1678deposition, 2618PZT, 1677, 1678scintillators, 2278waveguides, 1567–1569

Thiol(s), 3004, 3018Thiol groups, 2407Thiol-ene reaction, 3004–3008, 3025

vs. CuAAC, 3020–3022Third generation biosensors, 3710Third-order nonlinear properties, 643Third-order optical nonlinearity, 1652,

1656–1662Thiurea-compounds, 24173D-pores, 2658Threshold energy, 2109Thrombosis, 3627Ti ethoxide (Ti(OC2H5)4), 3581Ti tetra isopropoxide, 3574Tin(II) chloride dihydrate

(SnCl2·2H2O), 2306TiO2, see Titanium dioxide (TiO2)Ti(O-C2H5)4,

1850Ti-OH, 3644Tissue engineering, 3621Titanate nanosheets, 3051Titanate nanotubes (TNTs)

adhesive superhydrophobic surfaces,756–757

anodizing method, 748–749biomedical applications, 759chemical synthesis of, 739fuel cells, 757–758growth mechanism of, 745–746ion exchanger, 752–754lithium–ion batteries, 754–755oxides and hydroxides, 749–751photocatalyst, 755–756polymer composites, 758–759preparation, dimensions, and crystalline

phases, 740supercapacitors, 758template method, 747–748

Titania, 849–851, 2917, 3229–3231aerogels, 1004graphene nanocomposites, 2352replica, 2345

Titanium, 3531Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 160, 1517, 1519,

1523, 2614–2616, 3071, 3087, 3089,3092, 3099, 3350, 3574, 3581

Al2O3 mixed oxide catalyst, 825, 829ceramic photonic crystals, 2144–2145coatings, 496, 2766–2767composites, 2714films, 1531gel, 3575gel fibers, 261HA, 3576HA aerogel, 3576inorganic salts, aqueous solutions of, 160lactato, citrato and oxalato complexes,

163–164mesoporous photocatalytic, 2710metal-doped, 2717microparticles, 465–466nanoparticles, 2696nanostructured materials, 2706–2710particle size, 2699PCL sol–gel class I hybrids, 3581peptizing titania sols, 164–165photocatalysis, 2697, 2710photocatalytic properties, 2703SiO2 glasses, 248–249surfactants/organic polymer addition, 161SWNT-CA, 3351, 3354titanium peroxide complexes, 161–163

Titanium disulfide, 421–422Titanium isopropoxide, 114–118,

2871, 3644Titanium oxide, 2730Titanium phosphate., 860

Index 3785

Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP\: Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4), 465

TNTs, see Titanate nanotubes (TNTs)Tolytriazole, 2416Toothpaste, 3563, 3564Top-coat, 2414Top-down strategies, 3089Toremifene citrate, 2922Torsional vibrations, 1176Toughness, 1493–1497, 2665Transalcoholysis, 3128, 3133Transducer, 3708TRAnsfer of Populations by Double Resonance

(TRAPDOR), 1267Transient structure, 841Transition process, 626, 631–638Transmission electron microscopy (TEM),

2511, 2514, 2517, 2519, 3736of microcavity reflector, 2143of PLZT, 2148of TiO2/SiO2 omnidirectional reflector,

2142Transmission losses, 1577–1584Transmission spectra, photonic crystal, 1631Transmittance, 522Transmittance spectra, 2775Transparency, 520Transparent conducting oxide (TCO), 1098

coatings, 1698films, 2305

Transparent conductive electrode (TCE)coatings, 2749

Transparent conductive oxide, 1516Transparent cubic and truly lamellar films, 931Transparent glass-ceramics, 1610Transparent silcon oxycarbide, 1030Transparent sols, 377, 389, 395, 397Transport efficiency, 2117Transverse coupling, 1570Transverse pumping, 2109Trapping efficiency, 2116Trialkoxysilanes, 3184, 3204Tribological behavior, 1514Tricalcium phosphate (TCP), 3557, 3641β-Tricalcium phosphate, 857, 3630Tricyclic ladder products, 3140Triethoxymethylsilan, 1844Triethoxyvinylsilan, 1844Trifluoroacetate-based sol–gel processing, 338Trimethoxymethylsilan, 18443-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate

(TMSPMA), 2097Trimethylchlorosilane, 2872

Trimmers, 1845Triple-quantum NMR, 1310TRIS, 3640Ttitanium n-propoxide, 850Tubular nanomaterials, 739Tubular ZnO, 750Tuffs, 2870Tunable lasers and LSCs, hosts for, 2098Tungsten alloys, 1705Tungsten oxide coatings, 2750–2754Two-dimensional multiple quantum MAS,

1266Two-electron density system, 1192Two-phase composite materials, 2665Two-photon polymerization (2PP), 3081, 3097

UUltem®, membrane, 1998Ultra-barrier films for technical applications,

see Barrier films for technicalapplications

Ultrasonic pulverization, 773aerosol (see Aerosols)

Up-conversion dynamics, 1619–1625Up-conversion emission (UPE), 446, 448Up-converters, 1619Ureasilicate matrix, 3050Urethane, 2097UV irradiation

classification for sol–gel routes, 570–572crystallization, 575–576densification, 574–575fundamental effects, 572–573hydroxylation, 578patterning process for sol–gel films, 578photolysis, 580reduction, 576–577subsequent heating process, 579–581

UV lithography, 3067, 3069, 3077, 3100, 3107UV radiation absorption, 3143UV-curing, 2406UV-protection sol–gel coatings, 2078–2079UV–vis absorption spectrum, 3354UV-visible spectroscopy, 2515, 2516

V51V, 1287Vacuum extraction, 724Valence control, 641Valence-to-core (VTC) transitions, 1252Van Deemter plot, 1941

3786 Index

van der Pauw technique, 1704–1708van der Waals forces, 1980Vanadates, 2444, 2461, 2611–2613Vanadium oxides, 2611–2613

nanotubes, 750Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), 2612Vapor deposition, 3715Vapor phase deposition, 972Variable offset cumulative spectroscopy

(VOCS), 1263Vesicles, 3678Vibrational frequencies, 1886Vickers hardness, 244

sono-Ormosils, 1556Vinyltriethoxysilane, 1355Vinyltrimethoxysilane, 847Visco-elastic effects, 3519Viscometer

capillary, 1461–1462cone and plate, 1464–1466falling sphere, 1459–1460pulling-up-sphere method, 1460–1461rotating cylinder, 1463–1464

Viscosity, 768, 769, 3137and molecular weight, 1469–1472change during sol-to-gel transition,

1466–1469measurement (see Viscometer)vs. shear rate, 1472–1476

Viscous flow, 1417, 1456Visible light, 494

illumination, 547Void fraction, 2666Volatilization, 674, 677, 681Volcanic tuff, 2867Volta potential, 2389Volumetric polymerization shrinkage,

3499, 3500VTEOS, 2095

WWacker H, 2862Wacker OH, 2862Washburn equation, 1405Waste treatment, 3025Water bodies, 496Water content, 183Water glass, 2814Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, 454, 875Water repellency, 1923Water-repellent coating

abrasion resistance of, 2249, 2251

design, 2245–2249manufacturing process, 2249weatherability of, 2249, 2250

Water-soluble triblock copolymer surfactants,919

Water uptake, organic coating, 2387Water vapor

barriers, 3312transmission rate, 1421

Waveguides, 2081, 2179, 2189, 2192, 2193,2199, 3069, 3078, 3102

Weak bonds, 3576Wear, 792, 3508–3509

measurements, 1519–1520rate, 1523, 1524

Weathering, 2536stability, 2805

Weibul modulus, 3495Weibull analysis, 3385–3387Weibull statistics, 1497–1499Weight loss, 632Wet chemical synthesis routes, 1097Wet gel, 2039Wettability, 3058

value, 195Whiskers, 3216–3219, 3221White light-emitting diodes, 1099Williamson–Hall plot, 488Windowpanes, glass and photocatalyst

contaminants, 2733Windshield combiner, 2218Wire beam electrode (WBE), 1767WO3 thin film preparation, 142–145Wolframite structure, 492Wollastonite, 2536, 2541–2543, 2550, 2551,

3528, 3531–3535Wollastonite powder (WP), 2541Wood, 2798

anti-swelling efficiency, 2808burning time, 2826heat release rate, 2828–2831ignition time, 2826residues, 2831–2832cone calorimetry, 2826flammability, 2823limiting oxygen index, 2823–2824mechanical properties, 2804–2805preservatives, 2811–2820structure, 2803–2804thermal analysis, 2821–2823UV stability, 2809–2810water absorption and swelling, 2806–2809water repellency, 2805–2806

Index 3787

Wood impregnation, 2801–2802bulking, 2802fire retardancy, 2820–2833hydrophobation, 2819leaching, 2813silica, 2814–2816titania, 2816–2819volumetric swelling, 2802weight percent gain, 2801

World Health Organization, 496

XXerogels, 1167–1170, 1429, 1430, 1436, 1437,

1439, 1441, 1448, 2936, 2938, 2940,2941, 2944, 2947, 2952, 3318, 3558

CNT xerogels, 3345–3347graphene xerogels, 3366–3370mechanical properties, 3199porosity, 3198–3199thermal properties, 3199–3200

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES),1236, 1238, 1241, 1243, 1250

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS),3359, 3360

catalysts and sensors, 1247–1249data analysis procedures, 1239–1241data collection, 1237–1239electrodes for batteries, 1249–1251nanoparticles, 1244–1246optics, 1241–1244XAS theory, 1232–1237

X-ray crystallography, 3140X-ray diffraction (XRD), 282, 490, 491, 636,

1243, 2146, 2147, 3139, 3141analysis, 636patterns, 410, 3560

X-ray emission, 1377X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL)

technique, 1239, 1244X-ray imaging, 3394, 3395, 3412X-ray irradiated glass, 2336X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 418,

2514, 2517, 2520, 3446, 3512,3541, 3544

analysis, 636–638, 642Auger parameters, 1385catalysts, 1387–1388coordination number, 1390inelastic processes, 1379neighbors, 1391nomenclature, 1378oxidation states, 1388–1390

peak fitting, 1383principles, 1376–1377profiling, 1391quantitative analysis, 1381–1383sample charging, 1386spectrometer; 1377–1378surface reactions, 1392–1394surface specificity and sample preparation,

1379–1381X-ray photon energy, 1377X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), 2517, 2519,

3358, 3364analysis, 2313patterns, 643, 646

X-ray reflectivity, 953X-ray reflectometry (XRR), 2520X-ray scattering, 1188

Y89Y, 1281YAG/Al2O3 composite fibers, 266YBCO, 1104Yoldas process, 767Young's modulus, 244, 3382, 3495, 3513, 3519Yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) glass

microparticles, 455Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), 474, 855,

1241, 2053Yttrium-erbium-titanium oxide (YETO) films,

446, 447Yttrium garnet (Y3Fe5O12), 470Yttrium hydroxide (Y(OH)3), 473Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) microparticles, 473–475Yttrium phosphate (YPO4) microparticles, 475

ZZeeman interaction, 1260, 1306Zeolites, 1741, 2458, 2459Zeta potential, 507, 509Zinc oxide, 3232

nanorods, 489Zinc sulfide, 419–421Zirconia (ZrO2), 849–851, 2042, 2096, 3071,

3073, 3107, 3528, 3574Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2 glass–ceramics, 252aerogels, 1004CeO2, 2397coatings, 2397, 2398microparticles, 463–465PCL, 3582PEG, 3582

3788 Index

sol–gel films, 1788TiO2 mixed oxide catalyst, 829

Zirconia—silica—polyurethane (ZSUR), 2097Zirconium alkoxides, 2872Zirconium oxyacetate (ZrO(CH3COO)2), 463α-zirconium phosphate, 858Zirconium tetraisopropoxide (Zr(OC3H8)4), 463

Zirconium-catalyzed hybrids, 1558Zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl2), 463ZnO/MgF2 nanocomposite thin films,

351, 352ZnWO4 nanoparticles, 492Zr–PTMO hybrids, 1559Z-scan measurements, 643

Index 3789