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1008
Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ
S.V.R. 318
RevisiónThe social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status: systematic reviewKamila Cheikh Moussa3, Javier Sanz-Valero3,4 and Carmina Wanden-Berghe1,2
1Department of Pharmacy, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Elche. 2Home Care Unit, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante. 3Department of Public Health and History of Science, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche. 4Department of Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante. Spain.
Abstract
Objective: to review the social determinants of health more characteristic of the child and adolescents of immi-grants, by reviewing the literature and assess its effect on nutritional status.
Methods: a systematic review was performed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in PubMed (Medline) and The Cochrane Library, in order to identify undetec-ted studies; articles bibliographic lists were examined. The final election was done according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. No restrictions on sex and ethnicity of the participants. STROBE checkpoints were used for an information and methodological quality control. As So-cial Determinants of Health (SDH); social, demographic and economic conditions were considered for the study of their effect on the nutritional status.
Results: from 31 identified articles 18 are included in this study, 17(94,4%) had a good or excellent quality. Hispanic and African were the most studied ethnicities; birth place and parent’s residence period were used for generational classification. Alimentary culture and lin-guistic isolation of the first generation have a protective effect preventing from overweight and obesity risk while it decrease in second and third generation due to the ex-perienced acculturation process equalizing their weight gain to natives; which prevalence is higher among His-panics. No relation was found for nutritional status diffe-rences between sexes neither alimentary aids protective effect hypothesis was confirmed.
Conclusions: the SDH with greater influence on child-ado-lescent immigrants were the socio-demographic conditions; among them: residence period distinguish the three iden-tified generations while linguistic barrier and ethnic back-ground are truly influential on the biological response to the experimented change caused by the acculturation process, establishing differences in the nutritional status.
(Nutr Hosp. 2014;30:1008-1019)
DOI:10.3305/nh.2014.30.5.7732Key words: Emigrants and immigrants. Nutritional sta-
tus. Overweight. Obesity. Body weight changes.
LOS DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA INMIGRACIÓN INFANTO-JUVENIL Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE EL ESTADO
NUTRICIONAL: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA
Resumen
Objetivo: revisar los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) más característicos de la población infantil y juvenil de inmigrantes, mediante revisión de la literatura científica y evaluar su efecto sobre el estado nutricional.
Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando los Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) en PubMed (Med-line) y The Cochrane Library, con el fin de identificar los estudios no detectados; se examinaron las listas de artículos bibliográficos. La elección final se hizo de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. No hubo restricciones so-bre el sexo y el origen étnico de los participantes. Se utiliza-ron los puntos de verificación de la guía STROBE para un control de la información y la calidad metodológica. Como Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (DSS); se consideraron las condiciones sociales, demográficas y económicas para el estudio de su efecto sobre el estado nutricional.
Resultados: Fueron identificados 31 artículos de los que se incluyó un total de 18 estudios, 17 (94,4%) tuvieron una buena o excelente calidad. Las etnias más estudiadas fueron la Hispana y afroamericana; para la clasificación genera-cional se utilizaron el lugar de nacimiento y tiempo de resi-dencia de los padres. La cultura alimentaria y el aislamiento lingüístico de la primera generación tienen un efecto pro-tector en la prevención de riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad, mientras que disminuye en la segunda y tercera generación debido al proceso de aculturación experimentado igualando su aumento de peso a los nativos; la prevalencia más alta fue entre los hispanos. No se encontró relación sobre las dife-rencias del estado nutricional entre los sexos ni se confirmó la hipótesis del efecto protector de las ayudas alimentarias.
Conclusiones: los DSS con mayor influencia sobre la población joven inmigrante son las condiciones socio-de-mográficas; entre ellos: el tiempo de residencia distingue las tres generaciones identificadas mientras que la barrera lingüística y el origen étnico son los verdaderamente influ-yentes en la respuesta biológica al cambio experimentado causado por el proceso de aculturación, estableciendo así diferencias en el estado nutricional.
(Nutr Hosp. 2014;30:1008-1019)
DOI:10.3305/nh.2014.30.5.7732Palabras clave: Emigrantes e inmigrantes. Estado nutri-
cional. Sobrepeso. Cambios en el peso corporal.
Correspondence: Javier Sanz-Valero. Department of Public Health and History of Science. Miguel Hernandez University. Elche. Spain. E-mail: [email protected]: 1-VII-2014. Aceptado: 23-VII-2014.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1008 16/10/14 20:24
1009Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status
Abbreviations
MEDLINE: Medlars International Literature Onli-ne.
MeSH: Medical Subject Headings.STROBE: Strengthening the Reporting of Observa-
tional Studies in Epidemiology. ECLS: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study.U.S.: Original of The United States of America.
Introduction
The transition years between childhood and adoles-cence marks a critical socialization period in which the acquisition of food habits is defined by socio-econo-mic, cultural factors and the environment1-3.In the im-migrant population this relationship, according Alba & Nee4, was described from a perspective through three distinctions of the assimilation theory: sociocultural, negative and segmented.
Thus, the study of food habits in immigrants and the related changes in body weight took interest from a generational approach (child and adolescent), the di-fferences between the two generations are considered result of the decreased effect of ethnicity on conditio-ning factors due to the place of socialization of each generación5, 6.
In this sense, this socialization process is establi-shed by the structural determinants and living con-ditions, these constitute the social determinants of health. Yet at the same time are the causes of the majority of health inequalities7. Such inequalities, as child poverty, which affects 4 out of each 5 persons, and passing from one generation to another, are major obstacles in improving population health and redu-cing inequalities8.
At present, the figure of 1000 million people are in a “migrant” situation makes their state of health a prio-rity of Global Public Health9.
Hence, in relation to the above, the objective of this study is to review the social determinants of heal-th more characteristic of the child and adolescents of immigrants, by reviewing the literature and assess its effect on nutritional status.
Materials and Methods
Design
Descriptive study of the articles retrieved using sys-tematic technique.
Sources of data extraction
All data were obtained from direct consultation and access via Internet to the scientific literature contained
in the database Medlars International Literature Online (MEDLINE), via PubMed and The Cochrane Library.
Data processing
We studied the articles published in any country and language.
For the recovery of evidence were used Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) developed by the U.S. Na-tional Library of Medicine. Search equations were de-veloped for its use in the MEDLINE database via Pub-Med, using Boolean connectors, and in The Cochrane Library proceeding in the same way.
From the study of the Thesaurus the following descriptors were used “Emigrants and Immigrants”, “Socioeconomic Factors, Cultural Characteristics, So-cial Class”, “Nutritional Status, Overweight, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Body Weight Changes” and “Co-hort Studies”. “Humans” was used as a limit. Also li-miting to the last 7 years (2005-2012), as the period of obsolescence (half period of Burton Kebler) esta-blished for publications in the field of health science10
and nutrition11.
Final selection of articles
The final election of the works was done according to the fulfillment of the inclusion and exclusion crite-ria.
Inclusion criteria: The accepted articles were those with longitudinal design of Cohorts type whose study population consisted of immigrants between 2-18 years of age. We selected original articles published in peer journals, full text of which was recovered.
Exclusion criteria: Articles of different design which comprised pathology cases, pregnancies and only adults.
Additionally, as a secondary search and to reduce potential publication bias, we examined the biblio-graphic list of articles that were selected in the main quest, in order to identify undetected studies in biblio-graphic databases.
For quality control of information were used the 22 checkpoints of the guide “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” (STRO-BE) based on the 4 items (8, 13 to 15 checkpoints) spe-cific for the methodological quality of cohort studies12.
To determine the pertinence of the articles were as-sessed independently by two of the authors of this re-view (K C-M and J S-V). To give as valid the election of the articles selected for the review it was established the assessment of the concordance between these two authors (kappa index) which should be greater than 0.60 (strength of agreement was good or very good). As long as this condition is fulfilled, any discrepancies are solved by consulting the third author (C W-B) and subsequent consensus among all authors.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1009 16/10/14 20:24
1010 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.
• Recovered articles from the bibliographic databases.n = 14
• Articles identified in the bibliographic list of the retrieved studies = 117.
n = 31
• Duplicate items = 1.• Non-original items = 0.
n = 30
• Excluided articles for not meeting the inclusion criteria = 5.n = 25
• Eliminated articles by appling exclusion criteria = 7.n = 18
• Total selected articles for the revisionn = 18
Fig. 1.—Chart for the selection of articles.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1010 16/10/14 20:24
1011Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status
Data extraction
Studies were grouped according to study the varia-bles in order to systematize and facilitate the unders-tanding of the results of all reviewed articles. There were no restrictions on sex and ethnicity of the parti-cipants. And were summarized in a table, codifying: authors, year of publication, population under study, ethnicity, immigrant generation, carried intervention, follow-up period, where the intervention took place and the main conclusions indicated in the reviewed articles.
Social determinants of health that are considered to assess its scope on the nutritional status were those of social and demographic kind (ethnicity, race, country of birth, number of years resided in the host country, number of siblings, parents’ educational level, linguis-tic and social integration) as well as the economics (occupation of the primary caregiver, family income and the type of school).
Results
A total of 14 articles were recovered from MED-LINE while not getting results from The Cochrane Library database. From the bibliographic list of the reviewed articles 18 works were identified.
Five works didn’t meet the inclusion criteria by con-sidering a different issue. Nine studies which popula-tion wasn’t immigrant children and adolescent were eliminated or their principal objective wasn’t the study of the effect on population’s nutritional status but the prevention of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, dia-betes, cancer, etc.). Thus, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies were selected13-30; see Table I.
The agreement about the quality of the studies be-tween the authors was 100%. Of the selected articles 10 (55,5%)13-15, 17, 19, 24-26, 29 considered all the quality variables while 8 (44,4%) studies16, 18, 20-23, 27, 30 included 90-95% of them. Despite this, 17 (94,4%) articles13-29 had a good or excellent quality; see Table II.
Of the 18 interventions, 12 (66,6%)13, 15-17, 19, 21-
24, 27-29 took place in United States of America while the 6 (33,3%) left were in Canada14, 30, Australia20, 26, Austria18 and Denamark25. The period of study for 17 (94%) articles was between 4 and 6 years, and 2 years for the rest25. The places where the inter-ventions have been carried out were mainly the fa-mily residence14-17, 20-22, 26-28 and/or educational cen-ters13, 18, 30.
The most used instruments for the intervention were the anthropometric measures13-17 ,21, 23-27, 30, the surveys14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, the questionnaires on so-cioeconomic status15, 16, 25 and demographic characte-ristics13, 21, 23, 27-30 (a detailed description of these and of the principal objective of each study are provided in Table III).
Varied information was found about the subjected population, the most studied ethnicity background was the Hispanic14, 17, 23, 27, 30 followed by the Afri-can16, 22, 28, 29, the place of birth was mainly used for the generational classification13, 17, 18, 22, 24-28, 30, followed by the years of residence of the parents20, 21, 23, 29. The in-tervention with the largest number of individuals had n=2074528 and the smallest had n=210 persons14.
Most studies13, 17, 18, 20-22, 24, 26-30 show that the coexis-ting social conditions between the three identified gene-rations produce differences in their nutritional status, hi-ghlighting the protective effect of the immigrant status of the first generation, characterized by the alimentary culture and the linguistic isolation, which protect them from the risk of overweight or obesity17, 21, 28-30 while in the case of the second and third generation their weight gain get equalized to the native population due to the adaptation or acculturation process13, 17, 21, 28-30.
The prevalence of overweight and later obesity was higher in Hispanic individuals compared to the native population of the studied country17, 19, 22, 28. No relation was found in the study of nutritional status differences between sexes. Neither was confirmed the hypothesis that the access to alimentary aids protects the indivi-duals from malnutrition or overweight/obesity.
Discussion
As has been observed, the most part of the studies took place in The United States of America proba-bly due to the immigration population of this country which comprises 40.377.757 persons (Data was ob-tained from the emigration database of The Migration Policy Institute of USA, http://www.migrationinfor-mation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm) and be-cause historically has been under study (Early Child-hood Longitudinal Study, ECLS Study - http://nces.ed.gov/ecls/).
The use of the familiar residence as the principal place of intervention is due to the easy access to the family data from mothers. Also, the school center was an optimal place for collecting information from children26, 30, 31. The use of the surveys-in-home pro-vided continuity for information collection to define the ethnic profile and the social status, as well as the questionnaires referred to alimentation, origin country, familiar characteristics and incomes.
Some U.S. studies13, 16, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29 observed several ethnic origins being the Hispanic the most studied due to the heterogeneity within this ethnic group and to its massive immigration to the host country24, 27.
The exclusive election of cohort studies could be considered a limitation but its design generates a large amount of inputs due to its long-time term in compa-rison to the observational studies of cross-sectional and case-control design12. Another possible limitation of this revision is the exclusion of studies about adult population for which there is a larger number of arti-
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1011 16/10/14 20:24
1012 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.
Tabl
a I
Resu
me
of th
e re
view
ed a
rtic
les
abou
t the
sco
pe o
f the
soc
ial d
eter
min
ants
of h
ealth
on
the
nutr
ition
al s
tatu
s of
the
child
-ado
lesc
ent g
ener
atio
ns o
f im
mig
rant
s.
Auth
orYe
arPo
pula
tion
Gen
erat
iona
l cl
assi
ficat
ion
Ethn
ic o
rigi
nIn
terv
entio
nPe
riod
plac
ePr
inci
pal C
oncl
usio
ns
Popk
in B
M M
. et
al.13
1997
η: 1
4438
M: %
49.1
F: %
50.1
Age
: 13-
18
(864
6)
1stG
Ch.
Ps-F
B2nd
G 1
P-FB
3rdG
Ps-
NB
3rd+G
gPs
-FB
%53
.5 N
oHs-
Wh
%21
.8 N
oHs-
B%
0.8
NoH
s-A
I%
15.7
Hs
%6.
8 A
s
Ant
rpM
e.In
tv-A
d.
Re-
intv
(2y)
.q-
inSc
h.qP
s.
4 y.
USA
Am
ong
ethn
iciti
es, ♂
are
mor
e O
B th
an ♀
exc
ept ♂
with
Non
-H
isp-
B e
thni
city
.Th
e ♂
-Ado
ls 1
3-15
y su
ffer +
OB
and
hav
e ↓O
B a
t 16-
18y
than
♀.
Onl
y in
His
pani
cs &
Asi
an e
thni
city
the
1st G
is ↓
OB
than
2&
3+G
af
fect
ed b
y ac
cultu
ratio
n.
O’L
ough
lin J
et
al.14
1998
η: 2
10M
: %46
.9F:
%47
.2χ
Age
:10.
8
<%25
%
25–4
9
%50
–74
%75
–99
%10
0 (R
sy/A
ge)
%15
.8 A
s.%
5.2
Ar
%24
.2 C
-S A
m.
%23
.8 E
U.
%21
.7 C
anad
a.
Ant
rp-M
esv
InH
-Ad.
svin
H-P
s.
5 y.
Can
ada
The
ethn
ic o
rigin
, the
leng
th o
f sta
y in
hos
t cou
ntry
, Ps B
MI (
Pa-
rent
s) c
ondi
tion
stud
ents
ove
rwei
ght a
nd o
besi
ty in
ear
ly a
ge.
Sum
insk
i RR
et
al.15
1999
η: 1
127
M: 5
87F:
540
χ A
ge: 8
.0
Aca
dem
ic y
ear:
K/ F
irst /
Seco
ndFo
urth
/ Fift
h
Mx-
Am
A
ntrp
Me.
PsR
e.6
y.U
SATh
e re
ceiv
ed fo
od a
ids b
y 5.
5 ye
ars o
bese
chi
ldre
n in
kin
derg
arte
n co
urse
did
n’t r
educ
e th
e O
B p
afte
r 5 y
ears
of m
onito
ring,
reac
hing
an
ave
rage
91%
of c
hild
ren
aged
9.5
-10.
5 ye
ars f
rom
bot
h se
xes.
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et
al.16
2003
η: 1
3,11
3M
: %53
.5F:
%46
.5χ
Age
: 16.
0
Hs
Wh
Af-
Am
As
%54
.4 N
oHs-
Wh
%21
.3 A
fAm
%17
.2 H
s%
7.0
As
Ant
rp-M
e.sv
InH
-Ad.
svin
H-P
s.
4 y.
USA
The
pOW
is ↑
in A
f-A
m ♀
follo
wed
by
Hs ≠
to A
s ♂+♀
rela
ted
to
thei
r SES
and
par
ent’s
edu
catio
n le
vel.
Equa
lizin
g th
ese
2 fa
ctor
s, th
e di
ffere
nces
incr
ease
am
ong
the
4 et
hnic
ities
, with
a ↑
pO
W in
Af-
Am
gro
up.
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et
al.17
2003
η: 8
613
M: %
50.5
F: %
49.5
χ A
ge: 1
5.93
1stG
Ps-
FB2nd
G 1
P-FB
3rdG
Ps-
NB
%78
.1W
h%
13.4
Mx
%4.
6 PR
%3.
9 C
b
Ant
rpM
e.
svIn
H-A
d.sv
inH
-Ps.
4 y.
USA
Bet
wee
n 4
ethn
iciti
es th
e 1s
t G is
rela
ted
to p
oor s
truct
ural
cha
ract
e-ris
tics,
com
parin
g th
e 3G
ther
e is
a ↑
OW
in 2
nd a
nd 3
rd G
whi
le in
re
latio
n to
thes
e ch
arac
teris
tics
and
accu
ltura
tion
ones
it is
↑ in
all
G o
f Mx
and
Cb.
Kirc
heng
ast S
et
al.18
2005
η:19
09M
: %-
F: %
-A
ge: 6
-15
y.
1stG
Ps-
FB2nd
G 1
P-FB
3rdG
Ps-
NB
437
Tuk
555
Yu79
4 A
st
Ant
rpM
e.SE
S-Sc
h.4
y.A
ustri
aIn
Mig
♀ th
ere
is ↑
p O
W&
OB
com
pare
d to
the A
st. A
mon
g ♂
the
p is
↑ in
Yu
child
ren
(10y
). In
pub
erty
(15y
) the
Tuk
Ch&
Ado
ls h
ave
↑ O
W&
OB
risk
than
thei
r hom
olog
ues.
Whi
take
r R
et a
l.1920
06η:
245
2M
:F:
χ A
ge: 3
Wh.
Bk. Hs.
Ot.
NoH
s-W
hN
oHs-
Bk
Hs (
any
race
)O
t rac
e, N
o-H
s
Ant
rpM
e.Ps
Re-
Fy$.
Re-
M.E
dc.
svFd
Sec.
3 y.
USA
Am
ong
ethn
iciti
es th
e p
OB
is h
ighe
r in
His
pani
c w
ith a
¼ o
f the
m
OB
. No
mod
erat
e ef
fect
was
show
en fo
r the
3 S
ES fa
ctor
s (M
.Edc
/Fy
$/Fd
Sec)
on
OB
bet
wee
n et
hnic
gro
ups.
Ren
azho
A
et a
l.2020
06η:
337
M: %
49.0
F: %
51.0
Age
: 3-1
2 y.
≤1 y
rs1-
5 yr
s 6-
10 y
rs
≥11
yrs
%18
.7 C
-Af.
%70
.9 E
st/S
th-A
f.%
10.4
Wes
-Af.
Ant
rpM
e.Ps
Re-
Fy$.
Re-
Ps.E
dc.
PsR
e-LO
S.
-A
us♂
resi
ding
< th
an1
year
pre
sent
a ↑
p de
und
ernu
tritio
n w
hile
is
inve
rsel
y re
late
d to
a ↑
leng
th o
f sta
y. A
mon
g et
hnic
ities
, Wes
tern
A
fric
an c
hild
ren
are
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e O
W&
OB
com
pare
d to
oth
er
ethn
iciti
es.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1012 16/10/14 20:24
1013Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status
Tabl
a I (
cont
.) Re
sum
e of
the
revi
ewed
art
icle
s ab
out t
he s
cope
of t
he s
ocia
l det
erm
inan
ts o
f hea
lth o
n th
e nu
triti
onal
sta
tus
of th
e ch
ild-a
dole
scen
t gen
erat
ions
of i
mm
igra
nts.
Auth
orYe
arPo
pula
tion
Gen
erat
iona
l cl
assi
ficat
ion
Ethn
ic o
rigi
nIn
terv
entio
nPe
riod
plac
ePr
inci
pal C
oncl
usio
ns
Van
Hoo
k J
et a
l.2120
07η:
166
64M
: %-
F: %
-χ
Age
: -
-G1.
0(Ps
12y
rs<)
-G1.
5(Ps
0-1
1yrs
)-C
h-N
tPs
Hs.
As.
Pcf I
slan
der.
Ant
rp-M
e.In
tv-M
.qP
s.sv
SchE
nv.
svSE
S.
6 y.
U
SATh
e SE
S af
fect
s in
a le
sser
deg
ree
on th
e ↑
of B
MI i
n th
e G
1.0
whi
-le
it is
≈ i
n G
1.5
and
NtP
s. B
ut a
↓G
DP/
c of
the
CB
↑ th
e B
MIB
in
the
G1.
5 ≠
to G
1.0
whe
reas
to a
↑ G
DP/
c a
↓ B
MIB
/G is
pre
sent
in
both
.
Kal
il A
et
al.22
2008
η: 6
068
M: %
51.5
F: %
48.5
Age
: 6 y
.
Ch/
Ps F
B.N
ct-M
Ch/
Ps F
B.U
Sct-M
1Ps-
FB.N
ct-M
1Ps-
FB-U
Sct-M
Ps-N
B
%57
.7 W
h.%
18.9
Lt.
%16
.0 A
f Am
.%
4.6
Ot.
qFC
s.sv
inH
-Ps.
4 y.
USA
Am
ong
imm
igra
nts:
bei
ng C
h-FB
.Nct
-M, L
atin
e, fr
om a
larg
e fa
mily
and
with
low
inco
mes
hav
e a
high
er p
roba
bilit
y to
be
food
in
secu
re (F
Inse
c).
Bet
wee
n na
tives
and
imm
igra
nts:
Ch-
FB.N
ct-M
suffe
rs d
oble
FIn
-se
c th
an C
h-FB
.USc
t-M. T
he a
cces
s to
food
aid
s doe
sn’t
decr
ease
th
e bi
g ≠
in F
Inse
c be
twee
n th
em.
Ros
as L
G
et a
l.2320
09η:
374
M: %
47F:
%52
,9χ
Age
: 5
M.M
x-R
sMx
M.M
x-R
sCA
-US:
5-10
yrs
.11
-15
yrs.
16<
yrs .
% 2
0 G
uana
juat
o.%
12
Jalis
co.
% 2
4 M
icho
acán
.
Med
-Ant
rp.
qSES
qSup
l.
5 y.
USA
Mex
ico
Res
idin
g >1
0 ye
ars i
n th
e U
SA, t
he m
othe
r’s o
besi
ty a
nd u
nder
esti-
mat
e th
eir c
hild
ren
actu
al w
eigh
t inc
reas
e si
gnifi
cant
ly th
eir r
isk
to
OW
and
OB
, in
cont
rast
to th
e M
x po
pula
tion.
Bal
istre
ri K
S
et a
l.2420
09η:
126
96M
: %51
.5F:
%48
.5A
ge: 5
-7
WhC
h-N
t Ps.
HsC
h-M
ig P
s.H
sCh-
Nt P
s.
%69
Mx.
%9
PR.
%3
Cb.
%
19 O
t Hs.
Ant
rp-M
e qS
ES.
6 y.
USA
Two
SES
indi
cato
rs a
s inc
omes
and
Ps e
duca
tion
leve
l ↑ th
e ch
ild’s
IM
C in
the
case
of H
sCh-
Mig
Ps,
this
effe
ct d
oesn
’t m
aint
ain
from
an
eth
nic
appr
oach
.
Teilm
ann
G
et a
l.2520
09η:
276
M: %
0F:
%10
0A
ge: 4
-13
Edad
Ado
pció
n:
< 2
yrs
>2 y
rsN
B-D
enm
ark
%35
.8 H
indú
.%
13.8
S-C
orea
.%
29 O
t As.
%13
.8 S
-Am
% 5
.4 E
-EU
% 1
.8 A
f.
Ant
rp-M
e2
y.D
enm
kTh
e w
eigh
t, he
ight
and
BM
I in
child
hood
are
↓ in
ado
pted
♀ c
om-
pare
d to
nat
ives
but
in e
arlie
r pub
erty
the A
ntrp
-Me
are
appr
oxim
ate
betw
een
both
gro
ups.
In fu
ll pu
berta
l age
, ado
pted
♀ h
ave
↑ B
MI t
han
girls
of D
anis
h or
igin
.
Ren
zaho
A
et a
l.2620
09η:
498
3M
: %50
.9F:
%49
.1
χ A
ge: 4
.9
PC-B
plac
e:A
us/E
U/A
s/O
tC
h-L.
s-H
ome:
%12
.5 N
o-En
g%
87.
5 En
g on
ly
PC-B
plac
e:%
75.
2 A
us.
% 3
.7 N
-Z/P
cf%
5.8
UK
/Ir.
% 1
.8 O
t EU
.%
7.2
As
% 6
.3 O
t.
Ant
rp-M
e.In
tv- P
C.
6 y.
Aus
PC-(
UK
/Irla
nd) c
hild
ren,
who
use
Eng
lish
as L
.s-H
ome,
are
less
pr
obab
le to
be
OW
/OB
than
PC
-Aus
chi
ldre
n w
ho u
se a
≠L.
s-H
ome
to E
nglis
h.
The
prev
alen
ce o
f thi
nnes
s is h
ighe
r in
PC-(
N-Z
lnd/
paci
fic) a
nd
PC-A
sia
child
ren.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1013 16/10/14 20:24
1014 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.
Tabl
a I (
cont
.) Re
sum
e of
the
revi
ewed
art
icle
s ab
out t
he s
cope
of t
he s
ocia
l det
erm
inan
ts o
f hea
lth o
n th
e nu
triti
onal
sta
tus
of th
e ch
ild-a
dole
scen
t gen
erat
ions
of i
mm
igra
nts.
Auth
orYe
arPo
pula
tion
Gen
erat
iona
l cl
assi
ficat
ion
Ethn
ic o
rigi
nIn
terv
entio
nPe
riod
plac
ePr
inci
pal C
oncl
usio
ns
Bak
er B
et
al.27
2009
η: 4
360
M: %
-F:
%-
χ A
ge: 1
0
HsC
h-M
igPs
HsC
h-N
tPs
NoH
s-W
h
%69
Mx.
%9
PR.
%3
Cb.
%19
Ot H
s.
Ant
rp-M
e.qF
Cs.
svM
ep.
qCB
Ps.
PsR
e(Fy
$TV
t)
6 y.
USA
Mep
impa
ct o
n B
MI-
Ch
chan
ges b
y th
e Fy
$ an
d th
e et
hnic
ity/n
ati-
vity
stat
e. A
t ↑ F
y$, M
ep p
reve
nts C
h-M
igPs
from
OW
whi
le a
t ↓
Fy$
the
effe
ct o
f Mep
on
Ch-
NtP
s and
WhC
h B
MI i
s low
er.
Mul
lan
Har
ris K
et
al.28
2010
η: 2
0 74
5M
: %51
,43
F: %
48.5
7A
ge: 1
1-18
1stG
Ad.
Ps-F
B2nd
G A
d.U
S.Ps
-FB
3rd+G
Ad.
Ps-N
B
%15
.8 B
k.%
12.0
Hs.
%4.
3 A
s.%
67.9
Wh.
svIn
H-A
d.In
trv-A
d.4
y.U
SAA
mon
g ge
nera
tions
: the
inic
ial a
nd g
row
th B
MI i
s ↓ fo
r the
1rs
tG
≠ to
the
2nd
y 3r
d G
, whi
le a
mon
g th
e 4
race
s, th
e H
s and
Bk
have
hi
gher
gai
n of
BM
I. Be
twee
n se
xes: ♀
tend
to g
ain
mor
e BM
I tha
n ♂
dur
ing
adol
esce
nce.
Van.
Hoo
k J
et a
l.2920
10η:
201
50M
: %-
F: %
-χ
Age
: -
-G1.
0(Ps
12y
rs<)
-G1.
5(Ps
0-1
1yrs
)-C
h-N
tPs
%17
Bk.
%14
Hs.
%3
As.
%67
Wh.
Ant
rpM
e.In
tv-M
.En
-Ps.P
FMC
.
6 y.
USA
Acc
ultu
ratio
n m
easu
red
by:
Soci
aliz
atio
n pl
ace:
Ch-
G1.
0 ♂
W+
than
Ch-
G1.
5 an
d C
h-N
tPs.
With
in th
e et
hnic
gro
ups, ♀
gai
n le
ss W
than
♂ o
f G1.
0 y
G1.
5.So
cial
isol
atio
n: ♂
of G
1.0
who
hav
e a
↓En-
Ps.P
FMC
pre
sent
↓B
MIB
/G.
Max
imov
a K
et
al.30
2011
η: 6
392
M: %
50.6
F: %
49.4
χ A
ge: 1
1.2
1stG
Ps-
FB2nd
G 1
P-FB
3rdG
Ps-
NB
%17
.8 A
s.%
27.3
C-S
Am
.%
19.9
EU
.%
17.4
Ot.
Ant
rp-M
eq-
inSc
h 4
y.C
anad
a Th
e le
ngth
of s
tay
in th
e ho
st c
ount
ry ↑
the
expo
sitio
n to
unh
ealth
y ha
bits
con
clud
ing
in a
↑B
MI (
2nd
and
3rd
gene
ratio
n ≠
to th
e 1r
st).
≠: D
iffer
ent.
<: L
ess t
han.
≈: n
early
/app
roxi
mat
e.↑:
hig
h. ↓
: Few
er. η
: Tot
al n
umbe
r of p
erso
ns. p
: pre
vale
nce.
F: F
amel
a. M
: Mal
e. ♀
: wom
en/g
irls. ♂
: men
/boy
s. χA
ge: m
ean
age.
A
dols:
Ado
lesc
ents
. BM
I(IM
C):
Bod
y m
ass i
ndex
. BM
I B/G: B
asal
/Gro
wth
bod
y m
ass i
ndex
. OB:
Obe
sity
. OW
: ove
rwei
ght.
W: w
eigh
t. G
: Gen
erat
ion.
G1.
0Ps (
12yr
s<):
gene
ratio
n 1.
0 re
pres
ents
par
ents
w
ho a
rriv
ed w
ith 1
2 ye
ars.
G1.
5 (P
s 0-1
1yrs
): ge
nera
tion
1.5
repr
esen
ts p
aren
ts w
ho a
rriv
ed b
etw
een
0-11
yea
rs. C
B: c
ount
ry b
irth.
GD
P: g
ross
dom
estic
pro
duct
. Hs:
Spa
nish
. As:
Asi
an. S
-Cor
ea: S
outh
-C
orea
. Ar:
Ara
bian
. C-S
Am
: Cen
tral-S
outh
Am
eric
a. E
U: E
urop
ean.
E-E
U: E
ast-E
urop
ean.
AfA
m: A
fric
an-A
mer
ican
. C-A
f : C
entra
l-Afr
ica.
Est
/Sth
-Af:
East
/Sou
th A
fric
a. W
es-A
f: W
estre
n A
fric
a. P
cf
Isla
nder
: Pac
ific
Isla
nder
. Aus
: Aus
tralia
. N-Z
/Pcf
: New
Zee
land
/Pac
ific.
UK
/Ir: U
ntid
Kin
gdom
/ Irla
nd. M
x: M
exic
an. M
x-A
m: M
exic
an-A
mer
ican
. M.M
x-R
sMx:
Mex
ican
mot
her-r
esid
ent i
n M
exic
o.
M.M
x-R
sCA
-US:
Mex
ican
mot
her-r
esid
ent i
n C
alifo
rnia
,USA
. PR
: Pue
rto R
ican
. Cb:
Cub
an..
K: K
inde
rgar
ten.
Tuk
: Tur
kish
. Yu:
Yug
osla
vian
. Ast
: Aus
trian
. Lt:
Latin
. Ot:
Oth
er. R
sy/A
ge: T
otal
yea
rs
of re
side
nce/
age
at t
he m
omen
t. LO
S: L
engt
h of
stay
. PC
-Bpl
ace:
Prim
er c
arer
-Birt
h pl
ace.
Ch-
L.s-
Hom
e: C
hild
-lang
uage
spea
k-ho
me.
Ch/
Ad.
Ps-F
B: C
hild
/ Ado
lesc
ent a
nd p
aren
ts a
re fo
reig
n-bo
rn. C
h-N
tPs:
Chi
ld w
ith n
ativ
e pa
rent
s. C
h/Ps
FB: C
hild
/Par
ents
For
eign
-bor
n an
d(.N
ct-M
): N
on-c
itize
n-m
othe
r. an
d(.U
Sct-M
): C
itize
n M
othe
r of t
he U
SA. A
d.U
S.Ps
-FB:
USA
nat
ive
adol
esce
nt w
ith fo
reig
n bo
rn p
aren
ts. A
d.Ps
-NB:
Ado
lesc
ent a
nd p
aren
ts a
re fo
reig
n bo
rn.1
P-FB
: one
of b
oth
pare
nts i
s for
eign
-bor
n. a
nd(.N
ct-M
): N
on-c
itize
n- m
othe
r. an
d(.U
Sct-M
): C
itize
n m
othe
r of t
he U
SA. P
s-N
B: P
aren
ts
are
nativ
e-bo
rn. N
oHs-
Wh:
Whi
te n
ot S
pani
sh. N
oHs-
B: B
lack
not
Spa
nish
. NoH
s-A
I: A
mer
ican
-Ind
ian
not S
pani
sh. W
hCh-
Nt P
s: W
hite
chi
ld-n
ativ
e pa
rent
s. H
sCh-
Nt P
s: S
pani
sh c
hild
-nat
ive
pare
nts.
HsC
h-M
ig P
s: S
pani
sh c
hild
-mig
rant
par
ents
. Che
ck th
e in
terv
entio
ns a
bbre
viat
ions
inTa
ble
III.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1014 16/10/14 20:24
1015Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status
Tabl
a II
An
alys
is o
f the
stu
dies
met
hodo
logi
cal q
ualit
y th
roug
h th
e 22
ass
essm
ent p
oint
s of
the
STRO
BE g
uide
12.
Artic
les/
Poi
nts
#1#2
#3#4
#5#6
#7#8
*#9
#10
#11
#12
#13*
#14*
#15*
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
Tota
l
Popk
in B
M e
t al.13
22(1
4)
O’L
ough
lin J
et a
l.1422
(16)
Sum
insk
i RR
et a
l.1522
(15)
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et a
l.1620
(16)
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et a
l.1722
(17)
Kirc
heng
ast S
et a
l.1821
(15)
Whi
take
r et a
l.1922
(17)
Ren
azho
A e
t al.20
21(1
6)
Van
Hoo
k J e
t al.21
21(1
8)
Kal
il A
et a
l.2220
(16)
Ros
as L
G e
t al.23
21(1
6)
Bal
istre
ri K
S et
al.24
22(1
6)
Teilm
an G
et a
l.2522
(16)
Ren
zaho
A e
t al.26
22(1
8)
Bak
er B
et a
l.2721
(16)
Mul
lan
Har
ris K
et a
l.2822
(14)
Van.
Hoo
k J e
t al.29
22(1
6)
Max
imov
a K
et a
l.3020
(13)
Com
plet
ely
mee
t the
ass
essm
ent p
oint
s inc
ludi
ng th
e su
b-po
ints
. M
eet t
he a
sses
smen
t poi
nt a
nd p
art o
f its
sub-
poin
ts.
Don
’t m
eet t
he a
sses
smen
t poi
nt o
r its
sub-
poin
ts. (
) N
umbe
r of v
erifi
catio
n po
ints
tota
lly c
ompl
eted
. * S
peci
fic q
ualit
y ve
rific
atio
n po
ints
for c
ohor
t stu
dies
.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1015 16/10/14 20:24
1016 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.
Tabl
a II
I O
bjec
tive
and
desc
ript
ion
of th
e in
terv
entio
n re
aliz
ed in
the
revi
ewed
stu
dies
.
Auth
or/y
ear
Obj
ectiv
eIn
terv
entio
n D
escr
iptio
n
Popk
in B
M
et a
l.13
1997
Expl
ain
the
unde
rlyin
g co
nditi
ons o
f ado
lesc
ent h
ealth
and
he
alth
beh
avio
r with
spec
ial e
mph
asis
on
the
effe
cts o
f the
m
ultip
le c
onte
xts o
f ado
lesc
ent l
ife
Intr
v-A
d R
e-In
tv(2
y). (
Ant
rpM
e).
Ado
lesc
ents
inte
rvie
w fo
r: w
eigh
t (K
g) y
hei
ght (
m).
Rep
eate
d 2
year
s lat
er.
q-in
Sch.
Que
stio
nnai
re in
scho
ol fo
r par
ticip
ant’s
ele
ctio
n.
qPs.
Pare
nts q
uest
ionn
aire
: Eth
nici
ty a
nd ra
ce d
ata.
O’L
ough
lin J
et
al.14
1998
Incr
ease
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e ea
rly d
eter
min
ants
of o
besi
ty
is e
ssen
tial b
ecau
se o
f the
incr
easi
ng p
reva
lenc
e of
obe
sity
in
man
y in
dust
rializ
ed c
ount
ries.
Ant
rp-M
e. 2
mea
sure
s of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
). sv
InH
-Ad.
svin
H-P
s. Su
rvey
and
inte
rvie
w to
par
ents
and
chi
ldre
n fo
r SD
E da
ta.
Sum
insk
i RR
et
al.15
1999
To d
escr
ibe
the
prob
lem
of o
besi
ty in
Mex
ican
Am
eric
an c
hil-
dren
and
pro
vide
a m
etho
d fo
r ide
ntify
ing
Mex
ican
Am
eric
an
child
ren
at ri
sk fo
r obe
sity
.
Ant
rpM
e. M
easu
res o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m) i
n sc
hool
.Ps
Re.
Par
ents
repo
rt ab
out:
age,
eth
nici
ty, e
atin
g pa
ttern
s, ac
cess
to a
ids f
or sc
hool
mea
ls.
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et
al.16
2003
To e
xam
ine
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch ra
ce/e
thni
c di
ffere
nces
in in
com
e an
d ed
ucat
ion
acco
unt f
or se
x-sp
ecifi
c di
spar
ities
in
over
wei
ght p
reva
lenc
e in
whi
te, A
fric
anA
mer
ican
, His
pani
c, a
nd A
sian
U.S
. tee
ns.
Ant
rp-M
e. B
MI:
mea
sure
of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
).sv
InH
-Ad.
svi
nH-P
s. Su
rvey
to
pare
nts a
nd c
hild
ren
abou
t: et
hnic
ity/ra
ce, f
amili
ar in
com
es
and
educ
atio
n le
vel d
ata.
Gor
don
Lars
en P
et
al.17
2003
Expl
ore
mec
hani
sms t
hat m
ay e
xpla
in th
e ov
erw
eigh
t diff
eren
tial
acro
ss im
mig
rant
gen
erat
ions
am
ong
thre
e la
rge
subp
opul
atio
ns
of H
ispan
ic (M
exic
an, P
uerto
Ric
an, a
nd C
uban
) you
th in
the
US.
Ant
rpM
e. M
easu
res o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
svIn
H-A
d. sv
inH
-Ps.
Surv
ey in
hom
e ab
out:
stru
ctur
al a
nd a
ccul
tura
tion
char
acte
ristic
s. A
w
eek
repo
rt ab
out:
eatin
g pa
ttern
s and
phy
sica
l act
ivity
.
Kirc
heng
ast S
et
al.18
2005
Ana
lyze
the
prev
alen
ce o
f ove
rwei
ght a
nd o
besi
ty a
mon
g m
igra
nt c
hild
ren
and
adol
esce
nts i
n V
ienn
a, A
ustri
a, b
y co
m-
parin
g th
e w
eigh
t sta
tus o
f Tur
kish
and
Yug
osla
vian
chi
ldre
n/ad
oles
cent
s with
thei
r Aus
trian
cou
nter
parts
.
Ant
rpM
e. 2
mea
sure
s of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
) at 6
and
10
year
s. SE
S-Sc
h. S
ES c
lass
ifica
tion
by: t
ype
of sc
hool
(pub
lic o
r priv
ate)
.
Whi
take
r R
et a
l.19
2006
To d
eter
min
e w
heth
er th
ere
are
raci
al/ e
thni
c di
ffere
nces
in
the
prev
alen
ce o
f obe
sity
am
ong
pres
choo
l chi
ldre
n an
d to
de
term
ine
whe
ther
thes
e di
ffere
nces
are
exp
lain
ed b
y so
cioe
co-
nom
ic fa
ctor
s.
Ant
rpM
e. M
easu
res o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
Ethn
ic o
rigin
of p
aren
ts c
olle
cted
in fa
mili
ar re
side
nce.
PsR
e-Fy
$. R
e-M
.Edc
. Mot
hers
repo
rt ab
out:
Fam
iliar
inco
mes
and
mot
her’s
edu
catio
n le
vel.
svFd
Sec.
Sur
vey
of 1
8 ite
ms a
bout
: fam
ily fo
od se
curit
y.
Ren
azho
A
et a
l.20
2006
Ass
ess t
he a
nthr
opom
etric
stat
us o
f mig
rant
/refu
gee
child
ren
from
sub-
Saha
ra A
fric
a. It
is p
ostu
late
d th
at th
e po
pula
tion
of
mig
rant
/refu
gee
in A
ustra
lia fr
om S
SA e
xhib
it a
mix
ture
of
unde
rnut
ritio
n an
d ob
esity
with
und
ernu
tritio
n be
ing
rela
ted
to
shor
ter t
ime
in A
ustra
lia a
nd o
besi
ty to
a lo
nger
leng
th o
f sta
y.
Ant
rpM
e. C
lass
ifica
tion
of N
utrit
iona
l-Sta
tus b
y: m
easu
res o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
PsR
e-Fy
$. P
aren
ts re
ports
abo
ut: t
heir
occu
patio
n an
d fa
mili
ar in
com
es.
Re-
Ps.E
dc. P
aren
ts re
ports
abo
ut: e
duca
tion
leve
l and
num
ber o
f sib
lings
Ps
Re-
LOS.
Par
ents
repo
rts a
bout
: Len
gth
of st
ay.
Van
Hoo
k J
et a
l.21
2007
Exam
ined
soci
oeco
nom
ic st
atus
(SES
) and
eco
nom
ic d
evel
o-pm
ent o
f the
send
ing
coun
try a
s add
ition
al fa
ctor
s inf
luen
cing
ch
ildre
n bo
dy m
ass i
ndex
(BM
I) a
nd a
s mod
erat
ing
the
rela
-tio
nshi
p be
twee
n pa
rent
al g
ener
atio
nal s
tatu
s and
BM
I.
Ant
rp-M
e. B
MI:
mea
sure
of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
).In
tv-M
. Mot
her’s
inte
rvie
w a
bout
: fam
ily re
side
nce
and
birth
plac
e.qP
s. Pa
rent
’s q
uest
ionn
aire
: fam
ily c
hara
cter
istic
s. sv
SES.
Sur
vey
for s
ocio
econ
omic
SES
dat
a.
svSc
hEnv
Sur
vey
abou
t sch
olar
env
ironm
ent.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1016 16/10/14 20:24
1017Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status
Tabl
a II
I (co
nt.)
Obj
ectiv
e an
d de
scri
ptio
n of
the
inte
rven
tion
real
ized
in th
e re
view
ed s
tudi
es.
Auth
or/y
ear
Obj
ectiv
eIn
terv
entio
n D
escr
iptio
n
Kal
il A
et a
l. 22
2008
Expl
ain
the
diffe
rent
ial r
ates
of f
ood
inse
curit
y be
twee
n lo
w-in
com
e na
tive
and
imm
igra
nt p
opul
atio
ns, i
n pa
rticu
lar,
the
key
fact
ors t
hat e
xpla
in d
iffer
ence
s in
rate
s of f
ood
inse
cu-
rity
amon
g th
e ch
ildre
n of
imm
igra
nt n
onci
tizen
s, ch
ildre
n of
im
mig
rant
citi
zens
, and
chi
ldre
n of
nat
ives
.
qFC
s. H
unge
r and
food
secu
rity
in h
ome:
scar
city
, qua
lity,
qua
ntity
of f
ood
and
daily
inta
kes.
svin
H-P
s. Pa
rent
’s in
hom
e su
rvey
: birt
hpla
ce, n
atio
nalit
y, o
ccup
atio
n, e
duca
tion,
mot
her’s
em
otio
n st
ate
and
ded
icat
ion
to c
hild
care
. Chi
ld’s
race
. Fam
iliar
’s in
com
es a
nd p
artic
ipat
ion
in fr
ee sc
hola
r mea
l pro
gram
.
Ros
as L
G e
t al.23
2009
Exam
ine
and
com
pare
mot
hers
’ per
cept
ion
of w
eigh
t in
Mex
ico
(MX
) and
in a
n im
mig
rant
com
mun
ity in
Cal
iforn
ia (C
A).
Med
-Ant
rp. B
MI:
mea
sure
of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
) of c
hild
ren.
qS
ES. T
wo
ques
tionn
aire
s for
SES
dat
a.
qSup
l. M
othe
r’s p
erce
ptio
n of
her
chi
ld W
eigh
t usi
ng C
ollin
s sca
le.
Bal
istre
ri K
S
et a
l.24
2009
Exam
ine
how
His
pani
c pa
rent
s’ in
com
e an
d ed
ucat
ion,
com
bi-
ned
with
thei
r nat
ivity
stat
us (S
t-Nt),
influ
ence
d th
e bo
dy m
ass
inde
x (B
MI)
of t
heir
child
ren,
com
pare
d w
ith n
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
te c
hild
ren
(W-C
h) a
nd th
eir p
aren
ts (C
h-Ps
).
Ant
rp-M
e. m
easu
re o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
qSES
. Que
stio
nnai
re a
bout
par
ent’s
edu
catio
n an
d fa
mili
ar’s
inco
mes
.
Teilm
ann
G e
t al.25
2009
Stud
y th
e po
ssib
le e
ffect
s on
pube
rtal m
atur
atio
n of
birt
h w
ei-
ght,
age
at a
dopt
ion
and
regi
on o
f orig
in.
Med
-Ant
rp. B
MI:
mea
sure
of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
) of c
hild
ren.
Ren
zaho
A e
t al.26
2009
Exam
ined
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
child
hood
nut
ritio
nal s
tatu
s an
d et
hnic
ity in
a n
atio
nally
repr
esen
tativ
e sa
mpl
e of
4- t
o 5-
year
-old
chi
ldre
n, c
ompr
ised
of d
iver
se e
thni
c an
d cu
ltura
l ba
ckgr
ound
s.
Intv
-PC
. Int
ervi
ew: 2
,5 h
, to
the
prim
ary
care
r abo
ut S
ED-c
: prim
ary
care
r’s b
irthp
lace
, ag
e, e
duca
tiona
l atta
inm
ent,
gend
er,
partn
er, m
ain
lang
uage
spok
en a
t hom
e, t
otal
inco
mes
, nu
mbe
r of s
iblin
gs.
Bak
er B
et a
l.27
2009
Exam
ines
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
mat
erna
l em
ploy
men
t and
ch
ild o
verw
eigh
t am
ong
fifth
gra
de H
ispa
nic
and
non-
His
pani
c w
hite
chi
ldre
n.
Ant
rp-M
e. B
MI:
mea
sure
of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
). qF
Cs.
Food
freq
uenc
y qu
estio
nnai
re fo
r chi
ldre
n.
svM
ep. S
urve
y ab
out m
othe
r em
ploy
men
t. qC
BPs.
Que
stio
nnai
re a
bout
par
ents
birt
hpla
ce.
PsR
e(Fy
$TV
t). P
aren
t’s re
port
abou
t: fa
mili
ar in
com
es a
nd ti
me
dedi
cate
d by
chi
ldre
n fo
r TV.
Mul
lan
Har
ris K
et
al.28
2009
Estim
ate
the
patte
rn o
f cha
nge
of B
MI t
hrou
gh a
dole
scen
ce a
nd
it’s e
xten
ding
thro
ugh
the
trans
ition
to a
dulth
ood
by e
xam
inin
g th
e di
ffere
nces
by
race
, eth
nici
ty a
nd im
mig
rant
gen
erat
ion
and
gend
er.
Intr
v-A
d R
e-In
tv(2
y). (
Ant
rpM
e). A
dole
scen
ts in
terv
iew
for:
wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
Rep
eate
d 2
year
s lat
er.
q-in
Sch.
Que
stio
nnai
re in
scho
ol to
cho
ose
parti
cipa
nts.
Sv
InH
-Ad.
Sur
vey
in h
ome
abou
t: ra
ce, e
thni
city
.
Van.
Hoo
k J e
t al.29
2010
Expl
ain
the
degr
ee o
f im
pact
of g
ener
atio
nal s
tatu
s and
gen
der
ineq
ualit
ies i
n w
eigh
t gai
n th
roug
h tw
o di
ffere
nt d
imen
sion
s of
accu
ltura
tion,
the
plac
e of
soci
aliz
atio
n an
d th
e le
vel o
f int
egra
-tio
n in
the
host
cou
ntry
.
Ant
rpM
e. M
easu
res o
f wei
ght (
Kg)
and
hei
ght (
m).
Intv
-M. I
nter
view
to m
othe
rs: b
irthp
lace
. En
-Ps.
PFM
C C
apac
ity o
f per
form
ance
in E
nglis
h: D
eter
min
e th
e de
gree
of i
nteg
ratio
n of
fa
mily
mem
bers
in th
e ho
st c
ount
ry.
Max
imov
a K
et
al.30
2011
Det
erm
ine
if th
e ra
te o
f inc
reas
e in
bod
y m
ass i
ndex
(BM
I)
diffe
rs b
etw
een
1st ge
nera
tion;
2nd
gen
erat
ion
imm
igra
nt c
hil-
dren
and
nat
ive-
born
chi
ldre
n, a
nd if
the
rate
of i
ncre
ase
varie
s ac
ross
eth
nic
grou
ps.
Ant
rp-M
e. 3
mea
sure
s of w
eigh
t (K
g) a
nd h
eigh
t (m
). q-
inSc
h: q
uest
ionn
aire
in sc
hool
for s
ocio
-dem
ogra
phic
dat
a (S
DE)
: spo
ken
lang
uage
s, st
u-de
nt, f
athe
r and
mot
her’s
birt
hpla
ce, p
erio
d of
resi
denc
e in
Can
ada
and
curr
ent e
mpl
oym
ent
of p
aren
ts.
↑: h
igh.
↓: F
ewer
. η: T
otal
num
ber o
f per
sons
. BM
I(IM
C):
Bod
y m
ass i
ndex
.OB:
Obe
sity
. Ow
: ove
rwei
ght.
SES:
soci
oeco
nom
ic st
atus
. Ps:
par
ents
. KG
-Ch:
Chi
ld’s
act
ual w
eigh
t. Pe
rcp-
M: m
othe
r’s p
erce
ptio
n. M
.Mx-
R(M
x): M
exic
an m
othe
rs w
ith re
side
nce
in M
exic
o. M
.Mx-
R(C
A-U
SA):
Mex
ican
mot
hers
with
resi
denc
e in
Cal
iforn
ia, U
SA. S
t-Nt:
Nat
ivity
Sta
tus.
IMC
-Hisp
-Ch:
dob
y m
ass i
ndex
of S
pani
sh c
hild
. W-C
h: C
hild
’s w
eigh
t. C
h-Ps
: Chi
ld’s
par
ents
. Nut
& P
hyA
c: n
utrit
iona
l sta
tus a
nd p
hysi
cal a
ctiv
ity.
004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1017 16/10/14 20:24
1018 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.
cles. Nevertheless, this age range is considered the sta-ge of “consequences” because before reaching it is in the childhood and teenage when there is an increasing susceptibility to environmental modulator factors (so-cioeconomics and demographics) producing changes that are transferred to adulthood in worse outcomes28.
Although no revisions were found that specifically address about the effect of the social determinants on the nutritional status of the young generations of im-migrants, Misra et al.31 focuses on the study of obesity prevalence and metabolic syndrome in socially vulne-rable persons and migrants from rural areas to cities of a same territory and the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type II. Another article, included in this study, Renzaho et al.26, addresses the relation between the nutritional status in childhood and the ethnicity in a representative sample of chil-dren aged 5 years from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds, finding the same results as Suminski et al15 and other authors26, 27, 29, concluding that there is a higher probability of body weight changes for His-panics who belong to a family with a high proportion of overweight/obesity and there is less weight gain among girls of any ethnicity.
The social determinants of health with greater in-fluence on the child-adolescent immigrants were the socio-demographic conditions; among them: the pe-riod of residence distinguish the three identified ge-nerations13, 20 within the studies while the linguistic barrier and the ethnic background are truly influential on the biological response to the experimented change caused by the acculturation process, establishing diffe-rences in the nutritional status26.
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