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Munira Momin et al., (2013) Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol., 3(2), 78-84

78 JK Welfare &Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry& Pharmacology

Nigella Sativa: Blessed Seed

Munira Momin*1, Sadaf Momin

2, Suvarna Kurhade

1, MohibKhan

2, Kishor Butte

1

1Department of Pharmaceutics, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai, India

2Departent of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai, India

ABSTRACT

The object of this review is to provide a brief summary of the current knowledge of the therapeutic effects

of Nigella sativa. Recently, alternative medicine has received more attention since various naturally occurring

compounds have been proved at preclinical or clinical stage to work effectively as therapeutic agent for variety of

disorders. This review covers possible details on pharmacognosy and pharmacology of Nigella sativa. Most of the

potent and fruitful activity of Nigella Sativa resides in its oil content, fixed oil and volatile oil constituents. Exten-

sive studies on this blessed seed have been carried out by quite a few Middle Eastern countries laboratories as

well as Indian laboratories. The oil contents have shown beneficial activities such as anti-diabetics, hematology,

hepatic, anti-cancer, antibacterial, gastoprotective, analgesic, blood pressure, estrogenic activity, wound healing

activity etc. The promising scope of this seed needs more attention in terms of formulation development in fu-

ture.

Keywords: alternative medicine; cure of all; promising scope

INTRODUCTION

Nigella sativacommonly known as black cumin belong-

ing to botanical family Ranuculaceae (Buttercup) (ku-

mar, 2006). This herb is mentioned in holy Quran, It

was said by Prophet Muhammad use of the black seed

for indeed, it is remedy for all disease except death

however today it is well known in Central and South

Asia, Western countries and the seeds are used in food

for condiment in curries, to improve digestion and

produce warmth, especially in cold climate (Nodkanis,

1982)They are used as nutritional supplement and

energy source for centuries since it has rich nutritional

value and used to treat respiratory conditions like

bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. In addition, it is

used to support stomach and intestinal health as well

as kidney and liver function. Nigella sativaseed is

thought to have antihistamine-like properties that

make it useful in treating congestion and it is widely

used as a general tonic to boost immune function and

to help prevent cancer. Several skin conditions can be

treated with black cumin seed, and it is also used to

enhance circulation. Several scientific studies are also

being conducted regarding the efficacy of whole plant

or its part for the treatment of different diseases. Ni-

gella Sativa contains a number of chemical constitu-

ents that interact in a complex way to elicit their

pharmacodynamic response which have been isolated

and characterized (Tahir, 2006; Nickavar 2003). The

present review summarizes the available literature on

isolation of phytoconstituents, biological activities of

the isolated compounds and pharmacological actions

of extracts along with the clinical studies (Wiliamsone,

2002).

PLANT DESCRIPTION (MORPHOLOGY)

Nigella sativa belonging to Family Ranunculaceae. It

grows up to 45 cm in height with 2.5-5.0 cm long, li-

near-lanceolate leaves. The flower are delicate and

usually colored pale blue and white with 5-10 petals

2.0-2.5 cm across, solitary on long penduncles. The

fruit is large and inflated capsule composed of 3-7

united follicles, each containing numerous seed. The

seeds are flattened, oblong and angular, funnel shaped

0.2 cm long and 0.1 cm wide, black in color. Flowering

and fruiting occur from January to April. It is generally

cultivated on dry soil between November to April andseed take about 10-15 days to germinate. It can also be

propogated from the callus culture in vitro from leaf,

stem and root explants from aseptically grow seesling.

The seed are small dicotyledonous, trigonus, angular,

regulose-tubercular, 2-3.5 x1-2 mm, black externally

and white inside; odour slightly aromatic and taste

bitter (Nodkanis, 1982; Rajsekhar et al., 2011).

Microscopy: The microscopy study of Nigella Sativawas

carried out in which the transverse section of seed

showed epidermis and endosperm. The transverse

section of the seed shows single layer consisting single

layered consisting of elliptical, thick walled cells cov-ered externally by a papillas cuticle, filled with reddish

brown content; epidermis followed by 2-4 layers of

www.ijrpp pharmascope.org

ISSN: 2231-010X

ReviewArticle

* Corresponding Author

Email: munira_momin@yahoo. com

Contact: +91-9619605110

Received on:07-03-2013Revised on: 10-03-2013

Accepted on: 10-03-2013

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MuniraMomin et al., (2013) Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol., 3(2), 78-84

JK Welfare &Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry& Pharmacology 79

thick walled, tangentially elongated; parenchymatous

cells, followed by a pigmented layer composed of tan-

gentially elongated, cylindrical thick walled cells filled

with reddish brown pigment. Below pigmented layer,

parenchyma composed of thick walled, rectangular,

radially elongated cells, present in a layer. Endosperm

consist of moderately thick walled, rectangular to poly-

gonal cells, a few filled with oil globules and starchgrains; embryo embedded in endosperm (Sharma et

al., 2011)

Chemical Constituent

It has been reported that historically, the chemical

constituent investigations on the Nigella sativa seeds

started in the year 1880 when Grenish published the

first report concerning the presence of 37% oil and 4.

1% ash (calcium salts) in the seeds, some of the general

chemical composition of the seeds are oil 31-35.5%,

protein 16-19.9% and various chemical composition of

the fixed and volatile oils ofNigella sativaby extractionand analysis of volatile oil by GC/MS are the extrapo-

lated in which 0.6% Thymoquinone volatile oil was

present (Tahir et al., 2006; Nickavar 2003).

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT

Anti-diabetic: Diabetes mellitus is a systemic metabolic

disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipede-

mia, hyper aminoacidemia, and hypo insulinaemia it

leads to decrease in both insulin secretion and insulin

action. Presently, there is growing interest in herbal

remedies due to the side effects associated with the

oral hypoglycemic agents (therapeutic agent) for thetreatment of diabetes mellitus (Rao et al., 2010)The

effect of Nigella Sativaon compact bone of streptozo-

tocin induced diabetic rats was determined by the ra-

diological, histological, morphological, immune histo-

chemical and morphometrical studies. In the study it

was found that diabetes could lead to osteoporosis via

either decreased bone formation and or increased

bone Destruction with a net result of bone loss. A sig-

nificant decrease in bone formation was reported in

streptozotocin-induced diabetics rats (Shady et al.,

2010) Diabetics rats treated with Nigella sativashowed

improved biochemical, radiographical, histological and

immune histochemical pictures. Nigella sativa can

ameliorate bone damage caused by diabetes either

through its antioxidant effect by its ability to scavenge

free radical and inhibit lipid peroxidation or through its

antidiabetic effects. Nigella sativa can attenuate the

damage occurring to B-cells of pancreas which induced

secretion of insulin (Shady et al., 2010)Water extract of

Nigella Sativa dose of 20 ml/kg given orally everyday

for 2 month to alloxan- induced diabetic rabbit to in-

vestigate the effect of Nigella sativa by performing

hematological & statistical analysis and observed that

Nigella sativa decrease the diabetes induced distur-

bance of the heart rate and hematological parameter

(Meral et al., 2004)In another study indicated that Ni-

gella sativa seeds and their active ingredient. Thymo-

quinone have a promising reducing effect on blood

glucose levels in rate. In case of Nigella Sativa seed

dose of 50mg/kg orally show significant reduction in

their blood glucose level within 7 days duration how-

ever, effect of high dose 500mg/kg lost after 14 days

and in case of thymoquinone dose of 0. 5-6 mg/kg giv-

en intraperitoneal gave a significant reduction in blood

glucose after four days of treatment. However, effectwas maintained by giving treatment with highest dose

of Thymoquinone (i.p) for longest duration of time

(Zubaida et al., 2001). Antidiabetic effect of Thimoqui-

none active constituent of Nigella sativa which has

potential and broad spectrum effect on diabetes melli-

tus has been studied by conducting in vivoandin vitro

test. However, further more preclinical & clinical stu-

dies are required to confirm its exact mechanism

(Akash et al., 2011)

Haematological Studies

Hematological parameter useful for detection of glu-cose levels, RBC and WBC (red and white blood cell)

counts, packed cell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin (Hb)

concentration. Plasmauria, creatin, bilirubin, triglyce-

ride (Meral et al., 2004). The effect of the oral adminis-

tration of an aqueous suspension of Nigella Sativa(50

mg/kg body. wt.) against morphological, cytologicaland

biochemical alterations of blood cells in mice treated

with carbon tetrachloride (1.9 ml/kg body. wt.) was

studied and result showed that Nigella Sativahas the

ability to protect the haematopoietic cells from the

damaging effects of exposure to CCl4 due to the anti-

oxidative power of Nigella Sativa(Essawy et al., 2011).Parasitaemia correlated with severity of infection &

further complicated by anemia, thrombocytopenia,

and leucopenia which is related to immune system and

cause infection. Trypansomabruceireduces the parasi-

tamia and extend the life spanrate, Nigella Sativa oil

has trypanocidal properties as well as ability to extend

the life span of Trypansomabruceiin infected rat be-

cause Nigella Sativa oil show significant increase in

activities of serum alkaline phosphate as well as gluta-

mate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transami-

nase with decrease in the liver enzyme activities and

also significant increase level of hemoglobuline, packed

cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, which has

phagocytes is and antigenic activity against parasite

(Ekanem et al., 2008). Experiment conducted toeva-

luate the effects of Nigella sativapowder and Echina-

cea purpurea(L.), Moench extract (EP) on performance

and some blood biochemical and hematological para-

meters in broiler chickens results of this study show

that supplementing 1% Nigella sativa powder im-

proved body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion

ratio (FCR) of broilers at starter and grower periods

and also increased serum albumin levels and decreased

serum triglyceride and total cholesterol of broilers in

overall. Supplementation of Moench extract increased

globulin levels and white blood count (WBC) result of

this study showed that addition of 1% Nigella Sativa

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powder seemed to have a positive influence on growth

performance and it could be considered as an antibiot-

ic growth promoter substitution for broiler chicks (Mi-

raghaee et al., 2011).

Hepatic Liver, the largest organ of the body primarily

concerned with the metabolic activity of organisms. It

is responsible for biotransformation & detoxifying the

chemical substances in the blood and in this process it

is exposed to high concentrations of toxicants and toxic

metabolites making it susceptible to injury. The liver

damage caused by pathogens as well as chemical

agents. The fact that reliable liver protective drugs are

explicitly inadequate in allopathic medicine exhorted

the scientists to explore herbal remedies (Lal et al.,

2007).

The effect of aqueous suspension of Nigella sativa on

carbon tetrachloride- induced liver damage, CCL4 in-

duced toxicity induced liver damage antagonize

aqueous dose of 250-500mg/kg suspension of Nigellasativa by raising the level of LDH (lactate dehydroge-

nases) and lowering level of AST (aspartic transami-

nase) and ALT (L-alanine aminotransferase) (Ghamdi,

2003) 5% seed of Nigella sativa given to albino mice to

evaluate hepatoprotective action against dimethylami-

noazo-benzene induced liver carcinogensis was studied

and the results showed significant changes in the

plasma level of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate

transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP), total

protein and serum albumin which analyzed by malon-

dialdehyde but there is no harmful effect of Nigella

Sativa on the liver moreover, it exerts hepatoprotec-tive effect against hepatobiliary carcinogens because of

their anti-oxidant property (Mohamed et al., 2010).

AnticancerCancer is dreadful disease characterized by

the irregular proliferation of the cell. As a cell

progresses from normal to cancerous, the biological

imperative to survive and perpetuate drives fundamen-

tal change in the cell behavior. Recently, a greater em-

phasis has been given towards the researches on com-

plementary and alternative medicine that deals with

cancer management. Thousands of herbal and tradi-

tional compounds are being screened worldwide to

validate their use as anti-cancerous drugs (Merine etal., 2012; Balachandran et al., 2005).

Alpha-hederin and Thymoquinone are bioactive consti-

tuents of Nigella Sativa, whichare used to understand

the cytotoxic and apoptotic/necrotic effect on human

cancer cell, in dose-time dependent manner. It con-

cludes that the Thymoquinone is more effective then

alpha-hederin against HEp-2 laryngeal cell and the

higher incidence of apoptosis (Rooney et al., 2005a).

Further study was carried out to understand the me-

chanism involve by the buthioninesulffoximine (BSO),

pre-treatment (BSO) synergistically deplete selective

inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) and caspase-3 activation

mediate Thymoquinone induced apoptosis in Hep-2

cell line but not in alpha hederin (Rooney et al.,

2005b). The experiment performed to evaluate in vivo

and in vitro anticancer effect of Nigella sativa Seed

extracts. It was observed that the cytotoxicity of each

extract depends upon the tumor cell. The essential oil

of Nigella Sativa extract has highest in vitro cytotoxic

activity against P815 cell line compared to ethyl ace-

tate and butanol extract. However, in vivo using

DBA2/P815 (H2d

) mouse model result clearly showedthat injection of essential oil into the tumor site signifi-

cantly inhibited solid tumor development (Mbarek et

al., 2007). Thymoquinone effectively inhibited human

umbilical vein endothelial cell migration, proliferation,

invasion, and tube formation in vivo and in vitro xeno-

graft mouse model and inhibited angiogenesis by sup-

pressing AKT/ERK signaling pathway activation also

inhibited human prostate tumor growth by suppressing

androgen receptor and E2F-1 (Tingfang et al.,

2008)Treatment with anticancer drug cyclophospha-

mide is associated with systemic toxicity like increase

hemoglobulin, blood glucose level, plasma urea, crea-tin, bilirubin, triglyceride and lower the level of gluta-

thione due to over production of reactive oxygen spe-

cies, antioxidant potential of Nigella Sativa dose of

1ml/kg-10ml/kg which is responsible for protecting the

toxicity caused by cyclophosphamide (Alenz et al.,

2010). Also the combine effect of Nigella sativa and

cisplastin show significant result in fluorescent ortho-

topic mouse model (Huaiyu et al., 2001). CD8+Tcell are

important component of the cellular immune response

which control the viral infection and malignant cell.

Nigella sativa at high concentration dose of 100 mi-

cromol/ lit enhance survival and activity of antigenspecific CD8

+T cell by enhancing the proliferative activ-

ity and apoptotic effect in vitro (Salem et al., 2011).

Linoleic acid is the one of the main fatty acid composi-

tion on Nigella sativa which has apoptosis effect on

human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231- (HTB-26) (Ha-

sanzadeh et al., 2011)To investigate whether Nigella

sativa oil could decrease the side effects induced by

the antibiotic, chloramphenicol studies were carried

out the results of which concluded that the oil showed

a time dependent significant repair in the blood pic-

ture, spleen and thymus histology, and the cellular and

humoral immunity (Ebaid et al., 2011).

Antibacterial

Medicinal plants represent a rich source of day, these

plants are antimicrobial agents. Plants are used med-

icinally in different countries and are a source of many

potent and powerful drugs (Mahesh, 2008).

In aqueous decoction of Nigella Sativa has higher anti

bacterial activity then aqueous infusion of Nigella sati-

va,which can be investigate by disc diffusion method

using oral flora. Aqueous decoction has antibacterial

potential against gram positive bacteria staptoccusau-

reus, micrococcus roseus, streptococcus mutans, strep-tococcus intermedius, streptococcus salivarius, strepto-

coccus sannguis, streptococcus morbilloriumand gram

negative bacteria aeromonashydrophila, klebsiellao-

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zaenae. Whereas, Aqueous infusion has antibacterial

activity against gram positive bacteria micrococcus ro-

seus, streptococcus intermedius, streptococcus sanguis

and gram negative bacteria citrobactersp, klebsiellao-

zaenae as investigated (Chaudhary et al., 2008)There

are number of bacteria which are resistant to anti bio-

tic like ampicillin, amikacin, amoxicillin, teteracycilin,

chloramphenicol etc. essential oil of Nigella sativawasstudied for antibacterial activity against multi-drug

resistant bacteria by disc agar diffusion technique. The

result show that gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus

aureus, S. epidermis, Staphylococci and Streptococcus

pyogenes and gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas

aeruginosaare sensitive to Nigella Sativa oil (Salman et

al., 2008).

Intramammary injection of Nigella Sativa dose of 10 ml

in paraffin (200 mg ml-1)

per day given to naturally in-

fected with staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis,

Holstein cow and quarter milk sample were collected

for bacterial analysis and somatic cell count. After the

end of the treatment result of the present study show

that the milk staphylococcus aureus count had been

decreased and shows none of the abnormal clinical

symptoms and visible local reaction. They conclude

that Nigella sativa has the antibacterial potential.[33]

Nigella Sativa extract obtained from macera-

tion/solvent extraction concentration 5mg/disc and

bacteria strain staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 are

used to perform disc diffusion method which showed

the bactericidal activity against methicillin resistant

staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) (Aslam et al., 2011).

Nigella sativa contain some cytotoxic compound. The

cytotoxic activity of the oil was investigated by carrying

out bioassays with bacteria (Erwiniacarotovora) and

Mosquito L larvae. The seed oils of Nigella sativa L.

showed significant cytotoxic effect towards the Erwi-

niacarotovoraand mosquito larvae. The cytotoxic com-

pounds were separated by column chromatography

and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic me-

thods. These cytotoxic compounds were identified as

terpenoids containing carbonyl and hydroxyl functio-

nalities (Bulugahapitiya et al., 2006).

Thermosensitive N-Isopropyl acryl amide-N-Vinyl 2-pyrollidone (NIPAAm-VP) co-polymeric micelle synthe-

sized by radical copolymerization and the extract of

Nigella sativais entrapped in this polymeric system to

check the release of the bioactive compound and

evaluated for its antibacterial activity. The size of nano

particles was measured 75-110 nm and 1%drug is en-

trapped. In this work, the seed extract has been loaded

into the polymeric micelle and its effectiveness has

been evaluated against gram positive strain of Staphy-

lococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilisand a gram negative

strain of Escherichia coli. Nigella sativaloaded poly-

meric micelles found hundred times efficient in com-parison of the naked one. Drug release from the poly-

meric micellar system at 37-42C in different time in-

tervals i. e. 30 min-4 weeks is measured 7. 14-66.66%.

The above findings revealed that this thermo sensitive

polymeric system would more effectively release the

drug into the body when infectious states are func-

tional i. e. higher temperature and may have possibility

to use as a novel drug delivery system for more herbal

drugs for patient compliance as reported (Deepak et

al., 2011).

GastroprotectivePeptic ulcers are a common disorder

of the entire gastrointestinal tract. A peptic ulcer re-

sults from an imbalance between some endogenous

aggressive factor (s) [hydrochloric acid, pepsin, re-

fluxed bile, leukotrienes, reactive oxygen species

(ROS)] and cytoprotective factors, which include the

function of the mucus-bicarbonate barrier, surface

active phospholipids, prostaglandins (PGs), mucosal

blood flow, cell renewal and migration, non-enzymatic

and enzymatic antioxidants and some growth factors

(Zahra et al., 2011) Nigella sativadue to flavonoid con-

tent possess significant anti-ulcer activity against gas-

tro ulcer in rat (Mota et al., 2008; Rajkapoor et al.,

2005). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of

hypothyroidism on the development of acute cold re-

sistant stress gastritis in rats and protective effect of

Nigella sativaat the beginning of the acute cold resis-

tant stress. Khaled A Abdel-Sater observed that Nigella

sativaoil significantly decreased volume of gastric juice

and number and size of gastric ulcer by neutralizing

hydrochloric acid in stomach (Sater, 2009). Gastro pro-

tective activity of Nigella sativaoil and its constituent

Thymoquinone against acute alcohol-induced gastric

mucosal injury in rats was studied the results of which

showed that Nigella Sativa and Thymoquinone couldprotect gastric mucosa against the injurious effect of

absolute alcohol and promote ulcer healing as evi-

denced from the ulcer index (UI) values (Kanter et al.,

2005).

Analgesic Drug currently used for management of pain

and inflammatory condition present toxic side effect

on chronic administration. Therefore, attempts are

being taken to study promising plant which may lead to

develop newer and safer drugs (Divya, 2009) The

present study was designed to investigate the anti-

nociceptive effect of Nigella sativa and has opioid ac-

tivity which responsible for exert an anti-nociceptive

activity via central mechanism which inhibit the beha-

vioral change caused by acute nociceptive stimuli like

hot plate, early phase and late phase of formaline test

by taking watery suspension of Nigella sativa dose of

1000m/kg body weight (Shebani et al., 2009). Writhing

test was performed to analyses analgesic activity of

Nigella Sativa in dose of 0. 5 ml by giving interaprito-

nially. They conclude that Thymoquinone is active con-

stituent of nigella responsible for reducing the pain

(Ramadhan et al., 2011).

Blood Pressure

Nigella sativawith rauvolfia reduce the blood pressure

within period of three week also minimizes the symp-

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toms B. P like dizziness, vertigo, drowsiness, lethargy,

loss of appetite by taking capsule contain dose of rau-

volfia serpentine 125 mg &Nigella sativa 125 mg (Tis-

sera, 2006)

Estrogenic Activity

Estrogens are naturally occurring hormones and are of

importance both for female and male gender. Estrogenregulates growth and differentiation of cell, decrease

apoptosis and regulate growth-factor production (Au-

ranen et al., 2005). Estrogen play important role only in

reproduction system but in functioning of cardiovascu-

lar, central nervous, immune and skeletal system,

hence fall in estrogen after menopause (gradually de-

cline estrogen and progesterone secreted through ova-

ries) lead to detrimental effects (Khajuria et al., 2008).

When the dose of Nigella sativa by giving different

dose 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg respectively to overie-

comized rat to observe the Estrogenic activity by taking

vaginal smear it observed low dose of 300mg/kg ofNigella Sativashow occurrence of vaginal cornified and

nucleated epithelial cell which can be helpful in manag-

ing post-menopausal symptoms as an alternative for

hormone replacement therapy (Parhizkar et al., 2011).

Seizures activity

Epileptic seizures are transient occurrence of sign and

symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronies

neuronal activity in the brain (Fisher et al., 2011)

Aqueous extract of Nigella sativa has anticonvulsant

effect and can improve seizure control in children suf-

fering from refractory epilepsy (do not respond to an-tiepileptic drug) (Akhondian et al., 2006).

Wound healing activity

The entire process of wound healing is complex and

ordered cascade of events which can be divided into

four distant but over lapping phase of homeostasis,

inflammation, proliferation and maturation. The use of

traditional medicinal and plant are natural remedies in

the treatment of wounds is an important aspect of

health treatment (Sikareepaisan et al., 2011).

The developing microbial resistance to the existing

anti-microbial agents has become a real challenge anda serious problem facing patients suffering from skin

infections in vitro and in vivo anti-microbial effect of

the Nigella sativaextract at a concentration of 20% on

standard bacterial strains and clinical isolates was as-

sessed and compared with standard drugs, chloram-

phenicol and amphotericin B using agar well diffusion

assay. They proved petroleum ether extract to be the

most powerful one against these bacteria (Mariam,

2009).

The experiment was conducted in order to compare

the effects of Nigellasativaconcentration about 50%

and silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream on healing of burn

wounds in rats. Yaman observe Nigella sativa oil was

found to shorten the healing process then he conclude

that Nigella sativahas antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects so it

used as an adjunctive or alternative agent to existing

wound healing therapies (Yaman et al., 2010).

CONCLUSION

Nigella sativa has miracles effects on various diseases

starting from skin diseases to anti-cancer activity.However, further detail study; especially with respect

to formulation development of this herb using

nanotechnology is the area to be focused on keeping

its wide array of pharmacological effect in mind. Ours

is a humble approach to compile possible available

data in present review.

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