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1 GSM
1 GSM
1 GSM
1.1.
, , , .
.
21.10.1832 -
.. .
(1786-1837) , . 1836 .
24.05.1844 . .
14.02.1876 . ! . , , (Alexander Graham Bell) . , , , ! , . 14 1876 , 7 . , : . 500 . . ! , , . , . B 1877 a a , . B c Cc c a, a .
7
GSM 07.05.1895
. 1895 .. . - - .
1896 . (1856 - 1943) 32 , . 1901 . .
19.02.1900 . .. 45 .
1921 2 . .
1930- () .
01.10.1932 .
: . . 1930- .
1935 () . , . .
1940- (FCC) , (DPLM). DPLM 1946 . - (St. Louis). 150 . 1947 - , 35-40 .
1947 D.H. Ring Bell Laboratories . 1948 Shockley, Bardeen Brittain Bell Laboratories ,
, , .
1950- 1950- . .
8
1 GSM 1969 (, , , )
. (Nordic Mobile Telephone - NMT), .
1973 NMT , , , . .
1981 NMT 450.
1991 (GSM). 1998 200 . 1999 GPRS. 2000 , 3G,
3G. 2001 3G . 2002 TDMA GSM.
9
GSM 1.2.
. , . . , .
(1G) ,
, . , .
(2G) .
, . GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 2G.
, ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network). (SMS Short Message Service).
(IN)
( : Pre-paid, Free Phone ..), , .
2G. GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) GSM.
2G,
, . (3G), , , (). 2G, , , ,
10
1 GSM . 3G (UMTS).
, GSM ,
, .
11
GSM 1.3.
, : ; .
, , :
- ; - ; - .
, . , :
-
; - ; - ; - ,
; - (, ..). 2002 GSM 71%
68% .
, 1981
NMT 450, . , , . , , , . , , :
12
1 GSM 1-2. 1981 NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony 450
MHz ,
1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone
System
1985 TACS Total Access Communication
System
1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony 900 MHz
,
1991 GSM Global System for Mobile communication
1991 TDMA (D-AMPS) (IS136)
Time Division Multiple Access (Digital-AMPS)
1993 CDMA One (IS 95)
Code Division Multiple Access One
,
1992 GSM 1800 Global System for Mobile communication
1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular 1995 PCS 1900 Personal Communication
Services
2000 UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems
2001 GSM 800 Global System for Mobile communication
13
GSM 1.4. .
1992 . 200 .
.
12 . "".
16 . "". .
. . "". 15 "" . .
1993 11 ""
AMPS .
6 " ". 1994
10000 Ericsson. " ".
DAMPS TDMA ( " 800"). "" , : , , .
"", "-" ( )
14
1 GSM
" ", .
1995 "" " 800",
AMPS/DAMPS.
"" , , . 200 . "" .
1996 "" -
(NYSE), , . "" (ADR) , , NYSE VIP 60 . .
1997 " " GSM
1800. , . 20 . GSM 1800.
GSM 1800 - " 1800". 1997 120 . , 160 .
" 1800" DAMPS IS-136.
1998 28 1998
GSM-1800 . "" GSM-1800 -, , - . "" .
15
GSM
7 GSM-1800 , - , GSM-900/1800 .
1998 " ", , " " " ".
30 1998 " " 141600 .
21 GSM-900/1800.
"" GSM " ", . " " (pre-paid).
1 "" Telenor . Telenor 162 . 25% "".
"" , " " 500.
" GSM" . 22 "-GSM".
1999 10 ""
ICO Global "" . ICO-R ( "-") .
20 " ", GSM-900/1800, .
16
1 GSM
25 , " " GSM, " 800" (DAMPS).
26 " GSM" 37 . "" , GSM-900/1800/1900, 61. GSM , .
"" " ", , .
1999 "" "" , DAMPS GSM-900/1800. , .
24 "" " " GSM, , GSM-900 GSM-1800 .
5 1999 "" , GSM-900/1800.
, " GSM" , . , , , - , .
15 " GSM" , 20% .
18 "" - . 49 , . Philips Aeon $10.
17
GSM
"" GSM -, , - . , , , .
1999 "" " 1999 " ". "" " ". 150 - 52 , , .
, 75 . . " ".
1999 "" , 352 . , 47%. 184%. 1999 170 . .
2000 "" Nokia
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) " GSM" . "" , .
2000 "" Ericsson WAP " GSM". 10 WAP- - . " GSM" , , , .
2000 "" " GSM" , 99% . GSM 600.
"", 1999 " ". ,
18
1 GSM
" " 23 .
24 "" " GSM" . "" - " ".
20 2000 "" " ", 573700 .
29 "" " - ", " " , , , SMS, WAP, GPRS.
2000 "" : 225,4 . .
" " " GSM", 195 . , 20-30% .
" " . C 7 8 " . ". (, , ). , , " ".
" GSM" " ", " " " ", 2000 .
. "" "-".
19
GSM
10 " GSM", , .
18 "" "-" , .
" GSM". 62%. " " , , , , . " GSM" 41600 . ( 31 1999 ) 44200, 94% . " GSM". 270 92 , , GSM/iDEN. "" .
2001
2 - , .
6 "+" , .
" " . - , .
23 "" "", , FMC (Fixed-Mobile Convergence), , . FMC , , "", " ". FMC
20
1 GSM
, . , .
"" " ". - (-), "" . "" , . , .
14 "" IBM, , IBM Lotus "".
30 "", Telenor " " . "- ", " ", "" "-", 100% "". "" GSM. Telenor, "", .
- SIM Application Toolkit. " GSM" SIM (32 kb 16 kb) . - SIM-. .
26 "" - GPRS. " GSM" ,
21
GSM
GPRS , PDA, WAP- .
12 "" Amdocs, IP . Amdocs GSM GPRS "".
27 "" " " Telenor, 99% , .
"" " ..." - .
"-" - " " (Mobile eMail) .
20 ( Mobile Telecommunications Limited, GSM-900). , "" . .
3 "" "+ GSM", .
4 "-" .
"", , "" WAP " GSM" - .
" " , .
22
1 GSM
14 .
18 .
"" , "+ GSM".
2 .
" " "" - SMS-. SMS SMS- " " .
17 GSM.
24 " GSM" , SMS, "-", SMS- .
25 .
30 .
30 "" " ", , " " " ".
1 .
C 1 2001 " GSM" : GPRS-, " GSM", WAP GPRS , , .
"" "-" "-".
28 "-"
"" "-GSM", SIM Application Toolkit.
23
GSM
"" " " " ". " " "". .
" - 2001", "" " ", " " 2001 .
"" (3G)
26 "-" .
2001 "" 422,6 . , 54, 2% 247,1 . . 47,3 . 77,8 . 2000 . 31 "" 2,11 . , , 153,3 % 2000 . , , . 2001 "-" GSM-900/1800 50 , ( - , , , ), 85 . .
4 2001 , . 2001 , , , , .
30 Beepay. Beepay , : , , , .
24
1 GSM
, , . , 2001 UMTS.
2001 422,6 . USD, 54,2%. 47,3 . USD. 31 2001 2,11 . , 153,3%. 2001 , 50 .
25
GSM
1.5. (GSM)
1.5.1 GSM. GSM. 1982-1985
(CET) 900 . (GSM).
1986 , : (FDMA) (TDMA).
1987 GSM TDMA FDMA. 12 (MoU), GSM 1991 .
1988 CEPT GSM . 5 MoU. - MoU , .
1989 (ETSI) GSM.
1990 1 GSM , .
1991 GSM 1800. MoU , , CEPT. 1 GSM.
1992 1. GSM 1. () ().
1993 - , MoU. MoU 70 . GSM , , , . GSM . DCS 1800.
1994 MoU 100 60 . GSM. GSM 3 .
1995 (PCS). GSM, 1900 .
1996 GSM 1900. PCS 1900.
1998 MoU 253 100 GSM 70 . GSM 31% .
1999 GSM 179 . 2002 GSM ,
EDGE, AMR, .
, GSM - ,
GSM, , GSM.
26
1 GSM
, GSM,
, , (SMS), (IN), , (MVPN).
GSM
, .
GSM ,
, , .
1.5.2 ETSI GSM C GSM .
GSM , , GSM . GSM, .
12 ETSI GSM,
1-4. , , ETSI.
1-2 ETSI 01 02 03 04 MS - BSS 05 06 07 MS 08 BSS - MSC 09 10 11 12
27
GSM
DCS-1800 PSC-1900
ETSI GSM-900. DCS-1800 PSC-1900 , , PSC-1900 - , American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
28
1 GSM 1.6 GSM
1980 - GSM , . GSM 1. GSM ( 2, 2+) .
. 1.1. GSM
1
1 : ; ; ( 9.6 /);
; ; .
, 1
(Subscriber Identity Module - SIM). 2
2 ETSI 1996
ETS 300 522. GSM 03.02. 1 , :
29
GSM
; ; ; ; -; ; .
2+
2+. 2+ ETSI 2000 GSM 01.04, V 8.0.0. . , 2+, :
; ; ; GSM 1800, GSM 1900 DECT
.
, -, .
, :
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, , ;
CAMEL - Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic, ,
IN ; HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data,
, ( 4-) .
30
1 GSM
1.7 GSM
GSM 2 . , , .
:
- Switching System (SS) - Base Station System (BSS)
. . 1.2 .
. 1.2. GSM
, . 1.2.
AUC Authentication Center ( )
BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station () EIR Equipment Identity Register HLR Home Location Register
31
GSM MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center GSM NMC Network Management Center OMC Operation and Maintenance Center VLR Visitor Location Register ,
MSC/VLR SS
, . SS :
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR).
BSS , .
:
Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
(OMC)
- , , , . OMC SS, BSS.
MS , .
32
1 GSM 1.8 SS
1.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
MSC . , . PSTN, ISDN, , , . MSC. MSC .
MSC . MSC ,
, (-).
MSC ,
. MSC ,
.
1.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)
GSM ,
PLMN. HLR , , .. .
HLR
( ) , HLR.
HLR :
() . , . ,
MSC/VLR. ().
HLR MSC/VLR, . HLR ,
33
GSM HLR. HLR . . , HLR, MSC VLR, , .
1.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
VLR , MSC. , MSC VLR. VLR , MSC , MSC. HLR VLR , , .
MSC, VLR,
MSC, HLR, . HLR VLR .
, MS / .
1.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC)
. AUC - , ( ). MSC ,
1.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
EIR ,
. . (EIR) , , .
34
1 GSM
1.9 BSS
1.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC) BSC ,
GS. , , MS, . MSC BSC.
1.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
BTS MS. BTS
, - , . BSC BTS.
1.9.3
1.9.3.1 Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)
OMC GSM. ( X.25) , MSC, BSC .. , . , . 1.9.3.2 Network Management Center (NMC)
(NMC). , OMC. , NMC , , OMC .
OMC NMC , .
1.9.4 (MS)
MS . MS, .
35
GSM MS , , .
MS
, , . , , , , , , , . MS GSM :
(); (SIM). GSM, ,
. - SIM. SIM , GSM. , , . , .
. 1. 3
36
1 GSM
1.10 GSM
. , , .
1.10.1 (Cell)
, GSM, . , .. .
, ,
GSM ( ).
,
(CGI). , , , , .
1.4.
1.10.2 (Location Area - LA)
(LA) ,
. LA, . (LAI) VLR.
MS ,
LA, LA. , MS Idle.
37
GSM , . MS LA, . MS , LA.
1.10.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)
MSC LA , MSC. , MS MSC , (HLR).
. 1.5 MSC
1.10.4 PLMN
PLMN ,
, . PLMN, . MS PLMN . MSC/VLR. . 1.6 .
1.10.5 GSM
GSM
, GSM. GSM , ,
38
1 GSM . GSM .
,
, MS PLMN PLMN. GSM PLMN (SA) MSC (LA)
1.6. GSM . 1.7, 1.8 .
. 1.7 .
39
GSM
. 1.7 . . 1.8 .
. 1.8 - .
40
1 GSM 1.11. GSM
GSM , : 900, 1800, 1900 .
900
. 1.9 GSM
GSM 900 .
. , . E-GSM R-GSM, P-GSM (primary).
P-GSM900 890-915/935-960 MHz E-GSM900 880-915/925-960 MHz R-GSM900 890-925/935-970 MHz R-GSM1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz
1800
1990 . ,
GSM, 1800. . , , , .
, , . 1800 : GSM 1710-1805/1785-1880 MHz.
1997 1800 Digital Cellular System (DCS)
1800 MHz, GSM 1800. 1900
1995 PCS (Personal
Cellular System). , , . PCS , 41
GSM , .
, PCS, 1900 .
GSM 900 - , , GSM 1900 . GSM 1900 GSM 900 , GSM 1900 ANSI.
GSM 800
800
TDMA (AMPS D-AMPS). GSM 1800 , .
2
. 2 -
P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900
Uplink 890 915 880 - 915 890 925 1710 1785 1850 1910
Downlink 935 960 925 - 960 935 970 1805 1880 1930 1990
1.12
, .
.
Idle: MS , ;
Active (Busy): MS ;
Detached: MS Implicit Detach: MS
.
3 , GSM .
42
1 GSM
3
(Registration)
, MS , MS.
(Roaming) , , LA, MSC/VLR .. ( MSC/VLR PLMN)
(International Roaming)
PLMN, .
Location Update MS. MS. Cell selection/reselection / IDLE.
IDLE
Paging , MS , .. MS MS
Locating . BSC , MS BTS. BUSY
Handover .
. 1.10
43
GSM
MS , Detached. MS , GSM, . MS , , MS. , , MS .
MS ,
, IDLE. , MS LA, MS .
MS
.
MS , 1 .
LA, MS Location Update LA VLR.
1 ! IDLE MS, Busy - BSC. 44
1 GSM 1.13 GSM
, GSM . MS. , .
1.13.1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
IMSI GSM. GSM . IMSI SIM, HLR, VLR AUC.
IMSI :
1.11 IMSI
MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number)
MS GSM IMSI
15 .
1.13.2. Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
(MSISDN) , . . MSISDN .
45
GSM
1.12 MSISDN
CC (Country Code) - NDC (National Destination Code) -
( ) SN (Subscriber Number)
PLMN NDC. , NDC 086 087, PLMN. PLMN NDC. MSISDN . 15 , (+7). Beeline +7 903 XXX XXXX 905.
1.13.3. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
TMSI - IMSI, MS . . MS TMSI.
TMSI IMSI,
8 . TMSI , IMSI, , .
1.13.4. International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)
IMEI . . GSM IMEI 15 :
TAC (Type Approval Code) - . FAC (Final Assembly Code) - , .
46
1 GSM
SNR (Serial Number) - . TAC FAC
Spare - . . MS, 0.
1.13 IMEI
1.13.5. International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)
IMEISV MT,
, MS, . , , MS, .
, , PLMN
MS (, half rate/full rate, .).
IMEISV.
1.14 IMEISV
SVN (Software Version Number) - , MS MS. SVN 99, .
47
GSM
1.13.6. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
MSRN , MSC, MS. MSRN , .
MSRN :
1.15 MSRN
SN MSC/VLR.
1.13.7. Location Area Identity (LAI)
LAI (LA), LA GSM.
LAI :
1.16 LAI
Location Area Code (LAC) , LAC 16 , 65536 LA PLMN.
1.13.8. Cell Global Identity CGI
CGI LA. Cell Identity (CI) LAI. CI 16 .
48
1 GSM
CGI :
8.7 CGI
1.13.9. Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)
BSIC MS . BSIC :
8.8 BSIC
NCC - Network Color Code ( ). , , .
BCC Base station Color Code ( ).
, , .
1.13.10.
, MS (LU, ) MSC/VLR TMSI IMSI, MSC/VLR TMSI MS, SIM-. MSC/VLR MS TMSI. , IMSI . IMSI , Location Update TMSI.
49