IntroductionIntroductionRubie MarananRubie Maranan--CausarenCausaren

Zoology?Zoology?Zoology?Zoology?

Scientific MethodScientific MethodScientific MethodScientific Method

Logical process Facts/informationLogical process Facts/information

??observation experimentation

conclusions theory/iesconclusions theory/ies

StepsSteps

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

Descriptive Experimental

• Effect of altitude to • Effect of june Effect of altitude to the distribution of frogs

jbeetle as a source of food to the frogs growth of albino mice

StepsSteps

2. Exploration of Alternative resources

StepsSteps

3. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Descriptive Experimental

• Altitude has no • june beetle has no Altitude has no effect to the distribution of frogs

jeffect as a source of food to the distribution of frogs growth of albino mice

StepsSteps

4. EXPERIMENTATION/TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

Descriptive Experimental

• Method? • To= pure regular feedMethod?• Field work

p g• T1=75% feed + 25% beetle• T2=50% feed + 50% beetle• T2=50% feed + 50% beetle• T3=25% feed + 75% beetle

StepsSteps

5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Descriptive Experimental

• Data? • Data?Data?• Number of frogs at

every station or

• Weight (g)• Length (cm)every station or

elevationg ( )

• Statistical analysis

5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1415

es

91011121314

f Sp

ecie

345678

mbe

r of

123

0 40 100 200 300 400 500 600

Num

Species elevation curve the anurans of Mt Palay

Elevation (meters above sea level)

Species-elevation curve the anurans of Mt. Palay-Palay and immediate vicinities.

Average weight (g) of albino mice

80

Average weight (g) of albino mice

50607080

g)

304050

eigh

t (g

ToT1

0102030

we

T2T30

mo. 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4

duration of studyduration of study

StepsSteps

6. GENERALIZATION / CONCLUSION

Descriptive Experimental

• The number of • Feeding albino mice The number of anuran species decrease with

with june beetle caused a significant i i th idecrease with

increase in elevation

increase in their weight

elevation

Fields of Science related to ZoologyFields of Science related to Zoology• Anatomy• Morphology

• Physiology• TaxonomyMorphology

• CytologyTaxonomy(classification)P it l• Ecology

• Embryology

• Parasitology• ZoogeographyEmbryology

• Evolution

g g p y• Paleontology

M l l Bi l• Genetics• Histology

• Molecular Biology

Histology

Food web. This shows an interlocking pattern of food chains in anecosystem.

PhylogenyPhylogenyEchinodermata

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Annelida

Protostome lineage

Deuterostome lineage

Acoelomate PseudocoelomateCoelomate

Chordata

Echinodermata

Nematoda

Ancestral diploblastic radial animals

Ancestral triploblastic acoelomates

Cnidaria

Radial ancestor

Porifera

Ancestral protista

Figure . A phylogenetic tree of Kingdom Animalia.

TISSUES

NomenclatureNomenclatureNomenclatureNomenclature

• Binomial SystemBinomial System• 2 names

R th• e.g. Rana erythraea

Rana erythraea☺Writing?Rana erythraea

Genetic EngineeringGenetic EngineeringGenetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Specialized Fields in ZoologySpecialized Fields in Zoology

Ichth olog

Invertebrate Zoology Vertebrate Zoology

• Protozoology• Carcinology

• Ichthyology• Herpetology

O ith l• Conchology• Entomology

• Ornithology• Mammalogy

• Helminthology• Malacology• Parasitology

RepresentativesRepresentatives

Figure 9 16 Phylum

(a)

Figure 9.16. Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea. Prawn (a), crayfish (b) and crab (c) belong to Class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda.

(b)

(c)

RepresentativesRepresentatives

Figure 9 18 PhylumFigure 9.18. Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Uniramia, Subclass Pterygota, Superorder Exopterygota.

(a)

(e)

Exopterygotes include those belonging to Order Odonata like (a) dragonfly and (b) damselfly Order Orthoptera

(b)

damselfly. Order Orthoptera includes (c) grasshopper and (d) cockroaches. Order Dermaptera includes (e)

i T it (f) b l t (c)

(f)

earwig. Termite (f) belongs to Order Isoptera while stonefly (g) belongs to Order Plecoptera.

(c)

p

(g)(d)

RepresentativesRepresentatives

Figure 9.13. Phylum Annelida. ClassPolychaeta includes clamworms such as(a) Nereis virens. Class Oligochaetaincludes earthworms such as (b)Lumbricus terrestris and Class Hirudineaincludes leeches such as (c) Hirudomedicinalis.

(c)

(b)(a)

RepresentativesRepresentatives

(a) (b) (c)

Figure9 10 Phylum Mollusca

(d)

Figure9.10. Phylum Mollusca.Class Polyplacophora includeschitons like (a) Tonicellalineata. Class Gastropoda

(d)

(e)

(f)

includes univalves such as (b)Trochus, (c) Pterocera, (d)Cypraea, (e) Conus, (f) Murex,(g) Astraea (h) Oliva (i) (f)(g) Astraea, (h) Oliva, (i)Vermicularia, (j) Drupa, (k)Polinices, (l) Turitella, and(e) Tibia.

(g) (h) (i)

(k)(l) (m)

(j)

RepresentativesRepresentatives

Figure 9 23 Phylum (a) (b)

(c)

Figure 9.23. Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata. Class Amphibia includes (a) caecilian, (b) frog,

(d)and (c) salamander. Class Reptilia includes (d) turtle, (e) alligator, (f) snake and (g) chameleon

(d)

(g) chameleon.

(e)

(f)(g)

NATURE OF LIFENATURE OF LIFE

Theories: Life’s OriginTheories: Life’s OriginDi i C ti Th• Divine Creation Theory

• Big Bang Theory• Cosmozoic or Interplanetary Theory• Naturalistic / Physico-chemical / AbiogenicNaturalistic / Physico chemical / Abiogenic

Molecular Evolution / Oparin-Haldane HypothesisHypothesis

• Abiogenesis / Spontaneous Generation TheoryTheory

• Biogenesis Theory

(NH3)

(H2) (CO)(CO )

(N2)

(CO2)

(CH4)

Biogenesis TheoryBiogenesis Theory• Francesco Redi• Lazzaro Spallanzanip

– Nutrient fluids like broth heated after sealing the flask did not favor growth of gmicroorganisms

• Louis Pasteur– Demonstrated that microorganisms were

present in the air but were not created by airp y– Use of open-ended, long-necked (with S-

shaped curves) flask

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

• Metabolism• Growth

I i bili• Irritability• Reproduction and DevelopmentReproduction and Development• Adaptation• Organization

catabolism

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

bud

a. budding in Hydra sp.

Sexual reproductionSexual reproductionmale

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

sperm

female

spermmass

c. leecheggs

e. frogs in amplexus

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life• Definite form and Size• Movement / Locomotion• Movement / Locomotion• Respiration (cellular or mechanical)p ( )• Excretion• Homeostasis

S l t!S l t!Salamat!Salamat!

Main tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of Systematics

Id tifi tiIdentification

Nomenclature

Binomial System

Classification