01 Introduction to Anatomy

7/29/2019 01 Introduction to Anatomy

1/32

Introduction to anatomy,

anatomical terms andpositions


2/32

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the human body

Word anatomy is derived from a Greek

word anatome - cutting up

Ana up or through

Tome cutting


3/32

Approaches to study anatomy

Three main approaches Regional or topographical anatomy

Systemic anatomy

Applied or clinical anatomy

Regional anatomy:

Method of studying the bodys structure by

focusing attention on a specific part of the body

Study of the structures such as bones, joints,muscles, blood vessels, nerves and organs and

their relationship to each other in one region of

the body


4/32

To study the anatomy the body is divided into manyregions

Head

Neck

Trunk thorax and abdomen

Upper limbs

Lower limbs

Systemic anatomy:

Study of the bodys organ systems that work together tocarry out complex functions

Eg. Respiratory system, cardiovascular system etc

Applied or clinical anatomy:

Practical application of anatomical knowledge todiagnosis and treatment


5/32

Systemic anatomy Human body systems or organ systems:

Digestive system, Urinary system

Reproductive system, Endocrine system

Respiratory system, Cardio-vascular system

Nervous system

Skeletal system, Muscular system

Integumentary system

Lymphatic system


6/32

Tissue: Group of specialized cells that work together to

perform a specialized function

Organ:

Group of tissues that performs a specific

function or group of functions eg. Liver, Kidney

Human body systems or Organ systems:

A group of related organs is an organ system

Eg - urinary system comprises organs that work

together to produce, store, and carry urine


7/32

Concerned with

pumping andchanneling blood toand from the bodyand lungs

To transportnutrients, gases(such as oxygen andCO2), hormones andwastes through the

body Includes heart, blood

and blood vessels(arteries and veins).

Circulatory system


8/32

Concerned with digestion and processing

the food

To breakdown and absorb nutrients that

are necessary for growth and maintenance

Includes mouth (oral cavity), pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, small and large

intestines, salivary glands, liver,

gallbladder, pancreas

Digestive system


9/32


10/32

Composed of a group

of endocrine glandsthat integrate andcontrol the metabolicactivities of body byproducing chemicalregulatory substancescalled hormones

Includes pituitarygland, pineal body or

pineal gland, thyroid,parathyroids, adrenalglands, pancreas,testis, ovary

Endocrine system


11/32

Reproductive system

Organs which work together for thepurpose of reproduction

Includes the sex organs such as

Ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus,vagina, mammary glands in females

Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles,

prostate and penis in males


12/32

Female reproductive organs


13/32

Bulbourethral glands

Male reproductive organs


14/32

Respiratory system To provide gas

exchangebetween theblood and theenvironment

Includes theorgans used forbreathing -

nose, pharynx,larynx, trachea,bronchi, lungsand diaphragm.

Nose

Bronchus


15/32

Urinary system To filter out cellular

wastes, toxins andexcess water or

nutrients from the

circulatory system

Involved in fluid

balance, electrolyte

balance and

excretion of urine. Includes kidneys,

ureters, urinary

bladder and urethra

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladder

Urethra


16/32

Nervous system To relay electrical signals

through the body

Directs behaviour andmovement

Along with the endocrinesystem, controls physiologicalprocesses such as digestion,circulation, etc

Concerned with collecting,transferring and processinginformation

Consists of 2 parts: Central nervous system

which includes brain andspinal cord Peripheral nervous system -

which includes 12 pairs ofcranial nerves and 31 pairs ofspinal nerves

Brain


17/32

Skeletal system

To provide support, shape for

the body, to protect delicateinternal organs

Forms joints for movements

Produces blood cells in thebone marrow, stores salts

like calcium

Gives attachment to the

muscles

Includes bones, cartilage,

ligaments and tendons.


18/32

Muscular system

Includes muscles

To provide movement

Contract to move limbs

and provide the organism

with mobility Also control the

movement of materials

through some organs,

such as the stomach andintestine, and the heart

and circulatory system


19/32

Integumentary system:

Protects the body from the outsideworld and its many harmfulsubstances

Regulate body temperature, servesas a minor excretory organ, andmakes the inner body aware of itsouter environment through sensoryreceptors

Includes skin, hair and nails. Lymphatic system:

Structures involved in the transfer oflymph between tissues and the bloodstream

Destroy and remove invadingmicrobes and viruses from the body

Includes lymph, lymph vessels,lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus andspleen


20/32

Subdivisions of anatomy

Gross anatomy

Microscopic anatomy cytology, histology

Developmental anatomy - embryology Comparative anatomy

Surface anatomy - palpation

Radiographic anatomy


21/32

Anatomical position Person standing upright

with Head, eyes and toes

directed forward

Upper limbs adjacent to

the sides with palms

facing forward and

thumbs pointing away

from the body Lower limbs close

together with the feet

parallel


22/32

Supine

position:

Prone

position:

Lithotomy

position:


23/32

Anatomical planes Plane is an imaginary

flat surface that passesthrough the body

Sagittal plane:

Divides the body or an

organ into right and leftparts

Median or midsagittal

plane:

Divides the body into 2equal portions

Parasagittal plane:

Divides the body into 2

unequal portions


24/32

Anatomical planes

Coronal (frontal) plane:

Divides the body or an organ into front and

back portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane:

Divides the body or an organ into upper

and lower portions

Oblique plane:

Combination of other planes


25/32

Anatomical terms Superior (cranial) - above

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Nose lies superior to mouth

Inferior (caudal) below

Away from the head or toward the lower part of astructure

Stomach lies inferior to heart

Anterior (ventral) in front

Toward or at the front

Sternum is anterior to heart

Posterior (dorsal) behind

Toward or at the back

Brain is posterior to forehead


26/32

Anatomical terms

Medial: toward the midline of the body

Eye lies medial to the ear

Lateral: away from the midline of the body

Ear lies lateral to the eye

Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part orthe point of attachment of a limb to the body

trunk

Knee is proximal to ankle

Distal: away from the origin of a body part or the

point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Wrist lies distal to elbow


27/32

Anatomical terms Superficial (external)

Toward the body surface Skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep (internal) Away from the body surface, more internal

Teeth lie deep to the lips

Ipsilateral On the same side

The right hand and right foot are ipsilateral

Contralateral On opposite sides

The right hand and left foot are contralateral


28/32

Anatomical terms related to

movements

Flexion: movement by which the angle of a joint isdecreased

Extension: movement by which the angle of a joint is

increased

Lateral flexion: movement of trunk in coronal plane Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body

(central axis)

Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body

(central axis) Medial rotation: rotation toward the medial side of the body

Lateral rotation: rotation towards the lateral side of the body

Circumduction: combination of flexion, extension,

abduction and adduction movements


29/32

Anatomical terms related to movements

Pronation: movement of forearm, where the palmis turned backwards

Supination: movement of forearm, where the palmis turned forwards

Inversion: movement of foot, where the sole of thefoot is directed medially

Eversion: movement of foot, where the sole of thefoot is directed laterally

Protraction: to move forward

Retraction: to move backward Elevation: move a part superiorly

Depression: move a part inferiorly


30/32

Cavities of the body

Cranial cavity

Situated in the skull

Major contents: Brain, meninges,

cerebro-spinal fluid

Vertebral cavity or vertebral

canal

Situated in the vertebral column

Major contents: Spinal cord,

meninges, cerebro-spinal fluid

Thoracic cavity

Situated in the thorax

Major contents: heart, lungs


31/32

Abdominopelvic cavity

Situated in the abdomen

Has 2 parts - abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity:

Major contents: stomach, small intestine, most of the large

intestine, liver, pancreas, spleen, suprarenal (adrenal)

glands, kidneys, parts of ureters, large vessels such as

abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and portal vein


32/32

Pelvic cavity

Situated in the pelvis

Is the lower part of abdominopelvic cavity

Major contents: parts of large intestine, urinary

bladder, ureters, urethra, male and female

reproductive organs

Documents

01 Introduction to Anatomy