Lee, Hye YoungSaavedra, Herbert

Definition of PsychiatryDifferentiate between Psychiatry and

PsychologyDefine Mental Health and NormalityDeterminants of Human Behavior

Biological Factors Socio-cultural Factors

▶ PSYCHIATRY • Psychiatry is a field of medicine which

deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.

• It integrates biological, social and

psychological aspects of mental health to provide holistic medical care for a wide range of symptoms.

There are many fields in psychiatry including general adult, child and adolescent, eating disorders, old age, substance dependence, forensic, hospital psychiatry and neuropsychiatry.

In each of these areas research into the causes of mental illness and the effects of treatment are ongoing.

To define and recognize illnessesTo identify methods for treating themTo develop methods for discovering

their causes and implementing preventive measures

▶ PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is an academic and

applied discipline which involves the scientific study of human or animal mental function and behaviors.

▶ PSYCHIATRY • Medical orientation • Focus : mental illness or abnormality

▶ PSYCHOLOY • Focus : normal

functioning

Psychiatry Psychology

Practitioner: Psychiatrist PsychologistPractitioner's Nature: Physician Scientist or Clinician

Objective of the study: To treat mental illness

to systematically investigate the human mind, including behavior and cognition

Major fields of study:

Psychiatric medication & Tomography

Clinical psychology & Research Psychology

Licensed Practioners: MD or DO PhD, PsyD or EdDName Developed by: Johann Christian Reil Rudolp Gockel

“the successful performance of mental functions, in terms of thought, mood, and behavior that results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with others, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity”

▪ Mental Health: Report of the Surgeon General

Psychically normal persons are those who are in harmony with themselves and with their environment.

They conform with the cultural requirements or injunctions of their community.

They may possess medical deviation or disease, but as long as this does not impair their reasoning, judgment, intellectual capacity, and ability to make a harmonious personal and social adaptation, they may be regarded as psychically sound or normal.

▪ Robert Campbell (Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary)

as patterns of behavior or personality traits that are typical or that conform to some standard of proper and acceptable ways of behaving and being.

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.”

▪ World Health Organization (WHO)

Capacity for work and enjoyment.

“Ability to love and work.” –Sigmund Freud

Mental well-being The absence of a mental disorder

Mental Disorder a behavioral or psychological syndrome or

pattern associated with distress (e.g., a painful symptom), or with a significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.

▪ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

Psychosis

grossly impaired reality testing.

synonymous with severe impairment of social and personal functioning characterized by social withdrawal and inability to perform the usual household and occupational roles.

Neurosis

a chronic or recurrent disorder that is characterized mainly by anxiety, which appears alone or as a symptom such as an obsession, compulsion, phobia, or a sexual dysfunction.

implies that reality testing and personality organization is intact but the person is distressed by a variety of disturbing symptoms.

Normality as HealthNormality as UtopiaNormality as AverageNormality as Process

Normality as Health Traditional approach to health & illness.

Equates normality with health and view health as an almost universal phenomenon.

Thus, behavior is assumed to be within normal limits when no manifestations of psychopathology is present.

“A healthy person is free of undue pain, disability, or discomfort.” -John Romano

Normality as Utopia Harmonious and optimal blending of the

diverse elements of the mental apparatus that culminates in optimal functioning

“ideal person”

“normal ego is like normality in general, an ideal fiction.” -Sigmund Freud

Normality as Average Commonly used normative studies of

behavior, based on a mathematical principle of the bell-shaped curve.

Normal

Normality as Process Normal behavior is the end result of

interacting systems Temporal changes are essential to a

complete definition of normality Example:

▪ Erik Erikson's conceptualization of the epigenesis of personality development and the seven developmental stages essential in the attainment of mature adult functioning.

George Mora, M.D.

A system to describe behavioral manifestations that are normal in one context but not in another, depending on how the person is viewed by the society

Conceptualized normality by describing the autonomous functions of the ego.

These are psychological capacities present at birth that are conflict free, that is, uninfluenced by the internal psychic world.

Includes:Perception IntuitionComprehension ThinkingLanguage Motor developmentLearning Intelligence

Described a personal world as the way a person thinks or feels that could be either normal or abnormal.

Personal world is Abnormal, when:

(1) it springs from a condition that is recognized universally as abnormal.

(2) separates the person from others emotionally.

(3) does not provide the person with a sense of material and spiritual security.

Biologic Factors Genetic Structure Heredity

(nature)

Socio-Cultural Factors Family Dynamics Parental Care

(nurture) Peer influence Community/Social

norms and mores