01 Lecture Intro and Tox

7/27/2019 01 Lecture Intro and Tox

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Caratterizzazione geochimica di materiali contaminati6 Credits - 16 h from 52 per semester

Content of the lecture

1.Geosciences in Bremen

2.Hamers background

3.Basics of toxicity contaminant

4.Receptor groundwater concentrations and analysis

5.Sources of pollution

6.Processes of distribution of contaminants in soil, water, goundwater, sediment

7.Assessing sediments

8.Sediment treatment

9.Product assessment

10.Sediment management

1. Geosciences in Bremen

Department of Earth Sciences University of

Bremen www.geo.uni-bremen.de

Center of marine Environment MARUM

www.marum.de

MPI Marine Microbiology (Max-Planck-

Gesellschaft) www.mpi-bremen.de

Center of marine and tropic ecology, Leibnis

Institute www.zmt.de

AWI-Bremerhaven marine and polar research

www.awi.de

Jacob University, Bremen-Grohn - .jacobs-

university.de

Geological Survey of Bremen www.gdfb.de

1499


Education and lectures:

B.Sc. geosciences (german)

M.Sc. Geosciences (Geman)

M.Sc. marine Geosciences (English)

M.Sc. Materials Chemsitry and Mineralogy (German)

M.Sc. Polar and Marine Geosciences (English)

European college of Marine Sciences (English)

PhD Geosciences (English/German)

Exchange and partnership programs with other universities


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Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bremen

150 Scientists: Research & Education

50 Services

Geological Processes & Methods Ressources Applied Geology

University of Bremen

Department of Earth Sciences

Section of Geochemistry and Hydrogeology

Research, Education & Consulting :

mobility, fate and transport of nutrients and contaminants

in

- marine sediments,

- groundwater

- harboursediments

- and constructional material

10-12 persons

geologists

engineers

physicians

soilscientists

modeller

mathematicians

geochemists

technicians

2. Kay Hamers background

[email protected]

Geologist quarternary stratigraphy - master

Hydrogeology and geochemistry PhD

Groundwater Modelling - consultant

Pollution of sediments postdoc

Reuse of polluted sediments and wastes project management and consulting

Permanent working group on Groundwater-Protection and Watersupply

Environmental Ministries of Germany environmental policy consulting

Groundwater Monitoring

Lecturer at the University of Bremen, Germany

2. Hamers background


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3. Basics of toxici ty contaminant

contaminati

What is a contaminant?

What is toxicity?

The discipline toxicology is as old as medicine many toxic plantchemicals are used as therapeutic agents in medicine. The focus lieson effects on humans

Environmental toxicology is a new discipline that grew out of studieson the environmental fate and transport of pesticides in the 1940sand 1950s. The distribution of chemicals is the focus

The term ecotoxicology appeared in the literature in 1969 , that fieldwas pioneered by Rachel Carson. The effects of chemicals on the levelof ecosystems is of interest.

3. Basics of toxicity contamination

Definitions

Pollutants: a substance in part as a result of mans activities, andwhich has a deleterious effect on living organisms.

Contaminant: a substance released by mans activity (notnecessarily adverse effect).

Xenobiotics: a foreign chemical not produced in nature and not aconstitute component of a specified biological systemusuallyapplied to a manufactured chemical.


Definition of some often used terms


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Historic topics of toxicology

Heavy metal poisoning in Japan Minamata disease in the 1950s (Minamata Bay) Itai-Itai disease in the 1940-1960: Cd in rice (ouch-ouch

joint pain). Nuclear bomb and testing: 1960s. Radionuclide discharge: 137Cs, 131I Pesticides: DDT, DDD, DDE (shell thinning of birds eggs). Chernobyl accident in 1986 Nuclear testing, weapons catch our news lines (middle east,

Asia, Korea, etc). TBT: antifouling agents Pb in gasoline and household Exxon Valdez oil spill


Paradigm of Toxicology

Paracelsus:

Everything is toxic; nothing is toxic. Thedose makes the poison.


Paradigm of Toxicology

Paracelsus: Everything is toxic; nothing istoxic. The dose makes the poison.

Homer Simson,

Nominated forthe best

campaign, improving the

image of nuclear power:

Nuclear power is safe,

dopple safe and threefold as

well



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Fe, I, Cu,Fe, I, Cu,Fe, I, Cu,Fe, I, Cu, MnMnMnMn, Zn, Co, Mo, Se,, Zn, Co, Mo, Se,, Zn, Co, Mo, Se,, Zn, Co, Mo, Se,

Cr, Ni, Si, AsCr, Ni, Si, AsCr, Ni, Si, AsCr, Ni, Si, As

CdCdCdCd, Hg, Hg, Hg, Hg


Dose/Response Relationship

Response

0

100

50

Dose or Concentration

Time is

Constant

effect ~ f (dose, time (exposition)



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Non-threshold Response

Response

0

100

50

Dose or Concentration

Time is Constant

Carcinogenic chemicals are considered to be non-thresholdin terms of the dose-response curve


0

25

50

75

100

1 10 100

Effluent Strength (%)

Mortality(%)

LC50LOEC

NOEC

Reporting toxicity tests:


LC50: concentration required to kill 50% of the test organisms within agiven time (L is for lethal)

96-hour LC50 48-hour LC50

LD50 : dose required to kill 50% of the test organisms within a given time(L is for lethal)

EC or ED50 : effective concentration or dose required to cause a givenresponse (growth, reproduction) in 50% of the test organisms within agiven time

LOEL /LOAEL : the Lowest Observable Effect Level or the LowestObservable Adverse Effect Level

NOEL /NOAEL : the No-Observable Effect Level or the No-ObservableAdverse Effect Level

also referred to as the NOEC or NOAEC

Reporting Bioassay Results



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Toxicity

Sum of adverse effects posed by a substance to livingorganisms.It is expressed generally as a dose response relationshipinvolving the quantity of substance to which the organism isexposed and the route of exposure:

AbsorptionIngestion

Inhalation

Toxicity is classified usually as(1)Acute: harmful effects produced through a single or short-term exposure.(2)Chronic: harmful effects produced through repeated orcontinuous exposure over an extended period.(3)Subchronic: harmful effects produced through repeated or

continuous exposure over twelve months or more but less thanthe normal lifespan of the organism.


Wirkungspfade aus Sicht der Humantoxikologie

Atemluft 10 Kg

Wasser 2l

feste Nahrung 1 KgLuft

Boden Wasser Trinkwasser

Aquatische

Organismen

Pflanzen Nutztiere

Mensch

Effects depend on exposition and route of exposure


Air 10l

Water 2l

Food 1 kg

humans

Drinking water

air

waterSoil

Plants Animals

Aquatic

organisms

Routes of exposurefromthe human perspective

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Ecotoxicology

Ecotoxicology is the science ofcontaminants in the biosphere and theireffects on constituents of the biosphere,including humans

Introduced in 1969, ecology andtoxicology

the study of harmful effects of chemicalsupon ecosystems.



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The History, Fate, and Impact of DDT a case between toxicity and

ecotoxicity

dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane


History of DDT

1873 DDT was first synthesized by Othmar Ziedler.

1939, Paul Hermann Mller, a Swiss chemist, discovered the insecticidalproperties of DDT, sought a way to protect wool from moths

DDT was developed as the first of the modern insecticides early in WorldWar II. (~ 1945) Used as prevention and dropped before troops landed

1944: 1 million people in Naples were dusted with the substance, whichwarded off typhus epidemic

1948: Nobel price to Hermann Mller

1955 - 1969, World Health Assembly adopted a Global Malaria EradicationCampaign.

1955-1962. England. Broken eggs of peregrine falcon (duck hawk). 20% ofthe population remained to raise new generations

1962, DDE was detected in eggs

In 1962, American biologist Rachel Carson published the book SilentSpring. Explained ecological damage caused by the widespread use of DDTand other pesticides



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1965 peregrine falcons in east USA and canada disappeared, in Germany80% reduced remained

1967, Malaria was eradicated in most developed countries and manysubtropical Asian and Latin American countries.

Sweden banned DDT in 1970, the USA in 1972, and the UK in 1986.

In 2001, Stockholm Convention proposed a global ban on DDT and 11other organic pollutants, effective starting May 2004.

History of DDT


Half life of DDT : ~ 2 days in air, 2 15 yrs in soil

Degradation by sunlight in air, by

microorganism in soil.

DDT, and especially DDE, build upin plants and in fatty tissues of

fish, birds, and other animals (i.e.

bioaccumulation)

History of DDT


Health Effects of DDT

Toxic Effects

- carcinogenic

Neurobehaviour

- headache, tremor, fatigue, etc. Reduced verbal attn., visuomotor speed, andsequencing

Cancer- Breast, Pancreatic, Liver, Prostate, Testicular, Endometrial.

- Lymphoma, Myeloma

Reproductive Health

- Semen volume & quality, testosterone amount, sperm DNA damage

- Reduce probability of pregnancy

- Spontaneous abortion

- Birth defects

- Shorter lactation period

Infant and Child Growth- Height

- Mental and psychomotor development

DNA Damage- Raised IgA and reduced IgG

- Necrosis



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Lesson learnt:

Whatis a pollutant?

What is the difference between toxicology and ecotoxicology?

How to meassure toxicity in general

Outlook:

How to define a threshold value

Groundwater as a receptor and example


Documents

01 Lecture Intro and Tox