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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Sustainable Recycling Industries
Life Cycle Assessment Conference
June 21st, 2017Pune
© Confederation of Indian Industry
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
What is Life Cycle Assessment?
Source: American Center for Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method/tool for the estimation of the environmental and human health impacts that are connected with a product / with a service / with a process / with a technology over the whole life cycle from cradle to grave.
© Confederation of Indian Industry
What is Life Cycle Assessment?
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Recent Drivers of LCA
o National Voluntary Guidelineso Provide goods and services that contribute to
sustainability throughout their life cycle
o Assure optimal resource use over the life-cycle of the product – from design to disposal
o Ensure that everyone is connected - designers, producers, value chain members, customers and recyclers, and promote sustainable consumption
o Business Responsibility Reporting, SEBI-o Report on products/ services (DfE application) and
reductions in environmental impacts
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Recent Drivers of LCA
o Materiality Assessment: o Significant Impacts in supply chain
o International Standard on water footprint- ISO 14046
o IGBC , GreenProo New Credit for conducting building LCA and
development of EPD for building products
o CDP Scope 3 reporting
o ISO 14001:2015
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
The Many Uses of LCA
How to compare product A with product B?
What is the product’s carbon footprint?
What is the product’swater footprint?
What are unintended consequences related to this technology?
Where are the biggest opportunities for improvement?
Life Cycle Assessment
Decision Making Drive
InnovationMarketing Design
for Environment
Environment Product Declarations (EPD)
Benchmarking
© Confederation of Indian Industry
History of LCA
1969 Coca Cola company employs life cycle approach to compare glass and plastic bottles
1970s US EPA – REPA (Resource & Environmental Profile Analysis) Some applications on packaging materials and waste
1990s Development of impact assessment methods (GHG, acid rain, habitat loss)
1996 ISO 14040: LCA framework
2002 Life Cycle Initiative launched by UNEP and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
1996-today Creation of background databases. Refining of methods & development of calculation software. Linkage with Social LCA, Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Why?
1. Marketing Does a product have less impact than others?
2. PurchasingWhich product has the least impact?
3. Design What should be changed to make the product more environment friendly?
4. Benchmarking across industry Who is the best/worst? Where does a company stand in comparison?
5. Year to year tracking of environmental performanceIs the company getting better or worse?
6. Policy Where should stricter regulations be implemented to get bigger benefits?
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Management
v Volkswagen Environmental Report Ø “The company makes environmentally efficient and
advanced technology available world wide and brings this technology to bear over the full life cycle of its products”
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Types of LCA
v ScreeningsØ need a quick answer, speed or budget is more important
than precision
v Short internal LCA studiesØ don’t want to use LCA report for external communication
but take a decision that has significant impact on product development
v Extensive studies Ø if interested in making detailed environmental claims
v Continuous LCA operationsØ use LCA as continuously maintained Environmental
Lifecycle Management Information System (ELMIS)
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Voluntary Environment Performance Labeling
v TYPE I (ISO 14020; ISO 14024) Ø overall environmental preferability
Ø Green Seal (U.S.A), Green Label (Singapore), Green Mark (Republic of China), Korea Eco-labeling Program, Thai Green Label
v TYPE II (ISO 14021) Ø self-declaration
Ø Eco ideas by Panasonic, eco products by Bridgestone Corp, Eco by Toyota Industries Corp
v TYPE III (ISO 14025) Ø pre-set categories
Ø Eco Leaf (Japan), EDP (Republic of Korea), EPD (Sweden)
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
v Provide relevant, verified and comparable information about the environmental impact from goods and services
v Creating an EPD includes the following steps:Ø Consider available Product Category Rules (PCRs) and
prepare PCR documentØ Collect LCA data to be included in the EPDØ Compile environmental information into the EPD reporting
formatØ VerificationØ RegistrationØ Rules for using the logotype
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Case Studies
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Design for Environment by Herman Miller
Chemistry RecyclabilityDisassembly Life Cycle Assessment
CO2
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Inventory Data
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Assessment by Herman MillerGlobal Warming Potential Setu
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Raw Materials Production Distribution End of Life
Life Cycle Stage
Rel
ativ
e C
ontr
ibut
ion
Primary Energy Demand
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Raw Materials Production Distribution End of Life
Life Cycle Stage
Rel
ativ
e C
ontr
ibut
ion
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Assessment by Herman Miller
Eutrophication Potential Setu
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Raw Materials Production Distribution End of Life
Life Cycle Stage
Rel
ativ
e C
ontr
ibut
ion
Acidification Potential Setu
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Raw Materials Production Distribution End of LifeLife Cycle Stage
Rel
ativ
e C
ontr
ibut
ion
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
v Major Sources of ImpactsØ Product weight significantly affects results
ØMaterial selection accounts for >80% of impact
Ø Energy type is extremely important
v Strategies to Lower ImpactsØ Engage suppliers
Ø Promote renewable energy
Ø Select recyclable materials
Ø Establish a closed-loop recycling system
Ø Eliminate unnecessary packaging
Life Cycle Assessment by Herman Miller
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Assessment of carpet tile by InterfaceFLOR
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Assessment of carpet tile by InterfaceFLOR
© Confederation of Indian Industry
v Ultrasonic Cutting Ø Cutting waste reduced by 80%
Ø Saves 310 tonnes waste• 750 ton CO2
Ø Product appearance improved
Life Cycle Assessment of carpet tile by InterfaceFLOR
Window waste with die cutting
Window waste with ultrasonic cutting
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
v MicrotuftØ Half the normal yarn weight
Ø 13% of sales are microtuft
v Biosfera 1Ø 100% recycled yarn
product
Ø Half the footprint of a normal carpet tile
Life Cycle Assessment of carpet tile by InterfaceFLOR
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Environmental Product Declaration by Barilla Spaghetti
Functional Unit- 500g in blue paperboard box
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Environmental Product Declaration by Barilla Spaghetti
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Environmental Product Declaration by Barilla Spaghetti
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Environment Product Declaration by Vestas
v 100% of the iron and steel is recycled when the turbine is dismantled
v Generates 118, 000 MWh during 20 year period
v Energy balance of a V82-1.65 MW onshore wind turbineØ 7.2 months
© Confederation of Indian Industry
LCA Methodology
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
What is your goal?
v “shall unambiguously state the intended application, the reason for carrying out the study and the intended audience.”
v ExamplesØ To understand the environmental impacts of your
product?Ø To understand where those impacts come from (so you
can get better)?Ø To provide information to your customers?Ø To market the environmental virtues of your product?Ø To compare one product to another (or others)Ø To claim that one product is environmentally superior to
another? (this is called a comparative assertion)
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Who is your audience?
Internal Designers
Business to Business
Public
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
System Boundaries
v Cradle to Gate
v Cradle to Grave
v Cradle to Cradle
v Gate to Grave
v Gate to Gate
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Flowchart of Wooden Chairs
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Functional Unit
v Functional Unit Ø depends on goal of study
Ø is a measure of the function of the studied system
Ø provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related.
Ø enables comparison of two essential different systems.• For example, the functional unit for a paint system may be
defined as 10 m2 wall surface protected for 10 years. A comparison of the environmental impact of two different paint systems with the same functional unit is therefore possible.
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Step 2- Inventory Analysis
v Inventory analysis is the LCA phase involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a given product system throughout its life cycle.
Ø Data collection for all activities in the product system followed by documentation of collected data
Ø Calculation of environmental loads of the system in relation to the functional unit
ProcessInput:
ResourcesEnergy
Output:Emissions to air / water / soil
waste
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Data Sources
v Company’s own processes
v Suppliers
v Customers
v Waste management companies
v Published LCI data
v Publicly available reports or literature
v Technical Experts
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Sample Questionnaire for Steel
Unit Quantity Remarks
Fuel Consumption
Coal t/yr
Natural Gas t/yr
Oil t/yr
Wood t/yr
Power Consumption
Consumption of power from grid
MWh/yr
Consumption of power produced
onsite
MWh/yr
Water Consumption
For processing m3/year
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Unit Quantity Remarks
Minerals Input
Pig Iron t/yr
Iron Scrap t/yr
Iron Ore t/yr
Manganese t/yr
Limestone t/yr
Emissions to Air
Carbon Monoxide t/yr
Carbon Dioxide t/yr
Dioxins t/yr
Particulates t/yr
SOx t/yr
NOx t/yr
Waste Generation
EAF Slag t/yr
Wastewater m3/year
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Sample Data Inventory Sheet
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Calculation Procedure
v Normalize dataØ relate the data to one tonne or one kg (or other
optional unit)
v Calculate the flows linking the activities in the flowchart
v Calculate the flows passing the system boundary
v Sum up the resource use and emissions to the environment for the whole system
v Document the calculations
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Ecospold Format
IndexNumber HS-ST-007ID 3503 3504 3702 3703 3508 3706 3707 3708 3709 3792
Index 401
Inpu
tGro
up
Out
putG
roup
Name
Loca
tion
Infra
stru
ctur
ePro
cess
Uni
t
#REF!
Unc
erta
inty
Type
Sta
ndar
dDev
iatio
n95%
GeneralComment
662 Location #REF!493 InfrastructureProces s #REF!403 Unit #REF!
HS-ST-007 product - 0 #REF! #### #### #### 11122 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
42 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 3.82E-03 2 #REF! #REF!
924 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.50E+00 2 #REF! #REF!
PA-LM-003 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.18E-01 1 #REF! #REF!2887 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.00E-03 1 #REF! #REF!4110 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.33E-11 1 #REF! #REF!
2411 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.78E+01 1 #REF! #REF!
MS-E-012 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.27E-01 1 #REF! #REF!1350 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 1.65E-03 1 #REF! #REF!1351 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 3.16E-04 1 #REF! #REF!1456 4 - #REF! - - #### 1.58E-04 1 #REF! #REF!1450 4 - #REF! - - #### 1.82E-03 1 #REF! #REF!2987 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.48E-01 1 #REF! #REF!1824 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!1822 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!1841 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 4.21E-01 1 #REF! #REF!4227 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 8.75E-02 1 #REF! #REF!
4164 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 9.71E-04 1 #REF! #REF!
4970waste management
5 - #REF! #### #### #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
1435 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 2.00E-03 1 #REF! #REF!
4969 5 - #REF! #### #### #### 5.95E-04 1 #REF! #REF!
490 #REF! - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
862 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!868 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
3222 #REF! - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
652 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
670 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
808 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
826 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
556 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
1084 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
208 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
196 - 4 #REF! - - #### 1.39E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
328 - 4 #REF! - - #### 0.00E+00 1 #REF! #REF!
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Step 3- Life cycle impact assessment
v LCIA aims at describing the environmental consequences of the environmental loads quantified in the inventory analysis.
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Global Warming
v The potential contribution of a substance to climate change is expressed as its GWP
v Defined as the ratio between the increased infrared absorption it causes and the increased infrared absorption caused by 1 kg of CO2
v Calculated over a specified time frame- 20 yrs, 100 yrs, 500 yrs
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Ozone Depletion
v In the stratosphere, 15-40 km above the surface of the earth, ozone protects life on earth by absorbing UV radiation
v Caused by release of Ø CFCs used in refrigerants, insulating foams and
solvents
Ø Methyl bromine used as pesticide
Ø Halons used in fire extinguishers
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Acidification
1908 1968
Increase in pH value of precipitation due to wash out of acidifying gases like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxidesØReference substance is sulphur dioxide
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Eutrophication & Toxicity
v Excessive nutrients inputs into water and land from substances like nitrogen and phosphorus from agriculture, combustion processes and effluentsØ Reference substance is Phosphate
v Human ToxicityØ Continuous toxicological impacts on humansØ 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene
v Eco ToxicityØ Continuous toxicological impacts on water and soilØ 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Smog or Photochemical Oxidation Potential
Formation of low level ozone by sunlight instigating the photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons and volatile organic compoundsØReference substance is ethylene
24
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Typical Environmental Impact Categories
v Global Warming
v Ozone Depletion
v Eutrophication
v Photochemical Smog
v Acidification
v Human Toxicity
v Eco-Toxicity
v Water Resource Depletion
v Land Use/Biodiversity
© Confederation of Indian Industry
SO2NOxHCl
NOxNH3P
CO2CH4N2OFCK
acidification
eutrophication
global warming
etc. etc.
Choice ofImpact
Categories
11
Classification22
Characterisation33Normalisation44
INDEX
Weighting 55
voluntarymandatory
Systematic procedureC. Impact Assessment
25
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Software
v Ready-made LCIA methods Ø Ecoindicator’99
Ø CML 92
Ø EPS 2000
v Use software to be more efficientØ Simapro
Ø GaBi
Ø Umberto
Ø OpenLCA
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Step 4- Interpretation
v Defined in the ISO 14040 standard as the ….Ø “….phase of LCA in which the findings of either the
inventory analysis or the impact assessment or both are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations.”
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Impact Assessment- Characterization Results
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Sustainable Recycling Industries
v Funded by the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affair
v Jointly implemented by –Ø Institute for Materials Science
& Technology, World Resources Forum, Ecoinvent
1. Life Cycle Inventories
2. Recycling Initiatives
3. SRI roundtable
For more info: www.sustainable-recycling.org
27
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Sustainable Recycling Industries
v Life cycle inventoryØ “basic data for the
assessment ofenvironmental andsocial life cycleperformance forindustrial activitiesthrough theimprovement of localand regional expertise inBrazil, India and SouthAfrica.”
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Life Cycle Inventories
Ø The world’s leading transparent LCI database for over a decade
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
1. Regional Coordination Centre
2. LCI: Iron and Steel
3. LCI: Cement and Concrete
4. LCI: Coal mining & preparation
5. LCI: plastic recycling for formal and informal sector
6. LCI: water supply & infrastructure
Sustainable Recycling Industries
© Confederation of Indian Industry
LCA in GreenCo
Credit Title PointsCredit 1 Leadership & Strategy 10
Credit 2 Life Cycle Management for Product/Service 10
Credit 3 Life Cycle Assessment for any Product/Process 10
Credit 4 Environmental Impact Reduction based on LCA 25
Credit 5 Environmental Product Declaration for Product/Service
10
Credit 6 External Partnerships Contributing to LCI Database at National Level
10
Total 75
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© Confederation of Indian Industry
Resources
v Ecoinvent Centre: http://www.ecoinvent.org/
v CII- Godrej GBC http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/LCA
v The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to LCA by Henrikke Baumann and Anne Marie Tillman
v American Center for Life Cycle Assessment: http://www.lcacenter.org/
v International EPD System: http://www.environdec.com
© Confederation of Indian Industry
Thank you!