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Introduction:
Microbiology:
micro: tiny, bio: live, & logos: science
Study of small organism, To see need a microscope
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History:
Aristotles (384-322): living
organisms could develop from non-
living materials. 1546 Francastorius: Contagium
vivum
1590: Hans and Zacharias
Janssen : compound microscope.
1643 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:
microscope bacteria
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1822-1895 Louis Pasteur: penumbang teori “generatio spontanea”,
bakteri penyebab penyakit,
sterilisasi dan tehnik aseptik,
media pertumbuhan kuman,
pembuatan biakan murni dengan pengenceran,
vaksin (bersama Jenner)
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Kultur: Isolasi - koloni - isolat
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Pengecatan MB
media padat dari kentang, kulturmurni gelatin
Teori infeksi Postulat Koch:
1. Organisme harus selalu
didapatkan pada penderita.2. Organisme harus dapat dibuat
kultur murni di luar tubuh
3. Hasil kultur bila diinokulasikan
pada binatang
penyakit yangsama.
4. Organisme dapat diisolasi dandikultur kembali
M. tuberculosis
1843-1910 Robert Koch:
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Mikrobiologi dan infeksi
Mikroba: Virus
Bakteri
Fungi
Parasit
Manusia
LINGKUNGAN
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Purnomo Hadi 8
Masuk dan berkembang biaknya mikroorganisme pada jaringan host
Menyebabkan penyakit akibat terjadinya kerusakanatau gangguan fisiologi
Dengan atau tanpa disertai adanya gejala dantanda klinis
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Purnomo Hadi 9
Infection Progress
Time
Number of
microorgan
isms
Incubation
period
No disease
Uncertainly region
Onset of symptoms
Overt disease
Death
Cure
Recurent disease
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Agen vs Sistem Imun:
Virus Bakteri
Jamur
Parasit
Patogenisitas Sistem Imun
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Purnomo Hadi 11
Mekanisme penyakit infeksi
Mekanisme: Contoh:
Efek langsung toksin diphteria, tetanus
Efek langsung enzim S. aureus, C. perfringens
Respon peradangan sepsis, septic shock
Respon imun reumatic fever
Gangguan pertumbuhan sel carcinoma cervix
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Purnomo Hadi 12
Tipe2 Infeksi
Types of infections Description Examples
Inapparent/subclinical Clinical symptoms - Gonorrhoeae in
woman or man
Dormant/latent Carrier state Typhoid
Opportunistic Caused normal flora/ transient
bacteria
Compromised host defence
Candidiasis
Acute Rapid onset (hours, days)
Brief duration (days, weeks)
Diphtheria
Chronic Prolonged duration (months,
years)
Mycobacterial
Localized Confined small area/organ Staphylococcal
boil
Generalized Disseminated to many body
region
Gram -
bacteremia
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The Agents ofinfection
Micobres: viruses, bacteria,
fungal, parasites
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Taksonomi
Sistem formal dalam:
1. Organisasi
2. Klasifikasi
3. Pemberian nama
Aneka ragam organisme di alam
Masing-masing perlu dipelajari dan diidentifikasi
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Tingkatan Klasifikasi:
Kingdom
Phylum
Kelas
Ordo
Famili
Genus
Spesies
Animalia: binatang
Kordata: binatang bertulang belakang
Mamalia: binatang menyusui
Primata
Hominoidea
Homo
sapiens: manusia
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Species versusstrains
Contoh strain:
Tingkatan di bawah strain:•Biokimia : biotipe
Serogi : serotipe
Genetik : genotipe
Faga : Fagtipe
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Klasifikasi Whittaker (1967) 5 Kingdoms :
1. Monera : unicellular, procaryotes
2. Protista : unicellular eucaryotic
3. Plantae : multicellular, eucaryotic4. Animalia: multicellular, eucaryotic
5. Fungi : multicellular, unicellular,
eucaryotic
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Yeast cell: 10 – 12 μm
(Fungi)
(parasit: 15 – 18 μm)
Wet mount
LM 400XLM 1000X EM >10.000X
The Size of Cells
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Pemanfaatan:
MIKROBIOLOGIIndustri Lingkungan
Kesehatan
Pertanian
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Host -Environment
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Infection – Environment:• Individual:
– Risk factors – Predisposition factors
• Healthcare - Hospital
– Standard precaution
– Transmission base precaution
• Community:
– Emerging infectious diseases
– Pandemi
• Laboratory:
– Biosecurity
– Biosafety
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Agen vs Sistem Imun:
Virus
Bakteri
Jamur
Parasit
Patogenisitas Sistem Imun
Antibiotic
is the Last
Choise…!
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Mikrobiologi Kesehatan:
interaksi manusia -mikroorganismeyang hidup besama-sama:
Komensal
Patogen
Infeksi
Infeksi Oportunistik
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1. Pathogenesis of infection diseases
2. Diagnosis laboratory of infection
diseases
3. Epidemiology of infectious diseases
4. Control of infection diseases
Clinical Microbiology:
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Fokus pembahasanmikrobiologi:
Masalah Infeksi:
Agen penyebab infeksi jelas: Mikroba:
(fisio-natomi, pathogenesis) Diagnosis
infeksi
Penanganan paripurna: Sistem imun
manusia (spesifik-nonspesifik)
Menular: Pencegahan - Pengendalian
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Data Global Penyakit Infeksi(WHO 1999)
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Emerging Infectious
DiseasesBacterial infections:
legionellosis
Toxic shock syndrome
Lyme disease Gastric ulcers & tumors
Chlamydial pneumonia
Invasive streptococcal infections
Tuberculosis
Cholera Diphtheria
Multiple antibiotic resistance
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Emerging Infectious
DiseasesViral infections: Human immunodeficiency virus
West Nile virus
Hepatitis viruses
African hemorrhagic fever viruses Hantavirus infections
Human herpes viruses 6,7,8
Herpes B virus
Parvovirus B19
Rotavirus
Norwalk virus & other SRV’s Rabies
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
Resistance to antiviral agents
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Hampir setiap hari ada berita tentangpenyakit infeksi
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Contoh Penyakit oleh:
•Bakteri
•Virus
•Jamur
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Staphylococcus sp.(Coocus, Gr+)
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Neisseria gonorrhoae. (Coccus, Gr-)
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Contoh Penyakit oleh:
•Bakteri
•Virus
•Jamur
http://bmj.com/content/vol322/issue7300/images/large/fig_5_2.f3.jpeg
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Advanced HIV : marked
wasting, ("slim" disease)Kaposi's sarcoma: multiple
skin nodules and plaques
http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7300/1475/Fu12http://bmj.com/content/vol322/issue7300/images/large/fig_5_2.f3.jpeg
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Purnomo Hadi 36
• Influenza pandemics:
– H1N1 (1918): Spanyol 50 million?
– H2N2 (1957): Asian 1-2 million
–
H3N2 (1968): Hongkong
1 million
Influenza
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Contoh Penyakit oleh:
•Bakteri
•Virus
•Jamur
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C. Albicans danpseudohifa
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Prioritas
Kegawatan
Frekuensi kejadian
Infeksi asimtomatik
Infeksi= penyakit menular
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Keterampilan Klinis
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Keterampilan Klinis
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Ssusunan Syaraf Pusat
1
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Mata-1
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Mata-2
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Telinga
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Hidung
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Sistem Respirasi -1
S
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Sistem Respirasi
Sistem Kardovaskuler
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Sistem Kardovaskuler
Si t K d k l 2
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Sistem Kardovaskuler-2
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Daftar MasalahKesehatan
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Daftar Penyakit-1
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Daftar Penyakit-2
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Daftar Penyakit-3
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Referensi Perkuliahan
1. Hart T, Shears P. Color atlas of medicalmicrobiology. Times Mirror Int. Pub. 1996.
2. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell VR, Janda WM,Sommers HM, Winn WC. Color Atlas andTextbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 3rded.1988. JB Lippincott Co. Pennsylvania.
3. Mims CA, Playfair JHL, Roitt IM, Wakelin DW,Williams R, Anderson RM. Medical microbiology.Mosby. London. 1995
4. Talaro K, Talaro A. Foundations in micrbiology.McGraw-Hill. London. 1996.
5. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA,Yolken RH. Manual of clinical microbiology.8thed. ASM Press. Washington DC. 2003.
6. Internet