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Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
Chapter 6
ROCK EXCAVATION
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
• Rock Characteristics– Rock may be classified as igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic, according to its origin. Igneous rock formed when the Earth’s molten material cooled.
– Because of its origin, it is quite homogeneous and is therefore the most difficult type of rock to excavate.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
• Rock Investigation– Relative hardness is measured on Moh’s
scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). – As a rule, any rock that can be scratched
by a knife blade (hardness about 5) can be easily excavated by ripping or other mechanical methods.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6-1. Schematic representation of seismic refraction test.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6-2. Graph of refraction test data.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6-3. Graph of refraction test data, Example 6-1.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
• Rock-Handling Systems– The process of rock moving may be
considered in four phases: • Loosening• Loading• Hauling• Compacting
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
Table 6-1. Principal rock-handling systems
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
• Tunneling– Tunneling in rock is a specialized form of
rock excavation that has traditionally been accomplished by drilling and blasting.
– Recently, however, tunneling machines or mechanical moles equipped with multiple cutter heads and capable of excavating to full tunnel diameter have come into increasing use.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6-4. Large tunneling machine. (Courtesy of The Robbins Company)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 6-5. Hydraulic jumbo. (Courtesy of Atlas Copco)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
• Drilling Equipment– Common types of drilling equipment include
percussion drills, rotary drills, and rotary-percussion drills.
Table 6-2. Typical characteristics of rock drilling equipment
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
FIGURE 6-6. Hydraulic track drill. (Courtesy of Atlas Copco)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
FIGURE 6-7. Rotary blast hole drill. (Courtesy of Ingersoll-Rand Company)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
FIGURE 6-8. Downhole drill mounted on a rotary drill. (Courtesy of Ingersoll-Rand Company)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
FIGURE 6-9. Drill penetration versus air pressure.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
Table 6-3. Representative drilling rates (carbide bit)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
• Drill Bits and Steel
FIGURE 6-10. Major types of rock drill bits.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
• Drilling Patterns and Rock Yield
Table 6-4. Typical drill hole spacing (rectangular pattern) [ft (m)]
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
DRILLING
FIGURE 6-11. Principal drilling patterns.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
• Explosives– The principal explosives used for rock
excavation include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate in fuel oil (ANFO), and slurries.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
• Electric Blasting Circuits
FIGURE 6-12. Types of electric blasting circuits.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
Table 6-5. Representative current requirements for firing electric blasting caps
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
Table 6-6. Representative resistance of electric blasting caps
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
Table 6-7. Resistance of solid copper wire
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
FIGURE 6-13. Circuit for Example 6-3.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
BLASTING
• Nonelectric Blasting Circuits
• Controlled and Secondary Blasting
• Blasting Safety
FIGURE 6-14. Hydraulic demolition hammer. (Courtesy of Allied Construction Products, Inc.)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
ROCK RIPPING
• Employment of Rippers– Rippers have been utilized since ancient
times to break up hard soils. – However, only since the advent of the
heavy-duty tractor-mounted ripper has it become feasible to rip rock.
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
ROCK RIPPING
FIGURE 6-15. Heavy-duty crawler-mounted ripper. (Reprinted Courtesy of Caterpillar Inc.)
Copyright ©2011, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed.S. W. Nunnally
ROCK RIPPING
• Ripping Equipment• Ripper Production• Considerations in
Ripping
FIGURE 6-16. Adjustable parallelogram ripper.