0138142475 pp6a

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]

It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker

Tourism Planning and Sustainable

Development

Chapter 6



Objectives• After reading and studying this

chapter, you should be able to:– Explain the life cycle of tourism– Differentiate between the various

approaches to tourism planning– Discuss the role of governments in

tourism planning



Objectives (cont’d.)– Explain the purpose of and reasons for

tourism policy– Explain what sustainable development is

and how tourism is tied to it



• Planning:– Selecting various goals and strategies to

ensure they are accomplished• In organizations, executives determine

where the organization is and where it wants to go

– Goals are established for each of the key operating areas

Introduction



Figure 6–1 • Elements of Efficient and Effective Tourism Development



• Planning:– May be short term (tactical or

operational planning) or long term (strategic planning)

– Begins with strategic planning• Tourism master plan

– Starts with an environmental scan that assesses social-cultural, technological, economic, educational, political, and legal factors

Introduction (cont’d.)



• Sustainable development:– Development that meets present needs

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

• All tourism development should be planned to be sustainable




• Effective tourism planning:– Necessary for harmony in development– Helps ensure fair and sustainable

policies are enacted– Help ensure the location avoids decline

by prolonging its maturity phase– Requires public and private sector

interaction




• Without proper tourism planning destinations encounter problems– Overdevelopment– Pollution and sewage disposal problems

• Environmental scanning– Analytical process

• Allows investors and executives to anticipate trends and allocate resources accordingly




• Edward Inskeep– Demand factors

• Created by use of attractions, facilities, and services

– Supply factors• Transportation, infrastructure, water, electric,

sewage disposal, attractions, accommodations, foodservice, facilities, services, and industrial elements

Planning as Part of a System



Figure 6–2 • A Tourism Planning Framework



• Approaches to planning:– Community-focused approach

• Incorporates community opinions

– Sustainable approach• Avoids environmental and cultural degradation

– Systems Approach• Tourism as a complete and integrated system

– Governmental approach• Governments involved with several aspects

Planning (cont’d.)



• International planning premises– Many are derived from World Tourism

Conferences• Joint Declaration of the United Nations

World Tourism Organization• United Nations Environment Program

(UNEP)

Planning Premises



• Gunn and Turgut– Goals for tourism planning:

• Enhanced visitor satisfaction• Developing infrastructures and providing

recreation facilities for visitors and residents • Improved economy and business success• Sustainable resource use• Community and area integration

Principles for Development



Figure 6–3 • Inskeep’s Goals for a Tourism Plan



• Necessary in tourism planning and development in several areas, including:– Policy– Regulations– Obtaining finances– Issuing/monitoring loans– Resource management– Superstructure and infrastructure

Government Involvement



– Transportation– International treaties– Recording and publishing information– Human resource development– Training– Health care– Sanitation

Government (cont’d.)



• Edward Inskeep recommends national level of tourism planning focus on:– Tourism policy– Physical structure plan– Major infrastructure considerations– Tourism organizational structures,

legislation, and investment policies

Planning at a National Level



– Overall tourism marketing strategies and promotion programs

– Education and training programs– Facility development and design standards– Sociocultural, environmental, and economic

considerations and impact analyses– National-level implementation techniques– Land use planning

National Level (cont’d.)



• Claire Gunn, elements necessary for regional development:– Natural resources– Cultural resources– Viable service communities– Access– Markets– Favorable development image

Regional Development Elements



– Local acceptance of tourism– Favorable government controls– Available land for development– Availability of entrepreneurs and

managers– Availability of labor– Availability of finances

Regional Development (cont’d.)



• Many nations have regarded tourism as an economic quick fix– Results in:

• Overtouristed destinations• Overburdened facilities• Overbuilding of hotels• Polluted beaches• Cultural conflict• Dissatisfied tourist

Unsuccessful Development



• Stephen Smith, typical evolution of unplanned tropical beach resorts– Some local settlement; no significant

tourism– First tourism; second home strip

development– First hotel; high-budget visitors; new

jobs– More hotels; strip intensified; houses

displaced

Unsuccessful (cont’d.)



– More lodging; cultural disruptions; beach congestion/pollution

– More hotels; flood and erosion damage; tourism dominates

– Resort government fails; urbanized resort.

– Serious pollution; lateral spread; fully urbanized

• Model can be applied to other types of tourism development

Unsuccessful (cont’d.)



• United Nations first coined the term sustainable development in 1972 – Used it to stress responsible actions in

development projects

• Key concepts:– Meeting needs of visitors and

communities– Protecting the tourism attraction as part

of a national economic resource

Sustainable Development



• Tourism must improve the quality of life of the host population– Conserving and protecting natural

surroundings

• Community-based tourism:– Focuses on community involvement

• Quality tourism: – Offers tourists “good value for money”

Sustainable (cont’d.)



• Function as management and planning tools for tourism development– General core indicators

• Can be applied to all destinations

– Destination-specific indicators • Can be applied to particular ecosystems or

types of tourism at a particular site, location, or destination

UNWTO Indicators



• Subcategories:– Ecosystem-specific indicators

• For example, for coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or mountainous areas

– Site-specific indicators• Developed for one specific site

UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)



• Identifying and measuring indicators allows you to: – See specific cause-and-effect

relationships• Identify and prevent/mitigate emerging

issues • Identify impacts before they are problematic• Support sustainable tourism development

while identifying limits and opportunities• Promote management accountability and

responsible decision making

UNWTO Indicators (cont’d.)



Figure 6–4 • The Core Indicators of Sustainable TourismSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization, What Tourism Managers Need to Know (Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2004), 11–21. © UNWTO. 9284404409.



• Made up of core indicators and ecosystem-specific indicators– Combined into a single measure of

sustainability that can be monitored

Composite Indices



Figure 6–5 • Composite Indices for Sustainable TourismSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization. www.UNWTO.org, © UNWTO. 9284404409.



• Ecosystem-specific indicators– Coastal zones and mountain regions– Managed wildlife park and unique

ecological sites– Urban environments– Cultural sites and small islands

• Site-specific management indicators– Designed for application at one specific

site

Supplementary Indicators



Figure 6–6 • Ecosystem-Specific Indicator—Coastal ZonesSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization. © UNWTO. 9284404409.



• Agenda 21:– Helps in defining priority areas for action– Includes objectives and suggested steps

to achieve them– Strategic and economic importance of

travel and tourism is analyzed– Enormous benefits in a sustainable

tourism industry are clearly demonstrated

Composite Indices (cont’d.)



• Green Globe Program:– Evaluates current level of environmental

performance of a tourism entity – Uses a strategic environmental

assessment

Environment Assessment



• Assessment results include:– Documenting of positive and negative

environmental impacts– Identifying critical performance gaps– Identifying opportunities for remedial action– Environmental policy for the tourism sector– Detailed report on the current situation– Identifying specific sustainable development

recommendations

Environment (cont’d.)



• Action, planning, prioritizing, and monitoring– After the assessment has been made,

Green Globe assists with:• Setting environmental improvement priorities• Implementation of timetables• Researching sources of funding• Identification of sustainability indicators

Environment (cont’d.)



• Conferences:– 1992 UN Conference on the

Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro

– 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg

– International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism

Climate Change



• Climate change (i.e., global warming)– Great concern to tourism planners,

governments, and citizens– Current threats of climate change:

• Greenland• Arctic and Antarctica• Great Barrier Reef• Florida Everglades

Climate Change (cont’d.)



• Kyoto Protocol– Adopted in 1977 – Response to mounting concerns about

climate change– Formalized commitment to cut

greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent by 2012

• These have only increased since 2003




• World Tourism Organization – Djerba Declaration on Tourism and

Climate Change urged governments to:• Adopt the Kyoto Protocol• Research and collaborate on climate change• Move tourism up the agenda in climate

change discussion• Implement sustainable water use practices

and the ecological management of sensitive areas

• Raise consumer awareness




• Challenges and opportunities include:– Making it clear that protecting the

environment is not incompatible with economic development

• Sustainable development clearly benefits both the economy and the environment

– Connecting environmental sustainability to the fight to eradicate poverty and to eradicate world hunger


Documents

0138142475 pp6a