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socialur mecnierebaTa seria

qalTa uflebebis

istoriuli

aspeqtebi

saleqcio kursi

Tamar sabedaSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis


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socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 0 - X

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia s̀ocialur mecnierebaTacentris~(Center for Social Sciences) mi er, fondis OSI – Zug,budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebismxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,

sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education

Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.


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Sinaarsi

kvira 1. ................................................................................................................................. 4

1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi: samarTlis genderul-istoriuli

aspeqtebi~ Sesavali, mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura. ............ 4

2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni ............................................................................. 5

3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtissakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi. ....................................................... 16

kvira 2 ................................................................................................................................ 18

1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi? samarTlis subieqtis

sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia................................................... 18

2. ufleba airCio da iyo arCeuli — pirveli talRis feministebis

yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola................................................................................ 22

kvira 3 ................................................................................................................................ 23


yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)....................................................... 232. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia adreuli bolSevikuri

saxelmwifos dros — sabWoTa kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi. ............................. 29

kvira 4 ................................................................................................................................ 30

1. proletariati da genderuli diskriminacia

adreuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos dros — sabWoTa

kavSiri 1918-1936 wlebSi (gagrZeleba). ............................................................ 30

2. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ......................................... 36

kvira 5 ................................................................................................................................ 37

1. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (gagrZeleba) ................ 372. qalTa uflebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ........................................ 37

kvira 6 ................................................................................................................................ 56

1. rogor sruldeba saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi:

saqarTvelos gamocdileba qalTa uflebrivi

mdgomareobis kuTxiT 1991-2004 wlebSi........................................................... 56

2. qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi:

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebi.......................................................................... 69

kvira 7 ................................................................................................................................ 74

1. sqesobrivi diskriminacia samuSao adgilze — debatebiamerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................ 74

2. rogor davareguliroT ojaxuri Zladoba,

gasaTvaliswinebeli gamocdileba..................................................................... 77

kvira 8 ................................................................................................................................ 87

1. saarCevno kanonmdebloba — sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa

warmomadgenlobis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ............................. 87

2. kursis ZiriTadi Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sejameba.

konsultaciebi saboloo esses dasawerad...................................................... 97

bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 98

WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS: GENDER ASPECTS OF HISTORY OF LAW.............. 102

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kvira 1.

1. kursis `qalTa adamianis uflebebi:

samarTlis genderul-istoriuli aspeqtebi~ Sesavali,

mizani, Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi da struqtura.

literatura:

Nicholson, Linda (ed.) “Introduction”, “Early Statements” in The Second Wave: A reader in Feminist

Theory, New Yourk, Routledge, 1997, 1-10.

Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Glossary, available on-line at:

, last viewed on 6 February 2005.

kursis aRwera:

samarTlis genderuli aspeqtebis warmosaCenad kursi studentebs sTavazobs

istoriul eqskurss qalTa uflebebis damcavi samarTlebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb, dasavleTsa (dasavleT evropa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da sabWoTa

kavSirSi. kursis dasawyisSi mimovixilavT im istoriul garemoebebs, romlebmac xeli

Seuwyo qalTa uflebriv diskriminacias, davsvamT kanonSemoqmedis obieqturobis,

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da damokidebulebis sakiTxebs. qalTa samarTlebrivi

mdgomareobis mimoxilvas daviwyebT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan da

davasrulebT XX saukunis miwurulis monacemebiT. qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis

brZolas (feministTa pirveli talRa), XIX saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XX saukinis20-ian wlebamde davuTmobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rogorc qalTa uflebrivi

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis istoriul safuZvels.

kursis farglebSi dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT im Zalisxmevaze, romlebsac

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (erTa liga da gaero) mimarTavdnen qalTa uflebrivi

mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, aseve im procesebze, romlebic Tan axlda qalTa

uflebebis damcavi saerTaSoriso dokumentebis adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvasa

da danergvas. kursis am nawilSi CavuRrmavdebiT qalTa konvenciis muSaobis praqtikas

saqarTveloSi (1994 wels Cveni qveyana SeuerTda konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis

yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb). davsvamT kiTxvebs im mizezebisa da Sedegebis

Sesaxeb, rac axlavs tranziciuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis mier saerTaSorisoadamianis uflebebis damcav samarTlis dokumentebTan mierTebas. gavamaxvilebT

yuradRebas im araxelsayrel Sefardebaze, romelic arsebobs qalTa de faqto da de

iure mdgomareobas Soris sazogadoebaSi fesvgadgmuli diskriminaciuli tradiciebis

gamo da, romelic naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom kanonmdebloba ar aris

yovlisSemZle da universaluri sxvadasxva viTarebaSi myofi adamianebis dasacavad.

kursi studentebis yuradRebas miapyrobs samarlebrivi regulirebis iseT

aspeqtebze, sadac kanonmdeblebisa da kanonmdeblobis genderuli mgrZnobeloba

gadamwyvetia qalTa uflebebis dasacavad. aseTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sfero-

ebia abortisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis regulireba. gavecnobiT am kuTxiT amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi da centraluri evropis qveynebis mdgomareobas.kursis bolos SevCerdebiT im urTierTdamokidebulebaze, rac arsebobs saarCevno

kanonmdeblobas, saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa politikur warmomadgenlobas Soris

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sakanonmdeblo organoSi anu imaze, Tu realurad ra Sansebi aqvT qalebs sakanon-

mdeblo organoSi gawevrianebisaTvis da ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es gawevrianeba qalTa

politikuri da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kursis

bolos aseve SevajamebT kursis mimdinareobisas gamokveTil ZiriTad sakiTxebs.

kursis mizani:

kursis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra gavlenas axdenda, erTi SexedviT `neitraluri~

da `obieqturi~ kanonmdebloba qalebisa da mamakacebis uflebriv mdgomareobaze

istoriulad, amaRldes studentebis cnobiereba samarTlis istoriuli da genderuli

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.

studentTa Sefasebis meTodebi:

kursi studentebisagan moiTxovs leqciebsa da seminarebze daswrebasa da aqtiur

monawileobas. pirveli saaTi daeTmoba leqciasa da msjelobas. meore saaTi, seminari,

daeTmoba studentebis mier momzadebul ZiriTadi da damxmare sakiTxavi literaturis

zepir prezentaciebs. amas garda. studentebs daevalebaT prezentaciebis Semdgomi

diskusiisaTvis kiTxvebis SemoTavazeba. kursis bolos studentebs moeTxovebaT 10-11 -

gverdiani saboloo esse. Sefasebisas TiToeuli zemoxsenebuli komponenti ase

ganawildeba:

• leqcia-seminarebze daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba - 25%

•

zepiri prezentaciebi da diskusiisaTvis SemoTavazebuli kiTxvebis xarisxi — 35%• saboloo esse — 40%

2. ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikoni

ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonSi konteqstualurad ganvmartavT im terminebs,

romlebmac didi gavlena iqonia feminizmis Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze da am Teoriebis

Semadgenel nawilebad iqca. seve, ZiriTadi terminebis leqsikonis mizania studentebs

kursis dasawyisSive Seuqmnas naTeli warmodgena im mniSvnelovani cnebebisa daterminebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli kursis ama Tu im TemaSi. TumcaRa,

konteqstidan gamomdinare, Temebis mixedviTac moxdeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

terminebis ganmeorebiTi ganmarteba da damatebiTi terminebisa da cnebebis Semotana.

feminizmi

Tavdapirvelad daviwyoT TviT feminizmiT, feminizmi politikuri moZraoba da

doqtrinaa, romelic Caisaxa dasavleT evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. is

miznad isaxavs qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobas da emsaxureba qalTauflebebis dacvas.

gamomdinare iqidan, qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan erTad, samyaros kidev rogor

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xedvasa da ideebs iziareben feminizmis ama Tu im frTis warmomadgenlebi. arsebobs

mravali saxis feminizmi: radikaluri, liberaluri, ekofeminizmi, marqsistul-

socialisturi da sxva. maTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli da gamaerTianebeli RerZi ki qalTa

da mamakacTa Tanabaruflebianobis moTxovna da zogadad sazogadoebisTvis, maT Soris

TviT qalebisTvisac, cnobierebis amaRlebaa sqesTa Soris arsebuli uTanasworobasa

da am diskriminaciis gamomwvevi istoriuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri

faqtorebis irgvliv. feminizmis istoriaSi, mkveTrad gamoxatulia pirveli da meore

talRa (mesame talRis raobisa da arsebobis Sesaxeb feministTa wreebSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, amitom Cven ZiriTadad kursis farglebSi pirveli da meore

talRis feministTa saqmianobasa da ideebs SevexebiT).

pirveli talRis feministebi, romlebmac TvalsaCino aqtivoba XIX saukuneSi

daiwyes (Tumca XVIII saukuneSic arsebobda qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis momentebi)

TavianT amocanad qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis anu arCevnebSi (aqtiuri da

pasiuri) monawileobis uflebis mopovebas isaxavdnen.1 vinaidan miaCndaT, rom qalebis

CarTva aucilebeli iyo kanonSemoqmedebiT procesebSi — maT es qalTa emansipaciis

umTavres amocanad miaCndaT. marTalia istoriam dagvanaxa, rom politikuri ufle-

bebis mopoveba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad,

mainc, pirveli talRis feministTa saqmianoba qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis

qvakuTxedia.

feministTa pirvel talRas, romelic XX saukunis ocian wlebSi dasrulda, mohyva

meore, romlis dasawyisad zogierTi mkvlevari 1949 wels miiCnevs, anu wels rodesac

cnobilma frangma moazrovne qalma simon de bovuarma gamoaqveyna Tavisi wigni `meore

sqesi~. mkvelvarTa sxva nawili ar eTanxmeba am TariRs im mosazrebiT, rom Tavad simon

de bovuari ar miiCnevda Tavis naSroms feministTa meore talRis agorebis saTaved da

am arguments amyareben imiT, rom meore talRis feministTa aqtivoba samociani wlebis

dasawyisidan gaxda TvalsaCino. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa wignis daweridan 27

wlis Semdeg simon de bovuaris Jurnalist jon gerasisTvis micemuli interviu,

romelic 1976 wels Jurnal `sosiaTis~ (Society ) ianvar-Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda.

`gerasi: ukve TiTqmis ocdaxuTi weli gavida `meore sqesis~ gamoqveynebis

Semdeg. bevri adamiani, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, miiCnevs am wigns Tanamedrove

qalTa moZraobis dasabamad. Tqven...

bovuari: me ase ar vfiqrob. Tanamedrov feministuri moZraobisaTvis [70-iani

wlebis], romelic mZlavrad sul raRac xuTi eqvsi wlis win daiwyo,

Tavdapirvelad naklebad cnobili iyo es wigni. ukve Semdeg, moZraobis

gaZlierebasTan erTad, moZraobis zogierTma liderma gamoiyena wigni TavianTi

Teoriebis safuZvlad. `meore sqess~, araviTar SemTxvevaSi miucia biZgi da

qalTa moZraobis sawyisi ar yofila. amJamad qalTa moZraobaSi CarTuli qalebis

umetesoba 1949-50 wlebSi anu, roca wigni gamovida Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen,

ase rom igi maTze gavlenas ver iqoniebda. me msiamovnebs is, rom maT igi

mogvianebiT aRmoaCines. ra Tqma unda, zogoerT ufros qals — magaliTad beti

fridans, romelmac Tavisi wigni `qalurobis mistika~ ( The Feminine Mistique ) me

momiZRvna wakiTxuli hqondaT wigni da man SesaZloa garkveuli gavlenac ki

iqonia maT Semoqmedebaze, magram sxvebze amas ver vityviT. agaliTad, qeiT

mileTi erTxelac ar axdens Cems citirebas Tavis wignSi. es qalebi SesaZloa

gaxdnen feministebi im mizezebis gamo, romlebsac me aRvwer Cems `meore sqesSi~,

1 meti informacia pirveli talRis feministTa qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZolis SesaxebixileT meore da mesame kviris masalebSi.

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magram maT es mizezebi sakuTar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi aRmoaCines da ara

Cems wignSi.~ 2

feministTa meore talRa, gansakuTrebiT samocdaaTian wlebSi gamoirCeoda

radikalizmiT. feministebi cdilobdnen revoluciuri ideebis agitaciiTa da zogadad

revoluciis gziT daemxoT patriarqaluri sazogadoeba, romelic, maTi azriT,

mxolod mamakacebs aZlevda xels da qalebs imonebda. qalTa diskriminacia univer-

saluria! - ambobdnen meore talRis dasawyisis feministebi.

meore talRis feminizmi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc erTiani unificirebuli

moZraoba, romelic sxvadasxva drosa da sivrceSi erTgvarad mimdinareobda. piriqiT,

meore talRisTvis damaxasiatebelia azrTa radikluri sxvaoba TviTon feministebs

Soris, gansakuTrebiT oTxmocian da oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. mosazrebebi gansxvavde-

boda aseve dasavlur da aRmosavlur, Crdilour da samxreTul qalTa jgufebs Soris.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, feministebi erTiandebian qalTa uflebebisa da zogadad

sazogadoebaSi maTi mgdomareobis gaanalizebisa da gaumjobesebis irgvliv. TumcaRa,

meore talRis postmodernistma feministebma wamoWres qalebisa da qalTa proble-

mebis unificirebis, gaerTianebis problemurobis sakiTxi. vinaidan qalebi rogorc

interesTa jgufi diversificirebulia eTnikuri, religiuri, klasobrivi e.i. socia-

lur-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis mixevdiT. mgvarad, mniSvnelovania qalTa Soris

gansxvavebebis danaxva da ase brZola feminizmis politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

genderi

genderi ewodeba socialuri sqess. genderi rogorc termini qalTa kvlevebSi

gamoCnda samociani wlebis miwuruls. igi Semovida laTinur enebSi gramatikuli sqesis

aRmniSvneli sityva gender -isgan da SeiZina socialuri sqesis mniSvneloba. genderis

rogorc terminis Semotana saWiro gaxda imitom, rom analizisas mkvlevrebs

erTmaneTisgan gaemijnaT biologiuri sqesi, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi mamrobiTi

an mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebad ibadebian (SeisaZloa adamiani orsqesianic daibados,

rac plastikuri CareviT regulirdeba), socialuri sqesisgan (genderisgan) anu

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da faseulobebis sistemisgan, romelic maT qalebad

da mamakacebad ayalibebs.

genderisa da genderuli kvlevebis popularizacias imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom igi ar

fokusirdeba marto qalebze, aramed kacebzec, ara mxolod imitom, rom maTi mdgo-

mareobis qalebis mgomareobisTvis Sedarebis xarjze moxdes qalebis diskriminaciisdemonstrireba, aramed TviT mamakacurobis rogorc socialur-kulturuli feno-

menis Sesaswavladac. genderi aris socialuri kategoria, romelic istoriulad

arsebobs da epoqebisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis.

qalTa adamianis uflebebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacva saerTaSoriso aRiarebul

prioritetad iqca meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis Seqmnis Sedegad da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Seiqmna

mravali saerTaSoriso dokumenti, qalebis adamianuroba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mizezi

2 Targmani: Tamar sabedaSvili

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imisaTvis, rom maTac efeqturad esargeblaT am saerTaSoriso adamianis uflebaTa

damcavi instrumentebiT. amgvarad, gaeros sistemaSive saWiro gaxda specialuri

saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalebis adamianuri uflebebis

dacvas moemsaxureboda, kursis msvlelobisas Cven mimovixilavT am meqanizmebs.

sityva `adamiani~ istoriulad imdenad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis

matarebeli. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi es sityva orive sqesis

aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, qalebTan mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula. gaeros

`adamianTa uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis~ miRebisas qalebs Zalian `gaumar-

TldaT~, rom isinic moiazres deklaraciis konteqstSi wina saukuneebis mniSvnelovan

dokumentebTan SedarebiT.3 TumcaRa, CarTvam ver uzrunvelyo qalebi adamianis uf-

lebebiTa da maTi dacviT. qalebis CarTva am SemTxvevaSi migvaniSnebs gaeros mier

qalebis adamianebad aRiarebaze, magram es aRiareba ver iZens praqtikul mniSvnelobas,

vinaidan de faqto qalebi dResac ganicdian uflebriv Seviwrovebas kacebTan

SedarebiT.

amgvarad, termini `qalTa adamianis uflebebi~ aqcents svams erTis mxriv, im

istoriul diskriminaciaze, romlis Sedegadac qalTa moazreba warmatebulad ver

moxerxda adamianis uflebaTa koncefciaSi, xolo, meores mxriv xazs usvams adamianis

uflebaTa damcavi meqanizmebis qalebze gavrcelebaze da praqtikulad aregulirebs

qalTa sxvadasxva jgufis (gaTxovili qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobis qalebi, gogonebi

da sxva.) uflebebs.

feministi mkvlevrebi ver Tanxmdebian qalTa adamianis uflebebis artikulaciisa

da danergvis strategiebze, zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, selina romani fiqrobs, rom

qalTa uflebebi ufro Zlieri da mravlismomcveli iqneba, Tu maT gamoTqvamen qalebis

da ara adamianis uflebebis arsebul diskursSi, romelic mamakacuri dominirebis gamo

ar aris sakmarisad mgrZnobiare qalebis problemebisadmi. sxvebi, magaliTad, hilari

Carlsvorsi miiCnevs, rom adamianis uflebebis diskursi im formiT ra formiTac

arsebobs ukve moicavs berketebs qalTa uflebebis dasacavad, gansakuTrebiT iseT

sazogadoebebSi sadac, qalebis uflebebis mZime darRvevebi xdeba.

3 arc erTi Semdegi dokumenti ar moixsniebs da Sesabamisad ar exeba qalebs: “kacisa da mamakaci

moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia” (miRebuli safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier 1789 wlis 26agvistos); “virjiniis uflebebis deklaracia” (Seqmnili jorj meisonis mier da erTxmad miRebulivirjiniis delegatTa konventis mier 1776 wlis 12 ivniss); “amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisdamoukideblobis deklaracia” (1776, 12 ivlisi); “amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bili uflebebis Sesaxeb” (ratificirebuli 1791 wlis 15 dekembers).

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genderi da globalizacia4

globalizaciis genderul aspeqtebze saubrisas Sexebis ramdenime ZiriTadi

sakiTxia aRsaniSnavi: (1) saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis zemoqmedebiT

mTavrobebis mier ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis genderulad

disagregirebuli gavlena mosaxleobaze, (2) warmoebebis internacionalizaciiTa da

gafarToebiT gamowveuli qalTa SromiTi pirobebisa da uflebebis sakiTxi da (3) Cveni

drois monoba — trefikingi, romelic qarTulad `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ saxeliTaa

cnobili.

kargadaa Seswavlili struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi qalebis mdgomareobaze.

bevr qveynebSi socialuri momsaxurebebis Semcirebis xarjze gazrdilma saeqsportod

momgebianma warmoebam gamoiwvia is, rom gaizarda qalebis Sroma dabalanazRaurebad

dargebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobaSi, maSin, roca Sesabamisad Semcirda

qalebisTvis sargebeli da xelmisawvdomoba socialur momsaxurebebze. amis mizezi

isicaa, rom proporciulad msoflios masStabiT mamakacebi akontroleben, warmoebis

momgebian sferoebs, qalebi ki ZiriTadad dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos asruleben.5

globalizaciis seriozuli genderuli aspeqti ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis sferos. es

sakiTxi mravali feministi mkvlevris mieraa Seswavlili da isini erTxmad aRniSnaven,

rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi globalizaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mxolod is

mravalricxovani samuSao adgilebia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili, romlebic yvelaze

dabalanazRaurebadia. didi saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi, iaf muSa xelze da sawarmoo

resursebze daxarbebulebi Svilobil kompaniebs xsnian ganviTarebad qveynebSi da

Zalian xSirad asaqmeben qalebs, romelTa SromiTi uflebebic, gansakuTrebiT ki

usafrTxo samuSao pirobebis ufleba irRveva da minimaluri anazraurebis gamo isini

vneben TavianT janmrTelobas.

4 globalizaciis rogorc terminis gansazRvrebebi SeiZleba orgvarad davajgufoT erTi, teqnikurida meore - politikuri saxis ganmartebebi. teqnikuri ganmartebebi garkveuli saerTaSorisoekonomikuri procesebis aRweriT asaxaven Tanamedroveobis iseT procesebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevsadamianebs gaadvilebuli gzebiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da awarmoon biznesi saerTaSoriso doneze,wamebSi gaavrcelon da moipovon informacia. arian iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic saerTod ar aRiarebenglobalizacias rogorc TanamedroveobisaTvis simptomur, gansakuTrebul movlenas. maTi mtkicebiTsaerTaSoriso doneze informaciis gacvla da sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ki, vaWrobaodiTganve arsebobda, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi globalizaciaze ki ara, teqnologiis daxvewazeunda visaubroT mxolod, romelmac amgvari procesebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi da masStaburi gaxada.TumcaRa, amgvari mosazrebis mqone mecnierebis ricxvi dRiTidRe mcirdeba da sul ufro meti adamianiaRiarebs globalizaciis, rogorc axali, Tanamedrove fenomenis arsebobas.

globalizaciis ganmsazRvrel meore tipis ganmartebebs maTi ideologiuri datvirTvis gamo, SeiZlebaufro politikuri ganmartebebi vuwodoT. politikuri ganmartebebis mixedviT, sakmarisi araaa

globalizaciis mxolod, rogorc ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri progresisa da TanamedroveobisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli procesebis amsaxveli neitraluri cnebis aRwera, radgan globalizacia warmoadgensdidi politikuri muxtis matarebel processac, romelic saerTaSoriso arenaze myof zogierT qveyanasada mis moqalaqeebs ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ayenebs, vidre sxvebs. globalizaciis politikurganmartebas Cveulebriv antiglobalistebi iZlevian. erT-erTi aseTi ganmartebis mixedviT,globalizacia aris “ekonomikurad susti qveynebis eqspluatireba msoflios ekonomikuri sistemebisdakavSirebis gziT, da maTi iZuleba daemorCilon da damokidebulic ki gaxdnen dasavlur kapitalisturweswyobilebaze.” antiglobalizmi ki, Sesabamisad warmoadgens “xalxis moZraobas, mimarTuls imisaken,rom daiTrgunos globalizaciuri procesebi, romlebic udavod politikuri niSnis matarebelia dauTanasworoba moaqvs”. (antiglobalizaciis Sesavali, gansazRvreba da resursebi, Introduction to Anti-Globalization – Definition and Resources, ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze: )

arsebobs adamianTa mTeli rigi vinc antiglobalistobisgan an globalistobisgan gadaixaraalternatiuli igive alterglobalistobisken. am jgufSi erTiandebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebicmiiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia globalizaciis SeCereba an Sewyveta, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi Secvla, ise,rom igi socialurad orientirebuli da maqsimalurad humanuri anu adamianebisTvis sargeblis momtaniiyos.

5 keri, joana da karolin svitmani (red.), qalebi xelaxla igonebenglobalizacias , gv. 4. Joanna Kerr and Caroline Sweetman, Women Reinventing Globalisation, Oxfam GB 2003, 4.

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am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa meqsikuri eqsportis gadamamuSavebeli zonebis e.w.

makiladorebis gamocdileba, romlebic erTgvari `Tavisufali~ savaWro zonebia

meqsikis teritoriaze, meqsika-amerikis sazRvris gayolebiT, sadac mravali meqsikelia

dasaqmebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalebi. amJamad meqsika amerikis sazRvarze 4 000-mde

makiladoris qarxana-fabrikaa ganlagebuli, romlebSic daaxloebiT erTi milioni

adamiani muSaobs.6 msxvili amerikuli kompaniebi, gansakuTrebiT, `zeniti~, `jonson

kontrolsi~, `karlisl plastiksi~ da sxvebi aiZuleben qalebs orsulobis testi

Caitaron (sisxlisa da Sardis analizTan erTad) samsaxurSi misaRebad, fexmZimoba, ki

ganixileba rogorc dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani motivi.

SeiniSneba fexmZimobis gamo qalebis gaTavisuflebis an daqveiTebisa da xelfasis

daklebis SemTxvevebi.7

fabrika-sawarmoebSi qalebis muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril debatebSi

xSirad gaismoda mowodeba qalebis am sferodan daTxovis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT,

dasavleTSi, sadac muSebis SromiTi uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi etapobrivad, ZiriTadad mainc mamakacze morgebulad Camoyalibda,

vinaidan swored mamakaci moiazreboda da bevr qveyanaSi dRemde moiazreba idealur

muSa-mosamsaxured, romelsac Sesabamisad ar mouxdeba dekretSi gasvla, ar Seawuxebs

ojaxuri sazrunavi Svilebze, iqneba fizikurad ufro Zlieri da gonebrivad ufro

koncentrirebuli. TumcaRa, qalebma daamtkices, rom rogorc ganaTlebis aseve

dasaqmebis sferoSi maT SeuZliaT seriozuli warmatebebis miRweva, da is faqti, rom

samuSao pirobebi SesaZloa maTTvis naklebad xelsayreli iyos, vidre mamakacebisTvis

damqraveblisa da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis dauxvewaobis bralia. anu es ukanasknelni

arasakmarisad mgrZnobiareni arian qalebis mdgomareobis mimarT da amis gamo maT

diskrminirebas axdenen mamakacebTan SedarebiT, visze morgebuladac moxda maTi

Camoyalibeba.

globalizaciis uaryofiT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT XX saukunis monobis,

trefikingis problemac. komunikaciis gaadvilebuli sistema xels uwyobs

kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnasa da adamianebis gabmas amgvar qselebSi. trefikingi exeba

rogorc mamakacebs, aseve qalebsac. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac emigrant mamakacebs

abamen monur SromaSi, arRveven maT SromiT uflebebs da uryeven janmrTelobas. magram

ufro xSiria qalebis trefikingis SemTxvevebi, xolo Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ara

marto janmrTelobis, aramed sicocxlis fasic ki SeiZleba dajdes.

mzardi ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, romelsac gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi gavlena

aqvs gogonebsa da qalebze, iwvevs ukiduresad Rataki qalebisa da gogonebis

motivacias gaakeTon yvelaferi gadarCenisaTvis. saerTaSoriso doneze qalebi da

bavSvebi iyidebian, raTa daakmayofilon moTxovnileba seqsualuri momsaxurebis da

monuri, uaiafesi Sromis bazarze. gaeros monacemebiT adamianebiT vaWrobis

globaluri industria yovelwliurad 5-7miliard amerikuli dolaris odenobis

mogebas iZleva, yovelwliurad sul mcire 700 000 adamianis damonebis xarjze.8

adgilobrivi seqsualuri industria globalur doneze gavida da dasavleTis

qveynebi aavso yofili sabWoTa qveynebidan, aziidan Tu afrikidan wamosuli gogonebiT.

6 Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, maria patricia fernandes-keli, The Silence of Free Trade: Mexican Maquiladoras and Globalization. dumili Tavisufali vaWrobis irgvliv: meqsikuri makiladorebi daglobalizacia . Rutgers University Press, 2001.

7 LaShawn R. Jefferson, laSaun r. jefersoni, Urge U.S. Companies to Stop Sex Discrimination in Mexican Maquiladoras,moviwodoT amerikul kompaniebs sqesobrivi diskriminaciis Sewyvetisken, Human Rights Watch Women’s RightsProject, 1997.

8 gaerTianebuli erebis monacemi moyvanili p. arlaCis naSromSi “msoflio danaSaulis winaaRmdeg”, 2000.P. Arlacchi, “Against all the godfathers: the revolt of the decent people” in The World Against Crime, Special Issue of Giornale di

Sicilia, 7.

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maT prostituciaSi Casabmelad farTod gamoiyeneba interneti, xSirad gogonebs

sTavazoben xelsayrel samuSaos barebsa da restornebSi, kazinoebSi, an kerZo

momsxurebis sferoSi, bavSvebis momvlelad da sxva, xolo sinamdvileSi ankess

wamogebul msverpls arTmeven passports da piradobis damadasturebel sxva sabuTebs,

xSirad atusaReben da aCveven narkotikebs da rac kidev ufro damangrevelia maTi

fsiqikuri da sulieri mdgomareobisTvis — aiZuleben prostitucias da seqsualuri

momsaxurebidan miRebuli Semosavlis mxolod 5%-s Tu ubruneben.

arian iseTi mandilosnebic, vinc nebayofilobiT Tanxmdeba migraciaze

prostituciaSi CarTvis mizniT, TumcaRa maTma umravlesobam ar icis im rTuli

viTarebis Sesaxeb, ra viTarebaSic maT mouwevT cxovreba da muSaoba. arc is ician, rom

prostituciiT miRebuli Semosavlis udidesi nawili maTi ar iqneba. umetes qveynebs,

TviT ganviTarebul qveynebsac, msxverplTa dacvis susti meqanizmebi aqvT, xSirad

trefikingis msxverpls romc mieces saSualeba Zalovan struqturebTan dakavSirebis,

is Tavs Seikavebs, vinaidan zustad ar icis ra uflebebi aqvs da ramdenad SeuZlia

kanons misi dacva, Tu kidev ufro meti zianis miyeneba (aris gamocdileba gogonebis

dapatimrebis, deportaciis, rodesac isini kriminalebis devnisa da SantaJis

msxverplni xdebian).

TumcaRa, globalizacia ara marto negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebis mgoma-

reobaze, TviTon is faqti, rom Cven dRes vsaubrobT genderis da globalizaciis

kveTis aspeqtebze da Sedegad wamoWril sirTuleebze, aseve globalizaciis Sedegia.

globalizaciis Sedegia, aseve is gazrdili yuradReba, rasac adamianis uflebaTa

damcvelebi uTmoben igive globalizaciiT gamowveul uflebadarRvevebs.

telekomunikaciisa da internetis swrafma ganviTarebam, msoflio bazrebis da

biznesebis dakavSirebam da urTierTdamokidebulebam SesaZlebeli gaxada meti da

meti informaciis gavrceleba da cnobierebis amaRleba im sazogadoebebSi, visi

interesebic ilaxeba da eqspluatirebac xdeba.

globalizaciis `wyalobiT~ aseve SesaZlebeli gaxda anti-globalizaciuri

qselebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da garemos davciTi organizaciebis gaerTianeba,9

romlebic miznad isaxaven saerTaSoriso doneze daayenon globalizaciis Sedegad

wamoWrili problemebi da sakiTxebi. TumcaRa, erTia sakiTxebis dayeneba, xolo meorea

am sakiTxebis mitana gadawyvetilebis mimReb doneebamde da lobireba sasurveli

Sedegis dadgomisaTvis, rac Zneli misaRwevia, rodesac xSirad procesSi CarTuli

mxareebis mamoZravebel Zalas, maT Soris kriminaluri elementebis mamoZravebel

Zalasac, ekonomikuri daintereseba da sargebelis miRebis survili warmoadgens da

Zalian mciria im adamianebis raodenoba, visac aqvs survilic da SesaZleblobac

globaluri procesebi Semoabrunos adamianebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebisa da sxva humanuri miznebis miRwevisaken.

sxeuli

dasavluri10 azrovneba istoriulad ganasxvavebda sxeuls gonebisagan. gonebas

saxavda privilegirebulad (“vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob”) da racionalur

arsebasTan mamakacTan aigivebda, maSin rodesac sxeuli, iracionaluri da emociuri,

9 globalizaciis ganmarteba, “Definition of Globalisation” ixileT internetSi Semdeg misamarTze:

10 “dasavleTi”, “dasavluri” naSromSi gamoiyeneba evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi arsebulimsoflmxedvelobebisa da tradiciebis aRsaniSnavad

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qalis simbolos warmoadgenda. vinaidan am logikiT qalebi materiasTan ufro

daaxloebul arsebebs warmoadgendnen, maTi ganivTeba ufro advili warmosadgeni da

gansaxorcielebi gaxda, vidre mamakacebisa. vinaidan Tavisi sxeuliT qali bunebasTan

igivdeba iudeo-qristianul azrovnebaSi mamakacebs maTze mflobelobis ufleba aqvT.

penisis arqonis gamo froidis fsiqologia maT moazrebs mamakacebze ufro dabali

moraluri da mentaluri ganviTarebis arsebebad. maTi reproduqciuli funqciis gamo,

maT orsul sxeulebs da menstrualur cikls mravali kultura saxavs rogorc

mistikurs, tabuirebuls an saSiSs.

mgvarad, warsulSi da zogan dResac sazogadoebebi qalebs miakuTvneben `kerZo~ -

ojaxur da ara `sazogadoebriv~ — ojaxs gareT arsebul sferos da uars eubnebian maT

ganaTlebaze, dasaqmebaze, da samoqalaqo cxovrebaze zogadad. mgvarad, anatomiuri,

sxeulebrivi anu sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi qalebsa da kacebs Soris iqca mniSvnelovan

maxasiaTeblebad, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa sqesTa sazogadoebrivi

mdgomareobis (privilegirebuli - mamrobiT sqesis, naklebad privilegirebuli da zog

konteqstSi aSkarad diskriminirebuli mdedrobiT sqesis SemTxvevaSi) Camoyalibebisas.

epistemologiebi

codna aris informacia, faqtebis, Teoriebis, gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis

meSveobiTac sazogadoeba an kultura gansazRvravs ra aris mniSvnelovani da swori, ra

warmoadgens mis warsuls da rogor esmis bunebisa da sazogadoebis sirTuleebi. im

faqtma, rom qalebi da sxva gariyuli, marginalizebuli jgufebi ar monawileobdnen

codnis Seqmnisa da dagrovebis procesSi gamoiwvia is, rom isini cxovroben

`realobaSi~, romelic maT ar ekuTvniT. feministuri epistemologia miznad isaxavs

qalebis codniTa da informaciiT Seavsos msoflioSi saukuneebis manZilze

privilegirebuli mamakacebis mier dagrovili codna. es saWiroa, raTa samyaro ar iqnes

danaxuli da aRqmuli mxolod erTi kuTxidan, calmxrivi, mamakacuri perspeqtividan.

esenSalizmi/ socialuri ageba / gansxvavebuloba

feminizmis Teoriis gansazRvraSi didi roli Seasrula azrTa Widilma or

mosazreabas Soris; pirveli - arsebobs istoriulad mdgradi da maradi mamakacuri da

qaluri arsi, buneba da meore, sapirispiro mosazreba, rom aranairi mamakacuri da

qaluri sawyisi da arsi ar arsebobs. `mamkacuroba~ da `qaluroba~ socialurad

agebuli anu konstruirebuli procesebia. `qalurobisa~ da `mamakacurobis~ socia-

luri ageba gulisxmobs kulturuli, socialuri, fizikuri da istoriuli gansxva-

vebebis rTul sistemas, rac sabolood ayalibebs adamianebis genderul Semecnebasa da

socialur rolebs. maTTvis, visac qaluri da mamakacuri arsisa da bunebrivi sawyisis

swams sqesobrivi gansxvaveba Sinagani, bunebrivi da mdgradia, xolo maT visac

genderuli rolebis socialuri agebadobis swams, miaCniaT, rom adamiani ki ar ibadeba

qalad an kacad, aramed igi aseTad yalibdeba socialuri da kulturuli procesebis

wyalobiT. isini aqve ganasxvaveben biologiur sqessa (mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi) da

socialur sqess anu genders (qali da mamakaci). aqve ar unda daviviwyoT iseTi

adamianebi, romlebic imyofebian rogorc biologiuri, aseve socialuri sqesiszRvarze, iseTebi rogorebic arian or-sqesiani, transseqsuali da transvevstiti

adamianebi.

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1990-ian wlebSi feminizmis Teoretikosebma, maT Soris, ruT hubardma da tereza de

lauretisma protesti gamoTqves arsebuli dilemis Sesaxeb. hubardi miiCnevs, rom

biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi adamianis formirebisas araTu erTmaneTs

ewinaaRmdegeba, an erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, aramed gamudmebul

urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba da avsebs erTmaneTs. etic, biologiuri sqesi gadajaW-

vulia socialur sqesze. tereza de lauretisma, hubardisgan gansxvavebiT, wamoayena

mosazreba, rom feminizmis sagani aris ara `qali~, aramed `qaluri sxeulis mqone

socialuri arseba~ da is Tavis qalurobas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze imecnebs.

genderis, rasisa da klasis gadakveTa

yuradRebis gamaxvileba rasaze, klasobriv kuTvnilebaze, erovnebaze, religiasa

da tradiciebze gvaZlevs saSualebas gavaanalizoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es

kategoriebi adamianis cxovrebaze sqesisa da genderis paralelurad. adamianTa

uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaanalizebisas, maTi dajgufeba ar SeiZleba mxolod

sqesobrivi niSniT. rasisa da klasis integrirebis sakiTxi feminist mkvlevrebs

aqtiurad daudgaT mas Semdeg, rac afrikuli warmoSobisa da/an muSaTa klasis

warmomadgenelma qalebma isini arasolidarulobaSi da metic, maTi problemebisadmi

sibrmaveSi daadanaSaules, im argumentiT, rom meore talRis adreuli naSromebi

ZiriTadad aJRerebda, mxolod saSualo klasis qalebis problemebs.

ena

sityvebi, romlebsac Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT asaxavs Cvens kulturasa da

Semecnebas da amavdroulad gadaecema momaval Taobas. ena inaxavs da warmoaCens Cvens

warmodgenebs genderze, magaliTisTvis: `kacis tvini aqvs~ — niSnavs Wkviania, `kacurad

ar movkalaTdi /gamoviZine a.S.~ niSnavs gemrielad, xarisxianad anu gabatonebuli

arsebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad. `bati~, `Wuki~, `Steruka~, `qalia ra unda moTxovo?~ —

miuTiTebs naklebi avtoritetisa da ganviTarebis individze. qarTuli ena, sxva enebis

msgavsad, bevrs saubrobs sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderul stereotipebze.

nebismieri teqsti, iqneba es poeturi nawarmoebi Tu samarTlebrivi aqti, SeiZleba

atarebdes genderuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovan informacias im sociumis

Sesaxeb, saidanac igi gamomdinareobs, amitomac lingvistebs teqstebis genderul

WrilSi gaanalizebis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli stereotipebis

Taobaze didi informaciis mowodeba SeuZliaT.

enis anu ufro farTo gagebiT saTqmelis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania

is garemoebac, rom istoriulad qalebs ar eZleodaT TavianTi pirovnebisa da

saTqmelis pirdapiri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi gziT gadmocemis saSualeba

(ganaTlebis, sazogadoebaSi sityviT gamosvlis akrZalvis gamo). amitom isini

cdilobdnen TavianTi saTqmelis gaxmaurebas ara sityvieri formebiT, aramed sxva,

xSirad ufro SemoqmedebiTi formebiT: xaliCebis qsova, kerva, qargva, saxlis morTva,

kulinaria. zogjer maTi garemocvisTvis Zalian uCveulo formebiTac, jadoqroba,

mkiTxaoba, xilvebis qona da a.S. ris gamoc inkvizicia maT sastikad uswordeboda.

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Zalaufleba

Zalauflebisa da Sromis ganawileba aris socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis

genderuli niSniT gadawyvetili ori umTavresi faqtori. qalTa mdgomareobis nebis-

mieri analizi Zalauflebis asimetriuli gadanawilebis (mamakacebis sasargeb-

lod)analizia. Zalaufleba rCeba feminizmis Teoriis udidesi interesis sagnad.

Tanamedrove msoflmxedveloba gmobs Zalauflebis gamoyenebas batonobisa da

eqspluataciiis gawevis mizniT, maSin rodesac Zalauflebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom

gqondes Tanabari politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri uflebebi qalTa

moZraobisTvis misaRebia.

feministebi xSirad akritikeben `sajaro~ anu sazogadoebriv sferoSi Zalauflebis

borotad gamoyenebas, romelic gamoixateba militarizmSi, ekonomikur eqspluata-

ciaSi, kolonializmSi. aseve akritikeben `kerZo~ sferoSi Zalauflebis borotad ga-

moyenebas, gamoxatuls gaupatiurebaSi, ojaxur ZaladobaSi (fizikuri, fsiqologiuri,

sqesobrivi, ekonomikuri) da incestSi. feministi mkvlevrebi, aseve svamen kiTxvas imis

Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Zalauflebis cnebis xelaxali gaazreba, ise, rom

qalebmac miiRon am procesSi monawileoba. maT jerjerobiT warmatebiT moaxerxes is,

rom (Zala)ufleba viRacaze batonobisa SeecvalaT ama Tu im uflebiT sakuTari

Rirsebis dasacavad. iseTi uflebebiT rogorebicaa qmedebis, sityvis, arCevanis,

cvlilebis moTxovnis ufleba.

Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba

Sromis sqesobrivi gadanawileba anu Sromis gadanawileba genderulad gansaz-

Rvrul `kerZo~ (saojaxo) da `sazogadoebriv~ (sajaro anu ojaxs gareT) sferoebSi anu

produqciisa da reproduqciis sferoebSi Teoriulad damuSavda gansakuTrebiT

marqsisti, materialisti da socialisti feministebis mier XIX da XX saukuneebSi. maTi

analizi efuZneba fridrix engelsis Sromas `ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da

saxelmwifos warmoSiba~ (1884), romelmac Semoitana reproduqcia da qalis Sroma

marqsis zogadad genderulad brma Sromis gadanawilebis analizSi. Tanamedrove

feministebis mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom msoflio masStabiT qalis Sroma

(miuxedavad misi xasiaTisa) naklebad fasobs, vidre mamakacis. engelsis mixedviT,

zedmeti qonebis dagrovebam, ramac kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena ganapiroba, gamoiwvia aseve

qalis seqsualobis kontroli, radgan memkvidreoba ar gadasuliyo sxvis xelSi. aman

qali miajaWva ojaxs. Sromis amdagvari gadanawileba kargad emsaxureba industriul

kapitalizms, radgan kerZo anu ojaxis sferoSi qalis aunazRaurebeli Sromis xarjze

xdeba kapitalis dazogva, muSaxelis Senaxva da gamravleba.

kerZo da sazogado sferoebi

istoriulad adamianuri cxovrebis or `sazogado~ ( public) da `kerZo~ ( private) sferoebad

gayofa udidesi mniSvnelobis aRmoCnda genderuli kvlevebisTvis sqesTa Soris

arsebuli diskriminaciis gasaanalizeblad. qarTulad ufro kargad rom gaviTavisoT,

Tu ras gulisxmobs `sazogado~ da `kerZo~ sferoebi genderuli analizisaTvis saWiroamaTi ukeT axsna. `kerZo~ sfero Seexeba ojaxur cxovrebasa da urTierTobebs, romlis

monawile da romelSi, gamomwyvdeuli aRmoCnda qali saukuneebis manZilze. `sazogado~

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sfero ki Seexeba adamianuri cxovrebis im nawils romelic ojaxs gareT mimdinareobs

aq moiazreba politikuri, ekonomikuri da, zogadad, sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba,

romelic tradiciulad mamakacebis saqmianobas warmoadgenda da aseve ufro meti

faseulobis (maT Soris, finansuri anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT) matarebeli iyo, vidre

ojaxuri saqmeebi, romelsac `kerZo~ sferoSi gamoketili qalebi asrulebdnen (ojaxis

wevrebis movla, saojaxo saqmeebis gaZRola).

aseve tradiciulad samarTliT regulirdeboda is `sazogado~ sfero, romelic

xasiaTdeboda meti monawile pirebiTa da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis mraval-

ferovnebiT. ojaxuri anu `kerZo~ sfero ki, tradiciulad kanonebiT ufro mwirad re-

guldeboda da ZiriTadad iseT momentebSi, romlebic saWirboroto da mniSvnelovani

iyo `sazogado~ sferos mTavari moqmedi pirisaTvis — mamakacisTvis. magaliTad,

saukuneebis manZilze gaTxovebisTanave qali da misi sakuTreba, rogorc iuridiuli

piri qreboda, iseve rogorc Tavad qali, romelic qmris mflobelobaSi gadadioda.

es gayofa `kerZo~ da `sazogado~ sferoebs Soris ufro simboluri gaxlavT, vidre

realuri. vinaidan rac ar unda saxlSi gamoketilad warmovidginoT qali igi, mainc

axerxebda saukuneebis manZilze pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gzebiT sazogadoebriv

aqtivobas. iRebda aseve monawileobas produqciis warmoebaSi Sida moxmarebisTvis, Tu

ojaxur biznesSi gare moxmarebisTvis. amakaci, aseve ar iyo sruliad mowyvetili

ojaxur sferos, CarTuli gaxldaT ojaxur saqmeebSi da warmoadgenda gadaw-

yvetilebis mimRebs. (TumcaRa, qalebi aseve monawileobdnen gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi

pirdapiri, Tu iribi gziT).

mgvarad, ar arsebobs konkretuli da mkveTri demarkaciis xazi `kerZo~ da `sazo-

gado~ sferoebs Soris. ar arsebobs aseve am sferoebis iseTi gansazRvreba, romelic

universaluri iqneboda droisa da sazogadoebebis mixedviT, es ori simboluri sfero,

romelsac ZiriTadad saxelmwifo gansazRvravs da adamianuri urTierTobebi avsebs

cvalebadia droisa da konteqstis mixedviT da inarCunebs, mxolod zogad

maxasiaTeblebs. am maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT `sazogado~ sferoSi yofna da moRvaweoba

ufro faseuli da mniSvnelovania da aq mTavar moTamaSeebs mamakacebi warmoadgenen,

xolo `kerZo’ sferoSi gaweuli Sroma naklebad dafasebuli da anazRaurebulia da am

sferoSi gamwev Zalad qalebi rCebian. feministi mkvlevarebi problemurad saxaven am

ori sferos arsebobasa da urTierTqmedebas, Sesabamisad, meore talRis feministTa

lozungma: `ersonal is political!~ `piradi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi politikuri

mniSvnelobisaa!~ udidesi datvirTva SeiZina, vinaidan am gziT gadawyda `sazogado~

sferos dRis wesrigSi `kerZo~ sferoSi wamoWrili problemebis dayeneba.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, kursSi Cven ar

ganvixilavT qalebs rogorc erTian aradiversificirebul kategorias. magaliTad, Sua

saukuneebSi maRali wrisa da mdidari ojaxis wevri qali gacilebiT meti privilegiiTa

da uflebiT sargeblobda, vidre Rataki da dabali fenis warmomadgeneli mamakaci.

aseve, Tu SemovitanT egreT wodebul rasobriv maxasiaTebels davrwmudnebiT, rom

amerikis feradkaniani mosaxleoba rogorc mamakacebi, iseve qalebi istoriulad

gacilebiT meti diskriminaciisa da uuflebobis mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre

dabali fenis TeTrkaniani qalebi, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, Tavisive fenis TeTrkaniani

mamakacebi jabnidnen. Sesabamisad, klasebs Soris adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba

mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda, magram klasebs SigniT qalebi tradiciulad ufro

SezRudul mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, vidre mamakacebi.

mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom msjelobisas ar vgulisxmobTkonkretul qalebs, aramed ama Tu im epoqisa da sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

qalurobasa da mamakacurobas. moviazrebT genderul rolebs istoriul-

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samarTlebriv rakursSi. vafasebT miRebuli da sazogadoebrivad gamarTlebuli

genderuli rolebis xelsayrelobasa da uflebriv mdgomareobas qalebisa da

mamakacebisaTvis.

3. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?

samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, gviani Sua saukuneebis debatebi.

literatura:

Gisela Bock, «Querelle des femmes: A European Gender Dispute» in Women in European History,

Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

zogadi Sesavlis (kursis aRwerisa da ZiriTad terminTa leqsikonze saubris)

Semdeg gadavideT kursis konkretul sakiTxebze. pirveli aseTi Tema dagvexmareba

Cveni genderul-istoriuli eqskursis dawyebaSi. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi

sqesTa Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebis mimoxilva saSualebas mogvcems warmovidginoT is

garemo da Rirebulebebi, romlis memkvidrec Tanamedrove evropuli sazogadoeba da

azrovnebaa. Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli istoriuli eqskursi dagvexmareba im gzisa

da progresis gaazrebaSi, rac qalebma rogorc sociumis wevrebma gamoiares.

qalTa uflebrivi SezRudvis mizezs rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve mas Semdeg didi

xnis manZilze warmoadgenda is faqti, rom rogorc kanonmdebeli anu samarTlis

subieqti ise kanondebuli anu samarTlis obieqti gaxldaT mamakaci. Zogadad,samarTali iqmneboda mamakacebis mier mamakacebisaTvis da is Zalian mkafiod

ireklavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis genderul warmodgenebsa da privilegiebs.

safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis gaxseneba, niSandoblivi da mravlismTqmelia

am argumentis gasaZliereblad. am mizniT, Sua saukuneebis debatebis mimoxilvis Semdeg

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT qalebis rolze safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciaSi.

gviani Sua saukuneebidan evropul sazogadoebas da moazrovneebs gacxarebuli

kamaTi hqondaT sqesTa raobaze, qalisa da mamakacis adgilsa da rolze sazogadoebaSi.

jovani pikom Tavisi epoqis umniSnelovanes naSromSi `mamakacis Rirsebis Sesaxeb~ 1486

wels aRniSna, rom RmerTi esaubreboda mxolod adams, amitom mamakacebs ufleba

eZleodaT Tavisuflad ganesazRvraT TavianTi buneba da ecxovraT sakuTarisurvilebis Sesabamisad. mamakacis Rirsebis postulati daupirispirda Zvel pap

inokent III-is droindel `adamianuri cxovrebis sacodaobis postulats~, romelic

qalebs saxavda, rogorc evas STamomavlebs, romlebsac wvlili miuZRviT mamakacTa

dacemaSi, aigivebda maT seqsualobasa da codvasTan. tertulianisTvis qalebi eSmakis

karibWes warmoadgendnen ( janua diaboli), xolo augustine col-qmars Soris sqesobriv

cxovrebasac ki, codvad miiCnevda. sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol mamakacebs unda

daecvaT Tavi qalebisagan, xolo sulis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol qalebs sakuTari

Tavisagan.

Tu aristotele qalebs bunebis Secdomas uwodebs, toma aqvineli maT daus-

rulebel, moumTavrebel mamrebad ixseniebs. amgvari moazrovneebi sqesTa sakiTxzewerisas aRiarebdnen, rom qalebs didi roli aqvT saojaxo saqmeebSi, TumcaRa ojaxis

Tavi da meurve mamakacia da qalebs saerTod araferi esaqmebaT sazogadoebriv

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cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebis mwerlebis umetesoba mamakacebi iyvnen da isini qalebs

adarebnen mamakacebs, privilegirebul da aRmatebul arsebebs. iyo mcire ricxvi iseTi

moazrovneebisa (ramdenime mamakaci, umetesad ki qalebi), romlebic icavdnen qalTa

interesebs; marTalia galeaco flavio kapram 1525 wels dawera naSromi `qalTa

aRmatebulobisa da Rirsebis Sesaxeb~,11 magram miuxedavad amisa, gviani renesansis

naSromTa umetesoba mainc qalTmoZule, mizogenuri teqstebia.

saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom 1595 wels anonimma avtorma pirvelad germaniaSi

laTinurad gamoaqveyna `axali msjeloba qalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic amtkicebs, rom

isini adamianebi ar arian~.12 am naSromma friad daainteresa maSindeli sazogadoeba. igi

iTargmna da gamoica sxva evropul qveynebSi.13 ukve naSromis saTauri gvaZlevs

saSualebas gaviazroT avtoris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sqesTa

Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis mimarT anu epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

msjelobis Tematika migvaniSnebs, rom qalebs rogorc kategoriasa da jgufs iudeo-

qristianuli kultura ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixseniebda gansxvavebulad, xolo umetes

SemTxvevaSi dabali donisa da ganviTarebis adamianebad. xSirad ki, maTi adamianurobac

kiTxvis niSnis qveS eqceoda.

zemoxsenebuli Sua saukunebrivi debatebi kargi wanamZrvrebia imis gasaazreblad,

Tu vis xelSi iqneboda kanonmdeblis Zalaufleba, anu vis eqneboda Zalaufleba

daewesebina samarTali da moewesrigebina urTierTobebi adreul epoqaSi. monarqiuli

wyobisas samarTlis wyaroebi emsaxureboda arsebuli wyobis SenarCunebasa da gan-

mtkicebas, magram aseve aregulirebda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, sadac xSirad

qali mamakacis sakuTrebad cxaddeboda, romelsac mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi

eZleoda qmarTan gayris ufleba, ekrZaleboda ganaTlebis miReba da aqtiuri monawi-

leoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. imis gamosavlenad Tu rogor eguebodnen qalebi

amdagvar uuflebo mdgomareobas adreuli Suasaukuneebidan gadmovinacvloT XVIII

saukunis evropaSi da ganvixiloT safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis peridi.

revoluciaSi monawileobiT qalebma mkveTri ganacxadi gaakeTes sakuTari uflebebis

gafarToebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT.

11 Galeazzo Flavio Capra, Della eccellenza e dignita delle donne. wyaro: Gisela Bock, Women in European History, BlackwellPublishers: Oxford, UK. 3.

12 Disputatio nova contra mulieres qua probatur eas hominess non esse.13 wyaros msjelobisa Suasaukuneebis teqstebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Gisela Bock, Women in European History,

Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK. 1-31.

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kvira 2

1. visTvis da vis mier iqmneboda kanonebi?

samarTlis subieqtis sakiTxi, qalebi da safrangeTis revolucia.

literatura:

Gisela Bock, «The French Revolution: the Dispute is Resumed» in Women in European History, Blackwell

Publishers: Oxford, UK. 32-81.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.

Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791.

safrangeTSi qalTa statusma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1789-1804 wlebSi.

1792-93 wels maT imasac ki miaRwies, rom qorwineba mSoblis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT,

SeeZloT aseve gayris procesis wamowyeba, qorwinebis gareT gaCenili bavSvis mamis

saxelis dasaxeleba, Secdenis asanazRaureblad fuladi kompensaciis moTxovna dasakuTrebis qona. Zalian sainteresoa rogor moaxerxes qalebma am yvelafris mopoveba

da ufro mniSvnelovani, isev dakargva?

parizeli qalebi tradiciulad monawileobdnen quCis politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT

maSin, roca saqme sarCos mopovebas Seexeboda. es aqtiuri parizeli qalebi

gamoTqvamdnen TavianT azrebsa da moTxovnebs, peticiebis, demonstraciebis da TviT

`saxalxo dabegvris~ (taxation populaire) gziTac (rodesac qalebis didi jgufi Tavs

esxmoda movaWres, itacebda mis saqonels an/da samarTlian fasad yidulobda da

Semdgom urigebda gaWirebul parizelebs). revoluciam erTiaTad gaacxara parizel

qalTa politikuri aqtivoba, isini medgrad amoudgnen mxarSi meuRleebs da TavianTi

socialuri klasis Sesabamisi problemuri sakiTxebis mogvarebisaTvis daiwyes brZola.bazarSi momuSave qalebi iTxovdnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvas, Sua sakuneebSi

arsebuli savaWro gildiebis aRdgenis gziT, Ciodnen TavianTi samuSao pirobebis

gausaZlisobis gamo, binZuri saavadmyofoebis gamo da imis gamo, rom maT gamudmebiT,

Sesvenebis gareSe uxdebodaT Sroma, maSin roca sxvebi gadasaxadebisa da qonebidan

miRebuli procentebis xarjze udardel da fuqsavat cxovrebas eweodnen. muSaTa

klasis warmomadgeneli qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristokratiuli klasis warmomadge-

neli qalebi moiTxovdnen samoqalaqo uflebebis gazrdas: xmis uflebas, warmomad-

genlobas xelisuflebaSi, Tanasworobas qorwinebisas da gayris procesis wamowyebas.

sadac, interesTa ori sfero gadaikveTa am ori sxvadasxva socialuri statusis

mqone qalTa moTxovnebi iyo ganaTlebisa da prostituciis sferoebi. qalebi erTxmadaRniSnavdnen, rom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas moklebuli qalebi iZulebulebi

iyvnen Tavi prostituciiT erCinaT. prostitucias ki uaRresad damakninebel

profesiad miiCnevdnen, romelic imavdroulad ojaxis siwmindes da stabilurobas

uqmnida safrTxes da amis gamoc iyo miuRebeli qalebisaTvis. ase rom qalebma TavianTi

moTxovnebi ganaTlebaze revoluciis Sedegad mosul xelisuflebas Semdegnairad

warudgines: Cven ganaTleba da dasaqmeba imitom ki ar gvinda, rom umaRles sqess

(mamakacebs) SevejibroT, an im qalebisTvis ki ar vzurnavT, vinc uzrunvelyofilia,

visac hyavs ojaxi da bavSvebi visac misi energia da gulisyuri Wirdeba, aramed, im

dacemuli qalebisaTvis, vinc gaunaTleblobisa da gaWirebis gamo irCevs

prostitucias da amiT safrTxes uqmnis ojaxis siwmindesa da stabilurobas.miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi imsaxurebdnen da SeeZloT ufro argumentirebuladac

wamoeyenebinaT ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna, am epoqis qalTa umetesobas

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sjeroda, rom maTi adgili saxlSia da nebismieri codna, romelsac isini SeiZenen unda

gamoiyenon imisTvis, rom naklebi qali Caebas prostituciaSi. maT unda asiamovnon

qmrebs, aRzardon Svilebi gonivrulad. aseT midgomaSi ukve naTlad Cans sirTule im

drois da qalTa viTarebisa, rodesac isini elementaruli uflebebis mosapoveblad

(rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba) manevrireben da cdiloben iseTi mizezi

moenaxaT Tavisi moTxovnis dasacavad, rac xelsayreli da pirdapir Znelad

SesawinaaRmdegebi iqneba kacebisaTvis. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvarma

gaazrebam qalebis mdgomareobisa Tavad qalebis mier xeli SeuSala revoluciuri

safrangeTis qalTa moZraobis warmatebas.

safrangeTis revoluciis istoriis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebis qmede-

bazea dasmuli, TumcaRa qalebma aseve Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli. am periodis

safrangeTSi gansakuTrebiT ki, parizSi SeiniSneboda ara erTiani, avtonomiuri qalTa

moZraoba, aramed qalTa moZraobebi. revoluciis dReebSi qalebi aqtiurad

moqmedebdnen, 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombers eqvsma aTasma parizelma qalma erovnuli dacvis

TanxlebiT fexiT gaiara versalamde, rom moeTxova puri lui XVI-isa da dedofal mari

antuanetisaTvis. es msvleloba sxvadasxva socialuri warmomavlobis qalebis erTiani

ZalisxmeviT Sedga. eqvsi aTasidan qalTa udides procents bazarSi momuSave qalebi

warmoadgendnen, aseve maT Soris iyvnen msaxiobebi da diasaxlisebi. maT Seuties

monarqis samyofels da ramdenime misi Svedi damcvelis daRupvis Semdeg bazarSi

momuSave qalTa mcire delegaciam miaRwia audiencias mefesa da erovnul asambleasTan.

maTi saCivari Semdegi iyo: mdidrebi agroveben xorbals, roca xalxs puri enatreba da

Tu iyideba sadme puri, uzomod Zvir fasad. mefe lui XVI Sehpirda qalebs purs da

uflebac misca maT gamohyolodnen mas, mis ojaxsa da samefo kars versalidan parizSi.

revoluciis ukve am adreul stadiaze iyo mcdeloba revoluciaSi qalTa rolisa da

monawileobis dakninebis. oqtombris dReebis samTavrobo kvlevam daiwyo erTgvari

konspiraciis Teoriis propaganda. viTomda versalis svlaSi monawile qalebi mamakacebma

moisyides da kacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen am marSs da ufro metic, rom eqvsi aTas qals Soris

bevri iyo qalad gadacmuli mamakaci. revoluciis adreuli dReebidanve iwyeba masSi qalTa

rolis gaufasureba, TumcaRa es arc unda iyos gasakviri im mentalitetisa da viTarebis

fonze, romelic am drois safrangeTSi sufevda, roca qalebs ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdo-

mobis uflebis moTxovnis gamarTleba im argumentebiT uxdebodaT, rom am gziT ufro me-

tad gamoadgebodnen TavianT ojaxebs da Tan aranair konkurencias ar gauwevdnen mamkacebs.

1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris parizel qalTa msvleloba versalSi rogorc maTi

Tanamedrove, aseve dRevandeli istoriografebisTvis revoluciis adreul fazaSi

qalTa gamokveTil aqtivobad rCeba. maSin, roca 14 ivlisis bastiliis aReba ZiriTadad

mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebaa da revoluciaSi maTi wvlilis

ukvdamyofelad gvevlineba 5-6 oqtombris marSi revoluciaSi qalebis mier gaweuli

wvlilis simbolod iqca.

safrangeTis revoluciis qalTa moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli

gaxldaT olimpia de guJi, parizeli scenaristi qali, romelmac dawera `qalTa

uflebebis deklaracia~ 1971 wels. es dokumenti warmoadgenda safrangeTis

revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebebis

deklaraciis~ pasuxs, romelmac mosaxleoba aqtiur da pasiur moqalaqeebad dayo,

simdidris, socialuri warmoSobis, klasisa da sqesis mixedviT. am dokumentis

mixedviT, mamakacTa garkveuli fenebis uflebebi SeizRuda da ra gasakviria, rom

qalebi pasiur moqalaqeTa rigebSi aRmoCdnen. de guJi monarqisti gaxldaT, igi ar iyotradiciuli franguli monarqiis damxobis momxre. amitom igi ibrZoda qalebis

uflebebis dasacavad da ara revoluciis interesebisaTvis zogadad.

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olimpia de guJma saxeli 1789 wels gaiTqva, rodesac man erovnul asambleas

warudgina radikaluri reformis programa. de guJi aRniSnavda, rom aucilebelia

kanoniT iqnes uzrunvelyofili sqesTa sruli Tanabaruflebianoba, dasaqmebis farTo

SesaZleblobebi qalebisTvis, saskolo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba gogonebisTvis da

iseTi Teatris Seqmna, sadac mxolod qalebisTvis da qalebis monawileobiT

daidgmeboda speqtaklebi. olimpia de guJis rwmena qalTa `bunebrivi da Tandayolili~

uflebebis Sesaxeb gamomdinareobda misi zogadad adamianebis, rasisa da sqesis

ganurCevlad, Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Rrma rwmenisgan. igi emxroboda

safrangeTis koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaTavisuflebasa da ibrZoda maTi

uflebebis dasacavad. de guJi Tavisi qveynis patrioti gaxldaT, magram adamianis

uflebebis dacvas ufro win ayenebda, vidre qveynis interesebs, Tundac am fasad

daSliliyo safrangeTis imperia.

olimpia de guJis am mosazrebebis umetesoba aisaxa mis mier Seqmnil deklaraciaSi,

romelic revoluciis mTavari dokumentis `mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa

deklaraciis”14 nimuSiT aris Seqmnili, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi aniWebs qalebs igive

uflebebs, rasac es ukanaskneli aniWebs privilegirebul mamakacebs. de guJi iTxovda

qalTa generaluri asambleis daarsebas, romelic wamoWrida qalTa sakiTxebsa da

problemebs da imuSavebda mamakacebis genralur asambleasTan am problemebis

gadasaWrelad. de guJi aseve iTxovda srul sityvis Tavisuflebas qalebisTvis,

asambleaSi gamosvlisas man ganacxada: `Women has the right to mount the scaffold; she must

equally have the right to mount the rostrum” — “qals xaraCoebze (barikadebze) asvlis ufleba

Tu aqvs, mas aseve tribunaze amaRlebis uflebac unda hqondes”

olimp de guJis mrwamsis safuZvels, iseve rogorc misi sxva mowinave Tanamedrove

qalbatonebis mrwamsis safuZvels, warmoadgenda adamianis uflebebis universalurobis

rwmena. rwmena imisa, rom adamianis uflebebi unda exebodes da vrceldebodes Tanabrad

yvelaze gamonaklisis gareSe. de guJis Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom qalebs bunebisganminiWebuli aqvT igive gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rac mamakacebs da amitom maT unda

hqondeT Tandayolili ufleba miiRon ganaTleba da ganagon sakuTari bed-iRbali. qalebi

TavianTi inteleqtiT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs da miuRebelia maTi uflebebis

SezRudva sqesis safuZvelze. miuxedavad, erTi SexedviT, progresuli midgomis qalTa

uflebrivi mdgomareobis mimarT, samwuxarod am drosiaTvis aseve bunebrivad aRiqmeboda

qalTa movaleoba yofiliyvnen mTavari pasuxismgebeli pirebi Svilebis aRzrdasa da saSinao

saqmeebze. Sesabamisad, qalTa uflebrivi winsvlis, maTi emansipaciis moTxovna myardeboda

qalebis ojaxisaTvis ukeT gamodgomis argumentiT da ara maTi rogorc damoukidebeli

pirovnebebis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis argumentiT. kiTxvis ar dasmam

qalebis bunebrivad `kerZo~ anu ojaxuri sferosTvis mikuTvnebaze da imis Taobaze Tu ramdgomareobaSi ayenebda qalebs amgvari `bunebrivi~ movaleobebi, miiyvana safrangeTis

revoluciis qalTa moZraoba kraxamde.

safrangeTis revoluciis umniSvnelovanesi monawile danieli emigranti eta palm

d’aeldersi sazogadoebriv asparezze 1790-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. igi qalTa politkur

klubSi moRvaweobda. 1790 wels Seiqmna simarTlis megobarTa konfederacia “Le Confederation

des Amis la vérité”. am polikur gaerTianebas, garda zogadi mimarTulebisa, romelic qalTa

uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda (qalTa ganaTleba, qalebis mxridan gayris inicirebis

ufleba), hqonda specialuri ganyofileba/seqcia, romelsac palmi meTaurobda. palmis

gancxadebiT, qalTa seqcia miznad isaxavda qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sasurvel

14 istoriul teqstebSi am dokuments “adamianisa da moqalaqis deklaraciis” saxeliT vicnobT, magram“mamakacisa da mamakaci moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia” dokumentis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ufrodazustebul Targmans warmoadgens.

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reformaTa Soris iyo mSoblebis gardacvalebis Semdeg maTi sakuTrebis ufrosi

vaJebisaTvis gadacemis gauqmeba, colebis dacva qmrebis mxridan fizikuri Zaladobisagan,

qalebisaTvis xelsayreli gayris kanoni da sqesTa Soris politikuri Tanasworoba.

palmma gadawyvita, rom ubralod qalebis seqcia ar iyo sakmarisi misi amocanebis

Sesasruleblad da 1971 wels, mas Semdeg rac warmoTqva sityva yvela qalis SesaZ-

leblobaze revoluciis Sedegebis gaRrmavebisa sakuTar ojaxebSi, man daarsa qalTa

klubi `lez ami de verite~ (simarTlis megobrebi “Les Amies de la vérité”). klubSi

wevrobisaTvis gadasaxadi xelmisawvdomi mxolod maRali fenis qalbatonebisTvis iyo.

klubs hqonda rogorc socialuri, aseve politikuri mandate, qalebi did drosa da

saxsrebs xarjavdnen RaribTa daxmarebisTvis.

`lez ami de veritem~, rogorc pirvelma qalebis klubma safuZveli moumzada

franguli revoluciis periodis ufro radikalur qalTa klubs “Les Citoyennes

republicaines revolutionaries” (“respublikel revolucioner qalTa sazogadoeba”). es

sazogadoeba daafuZnes 1793 wlis TebervalSi gauTxovarma Sokoladis damamzadebelma

paulin leonma da provincielma msaxiobma qalma, kler lakombma. es iyo qalTa kargad

organizebuli aqtiuri liga, romelic mxars uWerda iakobinelTa ajanyebas damoiTxovda moqalaqeTa dacvas. sazogadoebis wevrebi `Tavisuflebis wiTel qudebSi~

gamowyobilebi eweodnen patrulirebas quCebsa da bazrebSi, da miuxedavad kanonisa,

romelic qalebs ukrZalavda iaraRis tarebas, araTu SeiaraRebulni iyvnen, aramed

aqtiuradac iyenebdnen iaraRs da ar eridebodnen kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi

eWvmitanil pirTa dakavebasa da sasamarTlosTvis gadacemas. am sazogadoebis wevr

qalebs naklebad awuxebdaT qalTa uflebebis dacva, maTi saqmianobis mTavar motivsa

da amocanas revoluciis ideebis zeimi da misi monapovaris dacva warmoadgenda.

1793 wels sazogadoebis wevri qalebi Seecaden TavianTi revoluciuri ideologia Tavs

moexviaT sxva qalebisaTvisac da erovnul asambleas mosTxoves qudebze safrangeTis

respublikis droSis samferiani simbolos, broSis, tareba savaldebulo gaexadaT yvelaqalisaTvis. rodesac erovnulma asambleam ar daakmayofila sazogadoebis arc es moTxovna

da arc moTxovna prostituciaSi Cabmuli qalebis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb, `respublikel

revolucioner qalTa sazogadoebam~ gawyvita Tavisi megobruli kavSirebi iakobinelTa

partiasTan. iakobinelebTan dapirispirebam maT daukarga sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rac

sazogadoebis saboloo ganadgurebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxda.

1793 wlis oqtomberSi sazogadoebis wevrma qalebma Seuties bazris qalebs im

mizeziT, rom es ukanasknelebi qudebze ar atarebdnen samferian broSs. bazris qalebma,

Tavis mxriv, upasuxes sazogadoebis Sexvedris darbeviTa da ramdenime wevris

galaxviT, xolo Semdeg erovnul asambleaSi saCivaric Seitanes sazogadoebis mxridan

Seviwrovebis Sesaxeb. erovnulma asambleam, sadac umravlesobas `respublikelrevolucioner qalTa sazogadoebis~ mimarT ukve mtrulad ganwyobili iakobinelebi

warmoadgendnen, gamosca gankarguleba yvela qalTa politikuri organizaciis daSlis

Sesaxeb. rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi gamocxadnen galereaSi am gankargulebis gamo

protestis gamosaTqmelad maT sityva ar misces, ufro metic, kenWi uyares

gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom aRarasodes miecaT gamosvlis ufleba qalTa

delegaciisaTvis. qalebs usayvedures TavianTi ojaxebis mitoveba da Seaxsenes, rom

maTi adgili saxlSia da ara quCaSi. aseve Seaxsenes olimp de guJis bedi, romelsac

kontrrevoluciuri qmedebis braldebiT giliotinaze mokveTes Tavi ramdenime TviT

adre. am damarcxebis Semdeg qalebs aRarafris gakeTeba SeeZloT, garda peticiebis

gavrcelebisa da erovnuli asambleis saqmianobisaTvis galereebidan mdumared Tvalismidevnebisa. maT informaciis misaRebad da TavianTi amocanebis misaRwevad moqmedebis

mxolod iribi gzebi rCebodaT da TavianTi mamebis, Zmebisa, meuRleebisa Tu

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sayvarlebis daxmarebis imedze unda yofiliyvnen.

ori wlis Semdeg qalebi kidev erTxel Seecadnen politikuri qmedebisaTvis ZalTa

mobilizebas, amis mizezi gaxda RaribTa dasaqmebis samsaxuris gauqmeba da maTTvis

gankuTvnili puris racionis dReSi 2 unciamde Semcireba. amas parizelma qalebma

tradiciuli gaficvebiTa da areulobiT upasuxes. Sedegad maisSi asambleam gamosca

kanoni, romelic qalebis saxlSi yofnas moiTxovda da policias uflebas aZlevda

daerbia da daepatimrebina xuTze meti erTad Sekrebili qali. qalebs aekrZalaT aseve

asambleis sxdomebis mosmena galereebSi. mgvarad, dasrulda qalTa politikuri

aqtivoba safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi.

im periodSi qalebis rolis Sesaxeb uamravi mosazreba arsebobda; feministurad

moazrovne folosofosebic (mag. markiz de kondorse), iseve rogorc, antifeministurad

ganwyobilni (mag. Jan Jak ruso) Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom qalis adgili ojaxSia da man unda

izrunos ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis, uTanxmoeba iwyeboda im sakiTxis irgvliv, Tu rogor

unda momzadnen qalebi am rolisaTvis. ruso miiCnevda, rom qali Tavisi bunebiT

mgrZnobiare da nazi arsebaa, romelsac bednierebisTvis ojaxSi fusfusi da Svilebze

zrunva yofnis. qali moraluri RirsebebiT jabnis mamakacs, swored amitomac mas

amaRlebuli da poeturi Saravandedi mosavs, maSin roca mamakaci iRwvis sazogadoebriv

asparezze, iRebs ganaTlebas, informacias da moralurad iryvneba. amgvari saqmianobebiT

gadaRlil kacs meuRlem unda erTgvari samoTxe Seuqmnas ojaxSi, romelic misi saqmianobis

sferoa. am msjelobis Sesabamisad, Tu qals ar uxdeba sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, misvis ar

aris saWiro politikuri uflebebis qona da arc amis pretenzia unda hqondes. ganaTlebas

axalgazrda gogonebi dedebisgan ojaxSi da ara skolaSi unda iRebdnen. qalis uzenaes

daniSnulebad rusos mamakacis gabedniereba da dedoba miaCnda, sxva danarCeni ki harmoniis

damrRvevad da sazogadoebisaTvis sirTuleebis momtanad esaxeboda.

rusosgan gansxvavebiT kondorses miaCnda, rom qalebs da mamakacebs identuri

politikuri uflebebi unda hqondeT. rusos msgavsad kondorses15 miaCnda, rom qalis

adgili ojaxSia, TumcaRa politikuri uflebebis qona maT araTu Camoacilebs ojaxs,

aramed, piriqiT, aqcevs ukeTes moqalaqeebad da TavianTi meuRleebis ukeTes kompanionebad.

im droisaTvis yvelaze radikalurad moazrovne qalbatonebic ki eTanxmebodnen kondorses

mosazrebebs, amgvarad revoluciis droindeli safrangeTis idealuri qali iyo

ganaTlebuli meuRle da deda, romelsac SeeZleboda Tanabar doneze saubari meuRlesTan

da aRzrdida Svilebs respublikis da revoluciis patriotebad. samwuxarod qalis rolis

moazreba ar gacda diasaxlisis rolsa da ojaxis CarCoebs, magram samwuxarod am

farglebSic ki ver moxerxda qalTa uflebebis gafarToeba.


yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola

literatura:

Rendall, Jane, «The Citizenship of Women and the Reform Act of 1867», in Catherine Hall, Keith

McClelland & Jane Rendall, Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the Reform Act of

1867, Cambridge 2000, 119-78.

15 markiz de kondorse (Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794) frangi filosofosi, maTematikosi, socialurimecnieri, ekonomisti da politikosi. am da sxva progresuli mosazrebebis gamo igi iakobinelebma Seipyres1794 wels. oficialuri versiiT man sakanSi Tavi moikla, Tumca mravali mkvlevari ganzrax mkvlelobisverias iziarebs.

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kvira 3


yvelaze xangrZlivi brZola (gagrZeleba)

,

literatura:

Gisela Bock, “From Social to the Political” in Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford,

UK, 127-173.

mxdal sicocxlesa da uunarobas Tanmxlebi mamakacis gareSe

gaiaro quCaSi, gacilebiT sjobia xSiri Seuracxyofis atana

an gariyulad sikvdili. qalis yvelaze kargi mcveli da is

vinc mas yovelTvis moemsaxureba misi gambedaobaa romelic

man gamocdilebidan unda SeiZinos, xolo gamocdilebassazogadoebrivi cxovreba iZleva.16

elizabet qeidi stentoni, 1851

damarcxeba SeuZlebelia ! 17

siuzan b. enToni, 1906

XIX saukuneSi evropaSi TvalsaCino gaxda qalTa moZraoba, romelic `berZeni eqimi

maria kalopokaTesis ganmartebiT warmoadgenda qalTa uflebebis gaazrebul

moTxovnas da sistematiur Zalisxmevas am uflebebis misaRebad.”18 qalTa moZraobas

mkvlevrebi afaseben rogorc mZlavr socialur moZraobas, romelmac Tavi iCina XVIIIsaukuneSi, magram Zala moikriba XIX saukuneSi da formisa da amocanebis cvalebadobiT

grZeldeba vidre dRemde.

XIX saukuneSi moazrovneTa debatebSi dasmuli `qalTa sakiTxi~ (“woman question”)

warmoadgenda adreuli kiTxvebis `arian Tu ara qalebi adamianebi?~ `rani arian

qalebi?~ Tanamedrove variants. mgvarad, axleburad SefuTuli da warmodgenili

msjeloba `qalTa sakiTxis~ irgvliv ar warmoadgenda msjelobas qalebsa da mamakacebs

Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze sqesTa Tanabaruflebianobis konteqstSi, aramed es iyo

msjeloba sqesebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiuli, daqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebis

Sesaxeb, romelic moicavda gansxvavebebsac. Sesabamisad, rodesac jon stiuart milma19

1867 wlis 20 maiss didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi qalebisTvis xmis uflebisdakanoneba moiTxova didi gancvifreba da winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. TemTa palatis

warmomadgenlebs gaukvirdaT, rogor iTxova amgvarma sapatio jentlmenma xmis ufleba

imaTTvis, vinc wesiT ojaxis Tavs, mamakacs unda emorCilebodes, vinaidan is masze

16 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech at the Woman's Convention (25th May, 1851). Targmani avtoris.17 Tavisi ukanaskneli sajaro gamosvlisas xanSiSesulma siuzan b. enTonim ganacxada: “damarcxeba

SuZlebelia” (“Failure is impossible”). Anthony Center for Women’s Leadership, ixileT internetSi, misamarTze:, bolo viziti 1 noemberi 2004.

18 Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 82.19 jon stiuart mili (John Stuart Mill 1806-1873) mecxramete saukunis ingliseli ekonomisti, filosofosi

da moazrovne iyo, romlmac TanamoazreebTan erTad ganaviTara utilitarianuli filosofia, romlismixedviTac adamianma yvelaferi unda Seafasos individualuri bednierebis motanis SesaZleblobiskuTxiT oRond ise, rom ar daazaralos sxvani. adamianebi unda iltvodnen bednierebisken da airidon, anSeimsubuqon ubedureba. vinaidan adamianebs SeswevT azrovnebis unari, isini mxolod xorceulisiamovnebiT ver kmayofildebian da gonebrivi procesebidan miRebuli siamovnebiskenac iltvian.

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dabla mgdomi ganviTarebisa da SesaZleblobebis adamians warmoadgens.

1869 wels stiuart milma gamoaqveyna Sroma `qalTa daqvemdebareba~ (“The Subjecttion

of Women”), romelSic man aRniSna, rom qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis isto-

riulad didi xnis manZilze arseboba, TavisTavad ar warmoadgens arguments, romelic

gaamarTlebda am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas momavalSic. mili saubrobs qorwinebaSi

myof qalTa uuflebobaze, aseve qalTa SesaZleblobaze da unarze xarisxianad

Seasrulos is mravali samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac maT tradiciulad da xSirad

kanoniTac ekrZalebodaT. mecxramete saukunis qalTa moZraobisaTvis es naSromi da

jon stiuart milis mxardaWera Zalian bevrs niSnavda ara marto TviT qalebisaTvis,

aramed zogadad sazogadoebrivi azris transformirebis dasawyebad da qalTa

emansipaciis argumentebis gasamyareblad. naSromi gadaiTargmna TiTqmis yvela

evropul enaze da mis irgvliv arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, iTvleboda

aucilebel sakiTxavad yvela ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis rogorc qalebis aseve

mamakacebisTvis, rusuli inteligenciis CaTvliT. debatebi mis irgvliv gamoqvey-

nebisTanave daiwyo.20

dedofal viqtorias mmarTvelobis xana, e.w. viqtorianuli epoqa (1837-1901 wlebi)

miCneulia dasabamad genderul rolebs Soris mkveTri xazis gavlebisa da maTi

araorazrovani gadanawilebisa anu sazogadoebrivi da msoflio saqmeebi mamakacebs,

xolo ojaxuri saqmeebi qalebs: `kacebs saxelmwifo, qalebs ojaxi”21 amgvarma lozungma

mecxramete saukunis miwuruls germanul statiaSi gaiJRera. TumcaRa rogorc

mecxramete ise meoce saukuneebis qronika cxadyofs, rom es zRvari didi simboluri

mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo, xolo realur cxovrebaSi sazRvari sazogadoebriv da

kerZo sferoebs Soris arc iseTi mkveTri gaxldaT da Zneli gansasazRvric aRmoCnda.

marTalia mamakacis umTavres movaleobas Sroma, ojaxis rCena da sazogadoebrivi

saqmeebi warmoadgenda, is mainc rCeboda ojaxis meTaurad da gadawyvetilebis

mimRebad mniSvnelovan saSinao saqmeebSi. iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, sadac es dominirebasimboluri, sazogadoebrivi miznebisTvis xdeboda, xolo realurad qali marTavda,

ara mxolod ojaxur saqmeebs, aramed meuRlis da sxva mamakaci ojaxis wevrebis

meSveobiTa da saSualebiT ereoda sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da gadawyvetilebebSi.

dabali fenebis qalebi asrulebdnen mZime fizikur samuSaos ojaxs gareT maRaroebsa

da saamqroebSi da qmrebTan erTad arCendnen ojaxebs. viqtorianuli xanis simboluri

zRvari sqesebis gavlenis sferoebsa da genderul rolebs Soris realur cxovrebaSi

udidesi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo, pirvel rigSi uflebrivi TvalsazrisiT.

sazogadoebrivi da kerZo anu ojaxuri cxovreba da sferoebi urTierTqmedebdnen

da gadajaWvulni iyvnen erTmaneTze, magram aRiarebul, aSkara da uflebebiT

aRWurvil moqmed pirad mxolod mamakacebi gvevlinebian. lavirebis is farulimodelebi, romlebsac qalebi mimarTavdnen gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom arsebuli

viqtorianuli stereotipi genderuli rolebis Sesaxeb amarTlebda maT uuflebobas

da ar aZlevda maT aSkara qmedebis saSualebas.

dedofali viqtoria, romelsac xSirad imis magaliTadac moiSveliebdnen, rom

qalebs marTva SeeZloT ar itkivebda Tavs qalTa uflebebze zrunviT, piriqiT Tavisi

sazogadoebrivi qmedebiT, da mkacri Savi samosiT, romelsac meuRlis gardacvalebis

Semdeg atarebda, igi viqtorianizmis simbolodac ki iqca. magram cxovrebaSi dedofali

viqtoria sulac ar iyo tkivilTmTmeni, mokrZalebuli da morCili qali anu

gansaxiereba qalis im stereotipisa, romelic misi mefobisas gabatonda, aramed

20 Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 91.21 Article: ‘Frauenfrage’, in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, vol.6 (Mahnnheim, 1894), 822. citirebulia: Gisela Bock,

Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 84.

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piriqiT. istoriisTvis cnobilia, rom igi mSobiarobisas tkivilebis gayuCebis mizniT

iyenebda qloroforms. arsebobs versia, rom mSobiarobisas anesTezia swored misi

magaliTebidan damkvidrda.

dedofali Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT arc im mosazrebas amtkicebda, rom dedoba

qalis umaRlesi daniSnulebaa, erT-erT pirad werilSi igi wers Tavis orsul

qaliSvils,22 rom òrsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros mgonia Zroxebs an ZaRlebs

vemsgavsebiT; roca Cveni ubadruki arseba cxovelis msgavsi da araesTeturi xdeba [...]

Cveni sqesis yvelaze naklebad unda Surdes kacs.~ xolo, roca cxra mSobiarobis Semdeg

dedofals aukrZales Semdgomi orsulobebi, man Tavis eqims SesCivla: èh, eqimo, nuTu

CemTvis sarecelis yvela siamovneba damTavrda?”23 raoden ironiulic ar unda iyos ase

msjelobda monarqi, romlis pirovnebamac waruSleli kvali datova sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobisa da rolis Sesaxeb gabatonebul mosazrebebze. mas

Tavad naklebad aviwrovebda is genderuli stereotipebi, romelsac misi mefobis

xanaSi Caeyara myari safuZveli, vinaidan dedofali viqtoria ubralod

privilegirebuli iyo Tavisi klasobrivi mdgomareobis gamo. mis msgavsad maRali

fenebis sxva qalebsac SeeZloT met-naklebi warmatebiT gadmosuliyvnen maTTvis

gankuTvnili mwiri sazogadoebrivi kalapotidan, magram saboloo jamSi yvela qali

meti uflebebiT tkbobas sakuTari warmomavlobis an didi niWis wyalobiT axerxebda da

ara imitom, rom maTi Tanamedrove samarTali, Sesabamisad samarTalSemoqmedni da

zogadad politika aZlevda maT emansipaciis saSualebas.

qalis raobaze da misi rolis dadgenaze didi debatebi imarTeboda aseve safran-

geTSi, qalTa istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki aRniSnavs, rom 1843 wels gamocemuli

Encyclopedie Nouvelle werda: ès viTareba ar warmoadgenda debatebs mecnierebs Soris,

aramed Seexeboda Tanamedrove qalebis bed-iRbals~.24 qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli

frangi qalbatoni eugeni niboi (ugenie Niboyet) iTxovda qalebisTvis xmis uflebis

micemas 1848 wels, `Cven ar gvinda gavxdeT kargi mamakaci moqalaqeebi, Cven ubralodgvsurs gavxdeT kargi moqalaqeebi, da Tu Cven viTxovT uflebebs rogorc qalebi, Cven

viTxovT qalebis uflebebs da ara mamakacebis uflebebs.

nibois Jurnali La Voix des femmes (qalTa xma) kidev ufro gaTamamda 1848 wlis

aprilSi, radgan werda: `qalma ki ar unda ganicados emansipacia da daemsgavsos

mamakacs, aramed mamakaci unda emansipirdes da gaxdes qali.~ 25 aTi wlis Semdeg jeni

d’heriko (Jenny d’Hericout) bebiaqali (1870 wlamde safrangeTSi qalebs ekrZalebodaT

medicines Seswavla) qalTa xmaSi werda: `qalebma unda moiTxovon TavianTi uflebebi,

ara rogorc qalebma, aramed rogorc adamianebma da sociumis wevrebma.”26 swored am

mizeziT, mas miaCnda, rom qalebis mxridan xmis uflebis moTxovna naadrevi iyo,

vinaidan arsebul situaciaSi qalebi imasve dauWerdnen mxars, rasac mamakacebi. xmisuflebis moTxovnis aucilebel winapirobad mas qorwinebaSi qalTa Tanabaruf-

lebianoba, gayrisa da ganaTlebis miRebis uflebis qona miaCnda. 1863 wels am azrebis

avtori emigraciaSi wavida amerikis SeerTwebul StatebSi, sadac ukve inglisur enaze

agrZelebda weras, saxlis saqme iseTive Sroma da saqmea rogorc sxva nebismieri,

mamakacebma aages da gamoigones qalis buneba, romelsac sinamdvileSi Cven verasdros

SevicnobT Tu ar movaSorebT arsebul SezRudvebs. mxolod Tavisuflebisa da

22 1858 wels, rodesac es werili daiwera, dedofali viqtorias ufrosi qaliSvili viqtoria gaTxoviliiyo prusiaSi da fexmZimed iyo vilhelm II-ze.

23

Gisela Bock, Women in European History, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, 2002, 93.24 Riot-Sarcey, 48; Pierre Leroux and J. Reynaud (eds.), Encyclipedie Nouvelle, vol. 5, col.212 (Paris, 1848; reprint Geneva,

1991)25 La Voix des femmes 20, (11 April 1848), pp1f.; Riot-Sarcey, 81, 194;26 Jenny d’Hericourt, La Femme affranchie, 2 vols (Brussels, 1860), vol.2, 209; Moses and Rabine, 13.

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Tanabaruflebianobis, Tanabari aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis pirobebSi gaxdeba SesaZ-

lebeli mamakacisa da qalis namdvili saxisa da bunebis danaxva — ase swamda qalTa

moZarobis am adreul moazrovnes.

XIX saukunis amerikaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb qalebs ekrZalebodaT ganaTlebis

miReba, roca maTi Zmebis ganaTlebaze ojaxebi daucxromlad zrunavdnen. maT

ekrZalebodaT xmis amoReba sajaro Sekrebebze da Tu aseTi incindenti moxdeboda

eklesia da sazogadoeba maT kicxavda uRirsi aqtivobisaTvis. maTi memkvidreobiT

miRebuli qoneba gaTxovebisas avtomaturad qmris sakuTreba xdeboda da qalic mamis

gavlenidan qmris gavlenaSi, sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,

qalebs uwevdaT im kanonebisadmi morCileba, romlis avtorebic TviTon ar iyvnen da

verc iqnebodnen, vinaidan maT ar hqondaT, rogorc Tavad miaCndaT, umTavresi,

politikuri uflebebi, ufleba sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosvlisa, rom SeecvalaT

kanonebi da SeeqmnaT iseTi kanonebi, romlebic maT interesebsac daicavda. arsebuli

uuflebo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT gasakviri ar aris, ratom ganixilavdnen

pirveli talRis feministebi anu qalTa moZraobis adreul liderebi arCevnebSi

monawileobas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis panacead.

TumcaRa XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli politikuri uflebebisaTvis brZola Tavdapir-

velad mamakacTa xmis uflebisaTvis brZolas warmoadgenda. Cveulebriv evropaSi xmis

ufleba eZleodaT qonebrivi cenziT, zog SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, britaneTSi)

komluri principiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi (italia, portugalia) dawyebiTi an umaRlesi

ganaTlebis qonis mixedviT. mecxramete saukune xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis

uflebisaTvis sxvadasxva dainteresebuli jgufebis brZoliT, romelsac evropaSi

garkveuli doziT liberalebi, ZiriTadad ki, SromiTi moZraoba axorcielebda.

britaneTSi es moZraoba 1832 wlis didi reformis aqtiT daiwyo (the Great Reform Act of

1832); safrangeTSi burJuaziuli revoluciiT da ganaxlda 1830 wlis ivlisis revo-

luciiT; belgiaSi 1831 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT; norvegiaSi 1814 wliskonstituciiT; SveicariaSi 1815 wlis konstituciiT; germaniaSi federaluri miwebis

adreuli konstitucionalizmiT (pirveli badenis 1818 wlis konstitucia iyo) da a. S.

safrajizmi (Suffragism), warmosgeba inglisuri sityvisgan Suffrage — rac xmis

micemas, arCevnebSi monawileobas niSnavs. Sesabamisad qalebs, romlebic politikuri

uflebebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobaSi monawileobdnen safrajistebi (suffragists) ewo-

debodaT. iyo aseve qalTa politikuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli radikaluri daj-

gufeba e.w. safrajetebi (suffragettes), romlebic ZiriTadad safrangeTSi moRvaweobdnen

da TavianTi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT agresiuli taqtika (Sexvedrebis

darbeva, fanjrebis lewva) gangeb airCies, rom miepyroT sazogadoebis yuradReba. isini

imdenad gavlenianebi aRmoCndnen TavianT qmedebaSi, rom popularul istoriulmexsierebaSi xmis uflebisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi swored agresiul qalebTan

asocirdebian, maSin rodesac safrajistebis umetesoba ar iziarebda safrajetebis

meTodebs da surda maTgan gamijvna.

is gza, romelic qalebma ganvles imisaTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis univer-

saluri (aqtiurica da pasiuric) ufleba moepovebinaT gansxvavdeboda sirTulisa da

xangrZlivobis mixedviT. 21 evropul qveyanaSi qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba

XX saukunis dasawyisSi miecaT, ZiriTadad pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg: pirveli maT

Soris iyo fineTi (1906), Semdeg norvegia (1907), Cvidmet qveyanaSi 1915-1922 wlebSi

miiRes qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1920 wels amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi), espaneTsa da portugaliaSi 1931 wels. safrangeTSi 1944, italiaSi 1945,saberZneTSi 1952, xolo SveicariaSi 1971 wels. am xangrZlivi gzis miuxedavad, qalTa

istoriis mkvlevari gizela boki miiCnevs, rom `safrajizmi~ sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

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msgavsad mimdinareobda, ara marto imitom, rom sabolood am moZraobam Tavis mizans

miaRwia, aramed sxva msgavsi mizezebis gamoc.

magaliTisTvis, qalebi yvelgan xmis uflebas iseT momentSi iTxovdnen, rodesac

xedavdnen warmatebis miRwevis realur Sanss. did britaneTSi pirveli mimarTva

qalebisaTvis xmis micemis moTxovniT iyo `adamianTa erTi modgmis, qalebis mimarTva

adamianTa meore modgmis, mamakacebis pretenziebis winaaRmdeg~ 1825 wels ana vilerisa

da viliam tomfsonis avtorobiT. adreuli moTxovna qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis

miniWebisa ekuTvnoda meri smits, romlis Sesaxebac am faqtis garda TiTqmis araferia

cnobili, igi qalebisaTvis xmis micemas qonebrivi cenzis safuZvelze iTxovda. vinaidan

gaTxovil qalebs erTmeodaT sakuTrebis ufleba, es moTxovna rom gaeTvaliswinebina

TemTa palatas am uflebiT mxolod gauTxovari qalebi isargeblebdnen. misi peticia

win uZRoda 1832 wlis reformis aqts da erTaderTi rasac miaRwia iyo is, rom qalebi

garkveviT da myarad gamoTiSes arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis procesidan, vinaidan

1832 wlis didi reformis aqti uSualod `mamakac-moqalaqeebs~ Seexeboda. vidre

britaneTSi 1867 wlis meore reformis aqts miiRebdnen, axladSeqmnilma qalTa xmis

uflebisaTvis mebrZolma komitetma 1865 wels moamzada peticia lordTa palati-

saTvis, romelsac or kviraSi 1 500-ma qalma moawera xeli. TemTa palatas peticia jon

stiuart milma warudgina, mili iTxovda gauTxovari qalebisTvis miecaT aqtiuri xmis

ufleba igive pirobebiT, ra pirobebiTac mamakacebs hqondaT es ufleba. mili ubralod

iTxovda aqtSi sityva `kaci~ SeecvalaT `pirovnebiT~, magram rogorc zemoT avRniSneT

milis es SeTavazeba ar iqna gaziarebuli.

qalTa politikuri rogo

Documents

018 Kalta Uflebebis Istoriuli Aspeqtebi.pdf