01.Fundamentals of UPS 050106 [Compatibility Mode]

7/27/2019 01.Fundamentals of UPS 050106 [Compatibility Mode]

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Fundamental ofFundamental of UPSUPSTraining Center Gong Jian Bo

UPSUPS TrainingTraining

. -

Email: [email protected]


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ContentContentContentContent UPS Overview

UPS Principle UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data

2 Emerson Confidential

UPS Battery

UPS Monitoring System


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UPSUPS OverviewOverviewUPSUPS OverviewOverview

Whats UPS?

Why need UPS?

Function of UPS


Classification of UPS


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A device that can uninterruptible provide AC power touser.

Whats UPSWhats UPSWhats UPSWhats UPS

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply


load

battery

AC mains


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UPS historyUPS historyUPS historyUPS history

UPS develop through two periods:Rotary UPS and Static UPS.



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Rotary UPSRotary UPSRotary UPSRotary UPS

DC motor;

dieselengine;fl wheel


generator;rectifier andbattery.


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UPSUPS historyhistoryUPSUPS historyhistory

2Static UPS is consisted ofsemiconductor power devices.



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Whats UPS?

Why need UPS?

Function of UPS




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Why need UPSWhy need UPSPower ProblemPower ProblemWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPower ProblemPower Problem

Surge spike sagtransient over voltage


noise blackoutlow voltageFrequency drift


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Why need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPowerproblem

Cause phenomenon

surges Huge equipment turn off

or lighting strike

Higher than 110%

rated Valuelastmany cycle.

spikes Lighting, electric switchon/off, electric welding

6000V last time is 10100ms


Transientover voltage

Like spike 20000Vlast time0.1ms

sag Huge equipment turn on,

AC mains change

smaller than 80-85%

rated valuelastmany cycle.


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Why need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSWhy need UPSPowerproblem

Cause phenomenon

noise High frequency

interference.

Wireless and

microwave equipment

Frequencydrift

hydropowergenerator Frequency changeover 3HZ.


low voltage Huge equipment start,overload

Smaller than ratedvalue and last longtime.

blackout AC cut offcircuitbreaker trip.

Zero voltage last over2 cycles.


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Above AC power problems will

damage equipment,

lose data

Why need UPS?Why need UPS?Why need UPS?Why need UPS?


and interrupt operations.


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Whats UPS?

Why need UPS?

Function of UPS




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1. High reliable and

uninterruptible power

UPSUPS FunctionFunctionUPSUPS FunctionFunction

Keep power continuous


3. Battery management

4. Monitoring

Prolong battery life

Help UPS maintenance


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Whats UPS?

Why need UPS?

Function of UPS




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UPSUPS ClassificationClassificationUPSUPS ClassificationClassificationBy principle

back-up UPS

line-interactive UPSon-line UPS

By power mode:


three phase input/single phase output UPSthree phase input/ three phase output UPS

By output power

small power30 kVA


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By transformerhigh frequency UPS

industrial frequency UPS

B waveform

UPS ClassificationUPS ClassificationcontinuedcontinuedUPS ClassificationUPS Classificationcontinuedcontinued


square wave UPSsine wave UPS


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ContentContentContentContent UPS Overview

UPS Principle

UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data


UPS Battery



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When AC power normal, load power comes directly

from the AC mains, when AC power fails, a battery

powered inverter almost immediately turns on to

continue to supply power.

BackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS PrincipleBackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS Principle


charger inverter

AC mains

load

battery


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LineLine--interactive UPS principleinteractive UPS principleLineLine--interactive UPS principleinteractive UPS principle

BackBack--Up UPS PrincipleUp UPS Principle

AC mains

doubleconverter

load264-276V

150-175V150-264V


battery

AC normal/rectifyAC fail/invert


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OnOn--Line UPSLine UPS PrinciplePrincipleOnOn--Line UPSLine UPS PrinciplePrincipleWhether AC mains is normal or not, inverter isalways operating.



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UPSUPS ComparingComparingUPSUPS ComparingComparingBack-up Line-interactive On-line

Inverter

state

Back up Hot back up operating

Outputquality

Low Middle High


Transferring time

512ms 4ms 0

Cost Low Middle High


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ContentContentContentContent

UPS Overview

UPS Principle

UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data


UPS Battery



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UPSUPS Key TechnologyKey TechnologyUPSUPS Key TechnologyKey Technology

Double Conversion

Digital Control

R n n


Battery Management


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Double ConverDouble ConversionsionDouble ConverDouble Conversionsion

ACDC Rectify


DCAC Invert


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33--Phase SCR Bridge RectifierPhase SCR Bridge Rectifier33--Phase SCR Bridge RectifierPhase SCR Bridge Rectifier

1 3 5

+

A


4 6 2

_

C

6 pulse


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1212--Pulse RectifierPulse Rectifier1212--Pulse RectifierPulse Rectifier

Load Battery and

Inverter


Phase shift TransformerPhase shift TransformerPhase shift TransformerPhase shift Transformer

Two 6Two 6Two 6Two 6----PulsePulsePulsePulse

RectifiersRectifiersRectifiersRectifiers

30


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Boost CircuitBoost CircuitPFC CircuitPFC CircuitBoost CircuitBoost CircuitPFC CircuitPFC Circuit

L

L

TC

D 1

V O

- -

-

V i

-


CV i V O

- -

-

L

CV i V O

- -

-

L

i L -


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33--Phase IGBT RectifierPhase IGBT Rectifier33--Phase IGBT RectifierPhase IGBT Rectifier



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ComparingComparingComparingComparing

Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%


Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current


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Single Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert CircuitSingle Phase half bridge invert Circuit

+380V

L

+

Q1C1

D1

L

+380

-380

U


-380V

220V

N

-

N

Q2C2 D2

C3


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Inverter Control SignalInverter Control Signal

SPWMSPWMInverter Control SignalInverter Control Signal

SPWMSPWM

SPWM signal generation



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33--Phase Bridge InverterPhase Bridge Inverter33--Phase Bridge InverterPhase Bridge Inverter

S

R

+

R

R

S

S T


N

TT

_


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33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPSPhase SCR Rectifier UPS33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPSPhase SCR Rectifier UPS

bypass


main output


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33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPSPhase IGBT Rectifier UPS33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPSPhase IGBT Rectifier UPS

bypass


main

output


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Double Conversion

Digital Control

R n n


Battery Management


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Digital ControlDigital ControlDigital ControlDigital Control

Digital signal ProcessorDSP

Microprocessor

Provide all kinds of driving signal to


, .


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DSPDSPDSPDSPSpeed: 10-20 times that of micro-processor

improve integrated degree

Directly give PWM signal

Avoid device parameter shifting, ensure productaccordance.

No need any hardware adjusting .


First generationdeviceIC

Third generationThird generationThird generationThird generationDSPDSPDSPDSP

Second generationmicro-processor


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Double Conversion

Digital Control

R n n


Battery Management


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Series Connection standbySeries Connection standbySeries Connection standbySeries Connection standby

AC mainsloadUPS1

main

standby

bypass


Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but

power is NOT extended.

UPS2


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Parallel ConnectionParallel ConnectionParallel ConnectionParallel Connection

AC mainsloadUPS1

Parallel logic control


Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load,

high reliabilitybut requires complex technology.

UPS2


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Double Power BusDouble Power BusDouble Power BusDouble Power Bus

battery

UPS1AC PPC

Bus1


STS

battery

UPS

AC PPC

load

feedloadLBS

UPS2

Bus2


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Double Conversion

Digital Control

R n n


Battery Management


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Battery FC/ECBattery FC/ECBattery FC/ECBattery FC/EC1. Current limit0.1C

2. FC to ECIc0.05C or C 80%EC to FCIc 0.01C


FC: Floating ChargeEC: Equalizing Charge


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UPS Overview

UPS Principle

UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data


UPS Battery



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Technical DataTechnical DataTechnical DataTechnical Data

Input Specification


Output Specification


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Input Voltage RangeInput Voltage RangeInput Voltage RangeInput Voltage Range

adaptability to the power network.The wider the better.



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Bypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage RangeBypass Voltage Range

Typical range : 10%



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Input Frequency RangeInput Frequency Range

adaptability to the power network.

The wider the better.


50Hz

4%


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Input Power FactorInput Power FactorInput Power FactorInput Power Factor

Power Factor = active power /apparent power

The higher the better.Smaller PF means lar er reactive ower, more


harmonic current , which will pollute AC mainsnetwork.


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Total Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic DistortionTotal Harmonic Distortion

THD=harmonic current/Base100


The smaller the better.


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Technical DataTechnical DataTechnical DataTechnical Data

Input Specification


Output Specification


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Output Voltage StabilityOutput Voltage Stability

Input voltage in 220V25%output voltagefluctuation range when load change from 0 to


.


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Output Frequency StabilityOutput Frequency Stability

Output Frequency Stability0.5%

UPS local oscillation frequency stability


In battery mode, it comes from crystaloscillator.


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Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew RateFrequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate

Frequency Regulation :50Hz4%,

Frequency Slew Rate1Hz/s

For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better.


Frequency Slew Ratespeed of Outputfrequency tracing input frequency.


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Overload CapabilityOverload Capability

Withstanding duration at 125% rated load,after that, transfers to bypass.


O C C FO C C F


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Output Current Crest FactorOutput Current Crest Factor

Crest Factor =current peak value/ RMS value.Index of UPS load capability,

the larger the better.


For PCServer, the factor is between 2.5 to3.0.

RMS: Root Mean Square

O t t P F tO t t P F t


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Output Power FactorOutput Power Factor

0.7 or 0.8

NOT the higher the better.


nee no on y ac ve power u a soreactive power.

So unit is VA not W.

V lt Di t tiV lt Di t ti


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Voltage DistortionVoltage Distortion

Voltage Distortion= harmonic /Base + harmonic100


The smaller the better.



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UPS Overview

UPS Principle

UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data


UPS Battery




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Battery structure and Principle

Battery Characteristic

Battery Capacity Configuration


L dL d A id B tt C llA id B tt C llL dL d A id B tt C llA id B tt C ll


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LeadLead--Acid Battery CellAcid Battery CellLeadLead--Acid Battery CellAcid Battery Cellv

=1cell

Positive plate:

Lead dioxide PbO2

e-Negative plate:

Form 2V cell


Electrical Energy Chemical Energy

Electrolyte

Sulfuric solution H2SO4

LeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general typeLeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general type


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LeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general typeLeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Batterytwo general typetwo general type


Flooded Battery

or wet type or open vented type

VRLA Battery

Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery

VRLA B ttVRLA B tt d ith UPSd ith UPSVRLA B ttVRLA B tt d ith UPSd ith UPS


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VRLA BatteryVRLA Batteryused with UPSused with UPSVRLA BatteryVRLA Batteryused with UPSused with UPS


UPSUPS Battery Battery

Structure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA Battery


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Structure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA BatteryStructure of VRLA Battery

container & covercontainer & cover

terminalterminal

strap/group barstrap/group bar


Positive & negative platesPositive & negative plates

AGMAGM

safety valvesafety valve

AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and

electrolyte absorber.

Battery principleBattery principleBattery principleBattery principle


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Battery principleBattery principleBattery principleBattery principle

discharge

PbO22H2SO4Pb PbSO42H2OPbSO4charge


(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead) (sulfate) (water) (sulfate)

active material electrolyte active material active material electrolyte active material

positive plate negative plate positive plate negative plate

Double sulfatetheory



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DischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristicDischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristic


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DischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristicDischargeDischarge CharacteristicCharacteristic

1.9

2.1

2.0

0.1C 10

Terminal voltage(V/cell)


discharge time

1.7

1.6

1.8

1h30min106 10 20h52

.0.3C 10

1min2 3

2.0C 10

1.0C 10 0.6C100.5C 10

8

Charge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge Characteristic


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Charge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge CharacteristicCharge Characteristic

120

100 0.1C 2.4

Charged

Volume

Charging

Current

(%) (A)

Charging

Voltage

(V)

Charged Volume

2.23V Constant Voltage Charging at 25


20

0

60

40

80 0.08C

0.06C

0.04C

0.02C

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

After 100% Discharge

After 50% Discharge

Charging Current

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Charging Time (hours)

Charging Voltage

Relationship between battery dischargecapacity and ambient temperatureRelationship between battery dischargecapacity and ambient temperature


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capacity and ambient temperaturecapacity and ambient temperature

80

100

120

low rate discharge 1h

------ high rate discharge 1h


0

20

40

60

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Temperature

capacityC

10

Storage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage Characteristic


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Storage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage CharacteristicStorage Characteristic

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

%

pacity(%)


3 0

4 0

5 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

Storage time (month)

AvailableC

Comparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS battery


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Comparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS batteryComparison of UPS battery and PS battery

PS UPS

Designorientation

Long timesmall currentdeep discharge

Short timelarge current

light discharge

Design life Above 10 years 35 years

Lead paste Long life formulation,

Large power life formulation,


ong cyc e e s or cyc e e

separator long life separator ,thick large diameter hole, thin.small current and deepdischarge will cause life end.

Recoveryability of

Over-discharge

good So-so



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Battery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity ConfigurationBattery Capacity Configuration


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PPPPpfpfpfpfTTTTC =C =C =C =

VVVVKKKK


P: UPS Capacity, VApf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,

P: UPS Capacity, VApf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,


T: backup time

V: battery string voltage:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%K: battery discharge coefficient

T=13h K= 0.6

T=3h5h K= 0.8T=5h10hK= 0.85T10h K= 1

T: backup time

V: battery string voltage:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%K: battery discharge coefficient

T=13h K= 0.6

T=3h5h K= 0.8T=5h10hK= 0.85T10h K= 1



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Example20kVA UL33 UPS30 battery cells(12V),Carry 35%

loadbackup time is 4hhow much battery capacity

does it need?

y p y gy p y gy p y gy p y g


C = = 94.5AH305V0.850.8

So need 100AH battery.



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UPS Overview

UPS Principle

UPS Key Technology

UPS Technical Data


UPS Battery UPS Monitoring System

UPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System FunctionUPS Monitoring System Function


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g yg yg yg y

1know and control real operating state,2provide UPS failure report in time,

3when AC mains abnormalbattery lowvoltageautomatically shutdown computer,


4be able to run in LANWAN andInternet,

Composition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring SystemComposition of Monitoring System


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p g yp g yp g yp g y

UPS Monitoring SystemIntelligent UPS

NetworkMonitoring Software

Monitoring Software consists of three parts


SNMP CardCentralized Monitoring Software

Safe Shutdown Program

UPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking SchemeUPS Networking Scheme


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gggg


Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayUPS TreeUPS TreeMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayUPS TreeUPS Tree


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g p yg p yg p yg p y


Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayStateStateMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayStateState


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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData CurveData CurveMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData CurveData Curve


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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvents ListEvents ListMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvents ListEvents List


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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvent Log QueryEvent Log QueryMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayEvent Log QueryEvent Log Query


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Monitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData Log QueryData Log QueryMonitoring Screen DisplayMonitoring Screen DisplayData Log QueryData Log Query


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UPS Events HandlingUPS Events HandlingUPS Events HandlingUPS Events Handling


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--

notifying Administrator

Pager


OFF

audible/visual alarms

-

executing command file

log

UPS Events

EndEndEndEnd


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Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You


Documents

01.Fundamentals of UPS 050106 [Compatibility Mode]