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8/12/2019 02 - Emergency Responce - Developing EAP
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EMERGENCY
RESPONSE - DISASTERVitri Widyaningsih
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Phases of Emergency Management
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VCAVulnerability and Capacity Assessment
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Definitions
Vulnerability: the state of being exposed or
susceptible to harm or injury
Vulnerability Assessment: ongoing, critical
evaluation
identify potential risks and areas of weakness that could have
adverse consequences for institutions and their systems
Hazards Assessment: focuses on general hazardsto determine what hazards you might be prone to.
Risk Analysis: focuses on risk levels and
consequences
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Hazard (bahaya)
potensi bahaya utama (main hazard)
potensi bahaya ikutan (collateral hazard)
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Vulnerability (Kerentanan)
keadaan atau sifat/perilaku manusia atau masyarakat
yang menyebabkan ketidakmampuan menghadapi
bahaya atau ancaman
Kerentanan
1. Kerentanan Fisik
2. Kerentanan Ekonomi 3. Kerentanan Sosial
4. Kerentanan Lingkungan
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Aim
assess risks and hazards facing communities and the
capacities they have for dealing with them;
involve communities, local authorities and humanitarian
and development organizations in the assessment from
the outset;
draw up action plans to prepare for and respond to the
identified risks;
identify risk-reduction activities to prevent or lessen the
effects of expected hazards, risks and vulnerabilities.
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VCA
Risk=
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Analisis Risiko - Probabilitas
Skor Probabilitas
5 Pasti hampir dipastikan 80 - 99%
4 Kemungkinan besar 6080% terjadi tahun depan, atau
sekali dalam 10 tahun mendatang3 Kemungkinan terjadi 40-60% terjadi tahun depan, atau
sekali dalam 100 tahun
2 Kemungkinan Kecil 2040% dalam 100 tahun
1 Kemungkian sangat
kecil
hingga 20%
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Analisis Risiko - Dampak
jumlah korban;
kerugian harta benda;
kerusakan prasarana dan sarana;
cakupan luas wilayah yang terkena bencana; dan dampak sosial ekonomi yang ditimbulkan,
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Analisis Risiko - Dampak
Skor Dampak
5 Sangat Parah 80% - 99% wilayah hancur dan
lumpuh total
4 Parah 6080% wilayah hancur3 Sedang 40 - 60 % wilayah terkena rusak
2 Ringan 2040% wilayah yang rusak
1 Sangat Ringan kurang dari 20% wilayah rusak
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EXAMPLE
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MATRIX
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Conclusion
Ancaman dinilai tingkat bahayanya dengan skala (3-1)
- Bahaya/ancaman tinggi nilai 3 (merah)
- Bahaya/ancaman sedang nilai 2
- Bahaya/ancaman rendah nilai 1
1 3
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DETAILED STEPS
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Identify Emergencies
Review incident reports for past five years
Check statisticson incidents and emergencies at other
similar operations
Review environmental aspects list for potentialemergencies under abnormal operating conditions
Gather a group of personnel representing each function in
the organization to brainstormpossible incidents and
emergencies
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Useful resources
http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countryc
ode=id&continue=y&lang=ID
http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=IDhttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=IDhttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=IDhttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=ID8/12/2019 02 - Emergency Responce - Developing EAP
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PENCEGAHAN DANMITIGASI
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Mitigasi pasif
1. Penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan
2. Pembuatan peta rawan bencana dan pemetaan
masalah.
3. Pembuatan pedoman/standar/prosedur
4. Pembuatan brosur/leaflet/poster
5. Penelitian / pengkajian karakteristik bencana
6. Pengkajian / analisis risiko bencana
7. Pembentukan organisasi atau satuan gugus tugasbencana
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mitigasi aktif
1. Pembuatan dan penempatan tanda-tanda peringatan, bahaya,
larangan memasuki daerah rawan bencana dsb.
2. Pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan berbagai peraturan tentang
penataan ruang, ijin mendirikan bangunan (IMB), dan
peraturan lain yang berkaitan dengan pencegahan bencana.
3. Pelatihan dasar kebencanaan bagi aparat dan masyarakat. 4. Pemindahan penduduk dari daerah yang rawan bencana ke
daerah yang lebih aman.
5. Penyuluhan dan peningkatan kewaspadaan masyarakat
6. Perencanaan daerah penampungan sementara dan jalur-jalur
evakuasi jika terjadi bencana. 7. Pembuatan bangunan struktur yang berfungsi untuk
mencegah, mengamankan dan mengurangi dampak yang
ditimbulkan oleh bencana, seperti: tanggul, dam, penahan erosi
pantai, bangunan tahan gempa dan sejenisnya.
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Kesiapsiagaan
1. Pengaktifan pos-pos siaga bencana dengan segenap unsur
pendukungnya.
2. Pelatihan siaga / simulasi / gladi / teknis bagi setiap sektor
Penanggulangan bencana (SAR, sosial, kesehatan, prasarana
dan pekerjaan umum).
3. Inventarisasi sumber daya pendukung kedaruratan
4. Penyiapan dukungan dan mobilisasi sumberdaya/logistik.
5. Penyiapan sistem informasi dan komunikasi yang cepat dan
terpadu guna mendukung tugas kebencanaan.
6. Penyiapan dan pemasangan instrumen sistem peringatan dini (early warning)
7. Penyusunan rencana kontinjensi (contingency plan)
8. Mobilisasi sumber daya (personil dan prasarana/sarana
peralatan)
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Tanggap Darurat
1. pengkajian secara cepat dan tepat terhadap lokasi,
kerusakan, kerugian, dan sumber daya;
2. penentuan status keadaan darurat bencana
3. penyelamatan dan evakuasi masyarakat terkenabencana;
4. pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar;
5. perlindungan terhadap kelompok rentan; dan
6. pemulihan dengan segera prasarana dan sarana vital.
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Pemulihan - Rehabilitasi
1. perbaikan lingkungan daerah bencana;
2. perbaikan prasarana dan sarana umum;
3. pemberian bantuan perbaikan rumah masyarakat;
4. pemulihan sosial psikologis; 5. pelayanan kesehatan;
6. rekonsiliasi dan resolusi konflik;
7. pemulihan sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya;
8. pemulihan keamanan dan ketertiban;
9. pemulihan fungsi pemerintahan; dan
10. pemulihan fungsi pelayanan publik
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PemulihanRekonstruksi
1. pembangunan kembali prasarana dan sarana;
2. pembangunan kembali sarana sosial masyarakat;
3. pembangkitan kembali kehidupan sosial budayamasyarakat
4. penerapan rancang bangun yang tepat danpenggunaan
peralatan yang lebih baik dan tahan bencana;
5. partisipasi dan peran serta lembaga dan organisasi
kemasyarakatan, dunia usaha dan masyarakat; 6. peningkatan kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya;
7. peningkatan fungsi pelayanan publik; atau
8. peningkatan pelayanan utama dalam masyarakat.
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EARTHQUAKECase study
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Definitions
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground
caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the
Earth's surface.
This shaking can cause buildings and bridges to collapse;
disrupt gas, electric, and phone service; and sometimes
trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and
huge, destructive ocean waves (tsunamis).
Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year.
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Hazard
Deaths and injuries and extensive property damage.
Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the
direct cause of death or injury.
Most earthquake-related injuries result from collapsing
walls, flying glass, and falling objects as a result of the
ground shaking, or people trying to move more than a few
feet during the shaking.
Much of the damage in earthquakes is predictable and
preventable.
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Aftershocks
Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that follow the main
shock and can cause further damage to weakened
buildings. After-shocks can occur in the first hours, days,
weeks, or even months after the quake.
Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks,
and a larger earthquake might occur.
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Review?
Main hazard?
Collateral hazard?
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Emergency Action
Pick "safe places".
A safe place could be under a sturdy table or desk or against an
interior wall away from windows and bookcases, or tall furniture
that could fall on you. The shorter the distance to move to safety,
the less likely you will be injured. Injury statistics show that peoplemoving as little as 10 feet during an earthquake's shaking are most
likely to be injured.
Practice drop, cover, and hold-on in each safe place.
Drop under a sturdy desk or table and hold on to one leg of the
table or desk. Protect your eyes by keeping your head down.Practice these actions so that they become an automatic response.
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Practice drop, cover, and hold-on at least twice a year.
Frequent practice will help reinforce safe behavior. When an
earthquake or other disaster occurs, many people hesitate, trying to
remember what they are supposed to do. Responding quickly and
automatically may help protect you from injury
Wait in your safe place until the shaking stops, then check
to see if you are hurt.
You will be better able to help others if you take care of yourself
first, then check the people around you. Move carefully and watch
out for things that have fallen or broken, creating hazards. Be ready
for aftershocks.
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Emergency Action
Be on the lookout for fires. Fire is the most common earthquake-related hazard, due to broken
gas lines, damaged electrical lines or appliances, and previouslycontained fires or sparks being released.
If you must leave a building after the shaking stops, use the
stairs, not the elevator. Earthquakes can cause fire alarms and fire sprinklers to go off. You will
not be certain whether there is a real threat of fire. As a precaution,use the stairs.
If you're outside in an earthquake, stay outside.
Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and power lines. Crouchdown and cover your head. Many injuries occur within 10 feet of theentrance to buildings. Bricks, roofing, and other materials can fall frombuildings, injuring persons nearby. Trees, streetlights, and power linesmay also fall, causing damage or injury.
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Preparation needed
Inform workers of the plan.
Everyone in your workplace should know what to do if an
earthquake occurs.
Get training.
Take a first aid class from your local Red Cross chapter. Gettraining on how to use a fire extinguisher. Keep your training
current. Training will help you to keep calm and know what to do
when an earthquake occurs.
Discuss earthquakes with workers.
Everyone should know what to do. Discussing earthquakes ahead
of time helps reduce fear and anxiety and lets everyone know how
to respond.
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WHAT TO DO NEXT?Collapsed Structure
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What safety and health resources are available
during a collapsed structure response?
Once the Incident Command System is established at a
collapsed structure, the Incident Commander maintains
accountability for all response personnel at the scene. \A
Safety Officer may also be mobilized and report directly to
the Incident Commander. The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and
assessing the safety aspects of the responders during the
collapsed structure event.
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The Safety Officers responsibilities may
include Overseeing all safety and health aspects of response personnel
Assuring that optimal safety and injury prevention is practiced
Investigating and documenting all response team injuries andillnesses
Preparing and maintaining entry permits
Ensuring that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) isused
Developing and implementing daily health and safety plans whichaddress (1) sanitation, (2) hygiene, (3) PPE, (4) Decontamination,(5) work/rest cycles, (6) acute medical care, etc.
Interviewing off-going shifts to assess developing hazards Assessing risk for the identified hazards; and
Training in hazard awareness and use of PPE
Assessing structural instabilities
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What hazards may be encountered
when entering a collapsed structure? Water system breaks that may flood basement areas
Exposure to pathogens from sanitary sewer system breaks
Exposed and energized electrical wiring
Exposure to airborne smoke and dust (asbestos, silica, etc.)
Exposure to bloodborne pathogens
Exposure to hazardous materials (ammonia, battery acid,
leaking fuel, etc.)
Natural gas leaks creating flammable and toxic environment
Structural instability
Insufficient oxygen
Confined spaces
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What hazards may be encountered
when entering a collapsed structure? Slip, trip or fall hazards from holes, protruding rebar, etc
Being struck by a falling object
Fire
Proximity to heavy machinery such as cranes Sharp objects such as glass and debris
Secondary collapse from aftershock, vibration and
explosions
Unfamiliar surroundingsAdverse weather conditions
Noise from equipment (generators/heavy machines)
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EXERCISE (FOR UKD 3)
1. Nalye of 3 most critical risks in your respective local area(house)
2. Reach consensus, based on formula, which one tio prioritize
3. Develop actions for emergency situations
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THANK YOU