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8/15/2019 02 - Exploring Comm Models & Properties
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Exploring Communication
Part 2 Models & Properties
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Defining Models
What is a model?
?
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Modeling Communication
A model is simply an abstractrepresentation
Used for: 1 - Explanation
2 - Prediction
3 - Control
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Benefits of Models
Models allow scholars to:
Describe the overall process of comm
Explore a particular aspect of comm in detail
Illustrate a concept or theoretical framework
More effectively represent relationships
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Limitations of Models
Can lack the big picture
Often context specific - may need to be
reacessed outside ofthe originalcontext
May require supplemental info to
understand
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General Models of
Communication
Well examine 3 general models:
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Linear Model of Communication
Many early perspectives were linear. Commdescribed as:
One Way - from senderto receiver
Something you do to someone
Sender Receiver Message
Channel
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Transactional Model of
Communication
Simultaneous Exchange Message/Feedback integrated intoCommunication
Mutual Influence integrated into Communication
Environment added - both positive and negative impact
CommunicationCommunicator Communicator
Environment
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Specific Models of Communication[ You dont need to write this ]
As we review these models keep the following in mind:
Each of the following models illustrates specific aspects ofcomm, but may not describe the whole process
Ch. 3 Comm & the Diffusion of Information by Barnettdiscusses each model
You dont need to copy the diagramsposted on UBlearns in a separate power point, included in lectureoutline, and can be found in Ch. 2 & 3
Exam Qs will cover the concepts associated w/ eachmodel, not the diagram
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Lasswells Model (1948)
One of the earliest models of comm. simple ,organizational model
Lacks several elements
WhoWho??
SaysSays whatwhat??
In whichIn which channelchannel??
ToTo whomwhom? and? and
With whatWith what effecteffect??
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Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
Message
Describes mediated comm comm via device
Distinction b/w message & signal
Introduces physical noise & its impact
Linear
Message Signal Received Source
Noise
SourceTransmitter Receiver Destination
Signal
Received
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Gerbners Model (1956)Person 1 M
EE1
EContent
SForm
SE1
Event as perceived
Channels,
Media
,Control
Reflection, Context, Availability
Perceptual Dimension
Means
&
ControlDimension
Statement about event SE
(Message)
Person 2 M2
Statement as perceived
Event
Mes
sage
Destina
tion
Me
ssag
eSourc
e
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Gerbners Model
Two noteworthy foci:
2. Role of ______________ in comm. 2 instances of
______________ :
______________(SE) describing ______________ (E)
based on ______________ (M) ______________ of it (E1)
______________ understanding of ______________
based on their ______________ (SE1) of ______________
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Gerbners Model
1. Influence of ______________ . Besides
______________ , message ______________
influenced by:
____________________________available & the particular
one ______________ .
The specific ______________ of that ______________
The ______________ using that ______________
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Berlos SMCR Model (1960)
Explores how each ______________ in 4 basic comm______________ (source, message, channel, & receiver) canaffect ______________
Elements Structure
Treatment
Content Code
Seeing
Hearing
Touching
Smelling
Tasting
Comm. Skills
Attitude
Knowledge
Soc. System
Culture
Comm. Skills
Attitude
Knowledge
Soc. System
Culture
Source Message Channel Receiver
S M C R
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Berlos SMCR Model
______________ & somewhat______________ , but a serviceable:
3 important concepts:
______________ Each element isrepresented as a :
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Berlos SMCR Model
______________ differences in
______________ & ______________ (e.g.
____________________________ ) can
inhibit comm
______________, not directly ______________
Human comm as______________ via______________ & ______________ of
messages by ______________
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Westley-MacLean Model (1957)
x11
A BC
x2
x2
x1
x1
x1
x3
x3
x3
x4
fCA
fBA
fBC
x4
A = a reporter(observer)
C = represents aneditor (gatekeeper)
B = represents the
public (audience)
f = feedback
xi = information
x1 = message
x11 = modifiedmessage
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Westley-MacLean Model
Examines ______________
Describes how ______________ can be
______________ by ______________
agents before reaching their______________
Introduced the concept of a
______________
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Westley-MacLean Model
______________an ______________ w/control over ______________ . Affectsmessage by ______________ and/or
______________
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Westley-MacLean Model
Editor is a ______________ modifies reporters______________ before it ______________
______________ gatekeeping ______________process
______________ gatekeeping influence of editors______________
x11
A BC
x2
x2
x1
x1
x1
x3
x3
x3
x4
fCA
fBA
fBC
x4
A = reporter
(observer)
C = editor
(gatekeeper)
B = the public
(audience)
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Westley-MacLean Model
Gatekeepers exist in any commcontext where :
Examples of gatekeepers:
Personal ______________(______________ gatekeeper)
Leaving a message w/ a friends______________ (______________gatekeeper)
Each of us
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Convergence Model (1981)
Communication is a process in which participantsCommunication is a process in which participants______________
information with one another in order to reachinformation with one another in order to reach______________..
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Convergence Model
Focuses on:
______________ nature of comm
Emphasizes comm as a ______________
______________ tendency to move towards a______________ (shared ______________ ,
______________ , ______________ , etc.)
Review Barnetts discussion of the convergence model in Ch. 3
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Convergence Model
Comm viewed as a ______________ process ofassigning ______________ to info ______________
between ______________ , who, ______________ ,progress towards ______________ .
Adopts a ______________ perspective
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Properties of Communication
Collectively, our definitions &models suggest several
properties of communication
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Properties of Communication
Communication is a______________
Involves :
Elements are ______________
Comm interactions are influenced by
______________ and affect ______________
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Properties of Communication
Communication is______________
Difficult to ______________ into______________ , ______________elements/acts
Communication is______________
Relies on ______________ to
______________ ______________ as distinct from
______________ & ______________ to somedegree
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Properties of Communication
Communication is______________
Cant ______________ a message.______________ or ______________ is not thesame.
Ex:
Communication is______________
Elements of comm are ______________ .
______________ influence ______________
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Properties of Communication
Communication is______________
______________ & ______________
Communication______________
______________, ______________ ,______________
Communication is______________
Encompasses a :
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Properties of Human
Communication
We can further specify 3properties of communicationinvolving humans
Human comm involves both______________&
______________processes
Consider ______________
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Properties of Human
Communication Messages in human comm have
______________
Ex. in ______________ comm:
______________ dimensionwhat a message
______________
______________ dimensionwhat a message
______________ about the ______________
between ______________
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