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Hilo s Capítulo 5 Silberschatz Galvin

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Page 1: 02 - Hilos

Hilos

Capítulo 5

Silberschatz Galvin

Page 2: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos2

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos

Concepto

Beneficios

Hilos a nivel kérnel y a nivel usuario

Modelos multihilos

Hilos de Solaris 2

Hilos de Java

Page 3: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos3

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos

Un hilo (o proceso ligero) es una unidad básica de utilización del CPU; consiste de:

• Contador de programa

• Conjunto de registros

• Espacio de stack

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos4

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos

Un hilo comparte con sus hilos pares:

• Sección de código

• Sección de datos

• Recursos del sistema operativo

• En conjunto se les conoce como tarea

Un proceso tradicional o pesado, es igual a una tarea con un hilo.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos5

Sistemas Operativos

un procesoun hilo

varios procesosun hilo por proceso

varios procesosvarios hilos por proceso

un procesovarios hilos

Hilos y procesos

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos6

Sistemas Operativos

Código Datos Archivos Código Datos Archivos

Hilo Hilos

Mono-hilo Multi-hilo

Procesos con un solo hilo y con múltiples hilos

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos7

Sistemas Operativos

Bloque decontroldel hilo

Stackdel

usuario

Stackdel

usuario

Stackdel

kernel

Stackdel

Kernel

Espacio dedireccionesdel usuario

Espacio dedireccionesdel usuario

Bloque decontrol delproceso

Bloquede control

del proceso

Hilo

Modelo de procesode un solo hilo

Modelo de procesomultihilos

Bloque decontroldel hilo

Stackdel

usuario

Stackdel

kernel

Hilo

Bloque decontroldel hilo

Stackdel

usuario

Stackdel

kernel

Hilo

Modelos de procesos de un solo hilo y de muchos hilos

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos8

Sistemas Operativos

Multihilo

Sistema operativo que mantiene varios hilos de ejecución dentro de un mismo proceso.

MS-DOS soporta un solo hilo.

UNIX soporta múltiples procesos de usuarios, pero sólo un hilo por proceso.

Windows 2000, Solaris, Linux, Mac OS, OS/2 soportan múltiples hilos.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos9

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos

En una tarea donde hay múltiples hilos, mientras un hilo servidor está bloqueado y esperando, otro hilo en la misma tarea puede ejecutarse.

• Cooperación de múltiples hilos en la misma tarea aumenta la tasa de trabajos por unidad tiempo y mejora el rendimiento.

• Aplicaciones que requieren compartir un buffer común (productor-consumidor) sacan provecho de la utilización de hilos.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos10

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos

Los hilos proveen un mecanismo que permiten a procesos secuenciales hacer llamadas bloqueantes mientras otros en paralelo ejecutan otras operaciones.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos11

Sistemas Operativos

Beneficios

Compartición de recursos

Economía

Utilización de arquitecturas de múltiples procesadores

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos12

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos a nivel usuario

El manejo de los hilos lo hace una librería de hilos a nivel usuario

Ejemplos

- Hilos POSIX

- Mach C-threads

- Hilos de Solaris

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos13

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos a nivel usuario (un CPU con dos núcleos)

Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo)

Nivel usuarioProceso de usuario gestiona y

planifica los múltiples hilos

Core CoreCPU

Hardware

Planificador del SO

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos14

Sistemas Operativos

Ventajas de los hilos a nivel usuario

Los hilos podían implementarse en las aplicaciones que se ejecutaban en sistemas operativos que no son capaces de planificar hilos

• Ejemplo: Primeras implementaciones de UNIX

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos15

Sistemas Operativos

Desventajas de los hilos a nivel usuario

El planificador del sistema operativo solo ve un hilo por proceso

No ve los hilos a nivel usuario

Usa un solo núcleo del procesador en un procesador que tiene más de un núcleo

No puede distribuir los hilos a nivel el usuario en los dos núcleos

Al bloquearse un hilo bloquea todo el proceso por que ve a los hilos como en secuencia.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos16

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos a nivel kérnel

Soportados por el kérnel

Ejemplos

• Windows 95/98/NT

• Solaris

• Linux

• Mac OS

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos17

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos a nivel kernel (con un CPU con un solo núcleo)

Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo)

Nivel usuario

CoreCPU

Hardware

Planificador del SO

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos18

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos a nivel kernel (con un CPU con doble núcleo)

Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo)

Nivel usuario

Core CoreCPU

Hardware

Planificador del SO

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos19

Sistemas Operativos

Ventajas de los hilos a nivel kérnel

El proceso de usuario no se tiene que encargar de la planificación de los hilos

Si tenemos un procesador con más de un núcelo, el Sistema operativo puede planificar los hilos en diferentes núcleos

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos20

Sistemas Operativos

Modelos multihilos

Muchos a uno

Uno a uno

Muchos a muchos

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos21

Sistemas Operativos

Muchos a uno

Muchos hilos a nivel usuario mapeados a un hilo a nivel kérnel.

Usado en sistemas que no soportan hilos a nivel kérnel.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos22

Sistemas Operativos

Modelo muchos a uno

kk

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos23

Sistemas Operativos

EjecuciónListoListo

Relaciones entre estados de ULTs y estados de procesos

Ejecución

BloqueadoBloqueado

Listo Ejecución

Bloqueado

Hilo 1 Hilo 2

Proceso B

Kernel

Usuario

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos24

Sistemas Operativos

Uno a uno

Cada hilo a nivel usuario corresponde a un hilo del kérnel.

Ejemplos:

- Windows 95/98/NT

- OS/2

Page 25: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos25

Sistemas Operativos

Modelo uno a uno

kk kk kk kk

Hilo a nivel usuario

Hilo a nivel kérnel

Page 26: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos26

Sistemas Operativos

Modelo muchos a muchos

kk kkkk

Hilo a nivel usuario

Hilo a nivel kérnel

Page 27: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos27

Sistemas Operativos

Soporte de hilos en Solaris 2

Solaris 2 es una versión de UNIX con soporte para hilos a nivel kernel y a nivel usuario, procesamiento simétrico y planificación en tiempo real.

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Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos28

Sistemas Operativos

Soporte de hilos en Solaris 2

LWP – Nivel intermedio entre los hilos a nivel kernel y los hilos a nivel usuario.

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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos29

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos

Hilos del kernel

• Estructura de datos pequeña y un stack

• El intercambio de hilos no requiere cambiar la información del acceso a memoria

• Cambios de hilos relativamente rápidos

Page 30: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos30

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos

LWP

• PCB con datos de los registros

• Información sobre la memoria

• El intercambio entre LWP es relativamente lento

Page 31: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos31

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos

Hilos a nivel usuario

• Solo requiere un stack y un contador de programa

• No involucrar al kernel significa un intercambio rápido

• El kernel solo ve los LWP que soporta los hilos a nivel usuario

Page 32: 02 - Hilos

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Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos32

Sistemas Operativos

Usuario

Núcleo

Hardware

Biblioteca

de hilos

Hilo a nivel de

usuario Hilo del núcleo Proceso ligero Procesador

LL L LL L L L L

L P

P P P P P

Proceso 1 Proceso 2 Proceso 3 Proceso 4 Proceso 5

Ejemplo de la arquitectura multihilo de Solaris

Page 33: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos33

Sistemas Operativos

Gestión de hilos básica

Un hilo tiene :

• Un identificador (ID)

• Una pila

• Una prioridad de ejecución

• Una dirección de inicio de ejecución.

Page 34: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos34

Sistemas Operativos

Gestión de hilos básica(POSIX)

Se dice que un hilo es dinámico si se puede crear en cualquier instante durante la ejecución.

En POSIX :

• los hilos se crean dinámicamente con la función pthread_create.

• pthread_exit termina el hilo que la invoca.

Page 35: 02 - Hilos

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Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos35

Sistemas Operativos

Gestión de hilos básica (POSIX), ejemplo:

Programa que crea un hilo donde muestra el mensaje “Hola Mundo”

Para compilar el programa :

• $ cc -D_REENTRANT thread2.c -o thread2 -lpthread

Page 36: 02 - Hilos

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Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos36

Sistemas Operativos

int main(){

pthread_create(a_thread,funcion_hilo);

pthread_join(a_thread);

}

funcion_hilo(){ …}

Crea un hilo nuevo

Espera a que termine el hilo creado

Hilo principal

Hilo creado con la llamada pthread_create

Page 37: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos37

Sistemas Operativos

Gestión de hilos básica(POSIX)

Pthread_join()

• Hilo que ejecuta pthread_join, espera a que termine otro hilo

El hilo principal debe esperar a que terminen todos los hilos creados

• Si el hilo principal no espera a que terminen los hilos creados, al terminar termina el proceso con todos los hilos.

Page 38: 02 - Hilos

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Hilos38

Sistemas Operativos

Hilos en memoria

Código(compartido)

Datos(compartidos)

Int cont=0 (var. Global)

Stack (de cada hilo)Int i

(var local)Stack (de cada hilo)

Int i(var local)