Upload
breilano
View
230
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
1/65
Defense Mechanisms
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
2/65
Objectives To define the following terms: endemic,
epidemic, pandemic, sporadic,
zoonoses, communicable disease,resistance
To understand the different
mechanisms of defense of man (host)against the disease agent
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
3/65
Reservoirany vehicle in which an infectious
agent lives and multiplies, on which it
depends primarily for survival, and whereit reproduces itself in such manner that itcan be transmitted to a susceptible host
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
4/65
Modes of Transmission1. Direct Transmissionresults from
actually touching the infected
reservoir
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
5/65
Modes of Transmissiona. Vertical Transmission
Infection that is transmitted from a parent to
its offspring via infected semen or ovum,through the placenta (transplacental), in thebirth canal, via milk or due to direct contact,such as with contaminated teat skin
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
6/65
Modes of Transmissionb. Horizontal (Lateral) Transmission Any form of infection transmission
between individuals that is not verticaltransmission
Direct contact, sexual
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
7/65
Modes of Transmission2. Indirect transmission - transfer of anagent by the following means
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
8/65
Modes of Transmissiona. Vehicle transmission
Water (typhoid), Food
(Staphylococcal food poisoning),serum/plasma or surgical instruments(HIV, Hepatitis B)
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
9/65
Modes of Transmissionb. Vector Transmission
arthropod bite (Dengue fever,
Malaria)
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
10/65
Modes of Transmissionc.Airborne transmission
inhalation of droplets containing
disease agents which remain suspendedin the air for a period of time(Pneumonia, PTB)
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
11/65
Communicable Disease Illness due to specific infectious agent
or its toxic products arising through
transmission from reservoir tosusceptible host
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
12/65
Communicable DiseaseMAN MAN
MAN
MANVECTOR, VEHICLE, INTERMEDIATE HOST
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
13/65
Terms used to describe the periodicityof communicable disease occurrence Endemic
Epidemic Pandemic
Sporadic
Epizootic/Enzootic Zoonoses
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
14/65
Endemicindicates a disease is moreor less constantly occurring in a
geographic area; continuousoccurrence throughout a period of time,of the usual number of cases in a given
locality
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
15/65
Sporadicapplies to occasional orinfrequent occurrence of a disease;
intermittent occurrence of a few isolated& unrelated cases in a given locality
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
16/65
Epidemicsudden increase inprevalence of a disease which is more
or less constantly present or endemicin a community; occurrence is ofunusually large number of cases in a
relatively short period of time
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
17/65
Epidemicdisproportionate
relationship between the number ofcases and the period of occurrence;determined by the relative largeness of
number in comparison with the usualnumber of cases
The more acute is the disproportion,
the more urgent and serious is theproblem
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
18/65
Pandemicrefers to epidemicoccurring within more than one country
or territory; simultaneous occurrence ofthe same disease in several countries
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
19/65
Epizootic/Enzooticrefers to diseasecommon in animals
Zoonosesdiseases of animalstransmissible to man (e.g. rabies from
dogs/cats, brucellosis from cattles)
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
20/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
I. Mechanical
A. Natural barriers
Intact skin, respiratory ciliaand secretions, mucousmembranes, vibrissae
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
21/65
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
22/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Filtration
Lymph nodes, tonsils,
kidneys, liver and spleen
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
23/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
II. Internal Defense
A. Humoral-(also called the antibody-
mediated system) is the aspect of immunity that ismediated by macromolecules found in extracellularfluids such as secreted antibodies, complementproteins and certain antimicrobial peptides.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
24/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Cellular action
INFLAMMATION
Leucocyte infiltrationPhagocytosis
Fibrous tissue barriers
Antibody production
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
25/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Cellular action
Formation of specific
circulating antibodies
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
26/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Cellular action
Bacteriolysins/bacterilysins- cause death and lysis of
the bacteria
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
27/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Cellular action
Opsonins - antibodies
which after fixation to abacterial cell renders it more
susceptible to
phagocytosis
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
28/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
B. Cellular action
Complement fixing
antibodiesNeutralizing antibodies
Agglutinins-
conglomeratesorganisms
Precipitins- precipitate
protein products of
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
29/65
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
30/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
specific defense mechanism of
resistance brought about by theinteraction of specific agent andhumoral/cellular factors of the host
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
31/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
A.Active
results from the introduction of anantigen into the antibody
1. Naturally acquiredfrom the invasion of
a pathogen as a resultof a subclinical/clinical or no
actual disease
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
32/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
A.Active
2.Artificially acquiredfrom the introduction of a
living attenuated/dead
pathogen or itscomponent (toxin, toxoid)e. g. BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
33/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
B. Passive
results from the introduction of aserum containing specific antibodieswhich were produced in other persons or
animals
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
34/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
B. Passive
1. Naturally acquired
gained before birth by thefetus from circulating
antibodies from themother
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
35/65
General and Specific
Defense Mechanisms
III. Immunity
B. Passive
2.Artificially acquiredinjection of immune sera
into the host
e..g. ATS-TetanusERIG- Rabies
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
36/65
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE The science and art of preventing
disease, prolonging life and promotingphysical and mental health andefficiency
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
37/65
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE For.. Groups and Communities by Organized
Mass Action (Public Health Practice) Individual and Families by Private Patient
Care (Medical and Dental Practice)
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
38/65
HYGIENE commonly referred to as Environmental
Sanitation
study the nature of health with a viewto its promotion and preservation
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
39/65
SANITATIONthe science and art of conservationand promotion of public health through
its control of environment.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
40/65
It deals with health problems that arecommon to groups and communities such as:
Water supplyMilk and Food Supplies
Garbage Collection
Sewage and Drainage
Insect Control
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
41/65
ECOLOGY Study of mutual relationship between
living organism and their environment.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
42/65
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE An illness due to specific infectious agent
or its toxic products, arising through
transmission of that agent or its productsfrom reservoir to susceptible hosts, eitherdirectly from an infected person oranimal or indirectly through the agency of
an intermediate plant or animal host or avector or the inanimate environment.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
43/65
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE It implies transmission through direct
contact.
The term communicable is morecomprehensive than either infectious orcontagious.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
44/65
DISINFECTION Is killing of pathogenic agents outside
the body by chemical or physical
means directly applied
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
45/65
TYPES Concurrent disinfection- application of
disinfection as soon as possible after
the discharge of infectious materialfrom the body of an infected person
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
46/65
Terminal Disinfection- indicates theprocess of rendering immediate physical
environment of the patient free frompossibility of conveying the infection toothers
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
47/65
Defining other Terms Infection- the entry and development or
multiplication of a pathogen in the body
of man and animals Contamination- the presence of a
pathogenic agent on a body surface or
on an inanimate article or substance
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
48/65
Infectious disease- a disease of man oranimal resulting from an infection
Infestation- lodgement, developmentand reproduction of arthropods on thesurface of the body or in the clothing of
man, or fur of animals
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
49/65
Resistance- is the sum total of bodymechanisms which interpose barriers to
the progress of invasion of infectiousagents
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
50/65
Statistics Branch of science dealing with the
frequency of any occurrence of
different attributes of things.
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
51/65
Biostatistics/Vital Statistics A special branch of statistical study
which deals with the data and laws of
human motality, morbidity and natality
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
52/65
INDICATORS OF STATE OFCOMMUNITY HEALTHA.Vital Indices
1. Crude birth rate- measure of fertility
2. Crude death rate- risk of dying fromany cause
B.Disease Indices
1. MorbidityA. Incidence Rate- risk of
developing the disease
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
53/65
B. Prevalence Rate- proportion ofpopulation suffering from a disease
at a given instant of time.2. Mortality
A. Cause-Specific Mortality Rate-
Risk of dying from a specificdisease
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
54/65
B. Age-Specific Mortality Rate- Riskof dying for a specific age group
C. Case-fatality rate- killing power ofa disease, also reflects care given topatients
D. Proportionate Mortality Rate-proportion of total deaths ascribed toa specific disease
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
55/65
E. Maternal Mortality Rate- risk ofa woman dying associated with
pregnancy, delivery andpuerperium
F. Stillbirth or Fetal Mortality Rate-
risk of losing the product ofconcepttion before delivery
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
56/65
G. Infant Mortality rate- risk of dying duringthe first year of life
H. Neonatal Mortality Rate- risk of dyingduring the first 28 days of life
I. Perinatal Mortality Rate- sum f stillbirth andneonatal death rates
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
57/65
Human Morbidity Number of people who are ill of a
certain disease in a certain locality for
a certain specific period of time
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
58/65
Human Mortality Number of people who die in a certain
locality for a certain specific period of
time
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
59/65
Human Natality Number of births in a certain locality
during a certain specific period of time
Resources for Health, Sanitation, Housing,
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
60/65
Resources for Health, Sanitation, Housing,Public Utilities
Rural health units and their sub-centers
Chest clinics, malaria eradication units
and schistosomiasis control units-DOH Puericulture centers
Tuberculosis Clinics and hospitals of
PTBS
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
61/65
Clinics run by large industrial firms
Clinics Run by Phil. Med. Asso.
Community hospitals and health centersrun by Phil Med. Care Commission
Voluntary health facilities run by
religious and civic groups
G A i
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
62/65
Government AgenciesInvolved in Health DOH- primary government agency in
the field of health and runs the bulk of
the govt health facilities The Phil. Medical Care Commission-
makes available medical care through
a health insurance scheme withevolutionary coverage that initiallyincluded employees and population
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
63/65
The Office of the President- throughthe PGH and the University of the Phil
Infirmary-provides health service to thegeneral population
Govt Agencies- DND, Bureau of
Prisons, DECS- for limited andsegments of population
Mi d C t H lth
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
64/65
Mixed Center HealthServices Puericulture Center
Phil Tuberculosis Society- dedicated to
the detection and treatment of TB andfor this purpose operates QI, mobile x-rays and provl chest clinics
8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism
65/65
Phil Cancer Society- Principallydedicated to cancer detection,
educational campaign to make peoplecancer conscious
Phil National red Cross
Phil Mental Health Association- Phil Heart Center Association