Because without materials, there is no engineering.

Hardness as a function of carbon concentration for plain carbon martensitic and pearlitic steel

LAW OF MIXTURESproperties of phase Bvolume fraction of phase Bproperties of phase Avolume fraction of phase BPROPERTIES OF MIXTURE A & B

NUMBER OF PHASES COMPOSITION OF EACH PHASE WEIGHT FRACTION OF EACH PHASE SHAPE & SIZE OF THE PRESENT PHASES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIESOF ALLOYS OVERALL COMPOSITIONP H A S E S

Cu-Ni ALLOY

LiquidCu-Ni ALLOYSolid Solution

Solid-Solution Strengthening & Phase DiagramThe effects of several alloying elements on the yield strength of copper.

Alloy Solidificationliquidgrainboundarysolidgrain boundaryformation

Solidificationcrystallization

Cu 86.5, Ni 9.0-11.0, Fe 1.0-1.8, Zn 1.0, Mn 1.0, Pb 0.05Cu-Ni ALLOYfasaSTRUKTUR BERFASA TUNGGALNi larut dalam CUbatasbutir

Ni = 80 w %Cu = 20 w %atomic massANi= 58.693ACu = 63.546= 81.2 at %Constructing the Phase DiagramCallister 6thEq. 4.15

Interpretation of Cooling Curves Constructing the Phase Diagram

Constructing the Phase Diagram

Determination of Phase Amounts

Compositions of Phases in Cu-Ni Phase DiagramTie lines and phase compositions for a Cu-40% Ni alloy at several temperatures

Cu-Ni Phase Transformationvolume fraction

Liquid copper and liquid nickel are completely soluble in each other. Solid copper-nickel alloys display complete solid solubility, with copper and nickel atoms occupying random lattice sites. In copper-zinc alloys containing more than 30% Zn, a second phase forms because of the limited solubility of zinc in copper.Solid Solution & Compound

Phases in Al-Cu Phase Diagram

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

The five most important three-phase reactions in binary phase diagrams

A hypothetical phase diagram

1150oC: The in-betwen point is at 15% B. + L , a peritectic920oC: This reaction occurs at 40% B:L1 + L2 a monotectic750oC: This reaction occurs at 70% B:L + , a eutectic450oC: This reaction occurs at 20% B: + , a eutectoid300oC: This reaction occurs at 50% B: + a peritectoid

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification and microstructure of a Pb-2% Sn alloy.

The alloy is a single-phase solid solution.Pb-2% Sn alloyThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification, precipitation, and microstructure of a Pb-10% Sn alloy. Some dispersion strengthening occurs as the solid precipitates.Pb-10% Sn alloyThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Determine the solubility of tin in solid lead at 100oC, the maximum solubility of lead in solid tin, the amount of that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0oC, the masses of tin contained in the and phases, and mass of lead contained in the and phases. Assume that the total mass of the Pb-10% Sn alloy is 100 grams.The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

The 100oC temperature intersects the solvus curve at 5% Sn. The solubility of tin (Sn) in lead (Pb) at 100oC therefore is 5%.(b) The maximum solubility of lead (Pb) in tin (Sn), which is found from the tin-rich side of the phase diagram, occurs at the eutectic temperature of 183oC and is 97.5% Sn.(c) At 0oC, the 10% Sn alloy is in a + region of the phase diagram. By drawing a tie line at 0oC and applying the lever rule, we find that:The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram(a)

d. The mass of Sn in the a phase = 2% Sn 91.8 g of a phase = 0.02 91.8 g = 1.836 g. Since tin (Sn) appears in both the a and phases, the mass of Sn in the phase will be = (10 1.836) g = 8.164 g.e. Mass of Pb in the a phase = 98% Sn 91.8 g of a phase= 0.98 91.8 g = 89.964 gMass of Pb in the phase = 90 - 89.964 = 0.036 g. The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram1.836 g8.164 g89.964 g0.036 g

Summary of calculationsThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-61.9% SnThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Atom redistribution during lamellar growth of a lead-tin eutectic. Tin atoms from the liquid preferentially diffuse to the plates, and lead atoms diffuse to the plates. Photomicrograph of the lead-tin eutectic microconstituent (x400).(a)(b)Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-61.9% SnThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic AlloyDetermine the amount and composition of each phase in a lead-tin alloy of eutectic composition. Calculate the mass of phases present. Calculate the amount of lead and tin in each phase, assuming you have 200 g of the alloy.The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

(b) At a temperature just below the eutectic: The mass of the phase in 200 g of the alloy = mass of the alloy fraction of the phase = 200 g 0.4535 = 90.7 g The amount of the phase in 200 g of the alloy= mass of the alloy mass of the a phase= 200 g 0.5465 = 109.3 g(a) The eutectic alloy contains 61.9% SnAmount of Phases in the Eutectic AlloyThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Mass of Pb in the phase = mass of the a phase in 200 g (concentration of Pb in ) = (90.7 g) (1 0.190) = 73.467 gMass of Sn in the phase = mass of the a phase - mass of Pb in the a phase = (90.7 73.467 g) = 17.233 gMass of Pb in phase = mass of the b phase in 200 g (wt. fraction Pb in ) = (109.3 g) (1 0.975) = 2.73 gMass of Sn in the phase = total mass of Sn mass of Sn in the phase = 123.8 g 17.233 g = 106.57 gAmount of Phases in the Eutectic AlloyThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic AlloySummary of calculationsThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

The solidification and microstructure of a hypoeutectic alloy (Pb-30% Sn)The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

A hypoeutectic lead-tin alloyThe dark constituent is the lead-rich solid , the light consti-tuent is the tin-rich solid , and the fine plate structure is the eutectic (x400).A hypereutectic lead-tin alloyThe Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

ABCDE

For a Pb-30% Sn alloy, determine the phases present, their amounts, and their compositions at 300oC, 200oC, 184oC, 182oC, and 0oC.The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

The effect of the composition and strengthening mechanism on the tensile strength of lead-tin alloys.The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

AUSTENITE

aFe3C% w carbonvolume fractiong0.02 %w C6.67 %w C0.76 %w C

LAW OF MIXTURESproperties of phase Bvolume fraction of phase Bproperties of phase Avolume fraction of phase BPROPERTIES OF MIXTURE A & B