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7/26/2019 02-Zemjotres, hazard i rizik.pdf
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2.
2.1.
, .
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2.1
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, ..
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2.4
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-
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.
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2.2.2.
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2.3.
2.3.1.
LM ,
. ,
, Wood-Anderson-.
6.3110 5.1 = ,
1000103 = .
1935 Charles Richter Beno Gutenberg,
California Institut of Technology.
Wood-
Anderson- .
. 0
Wood-Anderson-
100 .
8.6ML = ,
.
.
,
; Sm bm .
.
2.1
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2.0-2.9 ,
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49,000
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6,200
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800
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120
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.18
8.0-8.9
.
1
9.0-9.9
.1 20
10.0+ ;
()
2.3.2.
1979 Thomas C. Hanks
Hiroo Kanamori
. WM
:
=
= 1.16
cmdyn
Mlog
3
21.9
mN
Mlog
3
2M 010
010W
M0 (- ).
6.31105.1 = ,
100010 3 = .
,
ML, .
.
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.
W (work accomplished) .
.
SE
M0
. M0
SE ,
:
5
0
8.4
0S 106.1M10ME ==
Chou i Boatwright 1995
9.2mN
Elog3
2M S10e
=
2.3.3.
.
, ,
1 12, 1
12 .
Rossi-Forel, Giuseppe Mercalli 1883 1902.
10 1902 .
1902
Adolfo Cancani.
August Heinrich Sieberg Mercalli-
Cancani-Sieberg (MCS) . Harry O.
Wood Frank Neumann Charles Richter.
MMI.
, .
.
I. .
II.
.
.
III. .
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.
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,
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.
XI.
,
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.
XII.
- .
.
.
.
.
2.3.4.
(EMS)
. 1998 ,
1992, EMS-98.
EMS 1988
(ESC), Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (-
64), .
,
. 1996 XXV ESC
.
, , EMS-98.
. 12
.
1. .
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3.
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. , .
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12.
.
EMS-98.
, .
, , .
2.4.
2.4.1.
,
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.
. ,
San Andreas Fault .
.
: ,
() .
.
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2.2-
.
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()
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10 000 .
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.
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