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Tipos de Compresores
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7/18/2019 03 Basic Compressor Types
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Atlas Copco Mexicana
Fundamentos de Aire Comprimido Parte 2
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Basic Compressor Types
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Basic Compressor Types
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement Reciprocating
Rotary Screw
Rotary Lobe
Scroll
Dynamic Radial--Centriugal
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Positive Displacement TypePositive-Displacementunits are those in which
successive volumes of gas
are confined within a
closed space and elevated
to a higher pressure.
Basic Compressor Types
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement
Reciprocating compressors Piston units developing pressure
t!roug! t!e action o a piston moving in
a cylinder
"ay be single or double acting
#!en air is compressed rom
atmosp!ere and compressed in a singlestro$e% it is said to be single acting&
Double acting compresses on t!e up
stro$e and down stro$e
"ay be single-stage% two-stage% or
multiple-stage% air or water-cooled&
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement Reciprocating
Single Acting Double Acting
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement
'il Flooded Rotary Screw
(wo intermes!ing rotors% male andemale perectly matc!ed
"ale generally drives emale rotor 'il is in)ected into t!e compression
c!amber or lubrication% cooling andsealing
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement
'il Free Rotary Screw
*ntermes!ing rotors wit! timing gears
to prevent rotor contact
+o need or lubrication in t!e
compression c!amber
Lubrication is re,uired or bearings
and timing gears only
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Rotary Screw compression process--traps consecutive quantities of gasbetween the male lobe and female flute. As screw turns, the enclosed volume
decreases, thus increasing the pressure. Compressed air is then pushed out of the
element at the discharge port.
Basic Compressor Types
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As the rotors revolve, the airinlet is sealed off The rotary motion produces a
smooth compression, until each
section reaches the beginning of
the outlet port The compressed air then flows
smoothly out of the element
Basic Compressor Types
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Airend Design
Optimum tip speeds 20 to 30 msec Oil !n"ected
#$ msec Oil %ree
Basic Compressor Types
#$2$
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement
'il Free Rotary Lobe
(wo intermes!ing lobes wit! timinggears to prevent rotor contact
(!e rig!t sidelet side inta$e and
disc!arge design !elps eliminate
a.ial loads
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Inlet port
Outlet port
Intake air
Compressed air
&uction Air at inlet pressure enters t!e compression c!amber
'utlet ports sealed o by emale rotor
Compression starts *n and outlet ports closed o
/olume is reduced% pressure increases
Delivery Female rotor uncovers outlet ports and compressed air lows out
Basic Compressor Types
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement 'il-ree rotary scroll
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Basic Compressor Types
Positive Displacement 'perating Principle
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De'initions and %ormulas
Capacity calculations (Positive)Displacement* +olden rule, FAD% ACF"% and *CF" are i.ed volume low rates
w!ic! do not c!ange wit! respect to atmosp!eric conditions& *n
ot!er words% a given compressor% w!en operating at rated speed
and disc!arge pressure will essentially deliver t!e same volume low
rate regardless o inlet conditions&
&C%M deliveryo an air compressor is calculated rom t!e unit0sFAD volume low rate& SCF" delivery will vary% depending on !ow
t!e actual atmosp!eric conditions deviate rom t!e 1standard
reerence set o conditions& *n winter% t!e SCF" delivery o a given
air compressor is greater t!an during t!e summer% and vice versa&
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-''ects on compressor per'ormance
As am.ient temperaturedecreases/ te 1eigt o' air in
a given cu.ic 'oot (density*
increases
As am.ient temperature
increases/ te density o' air
decreases
A positive displacement
compressor 1ill run unloaded
more in te 1inter tan in te
summer/ tere.y consuming
less po1er to produce tesame amount o' air
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Tere can .e a 20 di''erencein compressor output .et1een1inter 4 summer
A compressor must .e si5ed toandle te 1orst caseconditions6tat is summer7
Tis is to ensure tat tecompressor can al1ays supplyenoug air to meet tecustomer8s demands
-''ects on compressor per'ormance
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9AR!AT!O:& !: O;TP;T !MAT!C CO:D!T!O:&
(Positive)Displacement*
!nletTemp
R= %AD AC%M !C%M &C%M >.Min
?$ @0 20 $$ B# 000 B@3B
$0 @0 20 $$ B# B #$330 @0 20 $$ B# 2# ?$2@
:ote, Calculations are .ased on .arometric pressure o' $ psiA
&tandard conditions de'ined as B psiA/ @0 %/ 0 R=
Effects on compressor performance
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our annual po1er .ill 1ill .e .ased upon teaverageintaEe conditions
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Basic Compressor Design
Dynamic PrincipleCentrifugal units arethose in which velocity
(kinetic energy) is
converted into pressure
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Basic Compressor Types
Dynamic Centriugal
Are water-cooled% rotary% continuous-low
mac!ines&
#or$ing principle3 Rapidly rotating impellers
accelerates t!e gas as it passes t!roug!&
(!is $inetic energy is t!en transormed into
pressure as t!e air is successully slowed
down4partially in t!e impeller5s6 and
partially in stationary diusers blades&
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Dynamic PrinciplePressure rise grap
&CRO>> 9O>;T-
!MP->>-RD!%%;&-R
!nlet
'lange
!mpeller
eye
!mpeller
rim
Di''user
outlet
Pressure rise
in impeller
Pressure rise
in di''user
&uction
pressure
Discarge
pressure
PR-&&;R-
R!&-
Basic Compressor Types
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(!e centriugal compressor c!aracteristic curve(!e centriugal compressor c!aracteristic curve
&urge
&tone1all
%lo1
Pressure
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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&;R+-&;R+-BreaEdo1n o' air'lo1 due to ig .acE pressure
(oscillation 'lo1*
&TO:- >&TO:- > (coEe*(coEe*Maximum 'lo1 a compressor can andle
at a given speed
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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TurndownTurndowncapacitycapacity
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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Controlmodes
/olume low
Pressure
"odulating blow-o
control
or constant pressureapplications
e.cess air is blown o to
atmosp!ere wasting 7!p&
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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0
!"
#" $00
$00
"0
15%
102%
! of "oad
100%
Power
82%
Centrifugalconstant pressure control
Positive Displacementload#unload control
P$%&R
S'*+S
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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Control modes
Auto dual control
most energy saving control
mode or luctuating air
demands
Pressure
/olume low
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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0
!"
#" $00
$00
"0
15%
102%
! of "oad
105%
100%
Power
20%
86%
Centrifugal
auto#dual control
Positive Displacementload#unload control
P$%&R
S'*+S
Centrifugal CompressorCentrifugal Compressor
FundamentalsFundamentals
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!nlet pressure
!nlet air temperature
Cooling 1ater temperature
-''ects on Compressor Per'ormance
Centri'ugal Compressors
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Discharge
Pressure % 100
Power at
Coupling % 100
Inlet flow (weight/volume) percent 100
Decrease in inlet pressure
reduces flow
Decrease in inlet pressure
reduces power required
!nlet pressure!nlet pressure
-''ects on Compressor Per'ormance
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Inlet air temperatureInlet air temperatureinfluenceinfluence
Discharge
Pressure %
Power at
Coupling
%
Inlet flow (weight/volume) % 100
Decrease in air temperature
increases flow
Decrease in air temperature
increases power
Increase in air temperature
reduces flow
Increase in air temperature
reduces power
urg
el
ine
Design point
100
100
-''ects on Compressor Per'ormance
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Discharge
Pressure % 100
Power at
Coupling % 100
Inlet flow (weight/volume) % 100
Colder water
increases flow
Colder water increases
power requirement
!armer waterdecreases flow
!armer water decreases
power requirement
urg
el
ine
Cooling waterCooling watertemperaturetemperature
-''ects on Compressor Per'ormance
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C!anges in Perormance From Summertime Perormance8
!nlet Temp ?$ $0 0
PD'lo1 (sc'm* 00 F2# F2$
po1er 00 F30 F@$
Dyn
'lo1 (sc'm* 00 F3 F322
po1er 00 F0 F2
GBased on multistage 1atercooled compressors
Positive Displacement vs Dynamic
-''ects on Compressor Per'ormance
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:uestro compromiso es contri.uir
a me"orar su productividad a travHs
de la interacciIn e innovaciIn
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