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7/31/2019 03 Optical Internet
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John Strand1/18/2002
1
Optical NetworkingCS 294-3
2/5/2002
John Strand
The Views Expressed In This Talk Are The Authors. They Do Not Necessarily Represent
The Views Of AT&T Or Any Other Corporation Or Individual.
AT&T Optical Networks Research [email protected]
U. of California - Berkeley - EECS [email protected]
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Outline
Transport - Traditional TDM Networks
Optical Networking
Optical Networking & IP
Concentrate On Intercity Networks Time Constraint Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature
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Basic DS-1 Signal Format
F
Bit
TimeSlot
1
TimeSlot
2
TimeSlot
3
TimeSlot
23
TimeSlot
24
o o o o o o o o o o o
1 bit 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Designed To Carry 24 Full Duplex 64 Kilobit/sec Voice Circuits (DS-0s)
Transmission Rate = 1.55 Megabits/Second (8000 frames/sec * 193 bits/frame)
DS-1 Is A Protocol; T-1 Is A Specific AT&T Implementation Of This ProtocolFor Local Networks
This Is The Traditional Building Block For Transmission Networks In U.S.
193 Bits
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What is SONET?
Synchronous Optical Network standard
Defines a digital hierarchy of synchronous signals
Maps asynchronous signals (DS1, DS3) to synchronous format
Defines electrical and optical connections between equipment
Allows for interconnection of different vendors equipment
Provides overhead channels for interoffice Operations,Administration, Maintenance, & Provisioning (OAM&P)
SONETNetwork
Element
SONETNetwork
ElementDigital
TributariesDigital
Tributaries
SONET Interface
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SONET Structure
Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing
Network OfSynchronizedClocks
PRS: Primary SourceST2: Stratum 2ST3: Stratum 3
Must Be
Synchronized
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Digital Signal HierarchiesMost Common Rates
Capacity
(DS-1 Equiv)
DS: Digital SignalSONET: Synchronous Optical NETwork (US)SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU)STS: Synchronous Transport SignalSTM: Synchronous Transfer ModeVC: Virtual ContainerVT: Virtual Tributary
28 84 336 1344
DS-1(1.544 Mb/s)
Asynchronous
("Plesiochronous")[Non-Standardized]DS-3
(45 Mb/s)
5376
VC-11 SDHSTM-4 STM-16VC-3 STM-1 STM-64
VT1.5(1.7 Mb/s)
SONETSTS-3(156 Mb/s)
STS-12(622 Mb/s)
STS-48(2500 Mb/s)
STS-192(10000 Mb/s)
STS-1(52 Mb/s)
1
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SONET Rates
STS-1 OC-1 51.840
STS-3 OC-3 155.520
STS-12 OC-12 622.080
STS-48 OC-48 2,488.320
STS-192 OC-192 9,953.280
STS-768 OC-768 39,813.120
LevelOptical
DesignationBit Rate(Mb/s)
STS = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALOC = OPTICAL CARRIER
(..result of a direct optical converions of the STS aftersynchronous scrambling - ANSI)
EC (Not Shown) = ELECTRICAL CARRIER
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SONET STS-1 Frame Structure
SynchronousPayloadEnvelope
(SPE)
TOH
Ptr
87
Bytes
3
Bytes
SPE
87 Columns
P
O
H
9
Rows
87
Bytes
3
Bytes
t
t
F
I
xe
d
S
t
uf
f
F
I
xe
d
S
t
uf
f
P
O
H
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STS-N And STS-Nc(N = 3, 12, 48, 192)
STS-N Formed By Byte-Interleaving N STS-1 Signals 3N Columns of Transport Overhead
Frame Aligned Redundant Fields Not Used - eg APS, Datacomm
N Distinct Payloads (87N Bytes) NOT Frame Aligned
N Columns Of Path Overhead - All Used 2N Columns Of Fixed Stuff Bytes 84N Columns Of Information
STS-Nc 3N Columns of Transport Overhead
Frame Aligned Redundant Fields Not Used - eg APS, Datacomm
Single Payload 1 Column Of Path Overhead 3N - 1 Columns Of Fixed Stuff Bytes 87N - N/3 Columns Of Information
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MultiplexerOr Other
PTE
MultiplexerOr Other
PTE
Cross-Connect
Cross-Connect
Regenerator(derived clock)
SONETPath
Line
Section
SDHVirtual Container (VC)
Multiplex Section (MS)
Regenerator Section(RS)
SONET/SDH Layering
Key Feature: Basis Of Fault Management & Restoration Maintenance
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Service Survivability Objectives
Typical Commercial Networks
New trends in IP services: supporting real-time application, e.g. voice and
video, & mission critical data=> Require much faster restoration than traditional IP rerouting
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Standard
Voice
Leased
Lines
Frame
Relay
IP
Services
RestorationTime
Obje
ctives(secs)
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Network Outage AnalysisVoice Services
EquipmentFailure
Route Failure Backhoe, Flood, Train
Wreck ~1/1000 km/year
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Survivability 101
Survivability Requires:
A B
CD
X Y
Spare Inter-Office Capacity
Switch Fabrics To Put Failed Facility On This Capacity
Control Logic To Identify Fault & Reroute Failed Circuits
Fault Detection
Protection: Pre-AllocatedRestoration: Dynamically Allocated
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Effect Of Restoration TopologyRestoration Overbuild
(Protection Capacity/Service Capacity)
100%Degree 2Nodes
50%Degree 3
Nodes
1/(N-1)Degree NNodes
Degree = # Of Physically Diverse Routes
"Ring"
"Mesh"
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Ring Example
F
CB
D
E
A
SONET: Bi-Directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)SDH: Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRING)
S
S
S
S
S
S
S: Service
P
P
P
P
P
P
P: Protection
Original Circuit
Protection Switch
DifferentFibers ButSame Cable
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Ring Example
F
CB
D
E
A
SONET: Bi-Directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)SDH: Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRING)
S
S
S
S
S
S
S: Service
P
P
P
P
P
P
P: Protection
Original Circuit
Protection Switch
DifferentFibers ButSame Cable
X
Standardization: Physical Layer &Signaling Standardized
Client State Information
Not Standardized OAM Not Standardized
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Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)
COCO
Toll Network
Toll Connect TrunksInter-Toll Trunks
Switches: Terminate Trunks
Switch Individual Calls
64 Kb/sec FDX Circuits
CustomerPremises
Equipment(CPE)
CentralOffice Central
Office
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CPE
Central
Office
Switch
"POTS"
PBX
Private Line (PL)
Basic Service Types
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service
PSTN ~ 100 IntercitySwitches*
* ATT Network
Transport NetworkShared By Many
Services ~10x As Many Offices*
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Entering The Transport Network
1o
o
o
o
28
DS3 O
C192
POTS
POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line
1 DS124
OOOO
OO
64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622Mb/s
2.5 - 10Gb/s
WDM
BackboneFiber
Network
10 Gb WAN Ethernet SONET Framed - 9.953 Gb/s Asynchronous
*
1.5 Mb/s PL
45 - 2500 Mb/s PL1Gb Ethernet
1 - 10 Gb/s PL,10 Gb WAN Ethernet
&VG PL
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Transport Layer
Service Routing
Service Layer(e.g., POTS or PL)
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Outline
Transport - Traditional TDM Networks
Optical Networks
Optical Networking & IP
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Intercity Fiber Network
About 50,00 Route Miles Of Fiber Cable
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40 - 120 km(80 km typically)
Up to 10,000 km(600 km in 2001 basic commercial products)
OA OA
l1
l2
l3
lN
WDM
Mux
R
R
R
R
WDM
DeMux
Frequency-registeredtransmitters
Receivers
WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier
All-Optical AmplificationOf Multi-Wavelength Signal!!!
Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution
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In Each Direction:
12 Fibers 36 Regenerators
120 km
OAOA120 km 120 km
OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48
OC-48OC-48OC-48
OC-48
OC-48OC-48DS3OC3/12
DS3
OC3/12
DS3
Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution
12 fibers 1 fiber; 36 regenerators 1 optical amplifier
WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier
ConventionalTransmission - 20 Gb/s
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE
DS3
DS3
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
LTE
LTE1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTE LTE1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE1310
RPTR1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
1310RPTR
LTELTE
Economic Advantage Is Distance Dependent
Intercity: Compelling
Metro: Depends On Dark Fiber Availability
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320
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
20
80
1280
5120
Gb s
Single Fiber Capacity
Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko, Internet Growth: Is There A Moores Law For Data Traffic? (research.att.com/~amo)
Capacity = (Bits / *Bandwidth(Bandwidth/
Moore's
Law
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1300 1400 1525 1565 1600
LCSS+S
++
Fiber loss
Single Fiber CapacityBandwidth
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(nm)
(THz)199.0
1505 1510
192.0193.0194.0196.0 195.0
15551530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1560 1565
C-Band
4 THz
~ 125 GHz/nm
50 GHz Spacing
(For OC48)
100 GHz Spacing
(For OC192)
(80 ) x (2.5 GHz/ ) = 200 GHz
(40 ) x (10 GHz/ ) = 400 GHzx2
Single Fiber CapacityBandwidth/ C Band
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Proprietary(20-400 Gb/s)
OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS
(OTS: Optical TransportSystem)
Transport Layer Model
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
1/0 DCS
1/0 DCS
1/0 DCS
1/0 DCS
4E
4E
4E
4E
3/1 DCS
3/1 DCS
3/1 DCS
3/1 DCS
3/3 DCS
Layer (DACS III)
DACS III DACS III
DACS IIIDACS III
ATM/IP
ATM/IP
ATM/IP
ATM/IP
DS1(1.5 Mb/s)
DS3(45 Mb/s)
DS3(45 Mb/s)
OC48+(2.5+ Gb/s)
ADMADMADM
ADM
ADM
ADMADM
Fiber Conduit/
Sheath
3/1 DCSLayer
SONET ADMLayer
Core ATM/IPLayers
ServiceLayers
MediaLayer
LA
CHCG
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
PHNX
PHNX
PHNXCHCG
CHCG
CHCG
CHCG
CHCG
Wavelength PathCrossconnect
Wavelength Mux SectionCrossconnect
Hard-
Wired
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DWDM
Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)Alternatives
DWDM
D
WDM
WavelengthPath
Cross-Connect
More Bits Per Port Multivendor & Restoration Issues
Fewer Bits Per Port Compatible With Opaque Architecture Better For Restoration
WIXC
Would Go Here
Could Have Either Optical Or Electrical Fabric
WavelengthMultiplexSection(WMS)Cross-
Connect
ADMs
SDCS
OtherService
Equipment
OC48OC192
OC48OC192
Line Rate(Proprietary)
Line Rate(Proprietary)
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Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect
Optical transport system(1.55 mm) Optical transport system(1.55 mm)
Standard
cross-office optics(1.3 mm)
FibersIn
FibersOut
l-Mux
Add ports Drop ports
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Transparency= node-bypass
Wavelength PathCrossconnect
(Optical orElectronicInterior)
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LineModules
Transparent
Switch Modules(STS-1 Granularity)
Power,Cooling
OpticalModules
ProcessorModule
ProcessorModule
TimingModule
640 Gbps,To 48 Tbps
Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect(Electrical Fabric)
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MUX
MUX
TxRx
TxRx
TxRx
LR
SRSR LR
Tx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
MUX
SRLR Tx Tx Tx
Rx Rx Rx
LR SR
TxRx
TxRx
DEMUX
FixedWavelength
FixedWavelength
Todaysswitches aresurroundedwith OEO>
70% of system
cost
Fixed wavelength
transponders arerequired for eachinput and outputfiber
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
Fixed l Lasers in Optical Switches
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Si substrate
Microlens
Free-rotatingswitch-mirror array
Switch reconfigured by actuating selected micromirrors
Input fibers
Siliconsubstrate
L. Y. Lin, E. L. Goldstein, and R. W. Tkach, Free-space micromachined optical switches with
sub-millisecond switching time for large-scale optical crossconnects, IEEE Photonics
Technology Letters, April 1998, pp. 525-528.
An Early MEMS DeviceFree-Space Micromachined Optical Switch (FS-MOS)
Switch Time < 1 ms
8x8 is 1 cm x 1 cm
Opportunities To Extend ToSignificantly Larger ArraysOn A Single Substrate
Measured Switching TimesUnder 1 ms (500 s)
3-D MEMS (2 degrees of
Freedom) seems to be the
Currently preferred architecture
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An 8 x 8 Switch
Chip size: 1 cm x 1 cm
Source: L-Y. Lin
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OTS System Length
560 Km
80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km80 km
OA OA OA OAOA OA
ADM
ADM
oo
o
DWD
M
ADM
ADM
o
o
o
DWD
M
7 x 25 dB Spacing
Optical Transport System (OTS)
Key Variables:
Distance Between OA's Number of Spans
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Transponder
OpticalAmplifier
Mux/Demux
Fiber (Installed)
Utilization (%) 50 100 50 100# Spans (80 km) 3 3 7 7
Domains Of TransparencyTransponder Costs In Traditional Systems
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Domains Of TransparencyUltra Long-Haul (ULH) Economics
.. ..Standard
DWDM
OA/OADMTransponder
A B C D
OTS Type
1 3 5 7 9
No. Of Standard OTS Systems (5 span) In Series
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Utilization(%)
0
100
ULH/StandardCost Ratio ULH
Wins
Standard
Wins
~500 km
Typical ULH Technology Enhancements:
Strong Forward Error Correction
Raman Amplification
Dynamic Power Management
More Expensive Terminals & OAs
Fewer Transponders
At Intermediate Locations
~5000 km
Ultra-LongHaul (ULH)
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TDRs TDRs
TDRs
Contained Domain of Transparency
Issues:Transmission Engineering Concerns Especially For Non-Tree Topologies
Fault Detection & Localization
Without Wavelength Conversion Becomes Separate Single- Networks
Single-Vendor For The Forseeable Future
Optical Domain Circuit Switch
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Refs: A. Chiu, J. Strand, R. Tkach, "Issues for Routing In The Optical Layer",
IEEE Communications (2001)
J. Strand (ed.), IETF I-D "Impairments And Other ConstraintsOn Optical Layer Routing", draft-ietf-ipo-impairments-01.txt
Launch
Power
(PL)
Length Of All-Optical Path
Other
System
Parameters
Operating Region
Distance Before OEO RegenLimiting Factors
PL Launch PowerSNRmin Min SNRPMD Polarization Mode DispersionB Bandwidth of DPMD PMD Parameter (fiber dependent)ASE Amplified Spontaneous
Emission
ASE Constraint
~ PL/SNRmin
NonlinearitiesPMD Constraint~ (B * DPMD)
-2
In Large All-Optical Domains Each Vendor Trades Off The
Design Parameters Differently This Makes Routing In Multi-Vendor
Networks Difficult To Standardize
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Outline
Transport - Traditional TDM Networks
Optical Networking
Optical Networking & IP
Concentrate On Intercity Networks Time Constraint Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature
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Voice & Other
TDM-Based Services
Data Services
(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical Layer
Media Layer
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)
STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
IP Transport
Transport For IP -Defining Functionality
Of These Interfaces
Digital Transmission
Layer
Wideband & Broadband
DCS Layers
IP For Transport -Introducing IP Functionality
Into The Optical Layer
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Voice & Other
TDM-Based Services
Data Services
(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical Layer
Media Layer
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)
STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
IP Transport
Transport For IP -Defining Functionality
Of These Interfaces
Digital Transmission
Layer
Wideband & Broadband
DCS Layers
IP For Transport -Introducing IP Functionality
Into The Optical Layer
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Non-IP
Services
IP Router
IP
Services
Non-IP
Services
OXC
OLXCOffice Architecture
Big Fat RouterOffice Architecture
IP For TransportReplacing The OLXC With A Router
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Ports & Assumed CostsOLXC $x Per OC48IP Router $y Per OC48
Through (
Terminating (1
IP Router
OLXC
OLXCOffice Architecture
IP Router
Big Fat RouterOffice Architecture
IP For TransportComparing The Architectures
OLXC Architecture Less Expensive If:
OLXC Cost x
Typical Values:
= 0.8
x/y
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Label Switched Path's (LSP's) Are LOGICAL, NOT PHYSICALNeed Not Occupy Bandwidth
Specific LSPs Change At Each MPLS Node:
z End-to-end connection defined at set-up
Physical Transmission System
SONET (STS-N) OCh
Etc.
LSP
X
LSP
Y
LSP s
LSP t
LSP u
LSP a
LSP s
LSP t
MPLS Transport Hierarchy
IPMPLS
X s
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MPLS Tunneling
LSP 7
LSP 11
LSP 42
LSP 3
LSP 88
POP 3PUSH
77
SWAP 7=>11
PUSH 42
1142
SWAP 42 => 88
1188
POP 88
SWAP 11=>3
3
"Virtual" Muxing - No Utilization Penalty
This Is A Key Driver For Replacing TDM
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TDM Multiplexing
DS1
DS3
STS-48
DS3
DS3STS-48
Tunneling Using MPLS LSP's Is Analogous To TDM Multiplexing
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From MPLS To GMPLS
LSP 7
LSP 11
LSP 42
LSP 3
LSP 88
POP 3PUSH
77
SWAP 7=>11
PUSH 42
1142
SWAP 42 => 88
1188
POP 88
SWAP 11=>3
3
Implicit Label
( 1)
Implicit Label
( 2)
STS-192 ( 1) STS-192 ( 2)
GMPLS: Generalized MPLS
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1. Select source, destination, and service
Label Request Message
Label Mapping Message
2. OSPF determines optimal route3. RSVP-TE/CR-LDP establishes circuit
Source: Sycamore OFC2000
GMPLS In An OXC Network
Vision:
Provisioning Time: Weeks To Milliseconds
Greatly Simplify Process
ISSUE: Standards Lagging Need - Proprietary Control Planes
Are Being Deployed Rapidly
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GMPLS VisionMany Technologies - One Network
FS: Fiber SwitchedLS: Lambda Switched
PS: Packet Switched
FA: Forwarding Adjacency
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GMPLS Overlay Network Model
Overlay Network Optical Network (OXC) computes the path Network Level Abstraction For IP Control Plane
~~~
~~~
~~~
Router Router~~~ ~~~
Connection
Requests, etc.
UNI
OpticalNetwork
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GMPLS Peer Network Model
Peer Network
Router computes the path(Routers have enough information about the characteristics of the opticaldevices/network)
Link-level abstraction For IP Layer Control Plane
Router Router
~~~
~~~
~~~
~~~
~~~
Topology &
Capacity Information
Network
Signalling
OpticalNetwork
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Canarie OBGPCurrent View of Optical Internets
Big Carrier Optical Cloud using MPLS
and IGP for management of wavelengths
for provisioning, restoral and protection
Customers buy managed
service at the edge
Optical VLAN
Customer
ISP
AS 1
AS 2
AS 3
AS 1AS 4
BGP Peering is
done at the
edge
B. St. Arnaud
C i OBGP Vi i
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Canarie OBGP Vision
Dark Fiber
Customer Owned
Dark Fiber
School
University
X
Multi Home Router
Dark Fiber
Mapped to
Dim
Wavelength
ISP A
ISP B
ISP Controlled
Optical Switch
Aggregating Router
ISP Controlled
Optical SwitchCustomer Controlled
Optical Switch
UniversityY
IGP
IGP
IGP
IGP
BGP
OiBGP
OBGP OBGP
OBGP
BGP neighbors
B. St. Arnaud
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Optical Interworking ForumServices Concept
Bandwidth On Demand - Connection Request
Over UNI Specifying QoS Desired - Overlay Model
OVPN - Dedicated Subnet Configured By
Customer - Peer Model
Customers buy managed
service at the edge
Optical VLAN
Customer
ISP
AS 1
AS 2
AS 3
AS 1AS 4
BGP Peering is
done at the
edge
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Examples of Network views View from any domain of the rest of the network via a link state
protocol
Domain 1ReachableAddress list
Domain 3ReachableAddress list
Domain 4ReachableAddress list
Domain 5ReachableAddress list
Domain 2ReachableAddress list
Protection 1:N, N=3Available BW = SRLG =
Protection 1+1Available BW = SRLG =
Protection 1:N, N=10Available BW = SRLG =
Protection 1:N, N=7Available BW = SRLG = Protection 1+1
Available BW =
SRLG =
Protection 1+1
Available BW = SRLG =
Protection 1+1Available BW = SRLG =
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Initial OIF NNI Target
User controlDomain
Control DomainA
Control DomainCUNI UNI
NNINNI
Control DomainB
firewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
User controlDomainfirewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
Single carriers network
User controlDomain
firewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
NNI
Why Single Carrier Multi-Domain First?
Standards Lag Deployment - Vendor Proprietary Control Planes
Rapid & Unpredictable Technological Change Makes It Unlikely
That Standards Will Keep Up
Uncertain Business Model
Initial Multi-Carrier NNI Likely To Be LEC/IXC (JLS Opinion)
oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements
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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported
2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor
3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources
5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration
6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information AcrossDomains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available
Metro/Core Characteristics
KY J
Metro Metro
Metro
A
X
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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported
2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor
3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources
5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration
6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information AcrossDomains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available
Metro/Core Characteristics
KY J
MetroY Metro
Metro
A
oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements
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ZA J K L
N P Q
S T U
M RB Y
Routing Costs: A(nodes) + B(distance)
Large A Small B
Small A Large B
1. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
2. Information & Policy Trust Not Likely To Be An Issue
3. Vendor-Specific Technologies & Constraints Not Captured In Standards Are Likely(E.g., All-Optical, Tunable Lasers, Adaptive Wavebands)
Multi-Vendors In Backbone - Characteristics
A Z
N P Q
S T U
M R
B Y Opaque
Network(Vendor A)
ExpressDomain of
Transparency
(Vendor B)
J K L
N P Q
S T U
M R
LJ K
IP Transport
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Voice & Other
TDM-Based Services
Data Services
(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical Layer
Media Layer
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)
STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
IP Transport
Transport For IP -Defining Functionality
Of These Interfaces
Digital Transmission
Layer
Wideband & Broadband
DCS Layers
IP For Transport -Introducing IP Functionality
Into The Optical Layer
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
EOY 1997 EOY 19991997-99Growth
Private Line
Internet
U.S. Voice
Other PublicData Networks
Traffic On U.S. Long Distance Network1997 1999
Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko
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US Domestic Backbone (Mid-99)
268,794 OC-12 Miles
Transport Layering
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Voice & Other
TDM-Based Services
Data Services
(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical Layer Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)
"Optical Cross-Connects"
Media Layer
Fiber
Conduit
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -OC-12 (622 Mb/Sec)
OC-48c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -OC-192c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
Transport Layering
Digital Transmission Layer
ADM's
Rings
Wideband & Broadband
DCS Layers XXX
XFunctionality& Value Added
Transport For IP
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Price - $/OC48/month
Availability How Quickly Where
Displacement Of Internal ISP Costs Interfaces
Cost Of Reliability Buffer Capacity Peak Loads Traffic Shifts Traffic Growth
Network Management
Differentiators
Availability QoS
Rapid Provisioning
Optical Network InterworkingHeterogeneous Technologies Metro/Core Other Backbone Providers
Flexible Bandwidth
Asymmetric Circuits Concatenated Links Virtual Concatenation Inverse Multiplexing
Additional Customer Restoration Options Re-Provisioning Customer Control
Speed Options
Sub-OC48 Functionality
Layer 1 Interface Enhancements
Customer Drivers Possible Solution Elements
Transport For IP
Restoration Refresher
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OpticalLayer
ServicesLayers
DigitalTransmission
Layer
DCS
Layers
Restoration RefresherKey Trade-OffRestoration Granularity Unit Capacity Cost
Connection
STS-1 => STS-12
STS-48+
l or Fiber
Services Layer (IP) Can Restore Exactly The Right Connections
Optical Layer More Economical If Large Bundles Of Connections Need
To Be Restored
ISP P i R l ti hi
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ISP Peering Relationships
PeerPeer (Frequently) No $$
CustomerProvider EXPENSIVE
T t F IP
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A Z
R
C X
B Y
Toll Switching Hierarchy Internet ISP Hierarchy
Local ISP
Regional ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Transport For IPReducing The BGP Hop Count
Hi-Usage
Trunks Optical
Direct Connects
Typical Transit Cost (Telia): $1K - 10K / Mbps /Year
References
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References T. E. Stern & K. Bala, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1999
J. L. Strand, Optical Network Architecture Evolution, chapter in I. Kaminow and T. Li (eds.),
Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV, Academic Press, to appear March 2002 R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective,
San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.B. Mukherjee, Optical Communications Networks, New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.
R. H. Cardwell, O. J. Wasem, H. Kobrinski, WDM Architectures and Economics in Metropolitan Areas",Optical Networks, vol. 1 no.3, pp. 41-50
O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami, "Optical Layer Survivability: A Services Perspective",IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38 no. 3, March 2000, pp. 104-113.
R. D. Doverspike, S. Phillips, and Jeffery R. Westbrook, "Future Transport Network Architectures",IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37 no. 8, August 1999, pp. 96-101.
R. Doverspike and J. Yates, "Challenges for MPLS in Optical Network Restoration", IEEE CommunicationsMagazine, vol. 39 no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 89-96.
M. W. Maeda, "Management and Control of Transparent Optical Networks", IEEE J. on Selected Areas InCommunications, vol. 16, no. 7, Sept. 1998, pp. 1008-1023.
J. L. Strand, J.; A. L. Chiu, , R. Tkach,.Issues For Routing In The Optical Layer, IEEE Communications Magazine,
2/2001, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 8187
John Strand, Robert Doverspike, Guangzhi Li, Importance of Wavelength Conversion In An Optical Network,
Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 2 No. 3 (May/June 2001), pp. 33-44
R. W. Tkach, E. L. Goldstein, J. A. Nagel, J. L. Strand, Fundamental limits of optical transparency,
OFC '98, pp. 161 -162
S R l t U S W b Sit
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Some Relevant U.S. Web Sites
Tier 1 Inter City Service Providers
AT&T http://www.att.com MCI Worldcom http://www.wcom.com
Sprint http://www.sprint.com
New Entrants Qwest http://www.qwest.com
Level3 http://www.Level3.com
Frontier http://www.frontiercorp.com
Williams http://www.williams.com
Major Equipment Providers Lucent http://www.lucent.com
Alcatel http://www.alcatel.com
Nortel http://www.nortel.com
Cisco http://www.cisco.com
NEC http://www.nec.com
New Equipment Vendors Ciena & Lightera http://www.ciena.com
Cisco & Monterey http://www.montereynets.com
Avici http://www.avici.com
Juniper http://www.juniper.net
Sycamore http://www.sycamore.com
Government Sites: FCC http://www.fcc.gov
NTIA http://www.ntia.doc.gov
Standards Organizations
ITU http://www.itu.int T1 http://www.t1.org
OIF http://www.oiforum.com
IETF http://www.ietf.org
ATM Forum http://www.atmforum.com
New Business Models Band-X http://www.band-x.com
Arbinet http://www.arbinet.com