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La viticultura del Jerez
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VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
Sherry ViticultureSherry Viticulture
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURESouthernSouthernSouthernSouthern----mostmostmostmost Wine Wine Wine Wine RegionRegionRegionRegion
in Continental in Continental in Continental in Continental EuropeEuropeEuropeEurope
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURESouthernSouthernSouthernSouthern----mostmostmostmost Wine Wine Wine Wine RegionRegionRegionRegion
in Continental in Continental in Continental in Continental EuropeEuropeEuropeEurope
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
••••ROTA
7,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 hectareshectareshectareshectares, in 9 , in 9 , in 9 , in 9 municipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalities
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
••••ROTA
MainMainMainMain climaticclimaticclimaticclimatic factorsfactorsfactorsfactors
MildMildMildMild winterswinterswinterswinters (4(4(4(4ººººCCCC) ) ) ) andandandand veryveryveryvery hot hot hot hot summerssummerssummerssummers (40(40(40(40ººººCCCC).).).).MildMildMildMild winterswinterswinterswinters (4(4(4(4ººººCCCC) ) ) ) andandandand veryveryveryvery hot hot hot hot summerssummerssummerssummers (40(40(40(40ººººCCCC).).).).
620 litres 620 litres 620 litres 620 litres perperperper mmmm2 2 2 2 average average average average annualannualannualannual rainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall....620 litres 620 litres 620 litres 620 litres perperperper mmmm2 2 2 2 average average average average annualannualannualannual rainfallrainfallrainfallrainfall....
Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof sunshinesunshinesunshinesunshine perperperper yearyearyearyear....Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 Average 300 daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof sunshinesunshinesunshinesunshine perperperper yearyearyearyear....
TwoTwoTwoTwo predominantpredominantpredominantpredominant windswindswindswinds: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (westwestwestwest), ), ), ), freshfreshfreshfreshandandandand humidhumidhumidhumid; ; ; ; andandandand levante (levante (levante (levante (easteasteasteast), ), ), ), warmwarmwarmwarm andandandand dry.dry.dry.dry.
TwoTwoTwoTwo predominantpredominantpredominantpredominant windswindswindswinds: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (: poniente (westwestwestwest), ), ), ), freshfreshfreshfreshandandandand humidhumidhumidhumid; ; ; ; andandandand levante (levante (levante (levante (easteasteasteast), ), ), ), warmwarmwarmwarm andandandand dry.dry.dry.dry.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The The The The landscapelandscapelandscapelandscape ofofofof the the the the ““““Marco de JerezMarco de JerezMarco de JerezMarco de Jerez””””
Wide Wide Wide Wide horizonshorizonshorizonshorizons withwithwithwith gentlegentlegentlegentle slopesslopesslopesslopes (10(10(10(10----15% 15% 15% 15% gradientgradientgradientgradient), made ), made ), made ), made ofofofof a a a a whitewhitewhitewhite chalkychalkychalkychalky soilsoilsoilsoil: albariza: albariza: albariza: albariza
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
QualityQualityQualityQuality factorsfactorsfactorsfactors ofofofof a a a a vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard
The different “pagos” are classified according to theirlocation and related factors:
� Type of soil.
� Altitude.
� Exposure to sun andwinds.
� Proximity to the sea.
jerez jerez jerez jerez zonazonazonazona
jerez jerez jerez jerez zonazonazonazona
jerez jerez jerez jerez superiorsuperiorsuperiorsuperior
jerez jerez jerez jerez superiorsuperiorsuperiorsuperior
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The The The The ““““pagospagospagospagos””””
BalbainaLos Tercios
BalbainaLos Tercios
66 %66 %66 %66 %
Jerez de la Frontera
El Puerto de Santa María
Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Trebujena
Chipiona
Rota
Chiclana de la Frontera
Puerto real
Lebrija
AlmocadénAñinaBalbaínaBurujenaCarrascalCuartilloGibalbínMacharnudoTabajeteTizónTorrox
AlmocadénAñinaBalbaínaBurujenaCarrascalCuartilloGibalbínMacharnudoTabajeteTizónTorrox
CallejuelaHornilloEl MaestreMahinaMedidoraMiraflorasMunivePastrana
CallejuelaHornilloEl MaestreMahinaMedidoraMiraflorasMunivePastrana
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The The The The ““““albarizaalbarizaalbarizaalbariza”””” soilsoilsoilsoil
� White soil (alba=white), made from the sedimentation of marine diatoms.
� Very chalky: high content ofcalcium carbonate, with 25% to40% limestone.
� Poor in both organic material (1.3% to 1.5%) and nitrogen.
� Highly porous – helps retainmoisture.
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OtherOtherOtherOther typestypestypestypes ofofofof soilsoilsoilsoil
ArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenasArenas- Located in the coastal areas.
- Composition: sand, clay and less than 20% limestone.
BarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarrosBarros- Located mainly in the valleys.
- Clay, sand, limestone and decomposed organic matter.
- Darker colour. More fertile.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
AuthorisedAuthorisedAuthorisedAuthorised grape grape grape grape varietiesvarietiesvarietiesvarieties
moscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelmoscatelpalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopalominopedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro pedro ximximximximximximximximééééééééneznezneznezneznezneznez
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Palomino Fino Palomino Fino Palomino Fino Palomino Fino –––– thethethethe Sherry grape Sherry grape Sherry grape Sherry grape varietyvarietyvarietyvariety
� Large bunches.
� Medium-sized fruit.
� Pale green colour.
� Colourless juice.
� Average sugar content 11º Bme.
� Average total acidity 3.7 g/l.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The palomino grapeThe palomino grapeThe palomino grapeThe palomino grape
0,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,5
1,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,0
1,51,51,51,51,51,51,51,5
2,02,02,02,02,02,02,02,0
2222,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5
3,03,03,03,03,03,03,03,0
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low levellevellevellevellevellevellevellevel ofofofofofofofof MMMMMMMMááááááááliclicliclicliclicliclic AcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcidAcid (gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)(gr./l)
Colombard
Colombard
Chardonnay
Chardonnay
Garrido fino
Garrido fino
Moscatel Malaga
Moscatel Malaga
Moscatel morisco
Moscatel morisco
Palomino fino
Palomino fino
Pedro Ximénez
Pedro Ximénez
Riesling
Riesling
Sauvignon blanc
Sauvignon blanc
Traminer
Traminer
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Palomino de JerezPalomino de JerezPalomino de JerezPalomino de Jerez
� Traditional sub-variety, less usednowadays.
� Slightly higher sugar content(average 11.1º Baumé) andacidity (4 g/l.)
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Pedro Pedro Pedro Pedro XimXimXimXimééééneznezneznez
� Used for sweet wines, due to itshigher sugar content – average 12.8º Baumé.
� Acidity – 4.5 g/l.
� Thin skin, which facilitates“soleo” (sun-drying) process.
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MoscatelMoscatelMoscatelMoscatel
� Mainly planted in coastal(arenas) areas of the D.O.
� Traditionally used for sweetwines.
� Average sugar content – 11.7ºBaumé.
� Acidity – 4.1 g/l.
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PlantingPlantingPlantingPlanting processprocessprocessprocess
AugustAugustAugustAugust: preparation of the soil (oxygenation andfertilisation).
NovemberNovemberNovemberNovember: levelling of the soil.
DecemberDecemberDecemberDecember: marking out the vineyard.
JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary: planting the rootstocks.
SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember: grafting on the grape variety.
Resting period of minimum 3 years.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
PreparationPreparationPreparationPreparation ofofofof te te te te soilsoilsoilsoil
11““““AgostadoAgostadoAgostadoAgostado”””” – 70 to 80 cm. ploughing, in order to help oxygenate the soil.
22FertilisationFertilisationFertilisationFertilisation (organic).
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
Layout Layout Layout Layout ofofofof a a a a newnewnewnew vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard
�� RowsRows runrun horizontal horizontal toto the the slopeslope..
�� 3,500 3,500 toto 4,000 4,000 vinesvines perper hectarehectare........
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
Layout Layout Layout Layout ofofofof a a a a newnewnewnew vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
PlantingPlantingPlantingPlanting ofofofof the the the the rootstockrootstockrootstockrootstock
� December / January, in order tobenefit from rainy season.
� Hand-planting.
� Selection of the most suitablerootstocks, based on:
- compatibility with local varieties.
- resistence to phylloxera, nematodes, limestone soil, drought, humidity, salinity.
- capacity to develop roots.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The The The The graftinggraftinggraftinggrafting
JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary / August/ August/ August/ August
development of the rootsock
August / August / August / August / SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember
grafting of the palomino buds
August / August / August / August / SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember
grafting of the palomino buds
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
The The The The firstfirstfirstfirst yearyearyearyear
Spring Spring Spring Spring ofofofof yearyearyearyear 1:1:1:1:developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment ofofofof the the the the budbudbudbud
Grafted area covered untilspring to protect it from the
cold.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
44444444thththththththth yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear
EstablishingEstablishingEstablishingEstablishing anananan adultadultadultadult vinevinevinevine
22222222ndndndndndndndnd yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear 33333333rdrdrdrdrdrdrdrd yearyearyearyearyearyearyearyear
Limited grape production during the
establishment of the plant (until 4th year)
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Stock Stock Stock Stock graftinggraftinggraftinggrafting ((((““““en espigaen espigaen espigaen espiga””””))))
Alternative grafting method forvines with unsuccessful bud-grafting(end of winter – year 1).
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pulgar pulgar pulgar pulgar year1year1year1year1 vara vara vara vara
TraditionalTraditionalTraditionalTraditional pruningpruningpruningpruning methodmethodmethodmethod: : : : ““““vara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgar””””
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
VaraVaraVaraVara yearyearyearyear 2222 pulgarpulgarpulgarpulgar
TraditionalTraditionalTraditionalTraditional pruningpruningpruningpruning methodmethodmethodmethod: : : : ““““vara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgarvara y pulgar””””
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
EneroEneroEneroEnero
Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.
SeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembre JulioJulioJulioJulio
MayoMayoMayoMayo
MarzoMarzoMarzoMarzoEneroEneroEneroEnero
Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.
SeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembreSeptiembre JulioJulioJulioJulio
MayoMayoMayoMayo
MarzoMarzoMarzoMarzo
AnnualAnnualAnnualAnnual cyclecyclecyclecycle
JanuaryJanuaryJanuaryJanuary
pruning
fertilisation
“desbragado”
Nov.Nov.Nov.Nov.fall of the leaves
“aserpiado”ripening
SeptemberSeptemberSeptemberSeptember
harvest
JulyJulyJulyJuly
“envero”
tilling
training ofplants towires
MayMayMayMayflowering
“castra” /“recastra”
treatments
MarchMarchMarchMarch
bud
tilling nitrogen
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CultivationCultivationCultivationCultivation
� A method to maximise use ofthe rainfall – the “aserpiadoaserpiadoaserpiadoaserpiado”.
• Progressive reduction of the use of pesticides� integratedproduction techniques.
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A A maturemature plantplant......
SomeSomeSomeSome basicbasicbasicbasic numbersnumbersnumbersnumbers
... ... ... ... is in use for 30 to 35 yearsat full production.
... ... ... ... develops 7 to 9 bunches in the “vara”.
... ... ... ... produces approximately 3 kilograms of grapes.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
SomeSomeSomeSome basicbasicbasicbasic numbersnumbersnumbersnumbers (2)(2)(2)(2)
A A vineyardvineyard in in productionproduction......
... ... ... ... has 3,500 to 4,000 vines perhectare.
... ... ... ... total production is limited to11.428 kgs. per hectare.
... ... ... ... requires as many as 46 different tasks per year.
... ... ... ... allows a limited level ofmechanisation.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
RapidRapid harvestingharvesting isis necessarynecessary
The The The The harvestharvestharvestharvest � Early ripening of the grapes - September.
� Average sugar levels 11 to 12.5º Baumé.
� 50% hand-picked.
VITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTUREVITICULTURE
ViticultureViticultureViticultureViticulture –––– the the the the keykeykeykey basicbasicbasicbasic ideasideasideasideasViticultureViticultureViticultureViticulture –––– the the the the keykeykeykey basicbasicbasicbasic ideasideasideasideas
� La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, La Viticultura del Jerez, by Alberto García de Luján (Spanish)
� Specific viticultural conditions: soil & climate.� Specific viticultural conditions: soil & climate.
� Three authorised white grape varieties. � Three authorised white grape varieties.
� Palomino: the main Sherry grape.� Palomino: the main Sherry grape.
� Labour-intensive viticulture.� Labour-intensive viticulture.
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