033-Lspb 1 Planet Bumi

8/3/2019 033-Lspb 1 Planet Bumi

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Alan Strahler

IntroducingPhysical

Geography

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Chapter 1The Earth as a Rotating Planet

Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


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The Earth as a RotatingThe Earth as a RotatingPlanetPlanet

The Earth as a RotatingThe Earth as a RotatingPlanetPlanet

Chapter 1Chapter 1

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Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

1. The Shape of the Earth1. The Shape of the Earth

2. Earth Rotation2. Earth Rotation

3. The Geo ra hic Grid3. The Geo ra hic Grid

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4. Map Projections4. Map Projections

5. Global Time5. Global Time

6. The Earths Revolution around6. The Earths Revolution around

the Sunthe Sun

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Earths shape - closeto spherical.

Actuall oblate

Polar - 12,714 km

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Slide1. Shape of the Earth1. Shape of the Earth 4

Earth

ellipsoid (flattenedat the poles)

Equatorial - 12,756 km


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Astronaut photo shows the Earths

curved horizon from low-Earth orbit.

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Sunset - Sun below the horizon. At

the height of the clouds, Sun is not

below horizon, clouds bathed in red

and pinkish rays.


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Exaggerated geoid, in

which small departures

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from a sphere areshown as very large

deviations.


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THE ENVIRONMENTALTHE ENVIRONMENTAL


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EFFECT OF EARTHEFFECT OF EARTHROTATIONROTATION

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Rhythms of the Sun cause:

Day & nightDaily air temperature cycle

Motions of atmos here and oceans

THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTTHE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT

OF EARTH ROTATIONOF EARTH ROTATION

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Slide2. Earth Rotation2. Earth Rotation 8

Weather systems and ocean currents

Earths rotation + Moons gravitational pull -

rise and fall oftides. Tidal currents - life-giving pulse for plants & animals, clock for

human coastal activities


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Earths Rotation

A) counterclockwise

when viewed from

above the north pole

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Slide2. Earth Rotation2. Earth Rotation

est to east w enviewed with the north

pole up


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PARALLELS AND MERIDIANSPARALLELS AND MERIDIANS

3. The Geographic Grid3. The Geographic Grid

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LATITUDE AND LONGITUDELATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

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Geographic Grid the way to

depict the globe on a flat surface.

Divided into degrees, 60 minutes

and 60 seconds.

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Provides a grid of imaginary lines

(parallels and meridians).

Longest parallel of latitude is the Equator, midway

between the poles.

Equator used as reference line for measuring position.


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PARALLELS AND MERIDIANSPARALLELS AND MERIDIANS

Meridians and parallels define

geographic directions. Meridian - north or south -

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.

Infinite number of parallels &

meridians.

Every point on the Earth has acombination of one parallel and one

meridian, defined by the intersection.


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Latitude (Parallels)

1 degree latitude = constant

111 km


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Longitude (Meridians)

1 degree of longitude = 111 km at

the equator and 0 at the poles

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3. The Geographic Grid3. The Geographic Grid 14


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Prime Meridian at theRoyal Observatory in

Greenwich, England

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3. The Geographic Grid3. The Geographic Grid 16


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Map Projection how to display the

Earths surface.

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Slide4. Map Projections4. Map Projections 18

Oldest maps were limited bya lack of knowledge of the

world, rather than by

difficulties caused by the

Earths curvature.


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POLAR PROJECTIONPOLAR PROJECTION

Parallels centered on the pole Meridians radiate outward from

Polar projection centered on North

or the South Pole.

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pole Show s one hemisphere, equator

at outer edge of the map.

Intersections of the parallels &meridians form right angles,

projection shows the true

shapes


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MERCATOR PROJECTIONMERCATOR PROJECTION

Mercator projection shows a

line of constant compassbearing as a straight line

Used to display directional

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Belgian cartographer, Gerardus

Mercator, 16th century

features such as winddirection.


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MERCATOR PROJECTIONMERCATOR PROJECTION

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Cirrocumulus high, patchy, globular

WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTIONWINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION

Winkel Tripel -

Minimizes distortion in area,

distance & direction.Oswald Winkel (1873 1953)

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Computer based mapping and analytical ability provided

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONSYSTEMSSYSTEMS

GIS Geographic Information Systems or

Geographic Information Science

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.

Maps, diagrams, satellite images and aerial photographs

can be stored and manipulated

Geographic spatially referenced data

Spatially-referenced data used to solve complexproblems.


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STANDARD TIMESTANDARD TIME

WORLD TIME ZONESWORLD TIME ZONES


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INTERNATIONAL DATE LINEINTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

DAYLIGHT SAVING TIMEDAYLIGHT SAVING TIME

PRECISE TIMEKEEPINGPRECISE TIMEKEEPING

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Standard time system -

global time kept according

to adjacent standardmeridians, normally differ

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y one our.Based on the east-west

position of the Sun

Solar day defined by onesun circuit


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A. The outer ring gives the time in

hours.

B. The meridians are drawn asspokes radiating out from the

pole.

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C. Greenwich, England, 0

longitude, 12:00 noon.

D. Los Angeles, about 120W

longitude, 4:00 A.M.

E. New York, about 75W

longitude, 7:00 A.M.

F. Singapore, about 105E

longitude, 7:00 P.M.


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Time is determined by longitude, not latitude.

When it is noon in Chicago, it is 1:00 P.M. in New York andonly 10:00 A.M. in Portland.

Mobile, 1600 km (1000 mi) away, it is also noon.

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STANDARD TIMESTANDARD TIME

Standard time system, global time according to nearbystandard meridians, normally one hour from each other.

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Slide5. Global Time5. Global Time 28


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WORLD TIME ZONESWORLD TIME ZONES

Crossing the international date line in an eastwarddirection, travelers set their calendars back one day.

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International Dateline - 12 hours from Prime Meridian.Opposite side of globe or 180 degrees (180th meridian)

Earth rotates 15 per hour, time zones differ by 1 hour (360/15 =

24 hours)Date changes either side of line

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Daylight saving - transfer an hour of light to

a time when it will be more useful. Adjust

clocks during the part of the year that has alonger daylight period to correspond more

closely with the modern pace of society

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n te tates - ay g t sav ng t me eg nssecond Sunday in March, ends first Sunday

of November

European Union daylight saving = summer

time begins last Sunday in March, ends onthe last Sunday in October.



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Earth has small changes in the angular velocity of

Precise timekeeping - worldwide system of

master atomic clocks measures time to better

than one part in 1,000,000,000,000.

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its rotation on its axis and variations in the time ittakes to complete one circuit around the Sun

Adjustments to the timekeeping system are

necessary.

Legal time standard recognized by all nations iscoordinated universal time, Bureau International

de lHeure, located near Paris

6 The Earths Revolution6 The Earths Revolution


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MOTIONS OF THE MOONMOTIONS OF THE MOON

TILT OF THE EARTHS AXISTILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS

6. The Earth s Revolution6. The Earth s Revolution

around the Sunaround the Sun

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THE FOUR SEASONSTHE FOUR SEASONS

EQUINOX CONDITIONSEQUINOX CONDITIONS

SOLSTICE CONDITIONSSOLSTICE CONDITIONS

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Revolution

Circle around the Sun (356

days) From north pole in

counterclockwise direction



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Orbits on the plane of theecliptic



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Earth is nearestto the Sun atperihelion, which occurs on or

near January 3.

Farthest away from the Sun at aphelion, on or near July 4.Distance between Sun and Earth varies only by about 3

percent during one revolution



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Phases of Moon determined by position of the Moon in its orbit

around the Earth

Determines how much of the sunlit Moon is seen from the Earth.

29.5 day cycle to go from one full Moon to the next

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Slide6. Earths Revolution around the Sun6. Earths Revolution around the Sun 37

TILT OF THE EARTHS AXISTILT OF THE EARTHS AXIS


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TILT OF THE EARTH S AXISTILT OF THE EARTH S AXIS

Rotational axis remainspointed toward Polaris, the

Earths orbit around Sun -

plane of the ecliptic.

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North Star Makes an angle of 66 1/2with the ecliptic plane.

Axis of the Earth is tilted at

23 1/2 away from a right

angle to the plane of the

ecliptic.



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Four seasons occur because theEarth maintains a constant

orientation (tilted 23 with

respect to the perpendicular to the

plane of the ecliptic) as it revolves

around the sun

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December or winter

solstice - December 22

North polar end of theEarths axis leans at the

maximum an le awa

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from the Sun, 23 1/2.

Southern hemispheretilted toward the Sun,

gets strong solar heating.

Reversed for June or

summer solstice



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Equinoxes occur between the solstice

dates.Earths axis is not tiltedMarch equinox (vernal equinox in the

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northern hemisphere) - March 21September equinox (autumnal

equinox) - September 23.Conditions both equinoxes are identical



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Equinox - circle of

illumination

passes through both

poles

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equator All locations have 12

hours of sunlight , 12

hours of darkness



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Solstice (sun stands still)

June 22, subsolar point is 23N (Tropic of Cancer)

Dec. 22, subsolar point is 23S (Tropic of Capricorn)

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Latitude of the subsolar point marks the

suns declination which changes

throughout the year

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Chapter ReviewChapter Review


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Chapter ReviewChapter Review



3. The Geo ra hic Grid3. The Geo ra hic Grid

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6. The Earths Revolution around6. The Earths Revolution around

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