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8/13/2019 04-Introduction to HW_view
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1
Introduction toComputer Hardware
DCS201- Computer Science
By:Dilum Bandara
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Outline
p Parts of a computer
p The Traditional view of a computer system
n Single User
n Multi User
p Von Neumann's architecture
p Components in detail
n CPU, Motherboard, Memory, Input/Output,Storage
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What is a computer
p Its a machine
p Able to execute a finite set of Instructions.
p Able to process data according to those
instructions.
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Courtesy by Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia
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Courtesy by Upgrading & Repairing a PC by Scott Mueller
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Courtesy by Upgrading & Repairing a PC by Scott Mueller
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The Traditional View - Single UserComputer System
PrintersPrinters
KeyboardKeyboard
VDU(Display)
VDU(Display)
CPUCPU
Disk DriveDisk Drive
TapeDrive
TapeDrive
Input / OutputInput / Output StorageStorage
RAM ROM
MemoryMemory
Communicates witheveryone & manage
the system
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TheTraditional View - Multi UserComputer System
PrintersPrinters
KeyboardKeyboard
VDUVDU
Disk DriveDisk Drive
TapeDrive
TapeDrive
Several terminalsSeveral terminals
KeyboardKeyboard
VDUVDU
KeyboardKeyboard
VDUVDU
CPUCPU
RAM ROM
MemoryMemory
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Major components of a computersystem
p With the introduction of personalcomputers & miniaturization, some ofthese devices went inside a single box
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Evolution
PrintersPrinters
KeyboardKeyboard
VDU
(Display)
VDU
(Display)
CPUCPU
Disk DriveDisk Drive
Tape
Drive
Tape
Drive
Input / OutputInput / Output StorageStorage
RAM ROM
MemoryMemory
What we usually callas the CPU in a
personal computer
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Types of computers
p Super computers
p Mainframes
p Personal computers
p Laptops
p PDAs - Personal Digital Assistants
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Main frames
Courtesy by IBM
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Super computers
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Modern Computer Systems
p Include many more devices thantraditional computers
n Video sub-system (Graphic adapters)
n Multimedia devices
p Sound cards
p CD-ROM/DVD-ROM, etc.
n MODEMS
n NETWORK adaptors
n Communication port (Serial port)n Printer interface (parallel port)
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System components
p Motherboard
p CPU
p Memory
p VGA cardp Display
p Hard disk
p Floppy drive
p CD-ROM Drive
p Case/Chassis
p Power supply
p Keyboard
p Mousep Sound card
p Speakers
p Modem
p Printer
p Scanner
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The Motherboard
p The most important component in a PC
p Also called the main board
p Is a large circuit board that the processor,
memory & other electronic componentsare attached
p It provides the path through which theprocessor communicates with memory,
disks, expansion cards, keyboard & othercomponents attached to the motherboard
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Courtesy by Upgrading & Repairing a PC by Scott Mueller
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Memory
p Memory is the workspace for theprocessor
p Is a temporary storage area whereprogram & data being operated
p Consist of an array of consecutiveMemory locations
p Each location can store one piece of data
p Each location has a unique address
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0002
0001
0000
FFFF
FFFE
FFFD
12
01
04
Memory cont
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Memory cont
p The CPU uses memory to store Instructions(programs) &Data (characters & digits)
p The CPU access (read or write) only a single
memory location at a time
p It is practically not possible to connect eachmemory location directly to the CPU using a
separate set of electrical connections
p Therefore all memory locations are connected
using the same set of shared electricalconnections called the Memory Bus
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Buses in computers
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Buses
p Bus is a set of electrical connections(parallel set of wires)
p 3 types
1. Address Bus
2. Control Bus
3. Data Bus
n All these 3 types of buses are enclosedwithin the memory bus
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Communicating with memory
MemoryMemory
Address BusAddress Bus
Control BusControl Bus
RD/ WR signalsRD/ WR signals
Data BusData Bus
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Types of Memories
1. ROM Read only memory2. PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
3. UVEPROM - UV Erasable PROM
4. EEPROM Electrical Erasable PROM5. FLASH ROM
6. RWM (Read Write Memory)
7. SRAM (Static RAM)
8. DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
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Types of Memories cont..
1. ROM Read only memoryn Can only be read, cannot be written to..
n Contents are written at the time ofmanufacture
n Stores initial start-up programsn Not economical to produce in small quantities
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Types of Memories cont.
2. PROM Programmable Read OnlyMemories
n Same as ROMS, but contents can be writtenonce, using special equipment.
3. UVEPROM - UV Erasable PROM
n Same as PROM but contents can be erased byshining an UV light on the IC
n Require special equipment to program
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Types of Memories cont.
4. EEPROM Electrical Erasable PROMn Same as UVEPROM except that contents can
be erased by applying a special high voltageto some of the signals
5. FLASH ROMn A special type of EEPROM that can be erased
or programmed while in the circuit.
n Once programmed the contents remains
unchanged even after a power failuren Commonly used in modern PCs
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Types of Memories cont.
6. RWM (Read Write Memory)n Traditionally known as RAM ( Random Access
Memory)
n Contents are erased when power is
disconnected.n Two major types SRAM and DRAM
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Types of Memories cont.
7. SRAM (Static RAM)n More reliable but expensive
n Typically used for cache memories.
n More expensive and consumes more electricalpower
8. DRAM (Dynamic RAM)n Contents are stored as charges in a small
capacitor
n Capacitor must be re-charged from time to
typen Bulk of the PC memory is made out of DRAM
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Memory Modules
Courtesy by Upgrading & Repairing a PC by Scott Mueller
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Connecting memory & microprocessor
CPU
ROM
RAM 1
RAM 2
MemoryController
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Memory Hierarchyp Modern CPUs are much faster than the
speed of memory
p The memory has to be organized in such away that its slowness does not reduce the
performance of the overall system
p Some memory types are fast but expensive
n Registers, SRAM
p Some other types are cheap but slow
n DRAM
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Memory Hierarchy contp The objective of having a memory
hierarchy is to have a memory system:
n with a sufficient speed
n with a sufficient capacity
n and as cheap as possible
p The main idea is to use:
n a limited capacity of the fast but expensive
memory types
n and a larger capacity of slow but cheap memorytypes
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Traditional memory hierarchy
Secondary storage
Mainmemory
Reg.Spe
ed
C
o
st
S
i
ze
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Modern memory hierarchy
Secondary storage
Mainmemory
Reg.S
pe
ed
C
o
st
S
i
ze
Cache
memory
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Cache Memory
p Consist of small amount of memory (fewKBs in size) which is faster than the mainmemory
p Cache is used by the CPU to store
frequently used instructions & datap Sometimes multiple levels of cache is used
n L1 Cache Very fast, usually within CPU itself
n L2 Cache Slower than L1, but faster than
main memory
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CPU - Central Processing Unit
p Also called the Microprocessor
p The brain or engine of the computer
p CPU performs both arithmetic operations
& logic operations plus controllingp Is the most expensive single component
of a PC
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Type of processors
p 1st generation 8080/8086/8088
p 2nd generation 80286
p 3rd generation 80386 (DX/SX)
p 4th generation 80486 (SX/DX/DX2/DX4)
p 5th generation Pentium/AMD K5
p 6th generation Pentium Pro/AMD K6
p 7th generation Pentium IV/AMD Athlon
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Heating & Cooling
p Modern processors generate excessiveheat
p It is not just enough to have a heat sink
p Therefore cooling fans are used
p The size of heat sink & fan is gettinglarger with each new microprocessor
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Passive heat sinks
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Active Heat sinks
Courtesy by Upgrading & Repairing a PC by Scott Mueller
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Components of the CPU
Registers
Controlunit
ALU
i h i & i i ( )
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Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
p is the data processing unit of the CPUp Arithmetic unit is capable of performing
arithmetic operations
p Logic unit performs logical operations
ALU
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Control Unit
p This unit controls the operation of the CPU
Control Unit
i
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Registers
p Is a type of memory located inside the CPUp Can hold a single piece of data
p This data is useful in both data processing& control functionalities.
p Several types of CPU register
n Program counter (PC)
n Instruction register (IR)
n Accumulator
n Flag register
n General purpose register
I l S f h CPU
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Internal Structure of the CPU
A
E
D
C
B
ALU
AddressBU
S
Control Unit
IR
FLAG
ALU
PC
+1
DataBUS
CTRLBUS
M ki th CPUf t
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Making the CPU faster
p Having an effective memory hierarchy.p There are several other methods of
making the CPU faster:
1. Instruction pre-fetching
2. Instruction Pipelining
I t ti f t hi
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Instruction pre-fetching
p When one instruction is in the executionstage, the next instruction is fetched tothe CPU.
I t ti f t hi
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Instruction pre-fetching
Fetch Execute
Fetch Execute
Fetch Execute
Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
time
Fetch Execute
Fetch Execute
FetchExecute
Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
I t ti Pi li i
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Instruction Pipelining
p Extends the idea of instruction pre-fetching
p The term pipelining is used because thisprocess is similar to an industrial
assembly line where output of one step isfed to the next step as input
I t ti Pi li i t
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Instruction Pipelining cont
p Pipelining divides the instruction cycle in toa series of sub-operations & a separatesegment of the CPU is dedicated to onesub-operation
p Therefore at any given moment, a numberof instructions are executed inside the CPU,each in a different stage or a sub-operation
I i th ll f
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Improving the overall performance
p Select a type of memory with compatiblespeed with the CPU.
n A slower memory will keep the CPU idling
p Some CPUs (e.g. the Pentium) usedifferent speeds for its internal operationsand for communication with memory.
n FSB (Front Side Bus) speed is related to
memory access.n Usual has the range from 133MHz to 533MHz
CPUsupportchips
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CPU support chips
p CPU support chips are used in suchoperations to improve overall performance
1. Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers
2. Interrupt Controllers (PIC)
3. Real-Time Clock (RTC)
4. Other devices
n Disk controllers
n Communication controllers
n Display controllers
DirectMemoryAccess (DMA)
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Direct Memory Access (DMA)
p DMA controllern Provide a way of bypassing the CPU when
transferring data between memory and IO(Input/Output) devices.
DMAcontroller cont
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DMA controller cont
CPU
IO
device
Memory
DMACont..
CPU
IOdevice
Memory
EnhancementsinmodernCPUs
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Enhancements in modern CPUs
p Hyper Threading (HT)p Dual Core
HyperThreading (HT)
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Hyper Threading (HT)
p Was introduced with the Intel Pentium 4p Allows 2 threads to run at the same time
with limitations
n A single resource cant be used by the same
threadn Example:
n While 1st thread is working with integers(integer portion of ALU) 2nd thread can workon floating point numbers (floating point unit
in ALU)
HyperThreading(HT)cont
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Hyper Threading (HT) cont
p The operating Systems feels that there are2 logical CPUs
p Achieved through
n a mix of shared, replicated & partitioned chip
resources, such as registers, maths units &cache memory
HT Technology requires a computersystemwith:
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system with:
p A processor that supports HT technologyp HT technology enabled chipset HT
p HI technology enabled BIOS
p HT technology enabled/optimized
operating system
DualCore
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Dual Core
p Introduced by IBM Power4 how ever AMDbrought it to the consumer market
p Combines 2 independent processors &their respective caches onto a single
silicon chipp Provide better performance improvement
than HT
DualCorecont
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Dual Core cont
Courtesy by www.gen-x-pc.com
Commodity processor vendors &Products
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Products
p Intel x86, Pentiums, Xeon, Itaniump AMD K5/6, Athlon, Duron, Athlon XP,
Athlon Opteron
p Cyrix
p Apple G5
Other CPUs
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Other CPUs
p
SPARCp Motorola
p Z80
p Northstar
p Etc.
What is thebestCPU?
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What is the best CPU?
p
It depends on how you look at itp Need to consider the use of the system
p Cannot purely depend on the Clock Speedanymore
p Common CPUs
n Intel Pentium, AMD, Cyrix
Processor packaging
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Processor packaging
p
SIP Single Inline Package
p DIP Dual Inline package
p PGA Pin Grid Array
p SEG Single Edge Contact
PGA
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PGA
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CPUsockets
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CPU sockets
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Morecloserview
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More closer view
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SEG
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SEG
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VGA Card
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p
Video Graphics Arrayp is used to generate pictures & text that
you see on the displaying device.
p Either available as a separate expansion
card or integrated into the motherboard.p Enhancements
n VGA, SVGA, VESA SVGA
n VESA - Video Electronic Standards Association
Display (Video) Controller
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p y( )
VGA card classifications
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p
based on:n Video Processor
n Video memory
p Card type
n PCI Peripheral Component Interconnectn AGP Accelerated Graphics port
n PCIE - Peripheral Component InterconnectExpress
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Display
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p y
p
Produces the visible outputp Different types:
n CRT Cathode Ray Tube
n TFT Thin Film Transistor
n LCD - Liquid Crystal Displayp Categorized based on:
n Screen size
n Colour depth/Resolution
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Power supply
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ppy
p
Power supplyn Primary source of power for the system
n Provide different voltages
p+12V, -12V, +5V, -5V, +3.3 V, -3.3V
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UPS
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p
Stands for Uninterrupted Power Supplyp These devices would continue to provide
power in case of the power failure
p UPS can be find in different capacities &
typesp Capacity is give in VA
p 2 major types
n Standby UPS
n Online UPS
Standby UPS
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p Are the most common & used mainly withPCs
p Are cheaper as well
Online UPS
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p Are use for high end applications
p These are much more robust &can handle large capacity
Secondary storage
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p Includes Hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, ZIP disks, etc.
p Hard Disk
n Contains a rigid, disk shaped platter
n
Constructed using aluminium or glassp Then a magnetic coating is applied
n High capacity & high speed
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Types of hard disks connectors
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p IDE Integrated Device Electronics
p SCSI Small Computer System Interface
p Serial ATA Serial AT AttachmentInterface
IDE
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SCSI
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Platters, Tracks & Sectors
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Floppy Disk
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Courtesy by www.exploratorium.edu
Floppy Drive
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Optical Storage
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p Make use of light instead of magnetism.
p Different forms of optical storage:
n CD-ROM
n CD-R Recordable
n
CD-RW Rewritable
n DVD digital versatile/video disk
n DVD-R/DVD-RW
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Geometry of a CD
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Pit Land
0 1
Components of a CD-ROM drive
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Other Input/Output Devices
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p Keyboard
p Mouse
p Barcode readers
p Printers
Keyboard
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Mouse
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Other Readers
B d R d
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p Barcode Readers
p Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
p Magnetic Character Recognition (MCR)
Barcode Readers
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Printer
Diff t t
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pDifferent types
n Impact
pDot-matrix
pDaisy wheel
p
Tape/Ribbonn Non impact
pBubble jet
p Ink jet
pLaser
Impact Printers
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Laser Printer concept
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