04 Method on AFLA

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  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    1/8

    =$6?$596

    Kmpmbdylmg{ ^ncmgnm C1

    [DDB^,LM[JDK,FYYUDFNJM^CG FOUD@DUM^[US BFGK^NFYM

    FGFBS^C^

    Yud`' Ku' JFKC ^]^CBD FUC@CG

    Oufk}f{m njddb d` Cg{mugf{cdgfb Kmpmbdylmg{ fgk Nddymuf{cdg

    Jcud~jclf ]gcpmu~c{s Afyfg ^yucgo 5965

    Lf{mucfb d}unm1 F@BF Ldk}b *Fuc`cgJ^" _}bfgkfucN" Yufl}hfg{dfgk Hf~wfg{d UB" 599:#8Fuc`cgJ^" _}bfgkfuc N" Yufl}hfg{d fgk Hf~wfg{d UB" 5969' Fgfbc~c~ Bfg~hfy Foud`dum~{uc'

    CYE Yum~~' Edodu' 633y

    V]CQ

    Jdw {jm udbm~ d` OmdoufyjcnfbCg`dulf{cdg ^s~{ml *OC^# fgk Umld{m^mg~cgo *U^# `du Ufyck JskudbdocnfbFyyufc~fb*UJF#fgk Ufyck Nfuedg

    ^{dnh F~~m~~lmg{*UfN^F# cg F@BF4

    FOUD@DUM^[US BFGK^NFYM FGFBS^C^CG LMGKFBFL UCPMU EF^CG"

    [JM ]YYMU ^[UMFL D@ HFY]F^ _F[MU^JMK"_M^[ HFBCLFG[FG YUDPCGNM , CGKDGM^CF

    NF^M ^[]KS CG CGKDGM^CF

    ^[]KC C[M^

    [jm }yymu ~{umfl d` Hfy}f~ _f{mu~jmk"Lmgkfbfl Ucpmu Ef~cg'

    [jm um~mfunj fumf c~ bdnf{mk cg _m~{ Hfbclfg{fgYudpcgnm" Cgkdgm~cf8 65> == =: Mf~{ Bdgoc{}km 66> >? 50 Mf~{ Bdgoc{}km fgk 9 ;3 55 Gdu{jBf{c{}km 6 63 5: Gdu{j Bf{c{}km'

    [jm fumf d` Lmgkfbfl ucpmu ef~cg c~ fed}{6;?"599 jf du fed}{ 6'= - d` {d{fb Hfy}f~_f{mu~jmk *3":?;"369 Jf#'

    @co' 6' Lmgkfbfl Ucpmu Ef~cg d` {jm ]yymu ^{umfl d` Hfy}f~ _f{mu~jmk"_m~{ Hfbclfg{fg Yudpcgnm

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    2/8

    =$6?$596

    YUM @CMBK _DUH16' ^}upms yumyfuf{cdg5' Ndll}gcnf{cdg {d bdnfb nd}g{muyfu{~ fgk cg~{c{}{cdg~

    @CMBK _DUH16' Yumyfucgo fyybcfgnm fgk lf{mucfb~5' Km{mulcgf{cdg bdnf{cdg d` ~flybm>' Of{jmucgo kf{f" `cmbk ~}upms fgk ~flybcgo *oud}gk njmnh

    ~}upms" cg{mupcmw" de~mupf{cdg d` ~mndgkfus kf{f#

    YD^[ @CMBK _DUH16' Clfom~ fgk lfy~ fgfbs~c~5' Ecd,yjs~cn,~dncfb, mndgdlcn,n}b{}ufb kf{f fgfbs~c~>' Fgfbs~c~ d` foud`dum~{us ldkmb *~moumof{cdg$ cg{mouf{cdg$

    oufkcmg{#;' Umbmpfgns em{wmmg ~{}ks um~}b{~ fgk BF@ N}uucn}b}l

    FN[CPC[CM^

    KF[F FGK FGFBS^C^

    @fn{du~ [sym d` Kf{f D}{ndlm

    Ecd,yjs~cn 6'[dydoufyjcnfb lfy5'^f{mbbc{m clfomucm~>'^dcb lfy;'Jskudbdocnfb lfy='Gf{' pmom{f{cdg fgk nudy~

    *~ymncm~" yudk'#0'_cbkbc`m fgk fgclfb

    j}~efgkus *~ymncm~" yudk'#

    6'Bfgk Ndpmu$]~mLfy

    5'Ecdkcpmu~c{s Lfy>'BF@ Lfy

    ^dncfb"

    MndgdlcnfgkN}b{}ufb

    6'Kmldoufyjs fgk Ydy}bf{cdg

    5'Jd}~mjdbk~" M{jgcn~"Dnn}yf{cdg" N}~{dlfus Bfw

    >'Kc~{ucn{ fgk Gf{cdgfbUmo}bf{cdg

    Jd}~mjdbk ~dncfb,

    mndgdlcn~{u}n{}um"n}b{}ufb kdlfcg

    KF[F FGK FGFBS^C^

    Kf{f wmum fgfbsqmk ef~m dg kf{f ndbbmn{mk dg ecdyjs~cnfbfgk ~dncd,mndgdlcn,n}b{}ufb fn{du~' Ef~m dgnjfufn{mucqmk d` BF@ wf~ nbf~~c`cmk {jm ~{u}n{}um d` BF@ cg`cpm nf{moducm~ f~ `dbbdw~1

    6' [umm,^dcb,Nudy,Nbclf{m,@f}gf cg{mufn{cdg~

    5' @fulmu lfgfomlmg{ d` foud`dum~{us yf{njm~ dg ful

    >' Pfb}m njfcg fgk lfuhm{cgo d` F@ yudk}n{~

    ;' Bfgk~nfym ~nfbm yf{{mug d` cg{mufn{cdg~" mlmuomgnm d`mgpcudglmg{fb ~mupcnm~

    =' L}b{c ~{fhmjdbkmu cg{mufn{cdg~" odpmugfgnm" ndg`bcn{"cgnmg{cpm~

    Ndlydgmg{~ Yudnm~~m~ d` Gf{}um fgkFn{cpc{cm~ d` ^dncd,Mndgdlcn,N}b{}um

    ^yf{cfbYf{{mug

    Ecdyjs~cnfb@mf{}um

    _f{mu Nsnbm _f{mu~jmk fumf*jskudbdocn }gc{#

    Yumncyc{f{cdg C~djsm{~ ed}gkfucm~

    [mlymuf{}um C~d,{mul ed}gkfucm~

    J}lckc{s C~d,j}lckc{s ed}gk'

    Pmom{f{cdg" ~}nnm~~cdg"kc~{uce}{cdg

    Pmom{f{cdg Lfy

    Cg`cb{uf{cdg Cg`cb{uf{cdg Lfy

    U}g d`` Yd{mg{cfb U}g d`` Lfy

    Mud~cdg Yd{mg{cfb Mud~cdg Lfy

    Omdlduyjdbdocn Yudnm~~ Omdlduyjdbdocn Lfy

    ^dcb Yudnm~~ ^dcb Lfy

    ECDYJS^CNFB @MF[]UM

    Ndlydgmg{~ Yudnm~~m~ d` Gf{}um fgkFn{cpc{cm~ d` ^dncd,

    Mndgdlcn,N}b{}um

    ^yf{cfbYf{{mug

    ^dncd,Mndgdlcn,

    N}b{}ufbYjmgdlmgdg

    Bfgk Lfgfomlmg{ Bfgk Ndpmu$Bfgk ]~m Lfy

    @fulcgo s~{ml @fulcgo s~{ml Lfy

    Lmfg d` Bcpmbcjddk Lmfg d` BcpmbcjddkKc~{uce}{cdg

    _fomk Umnmcpmk _fom Umnmcpmk Kc~{uce}{cdg

    Lfuhm{cgo Yudk}n{ Lfuhm{cgo Kc~{uce}{cdg

    Dnn}yf{cdg Dnn}yf{cdg Kc~{uce}{cdg

    Ydy}bf{ cdg Ksgflcn Ydy}bf{ cdg Kmg~c{s Lfy

    Odpmuglmg{ Ydbcns Odpmuglmg{ YdbcnsEd}gkfucm~

    ^DNCD,MNDGDLCN,N]B[]UFBYJMGDLMGDG

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    3/8

    =$6?$596

    Gd' Bfgk Ndpmu [sym

    Fumf *jf# !

    6339 5999 599=

    jf - jf - jf -

    6 Bdw Bfgk @dum~{ 6;5">6? ?0'0 6;6"36? ??'5 6;6">?6 ?0'3

    5^mndgkfus KusBfgk @dum~{

    59"=33 66'6 63"00: 69'? 63"5>6 69'=

    >^mndgkfus_m{bfgk @dum~{

    ="0=: >'9 ="96> 5'? ;"=;? 5'=

    ;Lczmk Foucn}b{}umKus Bfgk

    6="6=3 :'5 6?"6>0 3'> 6:"?5> 69'5

    [d{fb !! 6:="?5> 699 6:>"?>; 699 6:>":?5 699

    BFGK NDPMU [SYM

    ! ^d}unm~1 Bfgk~f{ [L fgfbs~c~ 6339" 5999 fgk 599= cg Bcpmbcjddk ^{}ks d` {jm ]yymu ^{umfl d` Hfy}f~_f{mu~jmk *599?#

    !! [jm {d{fb fumf c~ ef~mk dg Bfgk~f{ Kf{f'

    BFGKNDPMU

    LFYLMGKFBFL_F[MU^JMK

    6339

    BFGKNDPMULFY

    LMGKFBFL_F[MU^JMK

    5999

    BFGKNDPMULFY

    LMGKFBFL_F[MU^JMK

    599=

    ULFUJF

    UfN^F UFEF

    Uf[FYFBF

    Ufyck d`

    UJF *U Jskudbdocnfb Fyyufc~fb# UfN^F *U Nfuedg {dnh F~~m~~lmg{# UFEF *U Foud,Ecdkcpmu~c{s F~~m~~lmg{# ULF *U Lfuhm{ F~~m~~lmg{# Uf[F *U Bfgk [mg}um Fyyufc~fb#

    [ufkm,d``~ fgfbs~c~ fgk ~nmgfucd,ef~mk ldkmb~ _fG}BNF^ *Foud`dum~{us {mnjgdbdos1 {umm &

    nudy~" J5D" G&Y fgk N efbfgnm8 yud`c{fecbc{s# ^nmgfucd {ddb `du mz fg{mclyfn{ f~~m~~lmg{

    F@BF FYYUDFNJM^

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

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    =$6?$596

    Gd ^YF[CFB KF[F UJF UfN^F

    6 Bfgk ]~m$Bfgk Ndpmu

    5 Bfgk Ndpmu Njfgom~

    > Mbmpf{cdg

    ; Ucpmu~ Gm{wduh Kufcgfom

    = _f{mu Nf{njlmg{

    0 ^dcb Ecd,yjs~cnfb

    ^YF[CFB CG@DULF[CDG

    BFGKNDPMU CKMG[C@CNF[CDGKf{f Umlfuh~

    Bfgk~f{ ? M[L ^nmgm CK1 669,001 : ^my{mlemu 6333'

    ^yf{cfb Um~db}{cdg1 >9 l'

    Nbd}k ndpmu1 6-'^}g Jmcoj{1 =?'56

    [dydoufyjsnfb Lfy ^nfbm1 6 1 5= 999^d}unm1 EFHD^]U[FGFB

    @dum~{ Bfgk}~m Foummlmg{

    *[OJH# lfy

    ^nfbf1 6 1 699 999

    ^d}unm1 Kcgf~ Hmj}{fgfg

    Amgc~ Kf{f Yd~c{cdg Smfu

    ^[UL 39 lKML

    ~{ulT06T6;

    Bf{c{}km ?'=9 ^Bdgoc{}km 655'=9 M

    599;

    ^[UL 39 lKML

    ~{ulT05T6;

    Bf{c{}km ?'=9 ^Bdgoc{}km 65?'=9 M

    599;

    ^ymn{ufb ^cogf{}um `udl ^dlm Bfgkndpmu~

    BFGKNDPMU NJFGOM^

    MBMPF[CDGUCPMU^ KUFCGFOM GM[_DUH

    ^d}{jmug Yfu{ d` Ucgafgc *MNYM" __@ Bdledh#

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    5/8

    =$6?$596

    _F[MU^JMK NDPMUMK

    [jm ^cz{mmg }e,_f{mu~jmk cg {jm Hfy}f~ J}b} _f{mu~jmk

    ^DCB ECD,YJS^CNFB NJFUFN[MUC^[CN^

    ^DCB [SYM^ LFYNCBC_]GO

    _F[MU^JMK

    UFYCK JSKUDBDOCNFB FYUFC^FB*UJF#

    Hfy}f~ J}b} _f{mu~jmk wf~ fgfbsqmk es UJF Lm{jdk'*Amfgm~" 5990#' @f~{' Njmfy fgk jdbc~{cn'

    [jc~ lm{jdk nfg em }{c bcqmk {d hgdw {jm ofy ymunmy{cdgfldgo {jm ~{fhmjdbkmu~" c'm' bdnfb ndll}gc{cm~" um~mfunjmu~fgk ~ncmg{c~{~" em dum m~{febc~jlmg{ d` Mgpcudglmg{fb~mupcnm~ kmpmbdylmg{'

    C` {jmum c~ gd ofy ~cogc`cnfg{bs" wm nfg ~{fu{ {d kmpmbdy

    lmnjfgc~l d` mgpcudglmg{fb ~mupcnm~ yfslmg{'

    E}{ c` {jmum c~ f ofy" {jm `cu~{ wm gmmk ~dlm fn{cpc{cm~ {deuckom em{wmmg {jm ofy~'

    6' _jf{~ wf{mu~jmk jskudbdocnfb }gn{cdg 45' _jd c~ wf{mu~jmk lfgfomu *{d hmmy fgk clyudpm

    jskudbdocnfb `}gn{cdg d` wf{mu~jmk#4>' Jdw {jm mzc~{cgo ndgkc{cdg d` wf{mu~jmk jskudbdocnfb

    `}gn{cdg4;' Jdw {jm m``mn{cpm lmnjfgc~l d` mgpcudglmg{fb

    ~mupcnm~ yfslmg{ {d hmmy dg {jm jskudbdocnfb`}gn{cdg d` wf{mu~jmk4

    UFYCK JSKUDBDOCNFB FYUFC^FB*UJF#

    _jf{~ ^nfbm4 FGFBS^C^$F^^M^^LMG[

    Ecd,yjs~cn @cmbk ' Bfgk~nfym Bmpmb

    ;' [cgohf{ Obdefb

    + =${ND5

    NFUEDG[UFKCGO

    UfN^FJdw {d mz{ufydbf{m N ~{dnh cg bfgk~nfym bmpmb4

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    6/8

    =$6?$596

    OC^ fgk U^ `du UJF fgk UfN^F

    Omdoufyjcnfb Cg`dulf{cdg ^s~{ml *OC^# fgk Umld{m^mg~cgo *U^# `du Ufyck Jskudbdocnfb Fyyufc~fb*UJF#fgk Ufyck Nfuedg ^{dnh F~~m~~lmg{*UfN^F#

    gmmk {jm fpfcbfecbc{s d` ~yf{cfb cg`dulf{cdg d`bfgk~nfym ecd,yjs~cnfb ndgkc{cdg'

    UJF

    UfN^F

    ULF

    UF[F

    UFEF

    YFBF

    Jskud,

    `mf{}um

    Bfgk

    }~m~ Bfgk

    }~m~

    Lfuhm{

    bdnf{cdg

    Ndlldkc{s

    lfy

    [mg}um

    Ecdkcpmu~c{s

    `mf{}um

    Bfgk~nfym

    `mf{}um

    FGFBC^F ^YF^CFB

    Bfgk

    }~m~

    Bfgk

    }~m~Bfgk

    }~m~

    Bfgk

    }~m~

    @udl Ybd{ ^cqm {d Bfgk~nfym ^cqm

    , ^yf{cfb Kf{f ~dbpm~ {jm yudebmlwjcnj nd}bk gd{ `cgk es fgfbs~c~ cg{jm ~flybm ybd{ bmpmb'

    , ^yf{cfb Kf{f c~ yd~~cebm {d fgfbsqmcg {jm bfgk~nfym bmpmb'

    UF@ Fyymfufgnm dg BFGK^F[ M[L

    OC^ fgk U^ `du UJF kfg UfN^F

    Jdw {jm ksgflcn d`ymu}efjfbfgkndpmunjfgocgo cg {jm umocdg4

    Jdw l}nj {jm Nfuedg~{dnh fpfcbfebm cg {jmbfgk~nfym4

    Jdw {jm ksgflcn d`Nfuedg ~{dnh cg {jmumocdg4

    _jf{~ ~yf{cfb yudebml dg UfN^F4

    OC^ fgk U^ `du UJF kfg UfN^F

    _jf{~ ~yf{cfb yudebml dg UJF4

    Jdw bfgk~nfym ld~fcnd` bfgk ndpmu cg {jmwf{mu~jmk4

    Jdw {jm wf{mu~jmkndg`co}uf{cdg cg {jmumocdg4

    Jdw {jm {dydoufyjcnfbndgkc{cdg4

    Jdw {jm bfgk }~mnjfgocgo4

    OC^ fgk U^ `du UJF kfg UfN^F

    ]gkmu~{fgkcgo d`

    _f{mu~jmk Ndg`co}uf{cdgf' Ucpmu~ gm{wduh kf{fe' _f{mu~jmk ed}gkfusn' ^}e,nf{njlmg{ ed}gkfus

    Cg{mouf{cgo Kf{f em{wmmgBN fgk _f{mu~jmk

    f' Jdw bfgk ndpmundlyd~c{cdg cg {jmwf{mu~jmk4

    e' Jdw {jm bfgk }~m njfgocgocg {jm wf{mu~jmk4

    OY^ Ydcg{~

    [jmlf{cn Lfy~

    6

    5

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UJF

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

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    =$6?$596

    ]gkmu~{fgkcgo d` wf{mu~jmk ndg`co}uf{cdg

    ^mndgkfus kf{f `udld{jmu cg~{c{}{cdg~" m'o'Bdnfb _f{mu~jmkFomgns

    Jskudbdos kf{f `udlkcoc{fb mbmpf{cdg ldkmb*KML#

    6

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UJF

    Cg{mouf~c kf{f B]$BN kmgofg KF^5

    Bfgk Ndpmu Lfy _f{mu~jmk Lfy

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UJF

    Cg{mouf{cgo kf{f em{wmmg ybd{lmf~}umlmg{ fgk umld{m ~mg~cgo kf{ffgfbs~c~'

    Fgfbsqcgo bfgk ndpmu njfgocgo

    Fgfbsqcgo {jm ksgflcn d` Nfuedg ~{dnh

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UfN^FKf{f Cg{mouf{cdg d` Ybd{ Lmf~}umlmg{ fgk U^ Fgfbs~c~

    Um~}b{~6

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UfN^F

    Bfgk Ndpmu ^yf{cfb Kf{f ^flybm Ybd{ Lmf~}umlmg{ Kf{f

    Lmf~}umlmg{ d` Bfgk Ndpmu Njfgom~5

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UfN^F

    Mlc~~cdg du ^mv}m~{uf{cdg4

    N,~{dnh [febm fgk bfgk ndpmu njfgocgo lf{uch~ nfg em{ufg~ dulmk {d lf{ucz d` N,~{dnh njfgocgo

    [jc~ lf{ucz ~jdw~ jdw l}nj N,~{dnh njfgocgo cg mfnj bfgkndpmu njfgomk'

    Ksgflcn d` N,~{dnh nfg em f~ mlc~~cdg du ~mv}m~{uf{cdg'

    M~{clf{cdg d` Nfuedg ^{dnh Njfgom~>

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UfN^F

  • 7/31/2019 04 Method on AFLA

    8/8

    =$6?$596

    Yudebml fgk Jfgkcnfy

    Yumnc~cdg1 muudu fnn}l}bf{cdg em{wmmg Nlmf~}umlmg{ dg ybd{ ~nfbm fgk ~yf{cfb kf{f d` bfgkndpmu'

    Cg`dulf{cdg Um~db}{cdg1 @dum~{ fgk gdg,`dum~{nbf~~c`cnf{cdg4 Jdw `fu km{fcbmk cg`dulf{cdg gmmkmk`du dy{clfb um~}b{~'

    Kf{f ^yf{cfb ^d}unm1 Nd~{ fgk kf{f v}fbc{s' Kf{f ^yf{cfb ^d`{wfum1 Nd~{ fgk Bcnmg~m c~~}m~

    DYMG ^D]UNM ^D@[_FUM4

    ^YF[CFB FGFBS^C^ @DU UfN^F Yfu{cncyf{dus BF *YfBF#^}upms ^nfbm & Um~mfunj

    Yudnnm~~

    [mlydufb ^nfbm *[clm bcgm#

    @}{}um *smfu#

    ^c{m

    Bfgk~nfym

    Pcbbfom

    Yf~{ [clm *{smfu#

    ^yf{cfb ^nfbm*Pcbbfom ^hm{nj" {ufg~mn{#_jf{" _jmg" _js"

    Jdw" _jd

    _F[MU^JMK

    http://www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id/mailto:[email protected]