04 - The Process of Industrialization

8/18/2019 04 - The Process of Industrialization

1/54

Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014

Engineering and Society:The Process of Industrialization

Dr. Gershon Weltman

Engineering 18EW! "#$% SE%S

$ecture &


2/54

2Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014

'road (istorical Timeline

0 1000 CE 2000 CE1000 BCE2000 BCE

Egypt &

Mesopotamia

Greek

Empire

MedievalPeriod enaissan!e

"nd#strial

evol#tion

omanEmpire

Enlightenment

Chinese

Empire

Technology evolves in terms of com)lication! ada)tation! s)ecialization!

)ersistence and * less fre+uently than ,e might thin- * etinction


3/54


Technology of Egy)t and /eso)otamia

%nimals0 Po,er! ood and #lothing

%griculture0 amily and #ommunal ire0 2Industrial3 "ses

/etals and Iron0 Wea)ons! Tools and "tensils

Pottery0 S)inning and Glazing

#loth0 S)inning and Wea4ing

Structures0 Wood! 'ric- and Stone

Wheels0 Trans)ort and Warfare

Water #onduits0 Irrigation! Drin-ing and Se,age

Writing! Pictures and /odels0 #ommunication and

5ecording

2%griculture ,as the 6asis of the economy! home ,as the center

of most )roduction and the main source of )o,er ,as man or 6east.3 %.G. Drachmann


4/54


Technology on a Small Scale7..

Watering a Garden! Egy)t 1 '#

#uneiform Ta6let

'a6ylonia! 9

'#


5/54


7.and on an Immense Scale

Pyramids and S)hin! Egy)t

Portico of Philea Tem)le! Egy)t


6/54


'uilding the Pyramids: Geometry ; S,eat

Photogra)h of )yramid model at 'oston /useum of Science

htt):


7/54


Gree- %rchitecture: 2#lassical3 %esthetics

htt):


8/54


Gree- /echanisms

htt):


9/54


10/54


5oman Technology for Daily $ife7.

Tem)le of %)ollo

Photo 5estored

Tem)le of %)ollo Pom)eii!

c. >B #E #urrent 5uins


11/54


7. for Po)ular Cccasions7.

The #oliseum in 5ome! > %D! Photo 5estored


12/54


7.for Water Deli4ery7.

5oman %+ueduct


13/54


7.and for $and Tra4el1

Pa4ing Sla6s

Stones A Gra4el

Trench

oundation

1htt):


14/54


The 5oman Em)ire: %ll 5oad $ead to 5ome

2The 5omans are -no,n to history as great engineers.

Partly this is due to the monumentality of their construction7(but) partly too it is owing to their organizational abilities.

It is perhaps in this last category that the Romans truly excelled .3

%.G. Drachman

The /echanical Technology of Gree- and 5oman %nti+uity!F 1B9

htt):


15/54


5oman Crganization: The Western Tem)late

Standardized #ities #onsistency: Throughout the 5oman Em)ire

Infrastructure: (ousing! )u6lic 6uildings! commerce!

entertainment! education! ,ater distri6ution! se,age dis)osal!

Go4ernance: Security! la,s and courts

#entralized State Politics and /ilitary: #entrally coordinated! ,idely a))lied

Trans)ortation: Goods mo4ed 6y land and sea

#ommunication: C4er road net,or-s and 6y signals

Social Stratification: Politicians! la,yers! doctors! engineers!soldiers! artisans! lando,ners! tradesmen and sla4es

#ommon #ulture: Dis)ersed 6oth coerci4ely and voluntarily


16/54


#hinese Technology: = '#E to 1 #E

%griculture Seed Drill H= '# 5o, #ulti4ation and Intensi4e (oeing H= '# #hain Pum) for Irrigation H1 #E

#onstruction Sus)ension 'ridge H1 #E

The Great Wall of #hina H> '# to 1 #E Industrial /aterials and Processes

Pa)er for #lothing! %rmor and Writing H= #E 'last urnace and Steel H #E Printing ,ith /o4a6le Ty)e H9 #E Gun)o,der and 5oc-etry H8 #E #om)ass and Ja4igation H1 #E

/ost of these great in4entions did not a))ear in Euro)e until the

4ery late /edie4al Period or the early Industrial 5e4olution. WhyK

& year old noodles

eca4ated in north,estern

#hina! Jature 1


17/54


Euro)eFs Jot?So?Dar- %ges ?1& #E

#hurch #entered

eudal Social Structure

Enhanced 5oman Technology

%sian A %ra6ian Influences %gricultural Sur)luses

Emerging #a)italism

Great #i4ic #athedrals

'eginning of 2In4ention3

Medieval $o!iety%


18/54


/edie4al Technology: Im)ro4ed (orse Po,er

1000 120 100'000

(orse Po)er L (orse $hoesL Breast $trapL (orse Collar L $tirr#p

(eavy Plo)


19/54


20/54


The %nti?Mnight: English $ong6o,

%rmor )iercing ca)a6ility

1 arro,


21/54


$ater /edie4al: Pre?Industrial #om)onents

1000 120 100'000

/ransportation%L WhippletreeL $pr#ng CarriageL Canal o!ksL $hip B#ildingL #dder

"nd#stry & Energy%L /idal MillL Wind MillL Per!#ssion rillL Compo#nd CrankL CamsL Wheeled Plo)L Glass MirrorsL Eye GlassesL (oriontal oom

+ra3i! .#m3ersPaper +ra3i! .#m3ersPaper

Blast-#rna!e


22/54


The 5enaissance: Industrialization 'asics

100 1001400

Printing%L Movea3le /ypeL Metal MoldsL il53ased "nk

+rmaments%

L (and G#nL +rtilleryL Mortar

Me!hani!al

Clo!k

"nd#stry%L "ron and $teelL Gold and $ilver L GlassL Coal Mining

$pring

Wat!h

6niversal a!!essto kno)ledge

.avigation, e7perimentation,

prod#!tion, e**i!ien!y


23/54


$eonardo de @inci: 5enaissance /an

The 5enaissance Ideal Indi4idualism

@ersatility

Technology! Science A %rt

Pu6lication and Discussion

1&=*11BL Painter

L Scul)tor L %rchitectL Engineer L Scientist


24/54

24


The Enlightenment: Philoso)hy

$eonardo Da @inci

Jicolas #o)ernicus

rancis 'acon

1

19

1>

18

The Idea of Progress

GodFs Words

A GodFs Works

C6ser4ation

4s. 5e4elation

Oohn $oc-e

5ene Descartes

#hristo)her #olum6us

"ni4ersal /orals

Deism A JatureFs GodL JatureFs la,s are )u6lic! not

)ri4ate and inscruta6leL 'elief is a matter of e4idence!

not of choice or o)inionL Peo)le are free and e+ual in

natureL Go4ernment is a agreement

among )eo)le! not di4ine la,


25/54

25


The Enlightenment: Philoso)hy

$eonardo Da @inci

Jicolas #o)ernicus

rancis 'acon

1

19

1>

18

The Idea of Progress

GodFs Words

A GodFs Works

C6ser4ation

4s. 5e4elation

The 5ule of 5eason

Oohn $oc-e

Thomas Oefferson'en ran-lin

Da4id (ume

5ene Descartes

George Washington

#hristo)her #olum6us

"ni4ersal /orals


26/54

26


The Enlightenment: Science

$eonardo De @inci

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Je,ton

Jicolas #o)ernicus

%llesandro @olta

rancis 'acon

Gottfried $ei6nitz

1

19

1>

18

Oames Watt Thomas Je,comen

5o6ert 'oyle

$uigi Gal4ani

C6ser4ation

4s. 5e4elation

Science?'ased Technology

5ene Descartes

ormal /athematical

Structure of the World

E)erimentation

and Demonstration

5o6ert (oo-e?%ntonie 4an $eeu,enhoe-


27/54

27


Industrial 5e4olution: Science %))lied1800 19001'00

Ma!hine /ools%

L +ll5"ron atheL $!re) C#tter L Mi!rometer

.e)!omen$team Engine

Watt$team Engine

Metall#rgy%

L Wro#ght "ronL $teelL Cast "ron


28/54

28


Self?#ontained Steam Po,er

Je,comen Steam Engine H1>1=

Watt Steam Engine H1>9

Criti!al

"mprovement


29/54

29


5otary /otion from Steam

Watt rotary engine! c1>8

%l6ion /ills! $ondon

%l6ion /ills ire!

Images from: old6oo-illustrations.com0 6an-side.,i-i)edia0 I#CJS.% Portrait of England0


30/54

30


Interchangea6le Parts 18?18

:/he +meri!an $ystem; Eli Whitney #otton Gin

)ro)oses ne, system

1>B8 contract for 1! riflesfrom interchangea6le )arts

Whitney fails 6ut ".S. %rmy

6ails him out /he Conse


31/54

31

Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014 William 5osen 2The /ost Po,erful Idea in the World!3 5andom (ouse! Je, Nor-! =1

Ste)henson 25oc-et3 18=B: % Summary

Cotton

Cargo

Coal

-#el

$teamPo)er

P+/E./$ .

"..=+/".$>

Man#*a!t#red& Engineered


32/54

32


Ma!hine /ools%L +ll5"ron atheL $!re) C#tter L Mi!rometer

"ron Working%L Wro#ght "ronL $teelL Cast "ron

Industrial 5e4olution: #hanging the World1800 19001'00

/ransportation%L $#e CanalL /rans56$ ailroad

L Balloon -light

Comm#ni!ation%L PhotographyL /elephoneL Wireless adio

/rans5+tlanti! Ca3le

.e)!omen$team Engine

"nter!hangea3leParts

/elegraph

ttoGas Engine

"nd#stry?+gri!#lt#re%L $team CarriageL $team ail)ayL $team $hipL Po)ered -a!toriesL Com3ine (arvester L Po)ered Cotton Gin

Watt$team Engines

+#tomo3ileEle!tri!al

Battery


33/54

33


/anufacture "sing Interchangea6le Parts

".S. #olt #om)any arms

factory sho,ing lines of leather

6elt?dri4en machine tools

ma-ing interchangea6le )artsfor #olt re4ol4ers and rifles


34/54

34


5ise of the Industrial #ity

Syracuse! Je, Nor-

South #hicago!

Illinois


35/54

35


Electricity: Instantaneous #ommunication

@oltaic #ell! 18

(enry Telegra)h! 18>

/orse Telegra)h! 188


36/54

36


Telegra)h: World,ide #ommunication

$aying the Trans?%tlantic #a6le

18> ? 1899


37/54

37


5ailroad: Trans?#ontinental Trans)ort

The last rail is laid! 189>


38/54

38


Suez #anal: Transoceanic Passage

Euro)ean engineering and local la6or

connect shi))ing East to West in 189B


39/54

39


light: % Dream 5ealized

Civil War e!onnaissan!e Balloon

The goal of manned flight is achie4ed at last! al6eit on lighter?than?air 6alloons

Civil War e!onnaissan!e Balloon

=1= /icrosoft

Montgol*ier *light, Paris 1'8@


40/54

40


Photogra)hy and Sound 5ecording:(igh idelity (istory

or the first time society has accurate records of things as they are no,!

and * most im)ortant * of things as they used to 6e many years ago

#i4il War Photogra)h 189= htt):


41/54

41


5adio: 2Telegra)hy Without Wires3

Guglielmo /arconi 18>&*1B>

Early #rystal 5adio 5ecei4er! H18B8


42/54

42


/otors: /otion from Electricity

1881 Griscom /otor

18B Edison /otor

http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062883/K=Early+Electric+Motors/v=2/SID=w/l=IVI/SIG=11jnltt1a/*-http%3A//www.abdn.ac.uk/~nph126/items/nl45ac.jpg


43/54

43


Indi4idual Po,ered Trans)ort: Electrical

188& Electric #arriage 18B9 Electric Dog #art


44/54

44


Jicolaus %ugust CttoFs 188> Patent

htt):


45/54

45


Indi4idual Po,ered Trans)ort: Gasoline

1888 'enz Gas /otor #ar

188 Daimler Gas /otorcycle

I di id l P d T P d l


46/54

46


Indi4idual Po,ered Trans)ort: Pedals

The 2Crdinary3 'icycle 188s

'i l F Eff t


47/54

47


'icycleFs Effects

on Society

Women held records in

racing over both long andshort distances and in

touring activities. Their

revealing bicycling

costumes and aggressive

sporting behavior

contradicted many currentsocietal standards.

L %fforda6le /o6ilityL Demand for 5oadsL S-ills of /echanicsL 5ole of Women

Th S f t 'i l 18B


48/54

48


The Safety 'icycle c18B:/he #rsley5Pedersen )as the olls5oy!e o* its day, !om3ining

a *#lly tr iang#lated *rame )ith *ine materials and impe!!a3le )orkmanshipA;

/he (igh5/e!h Bi!y!le, 1982

E)erience ,ith this ty)e of refined 6icycle technology )ro4ided 4alua6le

training for such inno4ators as the Wright 6rothers and (enry ord

S i t l 5 ti # t @ i


49/54

49


Societal 5eaction: #ontrary @oices

Satires of ProgressF

Oonathan S,ift 1>=9! 2Gulli4erFs Tra4els!3 alse tastes in learning

@oltaire 1>B! 2#andide!3 ollies of modern o)timism

Samuel 'utler 18>1! 2Ereh,on!3 Dangers of machine society

%nti?Technology %ttitudes $uddism H1811: Wor-ers fight displacement 6y machine

Oohn (enryism H18>: Wor-ers fight dehumanization 6y machine

5estorationism H1B: (and made counters machine made

$ ddi f O 6 Di l t


50/54

50


$uddism: ear of Oo6 Dis)lacement

In !" the #irst threatening letters#rom $eneral %ed &udd and the 'rmy

o# Redressers were sent to employers

in %ottingham. Workers" upset by

wage reductions related to

mechanized looms and the un

apprenticed workmen able to manthem" began to break into #actories at

night to destroy the new machines. In

a threeweek period over two hundred

weaving #rames were destroyed. To

help catch the culprits" the rince

Regent o##ered *+, to anyone -givingin#ormation on any person wickedly

breaking the #rames.

O h ( i f D h i ti


51/54

51


Oohn (enryism: ear of Dehumanization

/ohn 0enry said to his captain

%ow a man ain1t nothin1 but a man"

'nd be#ore I1m gonna let 2our steam drill beat me down"

I1ll die with this hammer in my hand"

I1ll die with this hammer in my hand.

5 t ti i $ f / h i ti

http://www.ibiblio.org/john_henry/jaree.jpg


52/54

52


5estorationism: $osses from /echanization

William /orris is dri4ing

force from England

C6ecti4e is to counter the

mechanizationF of society

@alue of )ersonalizeddesign and craftsmanshi)

Euro)e and "S% included

(ome )roducts as ,ell as

home architecture

%ntici)ates designs of %rt Deco and /odernism

%rts A #rafts /o4ement

5 t ti i T d 5 t t th P t


53/54

53


5estorationism Today: 5eturn to the Past

5eal @ictorian (ouse

$os %ngeles %ngelino (eights 18B

5e)lica @ictorian (ouse

$os %ngeles#hats,orth 1BB

Cthers choose 5enaissance Times! /edie4al Times! #lassical Times! etc.

I d t i li ti t th 1Bth # t E d


54/54


Industrialization at the 1Bth #entury End

Energy Sources R #oal! Wood! Petroleum

Porta6le Po,er R Steam! Electrical! Cil! Gas /ass Trans)ort R Shi))ing $ines! 5ail,ays

Personal Trans)ort R 'icycles! #ars

#ommunication R Tele)hone! ilm! 5ecords! 5adio

%griculture and oodR #om6ines! /ills! 5efrigeration /anufacturing R Di4erse factories in Industrial #ities

/ilitary R 5a)id?ire Guns! %rmored @ehicles

World Society R #olonialism! Industrialized 4s. Jon!5estricted Democracy A 5ights

5ole of Technology RDri4ing orce World,ide

/ost! 6ut not all! of the essential com)onents for the 3odern World

Documents

04 - The Process of Industrialization