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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

Lembar Pengesahan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

Motto and Dedication ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

Acknowledgment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

List of Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii

List of Figures, Tables, and Schemes ----------------------------------------------------------------- xi

Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Background ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

Problem Statements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Research Objectives -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Significances ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Scope--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE--------------------------------------- 9

Overview of Approaches in Language Teaching and Learning---------------------------------

9

1. The Structuralism-Behaviorism Approach ------------------------------------------------------- 102. The Structuralism-Mentalism Approach --------------------------------------------------------- 133. The Functionalism Approach ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 164. The Constructionism Approach ------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

Positivistic Paradigm in Language Teaching and Learning Approaches -------------------- 21

Language Acquisition and Language Learning --------------------------------------------------- 26

1. Aspects of Language Acquisition ---------------------------------------------------------------- 271.1. Psychological Aspect of Language Acquisition ------------------------------------------- 271.2. Biological Aspect of Language Acquisition ----------------------------------------------- 281.3. Social Aspect of Language Acquisition ---------------------------------------------------- 29

2. Hypothesis in Language Acquisition ------------------------------------------------------------- 292.1. Tabula Rasa Hypothesis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 292.2. The Innate Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 292.3. Critical Period Hypothesis -------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

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2.4. Universal Stages of Language Development Hypothesis -------------------------------- 302.5. Krashen's Five Hypotheses ------------------------------------------------------------------- 312.6.

Error Correction Hypothesis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32

2.7. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------------------ 333. Competences of Language ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

3.1. Linguistic Competence ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 333.2. Semantic Competence ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 343.3. Pragmatic Competence ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 343.4. Sociolinguistic Competence ------------------------------------------------------------------ 35

4. Issues in Language Acquisition ------------------------------------------------------------------- 354.1. Competence and Performance --------------------------------------------------------------- 354.2. Comprehension and Production ------------------------------------------------------------- 364.3. Nature and Nurture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 364.4. Universals --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 364.5. Systematicity and Variability ---------------------------------------------------------------- 374.6. Language and Thought ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 374.7. Imitation and Practice ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 384.8. Input --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 384.9. Discourse, Coherence, and Cohesion ------------------------------------------------------- 384.10.Interlanguage ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 394.11.Fossilization ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 394.12.Interference and Borrowing ------------------------------------------------------------------ 394.13.Anxiety in Language Learning -------------------------------------------------------------- 40

5. Conditions of Learning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 405.1. Immersion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 415.2. Demonstration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 425.3. Expectation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 425.4. Responsibility ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 425.5. Approximation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 435.6. Employment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 435.7. Feedback ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

6. Multiple Intelligences ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44

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7. Components of A Course -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 458. Pedagogical Grammar ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 489.

Language Skills ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

9.1. Listening Skill ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 499.2. Speaking Skill ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 509.3. Reading Skill ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 509.4. Writing Skill ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

10.Issues in Language Learning ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5110.1.Implicit Learning ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5110.2.Explicit Learning ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5210.3.Creativity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5210.4.Learning Focus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5210.5.Lingualism -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5310.6.Motivation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5310.7.Transfer Processing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5410.8.Language Evolution --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

Critical Perspective of Language Teaching and Learning -------------------------------------- 55

Main Consideration in Critical Language Teaching and Learning: Interchanging Messages

in Dialogue ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59

1. Human Communication System ------------------------------------------------------------------ 602. Interchanging Messages ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 623. The Message Construction: Codes --------------------------------------------------------------- 63

Paulo Freire and The Critical Turn of Literacy Education -------------------------------------- 66

1. The Life of Paulo Freire ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 672. Freires Conceptual Framework of Literacy Education --------------------------------------- 673. Starting Point to Critical Literacy Education: Naming The World -------------------------- 68

Theoretical Framework--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ----------------------------------------------------------- 75

Research Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 75

Definition of Key Terms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

Data and Data Collection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79

Instruments of Collecting Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 80

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Procedures of Data Collection ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82

Techniques of Data Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83

CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION--------------------------------------------------

86

Findings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86

1. Structuralism-Behaviorism Methods of Language Teaching and Learning ---------------- 86a. Direct Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86b. Oral-Situational --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89c. Audio-Lingual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91d. Total-Physical Response ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 95e. Suggestopedia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98

2. Structuralism- Mentalism Methods of Language Teaching and Learning ------------------ 103a. The Lexical Method --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103b. The Silent Way --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107

3. Functionalism Methods of Language Teaching and Learning -------------------------------- 112a. The Communicative Method ----------------------------------------------------------------- 112b. Natural Hypothesis Method ------------------------------------------------------------------ 117c. Competency-Based Method ------------------------------------------------------------------ 121d. Content-Based Method ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 124e. Task-Based Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127

4. Constructionism Methods of Language Teaching and Learning ----------------------------- 133a. Community Language Learning ------------------------------------------------------------- 133b. Neurolinguistic Programming ---------------------------------------------------------------- 137c. Multiple Intelligences ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140d. Cooperative Learning -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143

5. Discourse Construction on Approaches and Methods ----------------------------------------- 1506. Freires Critiques on Approaches and Methods ------------------------------------------------ 171

Discussions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 188

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ---------------------------------------- 194

Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 194

Suggestions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 196

DATA SOURCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 203