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Computer Hardware
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1. Processor
• Processing – The procedure of transforming raw
data into useful information
• 2 components used for processing
– Processor – Memory
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1. Processor contd
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The microprocessor is plugged into thecomputer$s mother%oard
&Mother%oard is a rectangular card
containing the circuitry that connectsthe processor to the other
hardware'
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1. Processor contd(tructure ) *unctioning of a CP+
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Control unit contains the circuitry that uses
electrical signals to direct the entire
computer system to carry, or e-ecute
stored program instructions
t controls the / de0ices and transfer of
data to and from the primary storage
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2. Memory
• n a computer memory is one or more sets of
chips that store data and or program
instructions, either temporarily or permanently
• ifferent types of memory e.g
– 3M
– /M
– Cache
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2. Memory contdMemory Hierarchy
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Type of Memory E.g.
nternal Processor
Memory
egisters, cache
memoryPrimary Memory 3M, /M
(econdary Memory Magnetic Tape,Magnetic is4
Cost
High
5ow
3ccessspeed
*ast
(low
(toragecapacity
5ow
High
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2. Memory contdnternal Processor Memory
• Placed within the CP+
– Cache memory
– (pecial registers
• Costly• 6enerally used to compensate for the speed
gap %etween the primary memory and the
processor
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irectly accessed
%y the processor
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2. Memory contdPrimary Memory
• 3M
– (tores data for immediate manipulation and to 4eep
trac4 of what is currently %eing processed
– 7olatile memory
• /M
– The chip where the startup instructions are stored
is
called /M
– 8on 0olatile in nature
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2. Memory contd(econdary Memory
• Pro0ides %ac4up storage for instructions
– Magnetic tapes
– Magnetic discs eg floppy, hard dis4s, ip dis4
– /ptical iscs eg. Cs, 7s
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Computer (oftware
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(oftware
• (ystem (oftware
– 3ny program that controls the computer$s hardware
or
that can %e used to maintain the computer in some
way so that it runs more efficiently• /perating (ystem – tells
computer how to use its own
components
• 8etwor4 /perating system – to communicate and share data
across a networ4 while controlling networ4 operations and
o0erseeing the networ4$s security eg. 3ppleshare, :indows
for :or4groups
• +tility – to manage dis4s, trou%leshoot hardware pro%lems
and
perform other tas4s that the operating system itself may not
%e a%le to do
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(oftware contd
• 3pplications (oftware
Tells the computer how to accomplish specific tas4s,
such as word processing or drawing for the user
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/perating (ystem
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Types of /perating (ystems
• eal time operating systems
• (ingle ; user (ingle – tas4ing /perating
systems
• (ingle – user Multi tas4ing operating systems• Multi;user
Multi tas4ing operating systems –
+8
