Chapter 2

REVIEWOFLITERATURE

.9

A q u a tic r e s e a r c h had i t s d e b u t p r o b a b ly

b e f o r e t h e d a y s o f A r i s t o t l e (38 4 -322 B . C . ) i n

t h e form o f some s t r a y r e p o r t s o f l i t t l e o r no

s c i e n t i f i c v a lu e * K i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f tim e/

c e r t a i n f a c t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e h a b i t s o f f is h e s #

a p p e a ra n ce o f o t h e r a q u a t ic fa u n a & f l o r a and a

number o f o t h e r phenom ena w e re d e s c r ib e d * A new

c h a p t e r i n t h e l i m n o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h w as o p en ed

w ith t h e in v e n t io n o f t h e m ic r o s c o p e w h ich ' u l t i m a t e l y

r e s u l t e d i n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p la n k to n - a h e te r o g e n o u s

a sse m b la g e o f su sp en d ed , d r i f t i n g , m ic r o s c o p ic o r g a ­

n is m s in b o th m a rin e and f r e s h w a t e r e c o s y s te m s * L a s t

p a r t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y becam e a v e r y a c t i v e p e r io d

i n i t s s t u d y . H ow ever, i t w as o n ly i n t h e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y t h a t s c i e n t i s t s i n t e n s i f i e d t h e i r e f f o r t s

t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e w a t e r b o d ie s f o r d e t a i l e d p h y s ic o ­

c h e m ic a l and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a number

o f p u b l i c a t i o n s a p p e a re d i n t h e f i e l d i n t h e f i r s t

h a l f o f t h e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y ( L i l l je b o r ^ * 1900,

B ir g e , 19 10 , 1 9 1 8 ; H a r r in g , 19 2 1 ; B i r g e & J u d a y ,

19 2 2 , 1 9 2 7 ; Strom , 1930 ; ^ e r s , 1 9 3 1 , 1 9 3 7 ;

H u tc h in so n , 19 3 2 ; Brehm, 19 3 6 ; K i e f e r , 19 3 9 ; A h ls tro m ,

194C ; C a r l , 1940; G o n z a lv e s & J o s h i , 19 4 6 ; S aw y er,

19 4 7 ; S o re n s e n , 19 4 8 ; B e r z in s , 1949; N e e l, 1 9 5 1 ;

Welch, 19 5 2 ; D as & S r i v a s t a v a , 19 5 5 , 1 9 5 6 ; C a s s i e ,

1957 and S in g h , 1 9 5 9 ) . A s t h e number o f r e s e a r c h

a r t i c l e s w h ich h ave been p u b lis h e d s in c e t h e t im e

when l im n o lo g y w as r e c o g n is e d a s a s e p a r a t e b ra n c h

o f s c ie n c e i s v e r y l a r g e , i n th e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s

l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g o n ly t o t h e l a s t - t h i r t y

y e a r s i s re v ie w e d *

Rawson (1960 ) conducted a limnological

study o f twelve N orth Sasketchewan lakes

11

and set forth a multiple-index method o£ assesslog the

relative Productive potential of the lakes*

Dengiaa (1963), while studylng the sooplaakton

in Lake Ladoga reported a total of 126 varieties of

micro-Crustacea and Rotifers* He found that Cladocera

and Rotifera predominated during sumner and Copepoda/ •

during autumn and winter* Gordeeva (1963) Studied the

qualitative and quantitative composition of. the

Crustacean plankton of Lake Sandal* Bo—dna

obtusirostris & B. lonairostyls were thedominsnt

species in the northern part of the lake end Copepoda

and nauplii in the southern* Littoral Crustacea was

dominated by the cladoceran PolvPhenms

Cushing (1964) worked out the relations

between dissolved solids# water exchange and produc­

tivity in the Montreal River-LaXe-Streaip^yst*e «t

Saskatchewan (Canada)* The same year* another studEy

was conducted by Hayes * Anthony on the productive

capacity of North anerican lakes as r4l‘«$ed to the

quantity and the trophic level of fish# '.the lake

dimensions and the water-chemistry* The results

yielded that 67% of the variability in the Productive

index of a lake was attributable to it s area*

mean depth and Methyl orange alkalinity*

12

K o s h in s k y (19 6 5 ) s t u d ie d t h e p h y s ic o ­

c h e m ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e f i s h e r i e s o f

f iv e - pre^-Cam brian Head W ater L a k e s and o b s e r v e d -

an i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n b e tw een mean d e p th and l a k e

a r e a and s ta n d in g cro p *

'G a l b r a i t h (19 6 7 ) d i s c u s s e d t h e s i z e - s e l e c -

t i v e p r e d a t io n by ra in b o w t r o u t and y e l lo w p e r c h

on D aP h n ia . F o r (19 6 7 ) w o rk ed on t h e C o p ep od a o f

L a k e H u ieh and r e c o r d e d 2 s p e c i e s o f H a r p a c t ic o id a

and 7 s p e c i e s o f C y c lo p o id a . Ac a n th o c y c lo p s v i r l d l s ,

E u c y c lo p s s e r r u l a t u s and M e so c y c lo p s l e u c k a r t i l w e re

t h e m ost f r e q u e n t s p e c ie s i n t h e sa m p le s . In a

l a t e r s tu d y (P o r, 1984) h e a n a ly s e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f f r e s h w a t e r C op ep od a in t h e L e v a n t in e P r o v in c e

o f I s r a e l .

The lim n o lo g y o f V ih a r L ake ( I n d ia ) w it h

s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r o d u c t iv e p o t e n t i a l \ a t

v a r i o u s s t r a t a was s t u d ie d b y H u ssa in y (19 6 7 )*

A n d erson (1968 ) made a d e t a i l e d l ir o n o lo g i—

c a l s tu d y o f S n o w fla k e L a k e and o t h e r h i g h - a l t i t u d e

la k e s o f B a n ff N a t io n a l P a r k ( A l b e r t a ) . In 19 7 1

h e d is c u s s e d t h e s p e c ie s c o m p o s it io n and d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f c r u s t a c e a n p la n k to n s p e c i e s . In t h i s stu<3y#

13

a lp i n e and s u b - a lp in e w a t e r s i n some w e s t e r n C a n a d ia n

n a t i o n a l p a r k s and e n v ir o n s w e re i n v e s t i g a t e d * In

a n o th e r s tu d y ( 1 9 7 7 ) , he s t u d ie d data on r o t i f e r s

and p h y to p ia n k to n c o l l e c t e d from o v e r 300 l a k e s and

p on d s i n and n e a r t h e m ou n tain N a t io n a l Parks o f

W e ste rn C an ad a o v e r a p e r io d o f 10 y e a r s * L o f f l e r

(19 6 8 ) s t u d ie d t h e g e o - e c o lo g y o f t h e m o u n ta in o u s

r e g io n s Of t h e t r o p i c a l A m e rica s a s a p a r t o f t h e

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , e c o lo g y and

z o o - g e o g r a p h ic a l im p o rta n c e o f t h e t r o p i c a l h ig h

m o u n ta in la k e s *

G re e n (19 6 9 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e p la n k to n e c o lo g y

o f L ake P upuke and n o te d a w e l l d e f in e d s e a s o n a l

p e r i o d i c i t y i n t h e group* V e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n

t h e p la n k to n d i s t r i b u t i o n w e re m arked e s p e c i a l l y

when th e rm a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n d e v e lo p e d * C e r t a i n

z o o p la n k to n fo rm s l i k e A sP la n ch n a , B osm ln g and

K er a t e l l a w e re s t u d ie d in d e t a i l b y t h e a u th o r*

G re e n (19 7 4 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l f e a t u r e s ,

p h y to p ia n k to n and th e l i f e c y c l e s o f B o e c k e lfc a

p ro p in q u e (C a l a n o id ) and M e g o c y c jo p s l e u c K a r t i

( C y c lo p o r d ) o f a New Z e a la n d R e s e r v o ir * In

a n o th e r s tu d y ( 1 9 7 6 ) , t h e a u th o r d e s c r ib e d t h e

s e a s o n a l c y c l e s o f abundance o f t h e p h y t o - p la n k t o n

and z o o p la n k to n i n L ake O totoa* N o r th la n d w h ic h

1 4

w e r e r e l a t e d t o t h e t r o p h i c s t a t u s o f t h i s o l ig o u

t r o p h i c la k e *

Fish and Chapman (19 6 9 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d l a k e s

R o to r u a a n d R o t o i t i f o r w a t e r c h e m is t r y and p la n k to n .

T he d i s t r i b u t i o n o f z o o p la n k to n w as fo u n d t o b e

c o m p le x b e c a u s e o f t h e d i u r n a l v e r t i c a l m ig r a t io n s

o f t h e a n im a ls com bin ed w i t h h o r iz o n t a l movement

o f t h e w a te r la y e r s *

Timms (1970 ) d is c u s s e d t h e c h e m ic a l and

z o o p la n k to n d a t a f o r 103 r e s e r v o i r s and l a k e s

i n N o r t h - e a s t e r n New S o u th W a le s & fo u n d a l t i t u d e

r e l a t e d f a c t o r s t o b e im p o r ta n t f o r many z o o p la n k ­

t o n s p e c i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c a l a n o i d cop ep o d s*

V a s i s h t & D h ir (19 70 ) r e p o r t e d a b im o d al p a t t e r n

o f f l u c t u a t i o n in c r u s t a c e a n s and r o t i f e r s # w ith

a p e a k e a ch in summer and w in t e r i n f i s h farm

p o n d s i n C h a n d ig a rh - Z y b lu t (19 70 ) r e l a t e d t h e

s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f D a p h n is. t o t h e s i z e s e l e c ­

t i v e p r e d a t io n , d i f f e r e n c e in fo o d a v a i l a b i l i t y and

c o m p e t i t io n f o r fo o d w it h D iaphanosom a & M ysis

r e l i c t a «

Z a n k a i & P o n y i ( 1 9 7 1 ) s t u d ie d t h e q u a l i t a t i v e

p r o p o r t io n s o f R o t i f e r a p la n k to n i n L a k e B a la to n * I t

w as o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e b u lk o f fo o d s t u f f o f R o t i f e r a

c o n s i s t e d m a in ly o f a lg a e , b a c t e r i a end d e t r i t u s

f r a g m e n ts .

M o itr a & M u k h e rji (19 7 2 ) r e p o r t e d 21 g e n e r a

o f p h y to p ia n k to n and 17 g e n e r a o f z o o p ia P k to o fro m

a f i s h pond a t K a ly s n i jlI n d i a ) . E f f e c t o f p h ysicoL .

c h e m ic a l f a c t o r s on t h e p la n k to n o f N a n g a l la k e

w as s t u d ie d b y Tandon & S in g h ( 1 9 7 2 ) ̂ They o b s e r v e d

t h a t t h e p r o d u c t io n o f z o o p la n k to n w as g o v e rn e d b y

no s i n g l e f a c t o r b u t by t h e n e t a c t io n o f s e v e r a l

f a c t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s . Z u t s h i e t s i (19 7 2 )

d e s c r ib e d t h e h y d r o b io lo g i c e l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

some l a k e s o f K ashm ir and o b s e r v e d th afr t h e i r P ro ­

d u c t i v i t y in c r e a s e d w it h t h e d e c r e a s e i n a l t i t u d e .

Z u t s h i , W anganeo & R a in a (1980) s t u d ie d t h e w a t e r -

c h e m is t r y and p la n k to n o f a man-made l a k e i n K ashm ir

and r e p o r t e d o n e r o t i f e r ( E u c h la n is d i l a t a t ^ ) f and

tw o c la d o c e r a n s (Bosmine. l o n q i r o s t r i s and C e r io d a P h n ia

P u l c h e l l a ) from th e l a k e . In a n o th e r s tu d y (T 98 0 ),

Z u t s h i , S u b la , Khan & W anganeo r e p o r t e d A sP la n ch n a

sp . M o n o sty la s p . , P o lv a r t h r a s p . , T r i c h o c e r c a

s i m i l i s , C h v d o ru s s P h a e r ic u s , D aP h n la p u le x , Ac a n t ho-

d ia P to m u s s p . D iaP tom us s p . and M e s o c y c lo p s l e u c k a r t i

from A l i p a t h a r la k e , K ash m ir. T h e rm o c y c lo p s c r a s s u s

w as r e p o r t e d b y them from L a k e s S u rin sa r# M ansar, D a l,

16

N aranbagh/ M an asb al, T r i g am and N iln a g (J&K , S t a t e ,

I n d ia ) * Z u t s h i & V a s s (19 8 2 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e b i o l o ­

g i c a l a s p e c t s o f D al l a k e (K ash m ir) and £ound t h a t

open a r e a s o f w a te r had lo w z o o p la n k to n p o p u la t io n

i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e l i t t o r a l a r e a s w h ic h a r e c l o s e

t o human s e t t le m e n t s and h o u se b o a ts *

K i r i l l o v a & S o k o lo v a (19 7 3) a n a ly s e d t h e

z o o p la n k to n p o p u la t io n s o f 14 l a k e s fro m Tundra#

USSR & T a ig a z o n e s and o b s e r v e d t h a t R o t i f e r a domi­

n a te d t h e z o o p la n k to n g ro u p s and C la d o c e r a &

C opepoda w e re p r e s e n t i n q u i t e s m a lle r num bers*

A c c o r d in g t o V ek h o v (19 7 5 ) t h e z o o p la n k to n o f

commander I s la n d , USSR, i s d o m in a ted b y Mot h o le a

a cu m in a ta , N. l a b i s , N. f o l i a c e a , S v n c h a e ta sP- and

a co p ep o d E u ry th em o ra k u r e n k o v i.

In 19 7 4 , E a q a i & R ehane r e p o r t e d on t h e

q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s o f t h e f r e s h ­

w a te r z o o p la n k to n o f K in jh e r L a k e ( P a k is t a n ) * S p e c ie s

c o m p o s it io n o f th e c a la n o i d p o p u la t io n w as fo u n d t o

b e d i f f e r e n t i n d i f f e r e n t se a so n s*

K u sh la n (19 7 4 ) made a d e t a i l e d s u r v e y o f t h e

e f f e c t s o f a n a t u r a l f i s h k i l l on t h e w a te r q u a l i t y ,

P la n k to n and f i s h p o p u la t io n s o f a pond i n t h e B ig

C y p r e s s Swamp, F lo r id a * The e f f e c t s o f p la n t z o n a t io n

17

on m o r t a l i t y o f f i s h was a l s o c o n s id e r e d and t h e

P r o g r e s s i v e d e p le t io n o f o x y g e n w as b e l i e v e d t o

b e r e s p o n s i b le , in part# f o r i n i t i a t i n g t h e f i s h

k i l l * K u sh la n & Hunt (19 7 9 ) d i s c u s s e d c e r t a i n a s p e c t s

o f t h e l im n o lo g y o f an a l l i g a t o r pond i n t h e B ig

C y p r e s s Swemp o f s o u th e r n F l o r i d a .

S i r c a r & Sen (19 7 5 ) r e p o r t e d 27 g e n e r a O f

p la n k t o n (11 g e n e r a o f z o o p la n k to n and 16 g e n e r a

o f p h y to jp la n k to n ) from tw o f r e s h w a t e r pon d s a t

J a n a i (W est B e n g a l)* I n d ie * The a u th o r s n o te d a

d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n b e tw een te m p e r a tu r e o f w a te r and

p la n k to n d e n s i t y * - I s l# n & H arooni(19 75 )w , l i l e s tu d y in g

t h e b i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f t h e R iv e r B u r ig a n g a

( B a n g la d e s h ) , r e p o r t e d 137 s p e c i e s o f a lg a e and

15 s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k to n .

Keen (197 6) d e s c r ib e d t h e s e a s o n a l p o p u la ­

t i o n d y n am ics o f 21 c h y d o r id s p e c i e s i n tw o s h a llo w

s c i r p u s s u b te r m in a l i s b e d s o f L a w re n ce Lake# M ich ig a n

(U SA ). L ew k o w icz & L ew k o w icz (19 7 6 ) com pared t h e

e f f e c t o f o r g a n ic and in o r g a n ic n u t r i e n t e n rich m e n t

18

on t h e i n c r e a s e i n c a r p f r y i n r e a r i n g p o n d s * l h e

i n v e s t i g a t i o n in c lu d e d t h e s tu d y o f c o m p le te

p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l and z o o p la n k to n d a ta * Z ago (1 9 7 6 )

d e a l t w i t h t h e s e a s o n a l d y n a m ics o f G la d o c e r a i n a

r e s e r v o i r i n A m e rica - C e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f •w tr o p ta i-

c a t i o n w e re a l s o s t u d ie d b y t h e a u th o r*

B e ls a r e e t a l ( 1 9 7 7 ) s t u d ie d t h e z o o p la n k -

t o n & w a te r c h e m is t r y i n Bombay w a t e r s ( I n d ia ) f o r

a p e r i o d o f o v e r 7 y e a r s * W ater c h e m is t r y p a r a m e te r s

w e re c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f im p o r ta n t

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e z o o p la n k to n , C b v en ey e t a l

( 1 9 7 7 ) d i s c u s s e d t h e s ta n d in g c r o p and p r o d u c t io n

o f b a c te r ia # p h y to p la n k to n and z o o p la n k to n w i t h a

d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l p a r a m e te r s

i n e u t r o p h ic L a k e B y s jo n , Sweden* Dumont & V e ld e

( 1 9 7 7 ) r e p o r t e d 22 s p e c i e s o f C la d o c e r a and 14 s p e ­

c i e s o f C op ep od a from e i g h t l o c a l i t i e s i n Kathm andu

V a l l e y (N e p a l)* Dumont e t a l (19 7 9 ) s t u d ie d 126

p la n k t o n sa m p le s c o l l e c t e d fro m 62 l o c a l i t i e s i n

T u n is i a & L a C a l l a a r e a (N*E. A l g e r i a ) and r e p o r t e d

56 s p e c ie s o f e n to m o s tra c a * H a k k a ri ( 1 9 7 7 ) i n v e s t i g ^

t e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f some p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l and

b i o t i c f a c t o r s upon t h e s p e c i e s c o m p o s it io n , b io m a s s ,

and p r o d u c t io n o f z o o p la n k to n in s e v e r a l F in n i s h

Iff

l a k e s . The a u th o r s e p a r a t e d d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f~-y

z o o p la n k to n s p e c ie s a c c o r d in g t o t h e i r relation

t o e u t r o p h i c a t i o n and p o l l u t i o n . Wilton e t al

( 1 9 7 7 ) collected 128 taxa of phytopiankton and

32 t a x a o f z o o p la n k to n from t h e A rk a n s a s liver*

Maximum num bers o f t a x a of b o th g r o u p s occurred

i n l a t e s p r in g *

B r ic k e r e t a l (19 7 8 ) d e te rm in e d t h e sp e ­

c i e s c o m p o s it io n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f r e s h w a t e r

c r u s t a c e a n p la n k to n i n t w e lv e T h a ila n d r e s e r v o i r s *

T he s tu d y y i e l d e d 44 t a x a o f C op ep od a and C la d o c e r a .

Cam pos e t e l (19 7 8 ) s t u d ie d t h e s e a s o n a l changes^ ̂

i n t h e w a t e r p r o p e r t i e s and t h e t r o p h i c s i t u a t i o n

o f a warm m o n o m ictic o l i g o t r o p h i c la k e (L ake

R in ih u e , C h i le ) *

L id d le e t a l (19 7 9 ) exam in ed t h e c o n d i t i o n

o f 12 o l i g o t r o p h i c la k e s i n Snow donia and a s s e s s e d

l i k e l y c o n s e q u e n c e s o f i n c r e a s e d r i s e f o r r e c r e a t i o n .

P o n y i & D e v a i (19 7 9 ) s t u d ie d t h e C r u s t a c e a p la n k t o n

fro m 43 c o l l e c t i o n s i t e s i n t h e H u n g a ria n a r e a

o f L a k e F e r t o and r e c o r d e d 22 c la d o c e r a # 1* c o p e ­

poda/ 8 O s tr a c o d a and 1 I s o p o d a s p e c ie s * Mandal

(1 9 7 9 ) s t u d ie d t h e p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l and b i o l o g i c a l

20

d a t a i n a p e r e n n i a l f r e s h w a t e r f i s h pond a t B a r d -f '

w an, W est B en g a l* Z o o p la n k to n w a s dom in an t i n

s p r in g and p h y to p la n k to n i n monsoon* R o t i f e r a

w a s t h e m ost d om in an t g ro u p o f z o o p la n k to n *

J a n a e t a i (198 0 ) s t u d ie d th e s e a s o n a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p o p u la t io n s t r u c t u r e o f n e t

p la n k t o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e e c o l o g i c a l d a t a i n

tw o p e r e n n i a l r a i n f i l l e d f r e s h w a t e r f i s h ponds

o f K e ly a n i ( I n d ia ) * L a i & F e rn a n d o (19 8 0 ) r e v ie w e d

t h e s y s t e m a t ic s t a t u s and g e o g r a p h ic a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f t h i r t y odd s p e c i e s o f f r e s h w a t e r c a i a n o i d c o p e -

p o d s i n S o u th e a s t A s ia * The a u t h o r s aim ed a t

r i s i n g n e o d ia p to m id s a s i n d i c a t o r o rg a n is m s f o r

h ig h t r o p h i c la k e s * S in g h e t a l (19 8 0 ) s t u d ie d t h e

p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l and b i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s o f t h r e e

H im ala y a n la k e s o f N a i n i t a l ( I n d ia ) and O b se rv e d

a h ig h e r z o o p la n k to n d e n s i t y i n N a i n i t a l L a k e

t h a n i n B h im ta l Lake# r h e fo rm e r b e in g more

e u t r o p h i c . G ad ri & Y o u s u f (19 8 0 ) and Y o u s u f &

O a d ri ( 1 9 8 1 a , b) d i s c u s s e d t h e e f f e c t s o f some

p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l f a c t o r s on t h e s e a s o n a l i t y o f

C la d o c e r a & R o t i f e r a i n l a k e M an asbal (K a sh m ir)*

The s tu d y r e v e a le d t h a t w a t e r w i t h lo w pH co n *

t a i n i n g l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f CO2 and b i c a r b o n a t e s

++ ++o f C a & Mg w as g e n e r a l l y a v o id e d b y t h e C la d o -

c e r a * D iaphanosom a b rach yu ru n i ( C la d o c e r a ) p r e f e r r e d

w a t e r s w i t h a te m p e r a tu r e o f ab ove 20 C and pH

g r e a t e r th a n 8 *0 . The s t u d i e s r e v e a le d t h a t t h e

th e r m a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e lake g o v e rn e d the seasonal

and v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f R o t i f e r a i n t h e la k e *

I n a n o th e r p u b l i c a t i o n t h e y and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s

(Y o u s u f e t a l^ . 1^83) d i s c u s s e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

c r u s t a c e a n co m m u n itie s o f s e v e n te e n w a t e r b o d ie s

o f K ashm ir* The s tu d y y i e l d e d 26 c r u s t a c e a n s p e c ie s

w i t h ponds c o n t a i n in g t h e h i g h e s t p o p u la t io n d e n -r ~ •

s i t y and s p r in g s t h e le a s t * Y o u s u f e t a l (19 8 4 )

s t u d ie d t h e c la d o c e r a n c o m m u n itie s o f th e Anchar

l a k e (K ash m ir)* G r a P t o le b e r i s t e s t u d i n a r l a w as

r e p o r t e d t o b e t h e m ost dom inant e u r y th e r m a l s p e c ie s »

I ly o c r v P t u s s o r d id u s . P e r io d a P h n ia r e t i c u l a t a f

£ • cruadranoul^ & B osm ina l o n o i r o s t r i s c o n s t i t u t e d

t h e dom inant w a rm -ste n o th e rm a l grou p i n t h e la k e

and A L o n o p sis e lo n g a t e , C h v d o ru s C a ro lln a e # D a p h n ia

sp . and M a c r o th r lx sP* w e re th e o n ly £our c o ld

s te n o th e r m a l s p e c ie s * In a n o th e r s tu d y (1986)#

Y o u s u f e t a l d i s c u s s e d t h e w a t e r - c h e m is t r y and

z o o p la n k to n co m m u n itie s o f M irgund w e t la n d (K ash m ir)*

They r e c o r d e d 18 s p e c i e s o f R o tife r a # 5 s p e c i e s o f ,

2 2

C la d o c e r a and 3 s p e c ie s o f C op ep od a d u r in g t h e

s tu d y p e r i o d . E u c h la n is d i l a t a t a w a s fo u n d t o b e

t h e roost d om in an t s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k to n * However#

t h e s p e c ie s w as a b s e n t d u r in g summer when t h *o

s u r f a c e w a te r te m p e r a tu r e c r o s s e d 24 C m ercuQ r

l e v e l and t h e o x y g e n c o n te n t w as l e s s th a n

5 .0 m g l. T hey a l s o r e p o r t e d C an t hoc a n P tu a s P .

a s t h e m ost dom in an t cop ep o d i n t h e w e t la n d and

C h v d o ru s s P h a e r ic u s & A lo n a r e c t a n q u la t h e m ain

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e g ro u p C la d o c e r a * Y o u s u f

and O ad ri (1986). d is c u s s e d t h e te m p o ra l and s p a t i a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f P o ly a r t hr a v u l g a r i s i n M an asbal

la k e and r e l a t e d i t s abundance w ith b o th a b i o t i c

and b i o t i c f a c t o r s . Y o u s u f (19 8 7a) d i s c u s s e d

t h e s e a s o n a l i t y o f C opepoda i n th e same la k e *

Y o u s u f (19 8 7 b ) h a s r e v ie w e d th e z o o p la n k to n

s t u d i e s made in I n d ia , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e n o r th e r n

P a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y . He c o n c lu d e d t h a t th e . t a x o ­

nomy o f z o o p la n k to n i s in c o m p le te and e r r o n e o u s

and t h e b io m a s s s t u d ie s a re o n ly fr a g m e n ta r y i n

n a t u r e . V a s s (1980 ) s t u d ie d th e t r o p h i c s t a t u s

& c o n g e l a t i o n o f K ashm ir la k e s ( I n d ia ) and

fo u n d t h a t g r e a t e r h a b i t a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e ands

t o u r i s t t r a f f i c seem ed t o b e a m ajor f a c t o r

c o n t r i b u t i n g to w a r d s h ig h e r t r o p h i c levels of

t h e s e w a te r s * £ u t s h i & V a s s (19 8 2 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e

b i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f D al lake (Kashmir) and

fo u n d t h a t o p en w a t e r s h ad low z o o p lankton popula­

t i o n i n c o m p a riso n t o t h e l i t t o r a l areas which a r e

c l o s e t o human s e t t le m e n t s and h o u se b o a ts *

R o f f e t a l ( 1 9 8 1 ) s t u d ie d t h e z o o p la n k to n

com m unity s t r u c t u r e o f 696 l a k e s i n P l e i s t o c e n e

g l a c i a t e d e a s t e r n N orth A m e rica . T h e s t u d y i n d i c a ­

t e d t h a t g l a c i a l i n f l u e n c e w as t h e p r im a ry d e te r m i­

n a n t o f com m u nity s t r u c t u r e . S te n t (1 9 8 1) d e s c r ib e d

t h e p h y to p la n k to n & z o o p la n k to n o f Grafhalm w a t e r

r e s e r v o ir # C a m b r id g e s h ir e f o r 5 y e a r s w i t h a

d e t a i l e d n o te on i t s w a te r c h e m is tr y *

C h e n g la th (198 2) c o l l e c t e d and a n a ly s e d

a t o t a l o f 356 s t a p l e s d u r in g t h e summer o f 1979

fro m a l l t h e p r o v in c e s & n o r th w e s t T e r r i t o r i e s o f

C anada* R e la t i o n s h i p b etw een pH# t o t a l d i s s o l v e d

s o l i d s (TDS) and t h e d i v e r s i t y o f l i t t o r a l C la d o -

c e r a w as a l s o d i s c u s s e d by t h e a u th o r * C h e n g a la th

e t a l( 1 9 8 4 ) s t u d ie d 109 la k e s o f i n s u l a r Newfound­

la n d t o d e te r m in e t h e c o m p o s it io n o f t h e r o t i f e r and

c r u s t a c e a n p la n k to n . D u rin g t h i s stydy# a t o t a l o f

66 s p e c i e s o f z o o p la n k to n w e re i d e n t i f i e d *

24

S i e g f r i e d & K opache (19 8 4 ) s t u d ie d t h e

z o o p la n k to n com m unity o f t h e h ig h m ou n tain e u t r o p h ic

B ig B e a r L a k e (2055 n A SL), s o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a *

Z o o p la n k to n w as d o m in ated by t h e r o t i f e r K e r a f t e l la

c o c h le a r i s i n t h e s p r in g / t h e c o p e p o d P iaP to m iig

f ra n s i s c anus i n e a r l y summer and b y t h e C la d o c e r a n

D a P h n ia P u l l c a r i a & C e r io d a P h n ia q u a d r a u a u la f o r

t h e re m a in d e r o f t h e y e a r * The a u th o r s a l s o o b s e r ­

v e d an a n n u a l b im o d a l abundance i n z o o p la n k to n

w i t h p e a k s i n s p r in g & summer*

B a^ k h i (19 8 3 ) & Y o u s u f e t a l (19 8 7) a n a ly s e d

a h ig h a l t i t u d e la k e (N iin a g l*ake) o f K ashm ir f o r

p h y s ic o - c h e m ic a l f e a t u r e s and z o o p la n k to iu I t w as

o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t io n o f n u t r i e n t s i n

t h e la k e w as in f lu e n c e d b y t h e a l lo c h th o n o u s m a t e r i a l s

b r o u g h t i n t o t h e l a k e from i t s c a tch m e n t* R o t i f e r a

w as t h e m ost dom inant g ro u p f o l lo w e d by C la d o c e r a

& C opepoda* B a lk h i e t a l (19 8 4 ) s t u d ie d t h e R o t i f e r a

o f A n ch ar l a k e (K ash m ir) and r e p o r t e d a t o t a l o f

33 t a x a o f t h e g ro u p . A s p la n c h n a P r io d o n t a w a s

fo u n d t o b e t h e m ost dom inant e u r y th e r m a l s p e c ie s

i n t h e l a k e . They a ls o r e p o r t e d L e c a n e lu n a &

M y t l l i n a m u cro n a ta as t h e d om in an t c o ld - s t e n o t h e r m

fo r m s . The m ost dom inant c o ld - s t e n o t h e r m fo rm w as

25

found to be Hot hole a acuminat a» Balkhi et al (1987)

discussed the detailed hydrobiological features of

the perennial shallow alkaline Anchor Lake of

Kashmir (India)* The study yielded 87 species of

zooplankton with Rotifera being the most dominant

group both qualitatively & quantitatively. **rom the

41 species of Rotifer a# 33 species of Cladocera &

13 species of Copepoda, A s p la n c h n a P r io d o n t a ,

Cbydorus a P h a e r ic u s & Eycyclops s P e r a t a s were found

t o b e t h e m ain c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e t o t a l z o o p la n k to n

r e s p e c t i v e l y . G oddard & M c D lffe t (1983) studied t h e

p l a n k t o n i c , p e r i p h y t i c and b e n t h ic Rotifers in

f o u r h a b i t a t s of an a l k a l i n e f r e s h w a t e r marsh« They

r e c o r d e d 32 s p e c i e s o f R o t i f e r a . D i f f e r e n c e s I n t h e

s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y and p o p u la t io n s i z e among t h e

b e n t h ic , p e r i p h y t i c and p la n k t o n ic co m m u n itie s w e re

fo u n d t o c o r r e l a t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h several p h y s i­

c o - c h e m ic a l p a r a m e te r s . K a r a b in (198.3): recorded t h e

p r e s e n c e o f 54 t a x a o f R o t a t o r i a & 24 t a x a o f

C r u s t a c e a and a n a ly s e d t h e i r s p e c i f i c s t r u c t u r e and

ab u n d an ce i n 42 l a k e s o f v a r y i n g m orphom etry and

t r o p h i c s t a t e in N o r t lv - e a s te r n Poland*

A r c ji fa (19 8 4 ) a n a ly s e d t h e z o o p la n k to n o f

t e n r e s e r v o i r s o f Sao P a u lo S t a t e ( s o u th e r n B r a z i l )

26

and r e c o r d e d 24 g e n e r a o f R o t ife r a # s i x s p e c i e s

o f C o p ep od a & 9 s p e c i e s o f Cladocera*Kotifera

w a s t h e d om in an t g ro u p o f z o o p la n k to n in nost

r e s e r v o i r s . Duncan (1984) a s s e s s e d the factors

i n f l u e n c i n g t h e co m p o sitio n # b o d y - s i z e and turn­

o v e r r a t e o f z o o p la n k to n i n P a ra k ra m a Sanudra -

an i r r i g a t i o n r e s e r v o i r i n S r i Lanka*

The im p a c t o f z o o p la n k t o n ic s t a t u s on t h e

m anagem ent o f L a k e K in n e rftt ( I s r a e l ) w a s s t u d ie d

b y Gophen (1 9 8 4 ) . I t w as fo u n d t h a t t h e f i n g e r l i n g s

o f f i s h i n t h e l a k e f e d m o s t ly on z o o p la n k to n tfid

z o o b e n th o s and t h e m ost abu n d an t f i s h i n t h e

K in n e r e t e c o s y s te m , M ir o g r e x t e r r a e s a n c t a e t e r r a e -

s a n c t a e a ls o f e d on z o o p la n k to n a t t h e a d u lt s t a g e

th r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r * L a i r & K o s te (19 8 4 ) r e p o r t e d

j u s t t h r e e s p e c ie s o f r o t i f e r s d u r in g t h e i r s tu d y on

t h e R o t i f e r a fa u n a & p o p u la t io n d y n a m ics o f L a k e

S tu d e r 2 ( K e r g u e le n A r c h ip e la g o ) L im e t a l (19 8 4 )

s t u d ie d t h e te m p o ra l c h a n g e s i n t h e p o p u la t io n

d e n s i t i e s o f f o u r dom inant c la d o c e r a n s (M olna

m ic r u r a , D iaphanosom a e x c ls u m , A lo n a g u t t a t a and

M e c r o t h r ix s P in o s a ) in u n t r e a t e d and p e s t i c i d e

t r e a t e d r i c e p l o t s i n T an ju n g Karang# M a la y s ia *

S c h m itz St O sborne (1984) s t u d ie d t h e z o o p la n k to n

27

& w a te r q u a l i t y o f a s m a ll e u t r o p h ic C e n t r a l

F l o r i d a l a k e ( L i t t l e L ake B a rto n ) and r e p o r t e d

t h a t R o t i f e r a w a s t h e m ost d on iin an t g ro u p o f

z o o p la n k to n th r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f s tu d y * fim irnov

(19 8 4 ) d e s c r ib e d t h e e n v ir o n m e n ta l C o n d i t io n s &

t h e p la n k to n o f a man-made la k e " P a r a n a M ed io"

(C h aP eto n T r a n s e c t ) , A r g e n t in a * T a i t e t e l (19 8 4 )

s t u d ie d t h e s p a t i a l and te m p o ra l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e

z o o p la n k to n c o m m u n itie s o f t h e M agela C r e e k , a

t r i b u t o r y o f t h e E a s t A l l i g a t o r R iv e r (N o rth

A u s t r a l i a ) * A d e c r e a s e in d i v e r s i t y & i n c r e a s e

i n p o p u la t io n d e n s i t y o c c u r r e d as t h e d r y s e a s o n

P r o g r e s s e d .

C h a p ^ m a n e t a l (198 5D i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e

s e a s o n a l d y n a m i c s o f S k i s t o d i a P t o m u s P a l l i d u s

H e r r i c k a n d o t h ^ r z o o p l a n k t o n p o p u l a t i o n s i n

D e e r L a k e (s*W* B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ) * They a l s o

d i s c u s s e d t h e a n n u a l c y c l e s o f D a P h n i a r o s e a ,

D. p u l i c a r i a # D ia c v c lo p s b ic u s p id a t u s thorn a s i ,

Bosm lna l o n g i r o s t r i s , r o t i f e r s and C h a o b o ru s

f l a v i c a n s i n t h e l a k e . M urtaugh (19 8 5 ) d e s c r ib e d

t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f z o o p la n k to n in

r e l a t i o n t o te m p e r a tu r e , o x y g e n and c h l o r o p h y l l

'a * in R o i L a k e ( C e n t r a l A lb e r t a ) * Z o o p la n k to n

28

w e r e fo u n d t o b e f a i r l y e v e n ly d i s t r i b u t e d th r o u g h

t h e o x y g e n a te d P a r t o f t h e w a te r colu m n in e a r l y

summer b u t a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e o f several s p e c i e s

w a s n o t i c e d i n J u n e . R am alingam & JayartfO tf* (19 8 5 )

s t u d ie d t h e h y d r o - e c o lo g y and t h e plankton w e a l t h

o f a s e a s o n a l r a i n - f e d pond a t Cheyyar, India*

T h e s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n a n d b i o m a s s o f

z o o p l a n k t o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

M y s i s r e l i c t a w a s s t u d i e d b y N e r o & S p r u le s ( 1 9 8 6 ) .

T h e y a t t r i b u t e d t h e l o w d e n s i t i e s o f h y p o l i m n e t i c

C l a d o c e r a t o t h e p r e s e n c e c f My s i s .

M a t v e e v ( 1 9 8 6 ) s t u d i e d t h e l o n g - t e r m

c h a n g e s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y o f p l a n k t o n i c c r u s t a c e a n s

i n L a k e G l u b o k o e a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c r u s t a c e a n

c o m p e t i t i o n a n d p r o b a b l y f i s h i m p a c t p l a y e d a

l e a d i n g p a r t a m o n g t h e b i o t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s * T h e

a u t h o r p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n v e r t e b r a t e p r e d a t i o n w a s

o f m i n o r i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e l o n g - t e r m c h a n g e s o f

t h e p l a n k t o n i c c r u s t a c e a n s .

Z a n k a i & P o n y i ( 1 9 8 6 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e

c o m p o s i t i o n , d e n s i t y a n d f e e d i n g o f c r u s t a c e a n

z o o p l a n k t o n c o m m u n i t y i n L a k e B a l a t o n , H u n g a r y .

T h e y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e c o m p c s i t i o n & d e n s i t y o f

z o o p l a n k t o n i n a l a k e c h a n g e d w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y .

P a s s i n g f r o m o l i g o t r o p h y t o e u t r o p h y , C a la n o id a 1

w e r e g r a d u a l l y r e p l a c e d b y C l a d o c e r a . T h e y a ls o

r e p o r t e d a v i r t u a l d i s a p p e a r a n c e c f M s s o c y c l o p s

w i t h t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s e x p a n s i o n o f A g a n t h o c y c l o p s *