07 Bibliography-Appendix IX Curtis · In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceed-ings of a Workshop held in Adelaide. 27-29 March 1985. 43-46 (ed.) J. Venning Dept. Environment and Planning,

Bibliography

Abbott, P.S. (ca. 1985).

The eucalyptus oil industry Unpub. report, Felton Grimwade and Bickford Pty. Ltd.

Abrecht, D.G. (1985).

The Regeneration of Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. from Seed PhD Thesis, Australian National

University, Canberra A.C.T.

Adamson, D. A. and Fox, M. D. (1982).

Change in Australasian vegetation since European settlement. In: A history of Australasian vegetation

pp109-160. (ed.) J.M.B. Smith McGraw-Hill Book Co, Sydney.

Agar, T.S. (1984).

Eucalypt Germination and Establishment in the Upper Hunter Valley, N.S. W. 51p. B. Nat. Res. Diploma

Report, Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Amor, R.L. and Stevens, P.L. (1976).

Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmour, Australia. Weed Research 16, 111-118.

Andersen, A.N. (1988a).

Immediate and longer-term effects of fire on seed predation by ants in sclerophyllous vegetation in south-

eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 285-293.

Andersen, A.N. (1988b).

Insect seed predators may cause far greater losses than they appear to. Oikos 52, 337-340.

Andersen, A.N. (1989).

Impact of insect predation on ovule survivorship in Eucalyptus baxteri. Journal of Ecology 77, 62-69.

Anderson, G.W. and Batini, F.E. (1984).

Some effects of site and season and the proximity of an oat crop on the survival and growth of Pinus and

Eucalyptus seedlings. Research Paper 75, 1-6. Forests Department of Western Australia.

Anderson, R.H. (1936).

Trees on the farm. N.S. W. Dept. of Agriculture Farmers Bulletin No. 167. 86p. 2nd ed.


The effect of settlement upon the N.S.W. flora. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S. W. 66, v — xxii

(Presidential address).


The place of trees in land usage in N.S.W. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 11(2)

66-72.


The Trees of New South Wales 3rd ed. N.S.W. Department of Agriculture

211

Bibliography 212

Annels, A.R. (1980).

Artificial seeding of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell) Research Paper 59. Forests Department of

W .A.

Anon (1978).

Agroforestry - a new kind of farming? Rural research in C.S.I.R.O. 99, 1-7.

Anon (1979).

Requiem for the rural gum tree? Ecos 19, 10-15.

Anon (1982).

Will polymers turn the desert green? New Scientist July 1982, p 305.

Anon (1984).

Advantages of growing local plants. Rural Tree Guide 3, 2p. Conservation Projects Branch, Department

of Environment and Planning, Adelaide.

Anon (1987).

Woodlots and Windbreaks - Shannonvale Field Station, Dept. Ag. N.S.W. - Trials on mulch, fertilizer,

weed control, pine windbreak, insects, tree planting. Unpublished report.

Arborline (1989).

Hamilton Tree Planter 3p. Arborline, P.O. Box 570, Hamilton 3300.

Ashton, D. H. (1975).

Studies of flowering behaviour in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 399-411.

Ashton, D. H. (1979).

Seed harvesting by ants in forests of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. in central Victoria. Australian Journal

of Ecology 4, 265-277.

Atchison, J.F. (1977).

European exploration of New England. The evolution of settlement. In: An Atlas of New England Vols 1

and 2 (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood University of New England, Armidale.

Atchison, J.F. (1980).

J.F.Campbell, a gifted obsever of New England. Armidale and District Historical Society Journal and

Proceedings 23, 112-144.

Austra-sorb (1983).

Austrasorb information brochure Agrisorb Pty. Ltd., Sydney.

Australasian Pastoralist's Review (1896).

Meredith's Draining Machine. The Australasian Pastoralist's Review Sept. pp 350.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1986).

Agricultural Land Use and Selected Inputs, New South Wales, 1985-1986 Australian Bureau of Statistics,

Sydney.

Bachelard, E., Borough, C., Brown, A., Bruce, I., Butz, M. et al. (1985).

Think Trees, Grow Trees Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, A.C.T.

Bibliography 213

Bachelard, E.P. (1967a).

Effects of giberellic acid, kinetin, and light on the germination of dormant seeds of some eucalypt species.

Australian Journal of Botany 15, 393-401.

Bachelard, E.P. (1967b).

Role of the seed coat in dormancy of Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. delegatensis seeds. Australian Journal

of Biological Sciences 20, 1237-40. •

Bachelard, E.P. (1986a).

Effects of soil moisture strees on the growth of seedlings of three eucalypt species. II Growth effects.

Australian Forest Research 16, 51-61.

Bachelard, E.P. (1986b).

Effects of soil moisture stress on the growth of seedlings of three eucalypt species. III Tissue water relations.

Australian Forest Research 16, 155-63.

Baker, R.T. and Grose, R.J. (1961).

Some silvicultural characteristics and notes on the silviculture of alpine ash, Eucalyptus delegatensis. 2nd

World Eucalypt Conference F.A.O. Brasil, 704-713.

Bamber, R.K. and Humphrey, F.R. (1964).

Variations in sapwood starch levels in some Australian forest species. Australian Forestry 29, 15-23.

Bamber, R.K. and Mullette, K.J. (1978).

Studies of the lignotubers of Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn. and Hochr.). II Anatomy. Australian Journal

of Botany 26, 15-22.

Baur, G.N. (1962).

Forest vegetation types in north-eastern New South Wales. Research Note No. 8 Forestry Commission of

New South Wales.

Beadle, N.C.W. (1971-1987).

Students' Flora of North Eastern N.S.W. (in 6 parts), Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Beadle, N.C.W. (1981).

The vegetation of Australia. 690p. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart; Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Beadle, N.C.W. and Costin, A.B. (1952).

Ecological classification and nomenclature. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 77,

61-81.

Beadle, N.C.W., Evans, O.D. and Carolin, R.C. (1976).

Flora of the Sydney Region 2nd ed. 724p. Reed, Sydney.

Beardsell, D. and Mullette, J. (1984).

Seed germination of Eucalyptus paucifiora Sieb. ex Spreng. from low and high altitude populations in

Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 32, 475-480.

Beckhouse, J.A. (1987).

Tree Guards 2p. Forestry Commission of N.S.W. 2 April 1987.

Begg, J.E. (1959).

Annual pattern of soil moisture stress under sown and native pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural

Research 10, 518-528.

Bibliography 214

Beswick, J. and Moran, P. (1985).

Re-establishment of roadside vegetation along the Dukes Highway. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceed-

ings of a workshop held in Adelaide. 47-50. (ed.) J. Venning Dept. Environment and Planning; Greening

Australia S.A.

Bird, P.R. (1981).

Benefits of tree planting in S.W. Victoria. Trees and Victoria's Resources 23(4), 2-61.

Bird, P.R. (1984).

Effect of trees on agricultural productivity. In: Focus on Farm Trees 1113-29. (ed.) J.A. Hoffer.

Bird, P.R. (1988).

Economic benefit of shelter on farms. In: Farm Trees for Protection and Profit Institute of Foresters of

Australia.

Bird, P.R., Lynch, J.J., and Obst, J.M. (1984).

Effect of shelter on plant and animal production. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production

15, 270-273.

Black, J.N. (1956).

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean

clover (Trifolium subterraneurn). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 98-109.

Blake, S.T. and Roff, C. (1958).

The Honey Flora of S.E. Queensland. Dept. of Agriculture and Stock, Queensland.

Blandford, D.C. (1977).

Soil Erosion. In: An Atlas of New England Volume II, 71-74. (eds.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram and L.M.

Greenwood Dept. Geography, Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Blomfield, C.E. (1945).

Reminiscences of early New England. Annotated copy of manuscript in possession of Sir Owen Croft,

Salisbury Court Uralla.

Blomfield, Geoffrey (1981).

Baal Belbora - the end of the dancing. 151p. The Alternative Publishing House Co-operative, Sydney. 2nd

ed.

Boden, R.W. (1957).

Some aspects of seed dormancy in Eucalyptus. Australian Forestry 21, 81-5.

Boden, R.W. (1961).

Australian studies on eucalyptus seed 1956-61 with particular referece to germination behaviour. 2nd

World Eucalypt Conference, Brazil F.A.O. 595-602.

Boland, D.J. and Dunn, A.T. (1981).

Provenance variation in seedling height growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T.Bak. and its relationship to

seed weight, cotyledon area and length. Australian Seed Science Newsletter 7, 49-60.

Boland, D.J. and Martenz, P.N. (1981).

Seed losses in fruits on trees of Eucalyptus delegatensis. Australian Forestry 44(1),64-67.

Bibliography 215

Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.I.H., Chippendale, G.M., Hall, N., Hyland, B.P.M. Johnston, et al. (1987).

Forest Trees of Australia Nelson, C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne. 4th ed.

Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.I.H., and Turnbull, J.W. (1980).

Eucalyptus Seed 191p. C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

Bolton, G. (1981).

Spoils and Spoilers: Australians make their environment 1788 - 1980. George Allen and Unwin, Sydney.

Bowen, G.D. (1983).

Trees and soils. In: Trees in the Rural Environment: A Symposium conducted by the Natural Resources

Faculty, Roseworthy Agricultural College and the Institute of Foresters 3.16 - 3.18 (eds.) F.J. vander

Sorrunen, R. Boardman and V. Squires Roseworthy Agriculture College, Roseworthy, S.A.

Bowen, S.E. (1982).

The weekly flowering and seeding behaviour of plant species in study sites. Unpubl. data from PhD

project. Botany Dept. Univ. of New England.

Bowman, D.M.J.S. and Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1986a).

Establishment, suppression and growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker in multiaged forests. II

Sapling growth and its environmental correlates. Australian Journal of Botany 34, 73-80.

Bowman, D.M.J.S. and Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1986b).

Establishment, suppression and growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker in multiaged forests. III

Intraspecific allelopathy, competetion between adult and juvenile for moisture and nutrients, and frost

damage to seedlings. Australian Journal of Botany 34, 81-94.

Boyd, R. A. (1965).

Mortality of native trees in the woodland ecosystems of the New England tablelands of New South Wales

and related topics. Dept. Continuing Education U.N.E. Armidale N.S.W.

Breckwoldt, Roland (1983).

Wildlife in the Home Paddock: nature and conservation for Australian farmers. 348p. Angus and Robert-

son Publ., Sydney.

Briggs, G.M., Campbell, A.J., Curtis, D., Davidson, R.L., Enders, G., McDonald, G.P., Nadolny, C.(1988)

Farm Trees: A Practical Guide. 129p. Focus on Farm Trees 2 Committee, N.S.W. Dept. of Agriculture.

Brooker, M.I.H. (1975).

Circumscissile dehiscence in Eucalyptus. Australian Forest Research 7, 41-44.

Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (1983).

Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-eastern Australia. 288p. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Brooks, D. (1987).

The use of native plant seed by mineral sands industry. In: Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed

115-120. (ed.) P.A. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Brown, A.G., Hall, N., Carron, L.T., Hamilton, C.D., Heather, W.A., McArthur, A.G., et al.,

(1968).

Growing Trees on Australian Farms 384p. C'wealth of Austr., Dept. of National Development, Forestry

and Timber Bureau.

Bibliography 216

Brown, I. (1985).

Re-establishing vegetation the easy way - the "instant scrub" story. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceed-

ings of a Workshop held in Adelaide. 27-29 March 1985. 43-46 (ed.) J. Venning Dept. Environment and

Planning, Greening Australia, S.A.

Bryant, W. G. (1971).

Grazing, burning and regeneration of tree seedlings in Eucalyptus pauciflora woodlands. Journal of the

Soil Conservation Service, N.S. W. 27, 121-134.

Bureau of Meterology (1975).

Climatic Averages Australia Metric Edition Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Burrows, N.D. (1981).

Fire hazard reduction by grazing cattle in Pinus radiata D.Don plantations in the Blackwood Valley.

Research Paper 67, 1-5. Forests Dept. of Western Australia.

C.S.I.R.O. (ca. 1983).

Australian Suppliers of Tree Seed. List of seed suppliers, C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Research, Queen

Victoria Terrace, Canberra A.C.T.

Cambage, R. H. (1904).

Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part II. Western slopes of New England. Proceedings of the

Linnean Society of New South Wales 29, 781-97.

Cambage, R. H. (1908).

Notes on the native flora of New South Wales Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings

of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33, 45-65.

Cameron, D.M. and Rance, S. J. (1989).

Agroforestry research in south-eastern Queensland. Tree Decline and Revegetation Newsletter 19-20 Dept.

of Conservation and Land Management, W.A.

Campbell, A. (1986a).

Transplant volunteer seedlings. Farm Jan. 1986, 97.

Campbell, A. (1986b).

The Potter Farmland Plan - impressions from revegetation works after year one. Plus updates (April 1987,

October 1987) Potter Farmland Plan, Hamilton Victoria.

Campbell, A. (1987).

Farm Trees - the nuts and bolts of good establishment. Potter Farmland Plan, Hamilton Victoria.

Campbell, A. (1988).

Bridging the gap between conventional and sustainable agriculture - the role of whole farm planning. In:

Towards Better Agriculture Conference Hawkesbury Agriculture College, Dec 1-4, 1988.

Campbell, J.F. (1907).

Forest flora of New England. The Surveyor 20, 151-158. Institute of Surveyors, N.S.W.


Notes on the pastures of southern New England. The Surveyor 21, 49-54. Institute of Surveyors, N.S.W.

Bibliography 217


Discovery and early pastoral settlement of New England. The Royal Australian Historical Society Journal

and Proceedings 8, 225-228.

Campbell, R. W. and Sloan, R. J. (1977).

Forest stand responses to defoliation by the gypsy moth. Forest Science Monograph 19. 33p.

Cane, A.V. (1949).

"011era" 1838-1900: a study of a sheep station. M.A. Thesis Sydney University. Carbon copy in Dixon

Library, Univ. of New England.

Carnahan, J.A. (1976).

Natural Vegetation. Atlas of Australian Resources Second series. Dept. of National Resources, Canberra.

Carne, P.B., Greaves, R.T.G. and McInnes, R.S. (1974).

Insect damage to plantation-grown eucalypts in north coastal New South Wales, with particular reference

to Christmas beetles. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 13, 189-206.

Carr, D.J., Jahnke, R., and Carr, S.G.M. (1984a).

Initiation, development and anatomy of lignotubers in some species of Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of

Botany 32, 415-37.

Carr, D.J., Jahnke, R., and Carr, S.G.M. (1984b).

Surgical experiments of eucalypt lignotubers. Australian Journal of Botany 32, 439-447.

Carr, S.G.M., Carr, D.J., and Ross, F.L. (1971).

Male flowers in eucalypts. Australian Journal of Botany 19, 73-83.

Carrodus, B.B. and Blake, T.J. (1970).

Studies on the lignotubers of Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. I The nature of the lignotuber. New Phytologist

69, 1069-1072.

Carroll, E.J. and Ashton, D.H. (1965).

Seed storage in soils of several Victorian plant communities. Victorian Naturalist 82, 102-110.

Cavanagh, A.K. and Tran, V.N. (1980).

Microwave treatment of Acacia seed with particular reference to Acacia longifolia. Austalian Plants 10,

283-287.

Cavanagh, T. (1987).

Germination of hard-seeded species (order Fabales). In: Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed

58-70. (ed.) P.A. Langkamp Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Chatfield, D. and J. (1989).

Dennis and Jos Chatfield Dennis and Jos Chatfield Unpub. notes available from D. and J. Chatfield, Great

Eastern Highway, Tamrnin, W.A.

Chattaway, M.M. (1958a).

Bud development and lignotuber formation in eucalypts. Australian Journal of Botany 6, 103-115, pl 1

and 2.

Chattaway, M.M. (1958b).

Lignotubers. The Victorian Naturalist 75, 81-83.

Bibliography 218

Chippendale, G.M. and Wolf, L. (1981).

Natural Distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia. 192p. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service

Special publication No. 6.

Chittleborough, D.J. (ca. 1983).

The nutrient load in surface waters as influenced by land use patterns. In: The Effects of Change in

Landuse upon Water Resources, Symposium, Adelaide, 1983. 42-53. (ed.) J.A. Holmes

Christensen, P.S. (1971a).

The purple-crowned lorikeet and eucalypt pollination. Australian Forestry 35, 263-270.

Christensen, P.S. (1971b).Stimulation of seedfall in karri. Australian Forestry 35, 182-190.

Christensen, P.S. (1974).

Response of open-rooted Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) seedlings to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.

Research Paper 12. Forests Department of Western Australia.

Christensen, P.S. and Schuster, C.J. (1979).

Some factors affecting the germination of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.)seed. Forests Department

of W.A. Research Paper No 50.

Christie, W. (1877).

The forest vegetation of central and northern New England, in connection with geological influences.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of N.S.W. 11, 21-39.

Clark, L. R. and Dallwitz, M. J. (1974).

On the relative abundance of some Australian Psyllidae that coexist on Eucalyptus blakelyi. Australian

Journal of Zoology 22, 387-415.

Cleary, B.D. (1978).

Vegetation management and its importance in reforestation. Forest Research Laboratory Research Note 60

Oregan State Univ. School of Forestry, Oregan U.S.

Clemens, J. (1984).

Direct seeding of native woody plants. Trees and Victoria's Resources 26(3),18-21.

Clemens, J. and Radford, S.P. (1985).

Field establishment of container-grown plants II. Effects of potting medium, stock size and irrigation.

Journal of Environmental Management 21, 263-270.

Clemens, J. and Radford, S.P. (1986).

Container plants in the field. Australian Horticulture Oct. 1986.

Clemens, J. and Starr, R.K. (1985).

Field establishment of container grown plants I. Effects of weed control. Journal of Environmental Man-

agement 21, 257-261.

Clemens, J., Jones, P.G. and Gilbert, N.H. (1977).

Effect of seed treatments on germination in Acacia. Australian Journal of Botany 25, 269-276.

Clemson, A. (1985).

Honey and Pollen Flora. 263p. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Bibliography 219

Clifford, H.T. (1953).

A note on the germination of eucalyptus seed. Australian Forestry 17, 17-20.

Clifford, W.A. (1978).

Eucalyptus Oil. Forest Products Pamphlet No 4. Forests Commission of Victoria.

Collom, J.L. (1979).

The implications of seed production, dissemination, and germination for acheiving natural regeneration of

Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden in Brazil. Dissertation Abstracts International 40B No.6

Connah, G. (1977).

Wool, water and settlement: the archaeological landscape of Saumarez station. Armidale and District

Historical Society 20, 117-127.

Connolly, R. (1987).

The use of native plant seed in open-cut coal operation - the Droughton coal experience. In: Germination

of Australian Native Plant Seed 129-133. (ed.) P.A. Langkamp Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Conover, D.G. and Geiger, D.R. (1984a).

Germination of Australian channel millet [Echinochloa turnerana (Domin) J.M. Black] seeds. I Dormancy

in relation to light and water. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 11, 395-408.

Conover, D.G. and Geiger, D.R. (1984b).

Germination of Australian channel millett [Echinochloa turnerana (Domin) J.M. Black] seeds. II Effects of

anaerobic conditions, continuous flooding and low water potential. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology

11, 409-17.

Costermans, L. (1981).

Native Trees and Shrubs of South Eastern Australia. Rigby.

Cotterill, P.P., Moran, G.F. and Grigg, B.R. (1985).

Early growth of 36 species of eucalypts near Mount Gambier, South Australia. Australian Forest Research

15, 409-416.

Cremer, K.W. (1961).

The mechanism of seedshed in Eucalyptus regnans F.v.M. 2nd World Eucalypt Conference. F.A.O. Brasil.

604-609.

Cremer, K.W. (1965a).

How eucalypt fruits release their seed. Australian Journal of Botany 13, 11-16.

Cremer, K.W. (1965b).

Emergence of Eucalyptus regnans seedlings from buried seed. Australian Forestry 29, 119-24.

Cremer, K.W. (1966a).

Dissemination of seed from Eucalptus regnans. Australian Forestry 30, 33-37.

Cremer, K.W. (1966b).

Treatment of Eucalyptus regnans seed to reduce losses to insects after sowing. Australian Forestry 30,

162-174.


Silvicultural practices adapted to seed supplies for natural regeneration of mountain ash (Eucalyptus reg-

nans) in Tasmania. Australian Forestry 35, 226-233.

Bibliography 220


Distance of seed dispersal in eucalypts estimates from seed weights. Australian Forest Research 7, 225-228.

Cremer, K.W. and Mount, A.B. (1965).

Stages of plant succession following the complete and burning of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Florentine

Valley, Tasmannia. Australian Journal of Botany 13, 303-22.

Cremer, K.W. and Mucha, S.B. (1985).

Effects of freezing temperatures on mortality of air-dry, imbibed and germinating seeds of eucalypts and

radiata pine. Australian Forest Research 15, 243-51.

Cremer, K.W., Cromer, R.N. and Florence, R.G. (1978).

Stand establishment. In: Eucalypts for Wood Production (eds.) W.E. Hillis and A.G. Brown C.S.I.R.O.,

Melbourne.

Croft, T.S. and Yenning, J. (1985).

Nutrient susceptibility of some common South Australian plants: influence on direct seeding. Adelaide,

Dept. of Environment and Planning.

Cromer, R.N., Cameron, D., Cameron, J.N., Flinn, D.W., Neilsen, W.A., et al. (1981).

Response of eucalypt species to fertilizer applied soon after planting at several sites. Australian Forestry

44, 3-13.

Curtis, D. and Reeve, I.R. (1988a).

Growback in Victoria - Community responses to tree decline. 31p. Armidale Tree Group 88/7; The Rural

Development Centre 157.

Curtis, D. and Reeve, I.R. (1988b).

Planting Trees - How they do it in Victoria. 31p. Armidale Tree Group 88/6; The Rural Development

Centre 156.

de Salis, J. (1985).

Large-scale direct seeding with the Kimseed contour seeder. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings of

a Workshop 27 - 29 March 1985. 31-35. (ed.) J. Venning. Dept. of Environment and Planning, Greening

Australia, S.A.

Dalton, W. (1959).

Allan Cunningham. Scone and Upper Hunter Historical Society Journal 1, 1-23.

Davidson N.J. and Reid, J.B. (1980).

Comparison of the early growth characteristics of the Eucalyptus subgenera Monocalyptus and Symphy-

omyrtus. Australian Journal of Botany 28, 453-61.

Davidson, N.J. and Reid, J.B. (1987).

The influence of hardening and waterlogging on the frost resistance of subalpine eucalypts. Australian

Journal of Botany 35, 91-101.

Davidson, R.L. (1980).

Local management to reverse tree decline on farms and crown land In: Focus on Farm Trees I Proceedings

of a national conference, Univ. of Melbourne (ed.) N.M. Oates, P.J. Grieg, D.G. Hill et al.

Davidson, R.L. (1981a).

An ecological view of pasture pests on the northern tablelands of N.S.W. Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian

Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology (ed.) K.E. Lee. S.A.Govt Printer, Adelaide.

Bibliography 221

Davidson, R.L. (1981b).

Rough-barked apples defy the drought. Armidale Express 23 Jan. 1981.


Correcting past mistakes - loss of habitat for predators and parasites of pasture pests. In: Proceedings of

the 3rd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Adelaide 1981. K.E. Lee. S.A. Govt.

Printer, Adelaide.

Davidson, R.L. (1982b). .

The challenge of restoring trees in rural Australia - choosing the course of history. Habitat Australia. 10(4),

3.


Management of native plants and animals an farms - ecological needs and programmes. In: Agriculture

and Conservation, achieving a balance (ed.) D. Gilmour, I. Hamer, J. Bourchier.

Davidson, R.L. (1984b).

The value of habitat. Focus on Farm Trees 1139-52. (ed.) A.J. Hofler.

Davis, G.L. (1968).

Floral morphology and development of gametophytes in Eulalyptus melliodora A.Cunn. Australian Journal

of Botany 16, 19-35.

Davis, G.L. (1969).

Floral morphology and the development of the gametophytes in Eucalyptus stellulata Sieb. Australian

Journal of Botany 17, 177-90.

Dawson, R.L. (1929).

Outback from the Hunter, N.S.W., to 'New Caledonia' and the Severn River in 1840. Royal Australian

Historical Society Journal and Proceedings 15(1), 44-46.

Day, A.D. and Ludeke, K.L. (1980).

Direct seeding of tree species on copper mine wastes in the southwestern United States. Journal of Envi-

ronmental Quality 9(2), 304-306.

Deepwater Station Records (1845).

Deepwater Station Records 1845-1885 Held in Univ. of New England Archives A142.

Dengate, J. (1983).

Windbreaks and shade trees help landowners and wildlife. Habitat Australia 11(1), 14-15.

Department of Arts, Heritage and Environment (1986).

State of the Environment in Australia: Source Book. 233p. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra.

Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (1986).

Direct Seeding for Tree Establishment. 2p. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (1987a).

Chemical Control of Weeds. 2p. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (1987b).

Using Mulch to Establish Plants 3p. Dept. of Conservation,. Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Bibliography 222

Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (ca. 1986).

Growing Trees by Direct Seeding 15p. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (ca. 1987).

Indigenous Plants 2p. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Victoria.

Department of Environment and Planning (1984).

Direct Seeding 2p. Dept. of Environment and Planning, Adelaide, S.A.

Department of Woods and Forests (1987).

Direct seeding of native species. Research Note 102, 4p. Dept. of Woods and Forests, S.A.

Dexter, B. D. (1967).

Flooding and regeneration of river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bulletin No. 20, 30p. Forests

Commission of Victoria.

Drake, D.W. (1974).

Fungal and insect attack on seeds in unopened Eucalyptus capsules. Search 5(9),444.

Drake, D.W. (1975).

Seed abortion in some species and interspecific hybrids of Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 23,

991-5.

Drake, D.W. (1981a).

Reproductive success of two Eucalyptus hybrid populations. I Generalized seed output model and com-

parison of fruit parameters. Australian Journal of Botany 29, 25-35.

Drake, W.E. (1981b).

Ant-seed interaction in dry sclerophyll forest on North Stradbroke Island, Queensland. Australian Journal

of Botany 29, 293-309.

Duggin, J. A. (1981).

The use of ecological provinces and land systems in the study of Eucalyptus dieback on the New England

tablelands. In: Eucalypt dieback in forests and woodlands pp245-260. (eds.) K.M. Old, G.A. Kile and

C.P. Ohmart. CSIRO, Australia.

Duggin, J.A. (1983).

New-England dieback - its distribution and site factor relationships. Workshop report, Dept. Ecosystem

Management U.N.E.

Duggin, J.A., Richards, B.N. and Enders, G.R. (1986).

Woodlot health and natural eucalypt regeneration. Progress report for Rural Credits Development Fund.

Dept. Ecosystem Management, Uni. of New England, Armidale.

Dulley, J. E. (1980).

Hand book of local statistics - New South Wales. Australian Bureau of Statistics N.S.W. Office. Catalogue

No. 1304.1.

Eastham, J. (1988).

Water use by trees and pasture at a range of tree spacings in an agroforestry experiment. PhD Thesis,

School of Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane.

Bibliography 223

Eastham, J., Rose, C.W., Cameron, D.M., Rance, S.J., Talsma, T. (1988).

The effect of tree spacing on evaporation from an agroforesstry experiment. Agricultural and Forest Mete-

orology 42, 355-368.

Edgar, J. G. (1977).

Effects of moisture stress on germination of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. regnans F. Muell.

Australian Forest Research 7, 241-5..

Edmiston, R. (1985).

Direct seeding in the wheatbelt areas of Western Australia. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings

27-29 March. 36-40. (ed.) J. Venning Dept. of Environment and Planning S.A., Adelaide.

Ellis, R.C. (1971).

Growth of eucalyptus seedlings on four different soils. Australian Forestry 35, 105-118.

Ellis, R.C., Webb, D.P., Galey, A.M., Rout, A.F. (1985).

The effect of weed competition and nitrogen nutrition in the growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus delegatensis

in a highland area of Tasmania. Australian Forest Research 15, 395-408.

Enders, G.R. (1982).

Woodlots, Regeneration and Dieback. B. Nat. Res. Thesis, Uni. of New England, Armidale.

Enders, G.R. (1989).

Eucalypt Regeneration in Dieback Affected Woodlands of New England N.S.W. M.Res.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of

New England, Armidale.

Enders, G.R., Campbell, A.J. and Nadolny, C. (1988).

Tree survival and protection. In: Farm Trees: a practical guide. 68-95. Focus on Farm Trees 2 Committee,

N.S.W. Department of Agriculture.

Enders, G.R., Richards, B.N. and Duggin, J.A. (1984).

Rural Credits Development Fund: Regeneration and maintenance of native woodlots in dieback affected

areas of New England. Progress Report Dept. Ecosystem Management, Uni. of New England.

Everett, J. (1836).

011era Station Records. Everett notebook. Held in Univ. of New England Archives A103.

Farm (1986a).

Chemicals allow natural regeneration. Farm Jan. 1986, 68-69

Farm (1986b).

Natural regeneration easy and cheap. Farm Jan. 1986, 80-81.

Farm (1987a).

Hand held tree planter. Farm Jan. 1987, 61.

Farm (1987b).

C.S.I.R.O. planting auger. Farm Jan. 1987, 63.

Fielding, J.M. (1956).

Notes on the flowering and seeding of Eucalyptus delegatensis and E. fastigata in the Australian Capital

Territory. Australian Forestry 20, 40-43.

Bibliography 224

Fitzgerald, R.D. and Robinson, G.G. (1988).

Tree Planting Hints 2p. Agricultural Research and Advisory Station. Glen Innes, Dept. of Agriculture,

N.S.W.

Florence, R.G. (1981).

The biology of the eucalypt forest. In: The Biology of Australian Plants 147-180. (eds.) J.S. Pate and

A.J. McComb.

Floyd, A.G. (1960).

Investigations into sowing of flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis). Research Note No. 2, 30p. Forestry

Commission of N.S.W., Division of Forest Management.

Floyd, A.G. (1961).

Some aspects of the silviculture and regeneration in flooded gum - Eucalyptus grandis (Hill.) Maiden, in

N.S.W., Australia. 2nd World Eucalypt Conference, Brasil, F.A.O. 855-864.

Ford, H.A. (1985a).

A synthesis of the foraging ecology and behaviour of birds in eucalypt forests and woodlands. In: Birds

of Eucalypt Forests and Woodlands: Ecology, Conservation, Management. 249-54. (eds.) A. Keast, H.F.

Relher, H. Ford and D. Saunders. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and Surrey Beatty and Sons.

Ford, H.A. (1985b).

The bird community in eucalypt woodland and eucalypt dieback in the northern tablelands of N.S.W. In:

Birds of Eucalypt Forests and Woodlands: Ecology, Conservation , Management 333-40. (eds.) A. Kearst,

H.F. Recher, H. Ford and D. Saunders. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Surrey Beattie and Sons.

Ford, H.A. and Bell, Harry (1982).

Density of birds in eucalypt woodland affected to varying degrees by dieback. The Emu 81, 202-208..

Ford, H.A., Bridges, L. and Noske, S. (1985).

Density of birds in eucalypt woodland near Armidale, North-east N.S.W. Corella 9(4), 97-107.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (1983).

Windbreak Establishment on Farms. X4, 2nd edition. Forestry Commission of N.S.W.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (1988).

Trees for shade, shelter and timber on the New England Tablelands. 2p. Notes issued at Northern Table-

lands Trees on Farms Semin Oct. 1988. Forestry Commission of N.S.W., Armidale.

Forests Commission of Victoria (1977).

Seed coating of eucalypts. Operational Information No.9. Division of Forest Operations.

Fox, J., Dixon, B. and Monk, D. (1987).

Germination in other plant families. In: Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed 83-97; 211-223. (ed.)

P.A. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Fox, L.A. and Morrow, P. A. (1983).

Estimates of damage by herbivorous insects on Eucalyptus trees. Australian Journal of Ecology 8, 139-147.

Free, R.A. (1951).

Germination and emergence of eucalypt seed when sown at depth. Australian Forestry 15, 115-120.

Bibliography 225

Galloway, J.J. (ca. 1848).

Various maps. Listed in: Surveyor General Select List of Maps and Plans 1792-1886. N.S.W. State

Archives. Copies held in Armidale College of Advanced Education, Historical Resources Centre.

Gardner, J. (1985).

Direct seeding of eucalypts in rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia. In: Revegetation Workshop

- Proceedings 27-29 March 1985, 17-23. (ed.) J. Venning Department and Environment and Planning;

Greening Australia, S.A., Adelaide.

Gardner, W. (1854-55).

Productions and Resources of the Northern and Western Districts of N.S.W. 6 vols. Manuscript held in

Mitchell Library. Microfilm copies in Univ. of New England Archives.

George, J.M., Vickery, P.J. and Wilson, M.A. (1977).

Meteorological data from the C.S.I.R.O. Pastoral Research Laboratory, Armidale, N.S.W. 1949-76. C.S.I.R.O.

Animal Research Laboratories Technical Paper No. 5. C.S.I.R.O. Australia.

Gibbs, J. N. (1978).

Intercontinental epidemiology of Dutch Elm Disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 16, 287-307.

Gilbert, L.A. (1971).

Botanical Investigations of N.S. W. 1811-1880 PhD thesis, Univ. of New England.


William Gardner, 1802-1860 Armidale and District Historical Society, Journal and Proceedings 17, 1-4.


An Armidale Album. Armidale, Armidale College of Advanced Education.

Gilbert, L.A. and Elphick, E.J. (eds.) (1977).

New England Readings. Armidale College of Advanced Education, Armidale.

Glossop, B.L. (1982).

Cultivation techniques for understorey establishment on old rehabilitated bauxite mine sites. Alcoa of

Australia Ltd. Environmental Research Note No. 7.

Glossop, B.L., Van de Moezel, P.G. and Michaelsen, D. (1982).

Seed germination trials on eleven eucalyptus species. Alcoa of Australia Ltd. Environmental Research Note

No. 9.

Goodacre, R.D. (1973).

Honey Flora of Victoria. Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria.

Goodacre, W.A. (1958).

The Honey and Pollen Flora of New South Wales. N.S.W. Department of Agriculture, Sydney.

Gray, M. (1961).

A list of vascular plants occurring in the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, with notes on

distribution. Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium 3(1), 1-82.

Green, J.W. (1969).

Temperature responses in altitudinal populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex. Spreng. New Phytolo-

gist 68, 399-410.

Bibliography 226

Grewar, G. (1985).

Shelterbelt establishment on new farmland. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March 1985,

24-30. (ed.) J. Venning Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A., Adelaide.

Griffin, A. R. (1980).

Floral phenology of a stand of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Mue11.) in Gippsland, Victoria.


Griffin, G.F. (1984).

Hummock grasslands. In: Management of Australia's Rangelands 271-284. (ed.) G.N. Harrington, A.D.

Wilson, M.D. Young.

Grose, R.J. (1957).

Notes on dormancy and effects of stratification on germination of some eucalypt seeds. Bulletin No. 3

Forests Commission of Victoria.

Grose, R.J. (1963).

The silviculture of Eucalyptus delegatensis Part 1. Germination and seed dormancy. Bulletin No.2. School

of Forestry, Univ. of Melbourne.

Grose, R.J. (1965).

Germination responses of seeds of Victorian eucalypts. Forestry Technical Paper 16, 9-20. Forests Com-

mission of Victoria.

Grose, R.J. (1980).

Tree decline - "where and why". In: Focus on Farm Trees 119-26. (ed.) N.M.Oates, P.J. Grieg, D.G. Hill,

P.A. Langley, A.J.Reid.

Grose, R.J. and Zimmer, W.J. (1957).

Preliminary laboratory studies on light requirements for the germination of some eucalypt seeds. Australian

Forestry 21, 76-80.

Grose, R.J. and Zimmer, W.J. (1958a).

Influence of seed size on germination and early growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata Hook.f. and

Eucalyptus sieberana F.v.M. Bulletin No. 9. Forests Commission of Victoria.

Grose, R.J. and Zimmer, W.J. (1958b).

A Description of the seeds. of 70 Victorian eucalypts (illustrated). Bulletin No. 8 Forestry Commission of

Victoria.

Grose, R.J. and Zimmer, W.J. (1958c).

Some laboratory germination responses of the seeds of river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. syn.

Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht. Australian Journal of Botany 6, 129-153.

Gunness, A. and Lawrie, J. (1987).

The use of native plant seed in open cut bauxite mining - the Weipa experience. In: Germination of

Australian Native Plant Seed 121-128. (ed.) P.J. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Hadlington, P.W. (1972).

Common Insect Pests of Trees. 42p. Forestry Commission of N.S.W., 2nd. ed.

Hall, M. (1985).

Tolerance of Eucalyptus, Acacia and Casuarina seedlings to pre-emergent herbicides. Australian Forestry

48(4), 264-266.

Bibliography 227

Hall, N., Johnston, R.D. and Chippendale, G.M. (1975).

Forest Trees of Australia Australian Government Publ. Service, Canberra. 3rd ed.

Hall, N., Johnston, R.D. and Marryatt, R. (1963).The natural occurrence of the eucalypts. Forest and Timber Bureau Leaflet No. 65. Dept. of National

Development, Canberra.

Harper, J. L. (1977).

Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.

Harrington, H.J. (1977).

Geology. In: An Atlas of New England, Vols. 1 and 2 (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, D.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood.

Uni. of New England, Armidale.

Harris, A. (1982).

Abington - A history of a station and its people. 195p. University of New England, Armidale.

Harris, G. (1988).

Trees for the Southern Tablelands 2nd ed. 33p. Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W.

Harris, J.R. and Kimber, R.W.L. (1983).

Phytotoxins in soil. In: Soils: an Australian Viewpoint 741-754. Division of Soils, C.S.I.R.O., Academic

Press.

Hartley, R.E., Maschmedt, D.J. and Chittleborough, D.J. (1984).

Land management - key to water quality control. Water 18-24.

Hartridge, F. (compiler) (1979).

Pastoral Research on the Northern Tablelands of N.S. W. (ed.) R. Parkin Dept. of Agriculture, Sydney.

Hawkins, B.W. (1988).

Establishment Techniques for Farm Trees. Farm Trees Series, Trees on Farms Program. Forestry Commis-

sion of N.S.W.

Heatwole, H. and Lowman, M. (1986).

Dieback - Death of an Australian Landscape. 150p. Reed Books, Sydney.

Hederick, D.W. (1975).

Grazing mixed conifer forest clearcuts in northeastern Oregan. Rangeman's Journal 2,(1).

Henry, N.B. and Florence, R.G. (1966).

Establishment and development of regeneration in spotted gum - ironbark forests. Australian Forestry

30(4), 304-316.

Hilder, E.J. and Mottershead, B.E. (1963).

The redistribution of plant nutrients through free-grazing sheep. Australian Journal of Science 26(3),

88-89.

Hill, R. and Wallace, G. (1986).

Beating weeds in native trees. Farm Jan. 1986, 90-92.

Hinrichsen, D. (1987).

The forest decline enigma. Bioscience 37, 542-546.

Bibliography 228

Hobbs, J.E. and Jackson, I.J. (1977).

Climate. In: An Atlas of New England, Vols, I and II. (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L.M. Greenwood.

Uni. of New England, Armidale.

Hodgkinson, K.C., Harrington, G.N. and Miles, G.E. (1980).

Composition, Spatial and temporal variability of the soil seed pool in a Eucalyptus populnea shrub woodland

in central N.S.W. Australian Journal of Ecology 5, 23-29.

Hodgkinson, K.C., Harrington, G.N., Griffin, G.F., Noble, J.C. and Young, M.D. (1984).

Management of Australia's Rangelands. (ed.) G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson, M.D. Young. C.S.I.R.O.,

Melbourne.

Houghton, D. (1984a).

Trees and erosion control. Queensland Agricultural Journal Jan-Feb, 1984, 9-12.

Houghton, D. (1984b).

Trees and the farm plan. Queensland Agricultural Journal Jan.-Feb. 1984, 65-68.

Hoult, E. H. (1970).

Ecological investigations of the reactions of trees to drought. MSc Thesis University of New England, New

South Wales.

Houston, D.R. (1979).

Spreading tree diseases; the hand of man. The Ecologist 9, 120-124.

Hubble, G.D. and Isbell, R.F. (1983).

Australian soil and landscape regions - eastern highlands VI. In: Soils - an Australian Viewpoint. Mel-

bourne, C.S.I.R.O.; Academic Press.

Ina11, N. and Dryman, R. (eds.) (1983).

Caring for Young Trees. 116p. Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Irby, E. and L. (1908).

Memoirs of Edward and Leonard Irby (1841-45) 28-41. Williams Brooks, Sydney; typescript copy in Dixon

Library, Univ. of New England.

Ironside, G.E. (1977).

Effectiveness of sawmill residues as mulches. Landscape Australia 19 Feb 1977. Reprinted by Forestry

Commission of N.S.W. RP/176/WT.

lye, J.R., Baird, J.A. and Cocks, D. (1989).

Mathematical programming for optimizing landholder allocations of native species to diverse landscape

habitats. Tree Decline and Revegetation Newsletter 1989. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management,

W.A.

Jacobs, M.R. (1951).

The growth and regeneration of eucalypts. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 17,

174-183.


Growth habits of the eucalypts. 262p. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra.


Eucalyptus as an exotic. 2nd. World Eucalyt Conference, Brasil, F.A.O. 380-411.

Bibliography 229

Jacobs, S,W.L. and Pickard, J. (1981).

Plants of New South Wales: a census of the Cycads, Conifers and Angiosperms. 226p. Government Printer,

Sydney.

Jahnke, R., Carr, D.J. and Carr, S.G.M. (1983).

Lignotuber development and growth parameters in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Effects of Phosphorus

and Nitrogen levels. Australian Journal of Botany 31, 283-92.

Jamieson, R. (1947).

Direct seeding in the 1870's. Revegetation Workshop Newsletter No. 4.

Jeans, D.N. (1978).

Use of historical evidence for vegetation mapping in N.S.W. Australian Geographer 14, 93-97.

Jessup, R.W. (1965).

Soils of the central portion of the New England Region, New South Wales. Soil Publication No. 21. 48p.

CSIRO, Australia.

Johnson, L.A.S. (1972).

Evolution and classification in Eucalyptus. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of N.S. W. 97, 11-29.

Johnson, P. (1983).

On-farm production from trees. In: Trees in the rural Environment: A symposium conducted by the

Natural Resources Faculty, Roseworthy Agricultural College and the Institute of Foresters of Australia 18-

19 March 1983. (eds.) F.J. vander Sommen, R. Boardman and V.Squires Roseworthy Agricultural College,

Roseworthy, S.A.

Jones, A.D. (1977).

Landcover. In: An Atlas of New England, Vols I and II (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood.

Armidale, Uni. of New England.

Kabay, D. and Lewis, A. (1987).

Collection, handling and storage of Australian native plant seed. In: Germination of Australian Native

Plant Seed 20-30. (ed.) P.A. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Kareiva, P. (1987).

Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Nature 326, 388-390.

Kelly, R.E. (1979).

Rehabilitation of mined land in the central Queensland coalfields. Mining Rehabilitation 41-48. (ed.) I.H.

Dacy. Australian Mining Industry Council.

Kelly, S. (1974).

Eucalypts Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.

Kerr, L.R. (1925).

The lignotubers of eucalypt seedlings. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 37(1), 79-97.

Kile, G. A., Greig, P. and Edgar, J. G. (eds.) (1980).

Tree decline in Victoria: A statement on tree decline and destruction in rural areas with recommendations

for action. 20p.

Bibliography 230

Kimberley Seeds Pty. Ltd. (ca. 1983).

Various titles. Promotional leaflets Kimberley Seeds Pty. Ltd. 51 King Edward Rd. Osborne Park, W.A.

6017.

Kloot, P.M. and Boyce, K.G. (1982).

Allelopathic effects of wireweed (Polygonum aviculare). Australian Weeds 1(3), 11-14.

Knowles, R. L. and Tahau, F. (1979).

A repellent to protect radiata pine seedlings from browsing by sheep. New Zealand Journal of Forestry

Science 9, 3-9.

Kozlowski, T.T. (1979).

Tree growth and environmental stresses. 192p. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Lacey, C.T. (1983).

Development of large plate-like lignotubers in Eucalyptus botryoides in relation to environmental factors.


Ladiges, P.Y. (1974a).

Differentiation in some populations of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. in relation to factors affecting seedling

establishment. Australian Journal of Botany 22, 471-487.

Ladiges, P.Y. (1974b).

Variation in drought tolerance in Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Australian Journal of Botany 22, 489-500.

Ladiges, P.Y. (1976).

Variation in drought resistence in adjacent edaphic populations of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Australian

Journal of Ecology 1, 67-76.

Landsberg, J. (1988).

Dieback of rural eucalypts: Tree phenology and damage caused by leaf-feeding insects. Australian Journal

of Ecology 13, 251-267.

Landsberg, J. and Wylie, F.R. (1983).

Water stress, leaf nutrients and defoliation: a model of dieback of rural eucalypts. ' Australian Journal of

Ecology 8, 27-41.

Landscape (1983).

Big cost saver for landscaping. Landscape Spring 1983, 9-10.

Langkamp, P.J. (ed.) (1987).

Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney,

Langkamp, P.J. and Plaisted, M. (1987a).

Perspectives on the use of native plant seed in the Australian mining industry. In: Germination of

Australian Native Plant Seed 107-114. (ed.) P.J. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Langkamp, P.J. and Plaisted, M. (1987b).

Native plant seed usage by the mining industry - a survey. In: Germination of Australian Native Plant

Seed 134-181. (ed.) P.J. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Lawrence, N. (1985).

Factors influencing natural regeneration. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings. 27-29 March. 99-101.

(ed.) J.Venning. Department of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A., Adelaide.

Bibliography 231

Lawton, J.H. (1987).

Fluctuations in a patchy world. Nature 326, 328-329.

Lay, B. (1985).

Natural regeneration in a planted woodland. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March. 77-79.

(ed.) J.Venning. Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A., Adelaide.

Lea, D.A.M., Pigram, J.J. and Greenwood, L. (eds.) (1977).An Atlas of New England, Vols 1 and 2. Univ. of New England, Armidale N.S.W.

Leggate, J. (1980).

Revegetation - seeds or plants? A.M.I.C. 1980 Environmental Workshop 362-375.

Leigh, J.H. and Holgate, M.D. (1979).

The responses of the understorey of forests and woodlands of the southern Tablelands to grazing and

burning. Australian Journal of Ecology 4, 25-45.

Leith, H. (1970).

Phenology in productivity studies. In: Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems (ed.) D.E. Reichle. New

York Springer - Verlag.

Levy, C. (1985).Saving our soil: Soil erosion and its control. 21p. State Bank of N.S.W.

Lodge, G.M. (1981).

Establishment of warm- and cool-season native perennial grasses on the north-west slopes of N.S.W. IIEstablishment and seedling survival in the field. Australian Journal of Botany 29, 121-33.

Lodge, G.M. and Whalley, R.D.B. (1989).

Native and naturalized pastures on the Northern Tablelands and slopes of N.S.W. - a review and annotated

bibliography. Technical Bulletin No. 35. N.S.W. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Lodge, G.M., Whalley, R.D.B. and Robinson, G.G. (1984).

Temperate rangelands. In: Management of Australia's Rangelands (ed.) G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson,

M.D. Young. C.S.I.R.O., Australia.

Loneragan, 0. W. (1979).

Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F Muell.) phenological studies in relation to reforestation. Bulletin 90.

37p. Forests Department of Western Australia.

Lovett, J.V. (1986).

Allelopathy: the Australian experience. In: The Science of Allelopathy (eds.) A.R. Putman and C.S. Tang

John Wiley and Sons Inc. N.Y.

Lowman, M.D. and Heatwole, H. (1987).

The impact of defoliating insects on the growth of eucalypt saplings. Australian Journal of Ecology 12,

175-181.

Lowman, M.D., Burgess, A.D. and Higgins, W.D. (1987).

The biomass of New England peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica) in relation to insect damage associated

with rural dieback. Australian Journal of Ecology 12, 361-371.

Bibliography 232

Loyn, R. (1984).

Bird diversity in isolates. Symposium: Small Natural Areas, their Conservation and Management. 21-22

July 1984. Geography Dept. Univ. of Newcastle. 49-61. National Trust of Australia (N.S.W.), Sydney.

Loyn, R. (1987).

Effects of patch area and habitat on bird abundances, species numbers and tree health in fragmented

Victorian forests. In: Nature Conservation: the Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation 65-73. (eds.) D.A.

Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Norton N.S.W.

MacPherson, P. (1886).

Some causes of the decay of Australian forests. Proceedings Royal Society of N.S. W. 19, 83-96.

Macintosh, D. (1986).

Big range of tree planters. Farm Jan. 1986, 70-73.

Mackay, S. J. (1978).

Dying eucalypts of the New England tablelands. Forest and Timber 14, 18-20.

Mackay, S.M., Humphreys, F.R., Clark, R.V., Nicholson, D.W. and Lind, P.R. (1984).

Native tree dieback and mortality on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales. Research Paper

No. 3 - 1984. Forestry Commission of N.S.W., Sydney.

Mackowski, C.M. (1979).

Effect of seed size on eucalypt seedling growth at outplanting. Research Report 1979-80 Forestry Commis-

sion of N.S.W.

Maiden, J.H. (1898).

Mount Seaview and the way thither. Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W. IX(6), 598-601.

Manderson, T. (1985).

Direct seeding in Victorian forestry. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March 1985, 69-71.

(ed.) J. Venning Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A., Adelaide.

Marriot, J. (ca. 1987).

Direct seeding and natural regeneration. Hamilton, Vic. Potter Farmland Plan.

Mathews, R.J. (1983).

Tree planting. The three P's: Practical requirements in establishing and regenerating trees. Trees and

Victoria's Resources 25(2), 24-25.

Maze, K.M. (1982).

Autecology of Spinifex hirsutus BSc. (lions) Thesis, Botany Dept. Univ. of New England, Armidale

McDonald, D.G.M. (1980).

The production of cineole from Eucalyptus: a preliminary report. Suid-Afrikaanse Bosboutydskrif 114.

McDonald, G.P. and Curtis, D. (1988).

Seed collection, raising seedlings and general establishment procedures. In: Farm Trees: a Practical Guide

35-57. Focus on Farm Trees 2 Committee, N.S.W. Dept. of Agriculture.

McDonald, G.T. (1968).

Recent pasture development on the Northern Tablelands of New South South Wales. Australian Geographer

10, 382-391.

Bibliography 233

McDonald, I. (1979).

Rehabilitation in the Latrobe Valley coalfield, Victoria. Mining Rehabilitation 55-57. (ed.) I.H. Dacy.Australian Mining Industrial Council.

McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1984).

Australian Soil and Land Survey - Field Handbook. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

McGarity, J. W. (1977).

Soils. In: An Atlas of New England pp47-70. (eds.) D. A. M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram and L. Greenwood.

University of New England, Australia.

McMurray, S.K. (1985).

Post-emergent herbicides for weed control with direct-seeded native species. Dept. Environment and Plan-

ning, Adelaide.

Middleton, B. (1981).

The comparison of direct seeding and hand planting. Rehabilitation techniques of mined lands at Weipa.

Comalco. North Australian Mine Rehabilitation Workshop, Weipa 2-4.

Milford,F. (1845).

Diary of Frederick Milford, third son of Judge Samuel Milford and Eliza (nee Butler). Held in Univ. of

New England Archives, A465, V 3051/31.

Ministerial Working Group (1979a).

Final report to the Minister for Conservation and Water Resources on the New England Dieback. New

South Wales, Parliamentary Paper, 1979 No. 66. Govt. printer, Sydney.

Ministerial Working Group (1979b).

Trees for the New England Tablelands 22p. Forestry Commission of N.S.W., Sydney.

Moore, R.M. (1966).

The naturalization of alien plants in Australia. I. U. C.N. Publs. new ser. 9, 82-97.

Morgan, G. (1981a).

Dieback, woodlots and landuse: a progress report presented to the eucalypt dieback research seminar,

University of New England September 26, 1981. 8p. Department of Ecosystem Management, Univ. of

New England, Armidale.

Morgan, G. (1981b).Ecological provinces of New England Tablelands and the eastern position of the North-Western Slopes. Ap-

pendix 1 of Progress Report to Dieback committee by J. Duggin Dept. Ecosystem Management. Armidale:

Uni of New England.

Morrow, P. A. (1977).

Host specificity of insects in a community of three co-dominant Eucalyptus species. Australian Journal of

Ecology 2, 89-106.

Mullen, K. (1976).

Using tree planting to combat erosion. Forest and Timber 12(3), 9-11.

Muller, C.H. (1969).

Allelopathy as a factor in ecological process. Vegetatio 18, 348-357.

Bibliography 234

Mullette, K.J. (1978).

Studies of the lignotubers of Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn. and Hochr.). I The nature of the lignotuber.


Mullette, K.J. and Bamber, R.K. (1978).

Studies of the lignotubersof Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn. and Hochr.). III Inheritance and chemical

composition. Australian Journal of .Botany 26, 23-28.

Mulligan, J.H. (1893).

Diary. Written from "Woodford" Armidale 1893. Held in Armidale College of Advanced Education His-

torical Resource Centre.

Mundy, G.C. (1852).

Our Antipodes: or Residence and Rambles in the Australian Colonies, with a Glimpse of the Goldfields 3

vols. Bently, London; Quoted in Norton 1972.

Murray, A. (1860)

Expedition by Andrew Murray from Uralla to Mackay - 1860-62. Handwritten diary 43p. Held in Univ. of

New England Archives, A 18.

Nadolny, C. (1984).

Eucalypt Dieback on the Northern Tablelands of N.S. W. MSc. Thesis Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Neumann, F.G., Marks, G.C. and Langley, P.A. (1980).

Eucalypt Dieback in Victoria. Forests Commission, Victoria.

New England Trees on Farms (ca. 1986).

Trees on Farms Seminar Notes 31p. Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry Commission and Soil Cons of N.S.W.,

New England Trees on Farms Program, Armidale.

Noble, I.R. (1980).

Interactions between tussock grass (Poa spp.) and Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings near the treeline in

south-eastern Australia. Oecologia 45, 350-353.

Norton, A. (1886).

On the decadence of Australian forests Procedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 3, 15-22.

Norton, A. (1903).

New England (N.S.W.): reminiscences during the fifties. Proceedings of the Royal Sociey of Queensland

17, 71-96.

Norton, B. E. (1971).

The grasses of the New England region of New South Wales, with particular reference to 'natural' grasslands.

Ph D Thesis, Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Norton, B. E. (1972).

The grasslands of the New England Tableland in the nineteenth century Armidale and District Historical

Society Journal and Proceedings No. 15, 1-13.

O'Dowd, D.J. and Gill, A.M. (1984).

Predator satiation and site alteration: Mass reproduction of alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) following

fire in south-eastern Australia. Ecology 65, 1052-1066.

Bibliography 235

Oates, N. (1983).

A Revegetation Strategy for the Lodden-Campaspe Region. 144p. Dept. of Conservation, Forests and

Lands, Victoria.

Oates, N. and Clarke, B. (1987).

Trees for the Back Paddock 298p. Box Hill: Goddard and Dobson.

Oates, N.M., Greig, P.J., Hill, D.G., Langley, P.A., and Reid, A.J. (1980).

Focus on Farm Trees I. 23-26. Proceedings of National Conference held at University of Melbourne.

Old, K. M., Kile, G. A. and Ohmart, C. P. (1981).

Eucalypt Dieback in Forests and Woodlands. 258p. CSIRO, Australia.

Onans, J. and Parsons, R.F. (1980).

Regeneration of native plants on abandoned mallee farmland in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal

of Botany 28, 479-93.

Oppenheimer, J. (1977).

Communication routes and the pattern of settlement in New England. In: An Atlas of New England Vols

1 and 2. (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood.

Paton, D.M. (1972).

Frost resistance in Eucalyptus: a new method for assessment of frost injury in altitudinal provenances of

E. viminalis. Australian Journal of Botany 20, 127-39.

Pearce, F. (1987).

Acid Rain Penguin Books.

Pederick, L.A. (1960).

Some seed collection data from adjacent trees of Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. Forestry Technical Paper No.

5. Forestry Commission of Victoria.


Variation in growth rate between Eucalyptus regnans trees from four seed sources. Forest Commission of

Victoria Forestry Technical Paper No. 25, 35-39.


Dormancy of Eucalyptus delegatensis seeds unaffected by altitude of seed source. Forestry Technical Papers

30, 35-39. Dept. of Forests and Lands, Melbourne, Victoria.

Penfold, A.R. and Willis, J.L. (1961).

The Eucalypts New York, Interscience Publ.

Peterson, J. (1987).

Seed-testing procedures for native plants. In: Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed 31-45. (ed.)

P.J. Langkamp. Inkata Press: Melbourne, Sydney.

Pickering, S. (1917).

The effect of one plant on another. Annals of Botany 31, 181-187.

Pinkard, L. (1986).

Project Branchout Community Revegetation Strategy Report 175p. Project Branchout, Victoria.

Bibliography 236

Porter, J.W. (1978).

Relationships between flowering and honey production of red ironbark Eucalyptus sideroxylon (A. Cunn.)

Benth., and climate in the Bendigo district of Victoria. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29,

815-29.

Potter, M.J. (1988).

Tree shelters improve survival and increase early growth rates. Journal of Forestry 86, 39-41.

Prakash, N. (1969).

A contribution to the life history of Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Sweet (Mytaceae). Australian Journal of

Botany 17, 457-69.

Pratten, C.H. (1984).

A farm case study: "Koolewong", Borenore - a farm tree regeneration project. In Focus of farm Trees II

99-102. (ed.) J.A. Hofler,

Premier's Department (1951).

The New England Region - a Preliminary Survey of Resources Premier's Department N.S.W. Government

Printer.

Pryor, L.D. (1978).

Reproductive habits of the eucalypts. Unasylva 30, 42-50.

Pryor, L.D. (1979).

The Biology of Eucalypts 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold, London.

Pryor, L.D., and Boden, R.W. (1962).

Blowflies as pollinators in producing Eucalyptus seed. The Australian Journal of Science 24(7), 326.

Pryor, L.D., and Johnson, L.A.S. (1975).

A Classification of the Eucalypts Australian National Uni., Canberra.

Purdie, R.W. (1977a).

Early stages of regeneration after burning in dry sclerophyll vegetation. I Regeneration of the understorey

by vegetative means. Australian Journal of Botany 25, 21-34.

Purdie, R.W. (1977b).

Early states of regeneration after burning in dry sclerophyll vegetation. II Regeneration by seed germina-

tion. Australian Journal of Botany 25, 35-46.

Quirk, R. (1985).

Regeneration of Eucalypt Woodlands in Agricultural Ecosystems B. Nat. Res. Thesis, University of New

England, Armidale.

Reid, A.J. (1980).

Education Issues In: Focus in farm Trees 159-72.

Renbuss, M.A., Chilvers, G.A. and Pryor, L.D. (1972).

Microbiology of an ashbed. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 97, 302-311.

Riggs, J.A. (1983).

Trees and property values. In: Trees in the Rural Environment: A symposium conducted by the Nat-

ural Resources Faculty, Roseworthy Agriculture College and the Institute of Foresters of Australia 18-19

Bibliography 237

March 1983. (eds.) F.J. vander Sommen, R. Boardman, and V. Squires Roseworthy Agriculture College,

Roseworthy, S.A.

Roberts, D. (1989).

Trees and Taxation., Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1(2), 11-13.

Roberts, R.J. and Sawtell, N. L. (1981).

Survival and growth of local and other eucalypts planted on the northern tablelands. In: Eucalypt Dieback

in Forests and Woodlands pp 87-94. (eds.) K.M. Old, G.A. Kile and C.P. Ohmart. CSIRO, Australia.

Roberts, R.J., Campbell, A.J., Porter, M.R. and Sawtell, N.L. (1982).

The distribution and abundance of pasture scarabs in relation to Eucalptus trees. Proceedings 3rd Aus-

tralasian Conference on Grasslands Invertebrate Ecology, Adelaide 30 Nov-4 Dec 1981 (ed.) K.E. Lee. S.A.

Govt. Printer, Adelaide 1982.

Robinson, G.G. (1988).

The Potential Values of Selected Native and Naturalized Pasture Species on the Northern Tablelands of

N.S.W. PhD Thesis, Univ. of New England,

Roe, R. (1947).

Preliminary Survey of the Natural Pastures of the New England District of N.S.W. and General Discussion

of their Problems. Bulletin No. 210 C.S.I.R. Melbourne.

Runciman, H.V. and Malcolm, C.V. (1985).

Niche seeding for hostile environments. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March. 86-90.

(ed.) J. Venning. Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A.

Salinity Committee (1984).

Salt of the Earth: Final Report on the causes, effects and control of land and river salinity in Victoria.

322p. Parliament of Victoria.

Scholes, J. (1920).

Early recollections of Armidale (N.S.W.). The Royal Australian Historical Society, Journal and Proceedings

5, 37-42.

Schuster, C. (1978).

The effect of plant spacing on the early development of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.). Research

Paper 44, 1-4. Forests Department of Western Australia.

Schuster, C.J. (1980).

Aspect of spot seeding and seed pelleting for the regeneration of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.)

Forests Department of W.A. Research Paper 63.

Scott, A.W. (1979).

Danthonia DC (Gramineae/Poaceae) in the New England Tablelands of New South Wales with studies of

species distribution and abundance, and of genetic differentiation in three specie PhD Thesis, Univ. of New

England, Armidale.

Scott, L. (1972).

Viability testing of eucalypt seeds. Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaflet No. 116.

Sharp, G.W. (1985).

Preliminary Report of the Glenelg Farm Trees Group Direct Seeding Trial Melbourne: Dept. of Conserva-

tion, Forests and Lands.

Bibliography 238

Sheather, G. and W. (1988).

Australian Plants Suitable for the Northern Tablelands W. Sheather, Botany Dept. Univ. of New England,

Armidale.

Shepherd, K.R., Banks, J.C.G., and Atyeo, W.J. (1976).

Variation in Eucalyptus nitens Maiden in response to temperature and seed source. Australian Journal of

Botany 24, 167-76.

Siepen, G. (1986).

Species selection vital factor. Farm Jan. 1986, 78-79.

Silvertown, J.W. (1982).

Introduction to Plant Population Ecology Longman: London and New York.

Sinden, J.A. and Jones, A.D. (1985).

Eucalypt dieback and stocking rates in southern New England, N.S.W. Australian Journal of Agricultural

Economics 29(2), 149-156.

Sinden, J.A., Jones, A.D. and Fleming, P.J. (1983).

Relationships between eucalypt dieback and farm income, stocking rate and land value in southern New

England, New South Wales. University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W.

Smailes, P.J. and Molyneux, J.K. (1965).

The evolution of an Australian rural settlement pattern: Southern New England, N.S.W. Transactions and

Papers of the Institute of British Geographers. 30, 31-54.

Smith, J.M.B. and Turvey, N.D. (1977).

Forests. In: Atlas of New England Vols 1 and 2. (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood. Armidale:

Uni of New England.

Society for Growing Australian Plants (1982).

Australian Plants for the Northern Tablelands of N.S. W. New England Group of the Society for Growing

Australian Plants.

Specht, R. L. (1970).

Vegetation. In: The Australian environment pp46-67. (ed.) G.W. Leeper. CSIRO, Australia. 4th ed.

Squires, V.R. (1983).

The value of trees as shelter for livestock, crops and pastures: a review. In: Trees in the Rural Environment.

A symposium conducted by Natural Resources Faculty, Roseworthy Agriculture College and the Institute

of Foresters of Australia. 18-19 March 1983. (eds.) F.J. vander Somm.en, R. Boardman, and V. Squires

Roseworthy Agricultural College, Roseworthy, S.A.

Suttor, B. (1893).

Clearing land in the western and southern plains districts by the aid of a team of bullocks. Agricultural

Gazette of N.S.W. IV, 18-19.

Swan, S. B. St C. (1977).

Slope. In: An Atlas of New England (eds.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram and L.M. Greenwood. Department

of Geography, Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Swarbrick, J.T. (1980).

The Australian weed control handbook Toowoomba, Plant Press. 5th ed.

Bibliography 239

Taylor, E.E. (1985).

Glen Innes tree injection/trap tree project. Forestry Commission of N.S.W. Wood Technology and Forest

Research Division Report No. 10 and 4.

Taylor, J.A. and Hedges, D.A. (1984).

Some characteristics of the trees used by sheep for diurnal camping and differences between the shade and

nocturnal camps in a paddock on the Northern Tablelands of N.S.W. Australian Rangeland Journal 6(1),

3-9.

Taylor, J.A., Hedges, D.A. and Whalley, R.D.B. (1984).

The occurrence, distribution and characteristics of sheep camps on the Northern Tablelands of N.S.W.

Australian Rangeland Journal 6, 10-16.

Telfer, W. (ca. 1900).

The Early History of the Northern Districts of N.S.W. from 1840. Manuscript ("Wallabadah Manuscript")Held in Univ. of New England Archives A 147, V 213.

Temple, J.M. and Bungey, D. (1980).

Woody species established from seed. In: Revegetation Methods and Management State Pollution ControlCommission N.S.W.

Terrasorb (ca. 1983).

Terrasorb "Super Soil Moisturizer Manufacturer's notes Martin, Smith and Associates - distributor.

Thorpe, E.W., Holmes, J.H. and Brownie, P. (1963).

Farm size and changing farm practices in southern New England. New England Essays. 118-128. (ed.)

R.F. Warner. Dept. of Geography, Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Thorpe, E.W.R. (1977).

Landuse In: Atlas of New England Vols 1 and 2. (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, J.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood. Univ.

of New England, Armidale.

Tifft, S., Kohan, J., and Leuker, A. (1985).Requiem for the forest. Time Sept 1985, 66-71.

Turnbull, J. and Doran, J. (1987a).

Seed:development and germination in the Myrtaceae. In: Germination of Australian Native Plant Seed

46-57. (ed.) P.J. Langkamp. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Sydney.

Turnbull, J., and Doran, J. (1987b).

germination in the Myrtaceae:xEirriff trmination of Australia Native Plant Seed

186-198. (ed.) P.J. Langkamp Inkata Press: Melbourne, Sydney.

Turner, F. (1903).

The vegetation of New England, New $outh Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales

28, 276-311.

Usher, R. (1984).

Tree man shows farmers the way. The Age Saturday Extra 7 April 1984, Reprinted in National Tree

Program Reporter Nov. 1984, p1.

Yenning, J. (1985a).

Natural Regeneration: Case study II Adelaide: Dept of Environment and Planning.

Bibliography 240

Venning, J. (ed.) (1985b).

Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings of workshop held in Adelaide 27-29 March 1985. 133p. ed.

Venning Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia S.A.

Yenning, J. (1986).

1985 Revegetation Trials Adelaide: Dept of Environment and Planning.

Venning, J. (1988).

Growing Trees for Farms, Parks and Roadsides A Revegetation manual. Melbourne: Lothian Publishing

Co.

Yenning, J. and Croft, T.S. (1983).

Natural Regeneration: a case study. Conservation Projects Branch. Dept. of Environment and Planning,

Adelaide, South Australia.


Preliminary Assessment of 1983 Revegetation Trials 20p. Dept of Environment and Planning, S.A.


1984 Revegetation Trials Adelaide: Dept of Environment and Planning.

Voller, P.J. and Ryan, P.A. (1989).

TREDAT - a tree performance database for Queensland. Tree Decline and Revegetation Newsletter 1989

Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, W.A.

Walker, G.T. (1977).

Relief. In: An Atlas of New England Vols. 1 and 2. (ed.) D.A.M. Lea, D.J.J. Pigram, L. Greenwood.

Armidale: Uni of New England.

Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1984).

Vegetation. In: Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook 44-67. (ed.) R.C. McDonald, R.F. Isbell,

J.G. Speight, J. Walker, M.S. Hopkin Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Walker, R.B. (1961).

Improved pasture in New England in the nineteenth century. Review of Marketing and Agricultural Eco-

nomics 29(1), 20-29.


The economic development of New England in the nineteenth century. New England Essays pp75-84.

(ed.) R.F. Warner. Dept. Geography U.N.E. Armidale N.S.W.


Old New England - A History of the Northern Tablelands of N.S. W. 1818-1900. Sydney University Press.

Watt, L.A. and Whalley, R.D.B. (1982a).

Establishment of small-seeded perennial grasses on black clay soils in north-western New South Wales.


Watt, L.A. and Whalley, R.D.B. (1982b).

Effect of sowing depth and seedling morphology on establishment of grass seedlings on cracking black soils.

Australian Rangelands Journal 4, 52-60.

Bibliography 241

Weatherly, R. (1984).

The Western Tree Seeder. Notes issued during Focus on Farm Trees II Conference, Armidale, May 1984.

3p.

Weatherly, R. (1985).

Direct seeding trials using the Western tree seeder. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March

1985, Adelaide. 65-68. (ed.) J. Venning. Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A.

Wells, K. (1981).

Direct sowing of eucalypts. Trees and Victoria's Resources 23(4), 22.

Wells, K. (1985).

Pelleting eucalyptus seed. In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceedings 27-29 March, Adelaide 83-85. (ed.)

J. Venning. Dept. of Environment and Planning; Greening Australia, S.A.

Wells, K.F., Wood, N.H., and Laut, P. (1984).

Loss of forests and woodlands in Australia: a summary by state, based on rural local government areas.

Technical Memorandum 84/4 C.S.I.R.O. Inst of Biol Res Div of Water and Land Res Canberra.

Whalley, R.D.B. (1970).

Exotic or native species - the orientation of pasture research in Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute

of Agricultural Science 36(1), 111-118.

Whalley, R.D.B., and McKell, C.M. (1973).

Techniques for assessing seedling vigor and establishment and potential application in breeding programs

in grasses. Proceedings of Scotts Turfgrass Research Conference 4, 33-52.

Whalley, R.D.B., McKell, C.M., and Green, L.R. (1966).

Seedling vigour and the early non photosynthetic stage of seedling growth in grasses. Crop Science 6,

147-150.

Whalley, R.D.B., Robinson, G.G. and Taylor, J.A. (1978).

General effects of management and grazing by domestic livestock on the rangelands of the Northern Table-

lands of N.S.W. Australian Rangeland Journal 1, 174-90.

Wheeler, D.J.B., Jacobs, S.W.L., and Norton, B.E. (1982).

Grasses of New South Wales Armidale: Uni of New England.

White, F.J. (1883-1924).

Saumarez: Station Diaries Held in Univ. of New England Archives A 149.

Whitham, A., Young, R., and Malony, D. (1986).

The effect of container size on growth of some natives in the field. Australian Horticulture Oct 1986.

Whitham, A.E. (1982).

The effects of some methods of weed control on the growth of young plants. Australian Parks and Recreation

Aug. 1982, 41-46.

Bibliography 242

Williams, J.B. (1963).

The vegetation of northern New South Wales from the Eastern Scarp to the Western Slopes - a general

transect. In: New England Essays pp41-52. (ed.) R.F. Warner. Dept. Geography, Univ. New England,

Armidale, N.S.W.

Williams, J.B. (1975a).

Eucalyptus - operculum types. Class notes for students Unpub. notes. Botany Dept. Univ. of New

England, Armidale.

Williams, J.B. (1979b).

A classification of the eucalypts (including Angophora) after Pryor and Johnson (1971). Class notes for

students Unpub. notes. Botany Dept. Univ. of New England, Armidale.

Williams, J.B. (1985).

New England Eucalypts: A key to the indigenous species Armidale: Univ. of New England. 2nd Ed.

Williams, J.B. (ca. 1987).

Structural forms and subforms of vegetation in Australia - Modified from Beadle and Costin, 1952 Dept of

Botany, Uni of New England.

Williams, J.B. (ca. 1988).

Plotless Sampling of Vegetation and Quantitative Analysis of Vegetation. Ecology 201 notes. Dept of

Botany Armidale: Univ. of New England.

Williams, J.B. and Nadolny, C. (1981).

A survey of Eucalyptus species involved in New England dieback. In: Eucalypt Dieback in Forests and

Woodlands (eds.) K.M. Old, G.A. Kile and C.P. Ohmart. C.S.I.R.O., Australia.

Wilson, R.G. (1981).

Effect of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) residue on growth of some crops. Weed Science 29, 159-164.

Wimbush, D.J., and Costin, A.B. (1979a).Trends in vegetation at Kosciusko. I Grazing trials in the subalpine zone, 1957-1971. Australian Journal

of Botany 27, 741-87.

Wimbush, D.J., and Costin, A.B. (1979b).

Trends in vegetation at Kosiosko. II Subalpine range transects, 1959-1978. Australian Journal of Botany

27, 789-831.

Withers, J.R. (1978).

Studies on the status of unburnt Eucalyptus woodland at Ocean Grove, Vic. II The differential seedling

establish of Eucalyptus ovata Labill. and Casuarina littoralis Salisb. Australian Journal of Botany 26,

465-83.

Wood, B. (1972).

Forest grazing. Extension Circular 798 Co-operative Extension Service, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis

U.S.A.

Woolls, W. (1892).

The destruction of eucalypts. The Victorian Naturalist 8, 75-80.

World Watch Institute (1988).

State of the World 1988 137p. W.W. Norton and Co., New York, London.

ti

Bibliography 243

Wright, C.M. (1927).

Memories of Far Off Days, Charlotte May Wright. Transcript 58p. Held in Univ. of New England Archives

A115.

Wright, 0. (1985).

Wongwibinda 149p. University of New England, Armidale.

Wright, Peter (1964).

Pasture improvement in New England Armidale and District Historical Society Journal No. 7. pp15-23.

Wright, Phillip (1982).

Memories of a Bushwhacker 125p. University of New England, Armidale.

Wrigley, J.W. and Fagg, M.A. (1978).

Australian Native Plants 448p. Collins, Sydney, London.

Zar, J.H. (1974).

Biostatistical analysis Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Zentmyer, G. A. (1980).

Monograph of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Monograph, American Phytopathological Society No. 10, 96p.

Zohar, Y., Waisel, Y. and Karschon, IL. (1975).

Effects of light, temperature and osmotic stress on seed germination of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl. Aus-

tralian Journal of Botany 23, 391-397 Collins, Sydney, London.

Appendix I

Details of the Eucalypt Species studied in this thesis

Main eucalypt alliances on the Northern Tablelands.

Alliance Suballiance Mainassociation

Minorassociation

Species formingecotonal

associations

E. melliodora - E. melliodora E. bridgesiana E. albensE. blakelyi E. blakelyi E. conica E. caliginosa

• E. viminalisE. sideroxylon

E. pauciflora E. pauciflora E. pauciflora E. acaciiformis E. stellulataE. viminalis

E. stellulata E. stellulata E. pauciflora. E. viminalis

E. nova-anglica

E. dalrympleana E. dalrympleana E. andrewsii§ E. caliginosa E. radiata

E. paucifloraE. acaciiformis

E. viminalis E. viminalis E. viminalis E. obliquaE. pauciflora

•E. laevopineaE. caliginosaE. dalrymplearuE. dalrymplecuuE. nova-anglicaE. stellulataE. melliodora

E. radiata E. acachformisE. dalrympleanaE. youmanii

E. nova-anglica E. nova-anglica E. stellulataE. acaciiformisE. viminalisE. paucifloraE. melliodoraE. bridgesiana

E. laevopinea - E. laevopinea E. laevopinea Wetter.E. caliginosa - E. laevopinea E. paucifloraE. youmanii E. cameronii E. viminalis

- E. obliquaE. salignaE. deaniiE. dalrympleanDrier:E. macrorhyru

, - • •

E. bridgesianaE. caliginosa

E. caliginosa E. caliginosa E. melliodoraE. caliginosa - E. blakelyi

E. nicholii E. bridgesianaE. laevopinea

, E. youmaniiE. dalrymplecui

Based on information in Beadle (19811_* Not included: E. obliqua - E. fastigata alliance; E. macrorhyncha - E. rossii alliance;

E. cypellocarpa alliance; E. youmanii suballiance; E. camvanulata alliance; E.andrewsii alliance.

§ E. dalrympleana in all cases is ssp. heptantha.

244

a

ha

Details of the Eucalypt Species 245

Blakely's Red Gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : EXSERTARIA (Red Gums) SERIES : TERETICORNES

GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium sized tree, 10-24m high. Trunk diameter 70-100 cm.

Short trunk, large crown, often drooping branches.

Typical "gum" bark - shed in irregular patches, greyish colour.

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread on inland side of dividing range in

N.S.W. -lower levels of Southern Tablelands;

higher levels of Northern Tablelands;

Western Slopes and edges of Western Plains.

In Victoria on gentle slopes of N.E. area.

Also Qld, as an extension of N.S.W. range.

Altitudes 170-1200 m.

Common and widespread on N. Tablelands -

replaced by E. amplifolia in Eastern areas and

by E. caliginosa on ridges.

TOPOGRAPHY

Gentle - moderate slopes usually. Not upper slopes, steep country or

river banks. Mid to low slopes on N. Tablelands.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Granite, slate or sedimentary rocks. Variety of soils. Usually deep

soils and compact loams of moderate quality. Not basalt soils

usually.

CLIMATE

Inland climate, cool winters (frosts and occasional snow).

Warm to hot summers (over 40° at times).

Rainfall not as reliable as coastal areas..450-750 mm per year.

Frost and drought resistant species.

ECOLOGY

Open forests and woodlands.

With Boxes and Ironbarks and occasionally Stringybarks.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS

Most common with :E. melliodora, E. bridgesiana, Angophora

floribunda. In Western areas: E. macrorhyncha, E. sideroxylon, E.

hemiphloia, E. caleyi, E. dealbata, E. youmannii, E. bancroftii etc.

In Inverell area with: E. albens, A. floribunda.

On basalt and sedimentary rocks with E. melliodora, E. nova-anglica.


On granite in central and eastern area with: E. caliginosa, E.

melliodora.

GENERAL

Most closely related to E. tereticornis, E. dwyeri, E. dealbata, E.

camaldulensis. Likely to hybridize with the last two.

Timber similar to other red gums - hard, durable, interlocking

grain. Useful for construction work, fence posts. Not milled to a

great extent because long lengths of timber are hard to obtain,

though is grown for timber in N.Z.

Also useful for shade, shelter, honey and firewood.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS

Had severe dieback over much of its range on the N. Tablelands. One

of the worst affected species, and in many places large proportions

of trees died. Less affected in western areas.

Also severely affected in other areas eg. Central Tablelands.

Apple Box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana R.T. Baker ssp bridgesiana)

(= E. bridgesiana RT Baker, = E. stuartiana F. Muell)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES (White

Gums, Apple Boxes etc)

GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium sized tree, 8-25 m high.

Trunk 0.5 - 1 m diameter.

Short bole, large drooping crown.

Bark greyish, typical "box" type, corky and persistent to the

branches.

DISTRIBUTION

Similar to E. melliodora.

N.S.W. - Western slopes and parts of the

tablelands.

Vic - eastern areas at low to medium

altitudes.

Also a short way into S.E. Qld.

Altitude : Low to intermediate, 170 -

1200 m.

Wide distribution on the N. Tablelands.

TOPOGRAPHY

Flats, lower slopes and rises. Moist sites.


GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Granites, fine grained sedimentary rocks (eg. slates and cherts).

Deep soils and heavy alluvial soils.

CLIMATE

As with E. melliodora...hot summers, cold frosty winters.

Rainfall 625 - 1125 mm. Occasional snow at higher altitudes.

ECOLOGY

Woodlands and open forests. Not usually a dominant.

Grows with Boxes, Ironbarks and Gums.


Most common with E. melliodora, E. blakelyi.

GENERAL

Closely related to E. angophoroides which is coastal in southern

N.S.W. and eastern Victoria. Also closely related to E. bridgesiana

ssp malacoxylon.

Shade tree, good honey (regular flowerer). Soft brittle wood of

little commercial value.


Variable susceptibility. Some areas very badly affected or the worst

affected species in a stand. In better condition west of divide

where dieback is less severe. Also one of the worst affected species

on the Central Tablelands.

Yellow Box (Eucalypus melliodora A. Gunn. ex Schauer)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHIOMYRTUS SECTION : ADNATARIA (Boxes) SERIES : MELLIODORAE

GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium tree 12-30 m high. Trunk diameter 70-100 cm.

Trunk a third to a half of the tree height. Large spreading crown.

Bark yellow-brown, between a "gum" and a "box" type - flakey,

fibrous, coming off in small strips higher up to reveal smooth bark

underneath.

DISTRIBUTION- •

Similar to E. blakelyi.

N.S.W.- widespread on inland side of

divide, western slopes an N. Tablelands.

Vic - widespread, inland side of divide

and a little on the coastal side andc"northern foothills of the divide. Also

extends into S.E. Qld.

Altitude mainly 700-1140 m.


TOPOGRAPHY

Gentle slopes and foothills. Usually mid to lower slopes. On western

edge of occurrance grows on flats near watercourses.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Variety of rocks: granite, sedimentary rocks and basalts sometimes.

Soils light to moderate heavy alluvial soils, loarns, sandy foams.

Not poor sands. Indicates better class agricultural soils, thus

extensively cleared.

CLIMATE

Warm dry summers, cool frosty winters.

Annual rainfall 375-900 mm. Frost and drought resistant.

ECOLOGY

Woodlands, sometimes in open dry sclerophyll forest. Usually with

other Boxes, Ironbarks, E. macrorhyncha, and E. blakelyi.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELAND

Commonly with E. blakelyi, E. bridgesiana, Angophora floribunda.

In western areas on basalt also with: E. albens, E. melanophloia,

Callitrus and on granite with: E. macrorhyncha, E. andrewsii, E.

dealbata, E. bancroftii. With E. caliginosa and E. viminalis on

Tenterfield plateau and with E. nova-anglica on basalt and red soils

in central and eastern areas.

GENERAL

Most closely related to E. sideroxylon (with which it hybridizes)

and E. polyanthemos.

Wood yellow/brown - hard, strong and durable. Heavy construction,

fence posts. Excellent firewood and honey tree. Attractive, fast

growing. Useful for shade and shelter.


Severely affected but not usually as bad as E. blakelyi with which

it commonly grows. Large proportions dead in many areas.

Also affected in other areas eg. Central Tablelands, where it is

usually less affected than associated species.

New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica H. Deane et Maiden

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES

GENERAL APPEARANCE


Small to medium tree, 15-20 m high, sometimes 30 m.

Not a true Peppermint. Bark Rough, fibrous, deeply furrowed on trunk

and smooth on upper branches.

Distinct blue/grey juvenile foliage.

DISTRIBUTION

Limited to N. Tablelands of N.S.W.and the

high country of S.E. Qld. Common near

Armidale. Chiefly east and north parts of

Tablelands - not much in western areas.

Altitude 500-1500 m

TOPOGRAPHY

Frosty valley floors and lower slopes. Prefers high moisture and

conditions and frequently grows in badly drained places.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Granite and basalt. Moderately heavy soils eg. clay loams.

Because it is on better soils in valleys it is common in settled

areas and consequently is heavily cleared often.

CLIMATE

Warm summers, cold frosty winters.

Annual rainfall 625-875 mm.

ECOLOGY

Woodlands, dry sclerophyll forests. Often in pure stands.

COMMON ASSOCIATES

Frequently with E. paucifiora, E. stellulata, E. blakelyi, E.

melliodora, E. viminalis, E. caliginosa and various Peppermints.

GENERAL

Most closely related to E. cinerea.

Useful for shade and shelter. Wood is light red and not highly

regarded, though sometimes used for fencing etc.

DIEBACK

Worst affected species on the N. Tablelands and was the first to

suffer. By 1970 large proportions were dead in Salisbury Plains and

Guyra Plateau areas. Often was the only species affected. Not

affected over its entire range, and in western and southern areas it

is in better health. In cultivation in Central Tablelands it is

reported to be in good health.


Snow Gum or White Sally (Eucalyptus paucifiora

Sieber ex Sprengel ssp paucifiora)

SUBGENUS: MONOCALYPTUS SECTION : RENANTHERIA SERIES : OBLIQUAE (Ashes and Sallees)

APPEARANCE

Small to medium tree, 10-20 m high. In higher altitudes has a shrub

or mallee habit. In lower altitudes is a short boled tree, much

branched and with a spreading crown.

Trunk 0.5 - 1 m diameter.

Smooth white "gum" bark.

DISTRIBUTION

High country of N.S.W., Vic, Tas, and

S.E. Qld.

Altitude 1700-3000m, extends from

sea-level in parts of Tas and Vic.

Largely alpine to subalpine.

Widespread on N. Tablelands, in central

and eastern areas, in higher or frosty

areas.

I

TOPOGRAPHY

Varied. Mountain slopes, exposed ridge tops, broad valleys.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Various. Shallow rocky soils on ridge tops and moderate quality

drier type alluvials from basalts, granites etc.

CLIMATE

Cool summers, cold winters..frost and snow frequent. Moderate

rainfall 625 - 1250 mm - usually reliable.Winter rainfall in southern

areas and summer rainfall in northern

ECOLOGY

Woodlands, often in pure stands.


Often with E. stellulata on cold exposed sites. Also with E.

viminalis, E. nova-anglica, E. dives in different areas.

GENERAL

Most closely related to E. niphophila (=E. paucifiora ssp

niphophylla), E. paucifiora ssp debeuzevillei) and E. stellulata.

Timber little used though valued locally for fencing and firewood.

Good for shade and shelter. Low density honey. Prevents erosion in


alpine areas.


Suffered over extensive areas. Shows some resistance compared with

associated species, eg. E. blakelyi, E. melliodora, E. nova-anglica,

E. viminalis. Was worst affected where it grew on exposed frosty

sites.

Also showed some resistance on the Central Tablelands.

Manna Gum or White Gum or Ribbon Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES (White

Gums etc)

APPEARANCE

2 forms. Medium to tall tree of tall woodlands and grassy forest and

a taller form of wet sclerophyll forest.

Commonly 30-40 m high and with a trunk diameter of 1 m but may reach

60 m with a 1.7 m diameter trunk.

Open spreading crown.

Typical "gum" bark, smooth, white, coming off in ribbons. Often

rough at base.

DISTRIBUTION

Wide distribution in S.E. Aust.

N.S.W.- scattered through Northern and

Southern Tablelands on well watered cold

sites.

Vic-common in N.E. area.

S.E. Qld and Mt Lofty Ranges of S.A.

also.

N. Tablelands-common and widespread above

900m.

Altitude range sealevel (S.A.) to 1500m

(Northern N.S.W.)

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Variety of rocks; basalts, granites etc. Prefers good soils, moist

and well drained alluvial or sandy podzolics.

CLIMATE

Wide range. Mostly mild summers and cool to cold winters with

frosts. Snow rare. Winter rainfall in south, summer rainfall in

north of its range. Rainfall 625-1375 mm.


ECOLOGY

Tall woodlands, grassy forests, wet scleophyll forests. In WSF may

be associated with E. regnans, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E.

obliqua and various Peppermints.


E. pauciflora, E. melliodora, E. blakelyi, E. nova-anglica.

GENERAL

Similar to E. dalrympeana, E. rubida in appearance.

Related to E. aromaphloia, E. pryoriana, E. nova-anglica. Hybrid

swarms of it and E. nova-anglica sometimes called E. huberiana.

Wood pale, moderately hard, but not strong or durable. Grain open

and straight. Useful for posts and rails. Reports vary on wood

quality, dependant on site. Some say it twists and warps while

others say it seasons well and is useful for boards, light

construction, panelling etc.

Young trees used for pulp and fibreboard.Koalas eat the leaves.

Coppices readily. Grows well in the nursery, fast growing, responds

to fertilizer. Manna collected from leaves. Can be propagated from

cuttings. Good honey, nectar and pollen tree.

Clinal variation in drought and frost resistance.


Suffered over extensive areas. Variable susceptibility. Did not

suffer until most recent outbreak (1975-80). Generally not as badly

affected as E. blakelyi or E. melliodora.

Amongst the worst affected species on the Central Tablelands.

Rough Barked Apple (Angophora floribunda (Sm.)Sweet)

APPEARANCE

Medium tree. Rough, fibrous bark - persistant to upper branches.

Twisted gnarled appearance.

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread in N.S.W. (particularly Western Slopes).

Also Qld and Vic.

Occurs near coast in east Vic and southern N.S.W., while is more

inland in northern N.S.W.

On N. Tablelands is common at altitudes below 1100m.

Scattered over central and western areas.

TOPOGRAPHY


Often on flats. Sometimes on hills.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Usually slates and alluvium. Favours deep soils and alluvial soils.

CLIMATE

Similar to E. melliodora.

ECOLOGY

Woodlands

COMMON ASSOCIATED ON NORTHERN TABLELANDS

Usually grows with E. blakelyi and E. melliodora

GENERAL

Closely related to A. bakeri, A. subvelutina and hybridizes with

both.

Good shade tree and often seeked out by stock for this purpose.

Profuse flowering.


Sometimes heavily defoliated. Usually recovers well. Severe dieback

in places, but generally not as bad as E. blakelyi or E. melliodora

but occassionally worse, eg. Kingstown area.

REFERENCES USED TO COMPILE APPENDIX Ib

Some of these references give a good overview of species, while others may only be useful for one or two bits

of information. The better reference books have been maked with *.

Anderson (1956)

Beadle (1976-1987)

Beadle Carolin and Evans (1976)

Blake and Roff (1958)

Chippendale and Wolf (1981) - Distribution

*Costermans (1981) - General

Morgan (1981b) - Distribution and ecology of N. Tablelands species

*Hall, Johnston and Marryatt (1963) - Distribution etc.

*Hall, Johnston and Chippendale (1975) - Complete information for

each species

Kelly (1974) - Illustrations

Penfold and Willis (1961) - general

Pratten C. - personal communication on dieback on the Central

Tablelands of N.S.W.

Pryor and Johnson (1971) - classification

Williams (198i) - Eucalypts of the N. Tablelands.

*Williams and Nadolny (1981) - Distribution of dieback on the

Northern Tablelands.

**************************************************

Appendix II

Dieback Vitality Scale

This scale is the same as used by Christopher Nadolny (see Nadolny 1984 for full details). It is

modified from E. Hoult (1970).

0 Dead (certain), heavy twig loss, bark splitting

1 Completely defoliated with no live foliage, but tree

relatively intact; possibility of sprouting new growth from

branches or bole; often dead leaves remaining on tree.

2 Epicormic growth no higher than main trunk; no mature

foliage.

3 Epicormic growth no higher than lower branches; no mature

foliage.

4 Foliage predominantly epicormic (usually no higher than upper

branches) or greater than 75% of twigs on primary crown

apparently dead.

5 Between 50-75% of twigs on primary crown apparently dead.

6 25-50% of twigs on primary crown apparently dead.

7 Less than 25% of twigs on primary crown dead, but not

completely healthy; substantial epicormic growth or defoliation;

little reproductive activity.

8 Apparently healthy.

254

Appendix III

Data Sheets and Calculations of Phenological Data:1985-88

Phenological Data

Trees were chosen with low branches, where possible. For higher trees binoculars were used

and occasional destructive sampling. The different stages of the flowering cycle are illustrated

in Figure 2 and Plate 6.1.

Explanation of Data Sheet

The classification "young buds" was later disregarded as being too subjective. Seed and chaff

were put on a separate data sheet (Figure 3 below). "Health ratings" are explained in Appendix

II. "Notes" included when seed traps were installed, what defoliation was experienced, and notes

on the flowering stages. Relative sizes of . flower or fruit crops, leaf growth, or beetle attack are

illustrated in Subsection 6.3.1. The following code was used in recording

3 very light crop - fruit or buds sporadic over tree

not easy to find.

/3 moderate crop fruit or buds distinct and common

on tree, easy to find.

high crop - fruit or buds dense throughout

the crown - most possible sites are occupied.

Arrows between dates indicate the progress of each flower crop.

Seed Trap DataInflorescence buds, flower buds, immature and mature fruit, seed, and chaff were all counted.

Values for seed and chaff were added and the mean taken over the two seed traps. This figure

was converted to seed plus chaff per m 2 using the following formula:n lo,000 = seed + chaff 111-2453

where n = mean value of seed + chaff over the two seed traps. and 453 = the area of each

seed trap.

255

Phenological Data 256

The arising value was then divided by the number of months over which the seed fall had

taken place giving a value of average amount of seedfall per m2 per month:

Young leaves, leaves, sticks, and unclassifiable fragments and dust were all weighed when dry

and added together to give a value of litter fall. Insects were counted, classified, and weighted

and the insect frass was weighed. These values were also converted to an amount per m2 per

month.

6176• B,;-(4,„iet (zb) 4covE: 2 0,vi51""l'es: Etc. viman a It's

Nooks" 3

DAZMI.id

R.',6.1,

1.bvis

us fl,„.. .14

fi,.y(„,:i-

ti. r--cru;&

0 2...,,; t-

L41

P.4ilea, 5.1

1

ci4fi an

NO TES

3 . 7-35 111 WA Q‘-'fr.rowffm•

4ftig44-0. 1111 Seeot -Iry s ,.s AA/

11 . 1 . 35 Ed IN= g no recr“ ;-bint e6s.,-

V

,,e4

q .1,1145. Bill Mai _ g s..e L...$4.4f1,44- C)

0...36 . NMI 11111110111 – 822 . 44, lirialli i EMI / /1•1o•14 ITINIMAINURIMIRIII r En spri .14 S $ ,,,.. c....r .

Ii.u . r. 11111/111111 la r

WM

0%

■111322IMMIIIIM"

in

. s..,..-ir1 4' • 4::' ' i " 'wt.

of,y " J u,i4t...le .•.. s

6,34 FilM il v" S.

6 .07 ile II g

I •11.1 NE II/ g

1544 ME 333 I q 1 g Iii J.,* ve, ile ' 1,. 4 .

. .

,

Figure 1: Data Sheet for Phenological Observations

•

opiin 541,tiollOrt 5t4;t* Se cc)

Ch^4F,

a I• at,.• •

APO

Frow.... 84, 01)13.hh

Phenological Data 257

Figure : Stages of Fruit Development in Blakely's red gum (E. blakelyi)

Ice:

atfc.

kcl.bvds.

11:,bud

Ws Froweis pftrtIll . ° Idfioweis

J"J

fig 4"64.44.

i•

$WIS CilafF" kali*CS)

)

le".i

Sid*(

*NA'(i)

Li Ik'6)

_14skts

4'`143)

enA.

(3)

11 -

. .

Figure .3: Data Sheet for Seed Trap Contents

Appendix IV

Design of Seed Traps

The seed traps used as part of the phenology studies from 1982-1984 (Chapter 6.3) were based

on a design by Margaret French who was working on seedfall in rainforests from the Botany

Department of the University of Sydney.

Seed traps were 0.1 m2 in area, with inside lengths of 25 cm X 40 cm. The frame was

constructed with 50 x 25 min pieces of hardwood held together with bent strips of 2 cm wide

metal strapping.

A fine nylon mesh was stapled to the bottom of the trap and joins were sealed with silicone

sealant. The mesh was a Swiss Silk bolting cloth with a mesh count of 24.4 per cm. This was

fine enough to catch the very finest particles but allowed passage of water.

[Nylon mesh: Nytal Nylon Monofilament ASTM 60-250 u, Type 2188 Thread 160 u]

Chicken wire was nailed to the top of the trap to prevent damage to the mesh from falling

twigs. The traps were suspended from a lower branch of a tree with wire.

These traps proved to be too shallow and unstable to collect and hold sufficient numbers of

seeds so the design was modified. New traps were made from plastic buckets with their bottoms

cut out and replaced with the same fine nylon mesh as before, held in place with two doughnut

shaped pieces of galvanized iron, pop rivetted through the bucket and sealed with silastic sealant.

The traps were secured between two steel fence posts with wire and chicken wire was placed

over the top to prevent damage from falling branchlets.

258

bucket

fi. ne ny 1 on gauze

metal rims, poprivettet! together

Seed Traps 2E9

Top diameter bucket = 24cm Collecting area of one bucket = 453 cm 2 Height off ground

about 1.5 in Two seed traps per tree. Total collecting are per tree of 905cm2

seal ant

Bucket seed trap

Not to scale.

deed trap and portable vacuum cleaner.

Appendix V

Phenology graphs of selected eucalypt trees

IE • 14ev 0 pin e,t #2- Pei - a 61.' 1185 MG i /7 7 Ifirr

3"i

6s ow DIFti Anra-ksoNIDn-FriAtiJS A 5 0 AlP t jfeal Av

1 ykotj fr,,, 9 V* tiollihrmici,r 4-._ith 4.ft,1 L _ _ -fike . ‘-'

Re/Jaw./ ktfpils PREPARED f OR ‘AcH 7A6t MOAJITOKCP

C loo AGO.

260

Appendix VI261

Total area and trees established and monitored inthe project

SI1E

Area(ha)

No. treesMonitored

forphenology

No. treesPlanted

No. treessurvivingApril '88

% treessurvivingApril '88

Mean ht(m)

April '88

Areasown(ha)

No. Mean htseedlings (m)April '88 April '88

No. Euc.seedlings

Regenerated(Approx.)

No. Acaci •and shrubs

Regenerated* •

Mean ht(m)

naturalegeneration

BELHAVEN (la) 1 0 336 ('83) 118 36 2.0 - - -1

BELHAVEN (lb) 0.3 0 0 - - - 0.3 39 i 0.2 1 - 0.1(1985,86)

BIRRAHLEE (2a) 2.9 0 0 - - - 0 - - 500 14,500 7

BIRRAHLEE (2b) 3.5 8 0 - - - 0.03 440 1.3 9 21 1.3

EASTLAKE (3a) 11 6 0 - - 0 - - 4,300 2,200

EASTLAKE (3b) 3 12 0 - - - 0.02 ('86) 4 0.4 70 30 1.0

EASTLAKE (3c) 0.2 0 0 - - - 0.08 (87) 168 0.1 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3d) 0.2 0 0 - - - 0.09 ('87) 324 0.2 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3e) 0.09 0 0 - - - 0.09 ('86) 43 7 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3f) 0.06 0 0 - - - 0.06 ('86) 12 ? 0 0 -

EUROPAMBELA (4a) 4 3 0 - - - 0 - - 7 , ?EUROPAMBELA (4b) 1 0 0 - - - 0.5 37 (841 2.0 25 10. . 1.0

62 (85 1.59 (8 0.6

MALPAS DAM (5) 45 0 12,193 11,949 96.8 0.5(approx.)

- 7

MIRAMOONA (6a) 0.45 7 - - 0.06 ('85) 18 0.4 2 0 0.554 ('86) 4 8 0.9 0.07 ('86) 143 o.

MIRAMOONA (6b) 1.8 3 154 ('85) 10 7 0.7 - - 12 0 0.7332 ('87) 276 83 0.10 (87) 38 0.2

MIRAMOONA (6c) 0.35 0 54 ('85) 17 32 0.7 - - - - - -

PETAL! (8a) 7.2 12 0 - - - 0.02 ('86) 0 - 73 160 0.3

PETALI (8b) 5.8 0 0 - - - 0 - - 7 0 ?

PETAL! (8c) 4 3 0 - - - 0 - - 7

RUBY HILLS (9a) 8.6 14 0 - - - 1.00 ('85) 0 - 90 170 1.00.03 ('86) 1,4360.05 (87) 610

RUBY HILLS (9b) 0.1 0 192 83 43 7 0 - - 0 0 -

SALISBURY COURT (10) 4.8 6 456 ('85) 99 22 0.6 0.20 ('85) 58 0.3 7 0 0.7332 ('87) 295 89 7 0.02 ('86) 21 0.1

TERRIBLE VALE (12a) 1.2 3 0 - - - 0 - - 264 360 1.8

TERRIBLE VALE (12b) 3.3 6 132 1 0.8 1.5 0.4 30 0.2 . 0 0 -('85, '86)

THE HILL (13) 8.8 0 0 - - - 0 - - 7 7 . 7

WOODPARK (15a) 10 3 0 - - - 0 - - 0 0 -

WOODPARK (15b) 5 2 332 302 91 7 0 - - 7 ? ?

YALGOO (16a) 3 6 0 - - - 0 - - 1,500 90 ?

YALGOO (16b) 10.6 10 0 - - - 0.80 (85) 0 - 0 0 -0.40 (86) 207 0.8 .

YALGOO (16c) 2.6 0 386 (85) 52 14 0.7 1.30 (85) 0 - 3 0 0.5401 (87) 308 77 1.0

TOTAL 150 100 15,354 13,514 88 Approx. 5.7 3,700 Approx. 6,800 17,500 1-21 0.5

.

Figures in () = sowing or planting dates.

262

Appendix VII

Details of Study Sites

Property1(a) I (lb)

Belhaven2(a) I 2(b)

Birrahlee •3(a) I 3(b)

Eastlake

Eng: Bloomfield family Rob and Sally Taylor Williams familyLocation 15km NE Armidale 5km SE Kentucky 26km SE UrallaProperty Size, 1,240 ha. 1,320 ha.Land= Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle grazing

SNOW GUM HILLijeology Granite Basalt Porphyritic Palaeozoic Palaeozoic Palaeozoic

leucodamellite metamorphic metasediments metasediments withsediments ("Trap") tertiary stream and

gravel remnants.

Soil Grey lateritic podzal Chocolate podzolic Sandy Grey-brown podzolic Red podzolic Not classifiedintergrade

Slope 3-4. 2. 5-10° 2-5. 15. 2-3.

Position on slope Midslope Midslope Crest to upper slope Crest to mid slope Crest to mid slope Crest to mid slope

Aspect South North South, east, west South and west North, west West

Plant Community GrasslandIsolated trees nearby

GrasslandIsolated trees nearby

Sclerophyll shrubwoodland

Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy woodland

Pasture Tvpe Natural Native None Highly improvedpasture

Native pasture Natural pasture

Density of trees + 0 0 Sparse 292/ha Sparse 48/ha Sparse 27/ha Sparse 89/haDensity of shrubs 0 0 Dense 5000/ha None 0 Sparse 204/ha Isolated plants 9/haEucalypt Regeneration 0 Isolated plants 3/ha Sparse 167/ha Isolated plants 2.6/ha Sparse 388/ha Sparse 23/haAcacia Regeneration 0 0 0 Isolated clumps 6.0/ha Isolated plants Isolated plants 0.3/hr

Main Trees and Shrubs E. melliodora nearby E. dalrympleana near- * E. pauciflora * E. stellulata * E. laevopinea * E. nova -anglicain order of abundance by * L. brevipes * E. viminalis E. melliodora E. pauciflora(,* are dominant) Callitris endlicheri Angophora floribundc E. blakelyi E. dairympleana

Exocarpus cupressy"ormis E. dalrympleana A. dealbata E. blakelyiProstanthera nivea A. dealbata A. implexa E. radiataA. melanoxylon E. bridgeslana Lissanthe strigosa E. laevopineaA, filicifolia Daviesia genistifolia Daviesia genistifoliaLomatia fraseri + planted Pinus radiates Crataegus monogynaJacksonia scopaha Lissantha strigosa

Main herbaceous * Eragrostis sp. Eragrostis leptostachya Poa sieberana * Festuca arundinacea * Poa sieberana Pinus radiataspecies * Sporobolus elongotus Panicum effusum Rhagodia hastata * Marrubium vulgare Stipa sp. * Poa sieberrutain order of abundance Acetocella angiocarpa Pteridium esculeturn * Cirsium vulgare Microlaena stipoides

are dominant) Poa sieberana Lomandra long(/blia * Cynodon dactylonBothriochloa macroHypochaeris radiata

Health of site All trees removed. All trees removed. Most trees good over- Many trees removed. Many trees removed. Many trees removed.',Tree condition scaletee Table 8.18)

all health. (3) 17% dead, 40% poor,43% good. (2)

27% dead.Most other treesgood. (3)

46% trees dead.Most other treesgood. (3)

Area of site (ha) 1 0.3 2.9 3.5 11 ha. 3 ha.Studies carried out Tree planting trial Direct sowing trial Regeneration Phenology. Regenera- Phenology. Regenera- phenologv. Regal-

observation tion. Direct sowing fllon • eration. Directsowing

Previous history Had been cleared. Fenced off 1982. Fenced 1984. Rung Had not been Fenced for regenera-ask Unsupered sward of Was part of a 300 ac. 1920's;30's leaving supered since 1981 don Winter 1985.

native pasture. Had paddock, rarely used belts of trees. Fenced 1983 for •been a low intensity by stock. Rung Regrowth-->existing regeneration. Pinessheep camp. 1920's and 30's.

Aerially supered withrest of paddock.

small trees. Pastureimprovement since1960's. Sown pasture

planted in 1983 (NEcorner), 1984 (Wfence line) 1985 (S &

Since fencingvigorous regeneration.

fertilizer raised stockstock from 1 to 3.5sheep/ac.

E fence lines). ,

Short description "Island" of thickshrubby regenerationamidst heavilycleared pasture.

Improved pasture witha moderate number oftrees and littleregeneration.

Unproductive rockyhill fenced forregeneration and stockprotection.

263

Property4(a) I 4(b)

Europambela5

Malpas Dam6(a) I 6(b)

Miramoona

Owner Fenwick family (Mngr - McNeil family)10km E. Walcha3,200 ha.Sheep and cattle

(foreshore)

Armidale City Council27km NE Armidale150 ha. approximately.Water catchment(foreshore)

Barnet family161cm NW Walcha1,796 ha.Sheep and cattle grazing

LocationProperty sizeLand use

THE CAVES SOWING SITE BERALA WOOKOOGeology, Fine grained

palaeozoic meta-Basalt and Sediment-ary

Palaeozoic meta-morphic. Grey wacke

Sediments ("Trap")

Soil Lithosol Lithosol Red and yellowpodzolic, chocolate,prairie, gravel

Red podzolic - not classified

Slope 1-50° 7-10° 1-2° 5°Position on slope Crest - lower slope Crest - mid-slope Upper slope to Crest Crest to mid-slopeAspect West North, South, East depression North,

South, East,WestEast and West East and South

Plant Community Shrub woodland and Isolated clump of Grassland (all wood- Isolated clump of Isolated clump ofopen woodland trees land cleared) trees trees

Pasture Type Natural Natural Natural pasture Improved pasture Improved pasture

Density of trees Mid.dense Isolated clump 23/ha. Isolated Isolated clump (50/ha) Isolated clump 9/ha.Density of shrubs Dense Very sparse 8/ha. Isolated 0 0Eucalypt Regeneration Very sparse Very sparse 25/ha. Isolated Isolated 4/ha. Isolated clump 7/ha.Acacia Regeneration Very sparse Very sparse 10/ha. Isolated 0 0

Main Trees & Shrubs * E. radiata * E. viminalis * E. nova-anglica * E. melliodora * E. viminalisin order of abundance ' Casuarina littoralis A. filicifolia * S. siliculiformis * E. blakelyi(* are dominant) E. viminalis Crataegus monogyna Daviesia genistifolius

*Olearia viscidula Rosa rubiginosa Nearby are:* Leptospermum brevipes E. paucifloraA. dealbata E. stellulataA. falciformisCassinia quinquenervia stellulata

E. caliginosa xstellulata I

Indigofera australis E. viminalisMain herbaceous *Poa sieberana Marrubium vulgare *Poa sieberana *Hordeum leporinum *Marrubium vulgarespecies Pteridium esculentum Cirsium vulgare *Conyza bonariensis *Lolium sp *Bromus molliformi:in order of abundance Rhagodia hastata Trifolium repens Verbascum *Bromus molliformis *Lolium sp(* are dominant) Conyza bonariensis Lepidum hyssopifolia Hordeum vulgare

Phalaris aquatica Cirsium vulgare Cynodon dactylonAsperula conferta Marrubium vulgare Festuca arundinacea

Trifolium repens Conyza bonariensis

Health of site • Few trees removed Many trees removed. Some trees badly Many trees removed. Most trees removed.Existing trees None dead. None dead. affected - most good. A few dead. None dead.

Most trees in good or Most trees good. Most trees good. Most trees good.very good health. (4) (3) - (3) Some poor. (2) (3)

Area of site 4 ha. approximately 1 ha. Approx. 45 ha. 0.45 ha. 1.8 ha.Studies carried out ' Phenology, Regenera- Direct sowing Tree planting Phenology, Regenera- Phenology, Regener

tion Regeneration • tion Direct seeding tion, Direct seeding,Planting

Previous history Settled in 1834. Most Part of a larger padd- Heavily cleared earlyof site of property cleared

1860-70. This siteock - fenced for trees1985. Pines planted

this century. Areanearby pasture

uncleared because ofsteepness and rocks.

in other sections 1985.Some native treesplanted on site 1985.

improved. Watercatchment 1985 -stock excluded sincethen.

•

Short description Island of scrub onrocky hillside,surrounded by pasture.

Small outcrop of treesin cleared country.

Reafforestation ofMalpas Dam fore-shores.

Remnant trees in improved pasture.

264

property7(a)

University of New England10km North Armidale

sheep and cattle grazing.

7(b)klewholme

7(c) 8(a)

Oppehheimer family17ktn N.W. Walcha1,200 ha.Sheep and cattle grazing.

8(b)Fetali

8(c)

OwnerLocationProperty sizeLand use

"Sheep Camp"

"Creek"

'Central Woodlot"

"Dam Paddock"

"House"

"Possum"

Geology Adamellite, 10%rock outcrop

Grey-brown podzolic,scattered alluvial sand

Adamellite 10%rock outcrop

Sandy

Adamellite 10%rock outcrop

Grey-brown podzolic

Palaeozoic meta-sediments

Yellow podzolic

palaeozoic meta-sediments - chert

Yellow podzolic

Palaeozoic meta-sediments - greywackes

Not classifiedSoil,

Slope Flattish 5-6° slope Drainage line and flat 2-5°, gentle 5-10° 6° Approximately 2-5°area beside creek

Position slope Mid slope Mid-lower slope Crest to mid slope Mid-slope Mid-slope

Aspect North West East East

Plant Community Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy sclerophyllforest

Grassy woodland Grassy woodland

Pasture type Natural pasture Natural pasture Native pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture

Density of trees sparse sparse sparse Mid dense (45/ha) sparse (28/ha) sparseDensity of shrubs Virtually none 0 Virtually none Very sparse (21/ha) 0 sparseEucalypt regeneration 0 sparse Isolated clump Very sparse (10/ha) sparse clumps sparse clumpsAcacia regeneration 0 0 0 Isolated (2/ha) 0 0

Main trees and_s_linibs E. blakelyi * E. nova-anglica * E. blakelyi * E. melliodora * E. blakelyi • * E. blakelyiin order of abundance * E. melliodora * E. melliodora * E. laevopinea * E. melliodora * E. melliodora(* are dominant) Rosa rubiginosa E. bridgesiana * E. blakelyi E. viminalis E. viminalis

E. bridgesiana E. bridgesianaE. viminalis nearby E. dalryrnpleana

Lissanthe strigosaA. dealbataA. ulicifolia

Main herbaceot4 Exotic herbs adopted Native tussock grasses Vulpia bromoides * Poa sieberana * Bromus molliformis * Poa sieberana5pecies to sheep camps. dominated by Aristida Vulpia sp. Poa sieberana Asperula confertain order of abundance Native tussock grasses ramosa Danthonia sp. Vulpia sp.(* are dominant) toward edge of camp

eg. Aristida ramosaBromus mollifortnis Lepidium

hyssoptfolia

Health of site Badly affected. 74% Damage relatively mild 50% trees dead. The Many trees removed Many trees removed Many trees removed.standing trees dead. Most trees less than rest suffering from 50% dead. Most 30% trees dead. Most Most remaining treesAll of remaining trees 50% damaged (DB6-8) dieback. Many trees remaining good. remaining good. good. "badly defoliated (2) quite healthy. (3) (3) (3)(DB4-8). (3)

(1)

Area of site Approximately 2 ha. Approximately 3 ha. Approximately 3 ha. 7.2 ha. 5.8 ha. Approximately 5 ha.

Studies canied out Phenology (1982-84) Phenology (1982-84) Phenology (1982-84) Phenology, Regenera- RegeneratioR Plienology,tion. Direct sowing Regeneratioq

Previous history Sheep camp - heavily Fenced off from stock Grazed by cattle and Fenced 1985, grazed Probably never cleared Never been cleared -of site grazed - unfenced. to all regeneration, sheep. Is a small

patch of grassy wood-land amidst cleared

prior to that. Beginn-ing to get badly affect-ed by dieback and

Some ringbarkingdone in early days.

always semi-woodecFenced posts takenout from time to

paddocks.Unfenced.

mistletoe. Fenced - time. Pastureimprovement since1950's ie. aerialsuper and seeding.Fenced-

Short description Sheep camp, S.E.cnr. of property (Land

Creek, E. part ofproperty (Land Unit 5

Central part ofproperty (Land Unit 1

Remnant forest fencedoff for regeneration.

Remnant woodland,light grazing to

Woodland fenced oftfor regeneration.of site

Unit 4 Sandy Creek of Sandy Creek of Sand Creek encourage regenera-Ecological Manage-ment Area).

Ecological Manage-ment Area).

Ecological Manage-ment Area).

don.

265

9(a) I 9(b)Ruby Hills

10,Salisbury Court

11Spy way

12(a) I 12(b)Terrible Vale

13The Hilt

Burgess family Croft family Curtis family Fred Taylor and family John & Vicki Taylor10km West Walcha 10km SE Uralla 5km SE Armidale 5km SE Kentucky 5km SE Kentucky2,080 ha. 600 ha. 0.1 ha. 960 ha.Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle House Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle

grazing •"Woodlot" "Dam" "Snow Gum Hill" "Stingybark Hill"

Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- Basalt Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta-morphic sediments - morphic sediments - morphic sediments. morphic sediments sediments - schist,Phyllites and chert("Trap")

chert mixed withgranite

("trap") ("Trap") jasper, chert.

Lithosol Gley Podzolic Yellow podzolic soil Black earth Lithosol (rocky) Yellow Earth

1 ° on flat: 7°011 slope Flat 20 Flat 18-20° 7-100

Crest - mid-slope Lower slope Crest and upper slope Crest Crest to upper slope Crest to upper slope Crest to vale

West North East and West East West South and East East

Grassy schloerphyllforest

Grassland Open woodland Isolated clump Isolated clump Grassy woodland Open woodland

Natural pasture Improved pasture Natural pasture Natural Native pasture Improved pasture Natural

Mid-dense (44/ha) 0 Very sparse 6/ha Isolated clump Isolated clump 18/ha sparse 27/ha sparseVery sparse (20/ha) 0 0 0 sparse 228/ha 0 Isolated clumpsVery sparse 11/ha 0 Isolated clump 1/ha 0 sparse 220/ha 0 Isolated clumpssparse 102/ha 0 0 0 sparse 97/ha 0

* E. caliginosa None * E. blakelyi E. blakelyi * E. pauciflora * E. caliginosa * E. stellulata* E. radiata Nearby are: * E. viminalis * A. dealbata Angophora E. laevopinea* A. dealbata E. stellulata * Jacksonia scoparia floribunda. E. paucifloraE. pauciflora E. nova-anglica Pimelia linifolia . E. dalrympleanaE. stellulata E. paucVlora Hibbertia linearis A. dealbataE. bridgesianaE. nicholii

Brachylomadaphnoides

E. pauciflora xradiata '

Cryptandra amaraDillwynia retorta

Poa sieberana * Phalaris aquatica * Poa sieberana Poa sieberana * Themeda australia * Silybum marianum * Marrubium vulgarePteridium esculentum * Vulpia bromoides * Eragrostis Phalaris aquatica * Poa sieberana * Lolium perenneMicrolaena stipoides Cirsium vulgaris leptostachya * Dichelachne sciurea * Hordeum leporinum

Cynodon dactylon * Vulpia bromoides * Marrubium vulgare* Bromus molliformis * Vulpia bromoidesAsperula confena * Trifolium repens

Few trees cleared. All trees removed. Many trees removed. Most trees removed. Most trees removed. Many trees removed. .Few trees dead.Most trees in good

80% dead, 10% good,10% poor - very poor.

Few dead.Most poor - good.

50% trees dead.Remaining trees good.

25% dead.Most remaining trees

health. Many verygood.

(1) (2) (3) good (some poor).(3)

(4)

8.6 ha. 0.1 ha. 4.8 ha. 0.1 ha. 1.2 ha. 3.3 ha. 8.8 ha.

Phenology. Regnera- planting phenology, Regenera-lion. Direct sowing,

Direct sowing 1982- Phenojogy. Regenerg- Phenology. Regenerg- Phenologv,lion. Direct sowing 14.1 &a tion._ Direct sowing, Regeneration

Planting

Purchased 1962. Massof regrowth and rabbits

Completely cleared,open pasture, fenced

Heavily cleared andgrazed for sheep.

Originally timberedCleared since 1940's.

Was a sheep camp.Never excessively

Fenced off 1982 atthe end of the

and poor stocking. for a large dam. Fenced 1982 for Trees gradually rung, trees removed drought for regener-Cleared 1962-64 allyoung timber. 1970's

sowing trials, removed over time.Supered with other

gradually. Supered1 cwt/ac/gr over 15.

ation. Pines andother exotics planted

cleared out dead timber- nothing killed after

sites. Fenced May '85to allow regeneration.

years and aeriallysown to clover.

on all edges of site.

1962. Present tree - May 1985. •

Regrowth has declined Exposed windy site Remnant trees in bad Remnant trees in bad Snow gum hill, fenced Remnant trees in 1 Remnant trees in

since super (1964onwards). Regener-ating grassy forest.

beside irrigationdam.

dieback area. dieback area. to regenerate. improved pasture. improved pasture forregeneration.

r,1

266

14University ofNew England

Amidale

15(a) 15(b)Woodpark

Steve Falconer and Karen Payten (manager)2km west of Annidale

16(a) 16(b) 16(c)Yalgoo

Nivison family101cm NW of Walcha

Approximately 200 ha. 3,200 ha.Goat grazing. Sheep and cattle grazing.

"Goat Paddock" "Regeneration Paddock' "Stringybark Hill" "Hudson's E" "Black Ash"

Basalt Armidale sedimentaries Palaeozoic meta-morphic sedimentswith quartz veins.

Palaeozoic meta-morphic sediments.

Palaeozoic meta-morphic sediments.

Lateritic podzolic soils Yellow earth. Lateritic podzolic. Lateritic podzolic.

Approximately 10° Approximately 2-5° Approximately 2-5° 2-8° 2° Flat 1-2°Crest-midslope Upper to lower slopes Crest to lower slope Crest to mid slope Lower slope Lower slopeSouth North, west North and east N,S,E,W East East and South

Grassy woodland Isolated trees Grassy woodland -grassland

Grassy sclerophyllforest

Grassy woodland Isolated clump

Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Improved pasture Improved pasture

Sparse Isolated clumps Sparse Mid dense (342/ha) Very sparse (47/ha) Isolated clump (53/ha)Very sparse 0 clumped, dense Very sparse (31/ha) 0 0Sparse 0 Sparse Isolated clumps (500/ha) 0 Isolated (1/ha)) 0 Sparse Isolated clumps 0 0

(20/ha)

E. viminalis * E. blakelyi * E. blakelyi * E. laevopinea * E. nova-anglica E. nova-anglicaE. blakelyi E. viminalis Angophora E. blakelyi E. stellulataE. melliodora E. melliodora floribunda E. melliodora E. paucifloraAng. floribunda Crataegus monogyna E. viminalis E. bridgesianaE. pauciflora E. melliodora E. viminalis .

Hawthorn, Blackberry, Lespedezia,Briar Rose, Cassiniaquinquenervia, Jack-sonia scoparia,Cryptandra amara

A. dealbata .Exocarpus

cupressiformisIndigofera australisCassiniaquinquenervia

•

Vulpia bromoides . Poa sieberana * Cirsium vulgare Phalaris aquaticaBothriochloa macra s ' stipoides,Microlaena * Bromus molliformis Festuca arundinaceaChloris truncata * Marrubium vulgare Polygonum avicularePanicum effusum Cynodon dactylonPoa sieberana Hordeum leporinumSporobolus elongatus Trifolium repens

Badly 70% dead; 8% very About 40% trees dead. Few removed. Many trees removed Many removed.poor, 22% poor; 0% Remaining trees badly Few dead. Few dead. Most Few dead. Mostgood. Many treesremoved.

affected by dieback. Most in good health. remaining trees ingood health.

remaining trees ingood health.

(1) (2) (3) (3) (3)

3 ha. 10.6 ha. 2.6 ha.Phenology 1982-84 Phenology and natural regeneration (1982-84) Phenology and Phenology. Regenera- Direct Sowing,

Unfenced Tree planting trial, Regeneration tion. Direct sowing Planting

Continuous sheep and Fenced off from stock Probably cleared about Paddock cleared about Cleared and grazedgoat grazing for many to allow regeneration 30 years ago and 30 years ago and let go and .pasture improved.years. Highly cleared 1978. allowed to regenerate. since. Wooded Fenced from stockand badly affected bydieback.

Existing trees wouldbe coppice from then.Grazed since then.Fenced to allowregeneration July 1984

previously. Rung,suckers cleared.Present trees regrowthfrom then. Fencedfrom stock June 1984.

July 1984. Planted400 trees, most diedor killed by mistake.

Grassy forest remnantallowed to regenerate.

Grazing continuedfrom time to time.

DE

TA

ILE

D S

PE

CIE

S L

IST O

F E

AC

H S

ITt,

Belh

aven

Birr

hale

eE

astla

keE

urop

ambe

la M

1pM

iram

oona

New

holm

eP

auli

Rub

y H

ills

Salis

-bu

ryC

ourt

Spy-

way

Terr

ible

Val

eTh

eH

illtiN

EW

oody

kY

azoo

TR

EE

S A

ND

SH

RU

BS

Aca

cia d

ealba

taA

cacia

falci

form

isA

cacia

filic

ifolia

Aca

cia im

plexa

Aca

ica m

elano

xylon

Ang

opho

ra fl

orib

und

Cal

litru

s end

liche

riCa

suar

ina

littor

alis

Euc

alyp

tus b

lake

lyiE

ucal

yptu

s brid

gesia

naE

ucal

yptu

s cal

igino

saE

ucal

yptu

s dal

rym

plea

naE

ucal

yptu

s lae

vopi

nea

Euc

alyp

tus m

elliod

ora

Euc

alyp

tus n

icholi

iE

ucal

yptu

s nov

a-an

glica

Euc

alyp

tus p

aucif

lora

Euc

alyp

tus p

aucif

lora

x ra

diat

aE

ucaly

ptus

radia

taE

ucal

yptu

s stel

lula

taE

ucal

yptu

s vim

inal

isE

xoca

rpus

cupr

essif

orm

is

SH

RU

BS

Aca

cia u

licifo

liaA

rnye

mia

pen

dulu

mBi

llard

iera

scand

ens

Brac

hylom

a da

phno

ides

Cas

sinia

qui

nque

faria

Cra

taeg

us m

onog

yna

Cryp

tand

ra a

mara

Dav

esia

gene

stifol

iaD

avies

ia la

nfoli

aD

illwy

nia

retor

taH

ibbe

rtia

linea

risH

ibbe

rtia

sp.

Hib

berti

a ob

tusif

olia

Indi

gofer

a au

stral

isJa

ckso

nia

scopa

riaL

epto

sper

mum

bre

vipes

Lesp

edez

ia ju

ncea

Liss

anth

e stri

gosa

Lom

atia

fraz

eriO

learia

visci

dula

Pand

orea

pan

dora

naPi

meli

a lin

ifolia

Pros

tant

hera

nive

aPu

ltena

ea m

icrop

hylla

Pulte

naea

sp.

Pyra

cant

haR

osa

rubi

ginos

aR

ubus

par

viflor

usR

ubus

pro

cerus

HE

RB

SA

caen

a ov

ina

Acet

ocell

a an

gioca

rpa

Agr

opyr

on sc

abru

mA

gros

tis ca

pilla

risA

ira cu

pania

naA

juga

austr

alis

Ama

rant

hus v

iridi

sA

mmob

ium

alatu

mA

naga

llis a

rven

sisA

ntho

xant

hum

odor

atum

Api

um te

nuifo

lium

Aris

tida

ramo

saA

speru

la co

nfer

taBo

thrio

chloa

mac

raBr

iza

mino

rBr

ornu

s bre

visBr

omus

dia

ndru

sBr

omus

moll

iform

isBr

omus

uni

loide

sBu

lbin

e bul

bosu

mC

apsel

la b

ursa

-pas

toris

Car

duus

teni

foliu

sC

arex

inve

rsa

Cen

taur

ium

min

orC

erasti

um gl

omera

tum

Che

nopo

dium

alb

aC

heno

podi

um c

arin

atur

nC

hlor

is r

unca

taC

irsi

um v

ulga

reC

onvo

lvul

us er

ebes

cens

Con

yza

bona

riens

isC

anyz

a sp

.'

Cuc

wnis

myr

ioca

rpus

Cym

bono

tus l

awso

nian

usC

ynod

on d

actyl

onD

act

Dac

tylsg

lom

erat

aD

anth

ania

pilos

aD

anth

onia

racem

osa

.D

anth

onia

rich

ards

onii

Desm

odiu

m b

rach

ypod

umD

esmod

ium

rhyti

doph

yllum

Des

mod

ium

var

ians

Dia

nella

la .

lb2a 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 .4 4 .4 4 4 .4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2b 4 4 4 4 4 4 -4 4 4 4 4 4

3a 4 4 4 4 4 4 11 4 -4 4 J 4 4 4 4 4

3b 4 J q 4 4 4 4 4 4 -4 4 -4•

4 . 4 -4 4 4 4

3c3d •

4a 4 q 4 4 J 4 4 4 J J 4 .4 4 -4 4 4 ..... 4

4b 4 J 4 4 4 -4 4 4 J 4 4 4 4 4 4

5

.

6a 4 4 4 . =J 4 4 4 4 4

6b

•

-4 4, •%1 -4 4 4 4

7a 4 J 4 4

r- 4 4 4 4 4 -4 4 4 J

7b i 1 l ,

J ,

1 1 1 • i I I I

J 4 4 4 . -4 4 4 , 4

7c 4 4 J 4

4..

4 4 4

I• i

4 . 4

8a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

e

4 -4 4 4 4 4 4 J

8b • 4 4 . • , .

8c 4 4 4JJ

9a 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 •4 4 4 4 .si 4 4 11 4 4 4 4

9b , -

10 •

4 J J - 4 .4, 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 J4

11

.

4 4

.

4 4 4 4 4 4

12a

J. 4 4 4 4 4 li 4 4 4 4 q 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 J 4 4 4 4

12b 4 4 4 4 . 4 4

•4, N 4 4

13

. ..

14 4 li 3 1,7;

'

15a 4 4 4 4 .._ 4 .4 4 4

15b

, ' 1

4; I

- 41

4

.4

1

4 4 4 4 1

•4 4 .4 4 4-4

1

4 4 4 4I

4 4 4.

4.J 4

.16a , 4 4 4 -4 4 4 4 4 '4 4 .4 4 4 4 4 .4 ,

16b . • 4 4 '4, '4 4 4 -4, 'V 4 4

16c

1:

,r •

i• •

•, ;

.4V

44

01

61

00

00

01

10

01

10

00

00

0i0

0.4

'I,

4••

■1••

;e0•

64. 6

•2,41. 4

,41,:+

t■-.

,..,,

-0 •

,,1-i

d•o

ol.

,•,0

4,.:

0,,,

,,r.

11,v

•1ro

,,,,

,••,

.

Ben

t:van

Bin

hale

eE

astla

keE

uro

pam

bel

a

Alp

ert

3121 4

bU

15b

16a

16b 1

6c

6a6b 7

a

4

3b3c

4 -4

Plc •

r

mic

rant

Dic

hond

ra re

pens

Ech

inop

ogon

cae

spito

sus

Dro

sera

Ech

ium

lyco

psis

Ele

usin

e tr

ista

chya

Epi

lobi

um b

illar

dier

ianu

m s

sp.

Epi

lobi

um c

iner

eum

Era

gros

th le

ptos

tach

yaE

rodi

um c

rina

tum

Eula

lia fu

lva

Fest

uca

arun

dina

cea

Ger

aniu

m s

olan

deri

Gly

cine

taba

cina

Gly

cine

sp.

Gna

phth

alim

japo

nicu

mG

naph

thal

im p

urpu

reum

Gna

phth

aliu

m s

p.G

oodo

nia

hede

race

aH

alor

agis

lete

roph

ylla

Har

denb

ergi

a vi

olac

eaH

elic

hrys

um a

picu

latu

mH

elic

hrys

um s

corp

ioid

esH

emar

thri

a un

cina

taH

irsc

hfel

dia

inca

naH

olcu

s la

natu

sH

orde

um le

pori

num

Hov

ea h

eter

ophy

llaH

ovea

lanc

eola

taH

ydro

coty

le b

onar

iens

isH

yper

icum

gra

min

eum

Hyp

ocha

eris

gla

bra

Hyp

ocha

eris

rath

cata

lmpe

rata

cyl

indr

ica

Isot

oma

axill

aris

Junc

us h

omal

ocau

lisJu

ncus

sp.

Lag

enif

era

belli

oide

sL

epid

ium

hys

sopi

folia

Lep

torh

ynch

os s

quam

atus

Leu

cant

hem

um v

u!ga

reL

oliu

m p

eren

neL

oliu

m ri

gidu

rnL

oman

dra

long

folio

Lom

andr

a m

ultif

lora

Mal

va n

egle

cta

Mar

rubi

um v

ulga

reM

edic

ago

lupu

lina

Med

icar

sal

iva

Men

tha

stri

gosa

Mic

rola

ena

stip

oide

sM

odio

la c

arol

iana

Mur

dann

ia g

ram

inea

Oxa

lis c

orni

cula

taPa

nicu

m e

ffus

umPa

rony

chia

bra

silia

naPa

spal

um d

ilata

tum

Penn

isen

tm a

lope

curo

ides

Petr

orha

gia

nate

uilii

Phal

aris

aqu

atic

aPh

ylla

nthu

s fi

licau

lisPl

anta

go d

ebili

sPl

anta

go g

audi

chau

diPl

anta

go la

nced

lata

Plec

ttont

hus

parv

iflo

rus

Poa

prat

ensi

sPo

a si

eber

ana

Poly

gonu

m a

vicu

lare

Pora

nthe

ra m

icro

phyl

laPo

rtul

aea

oler

acea

Pras

yphy

llum

sp.

Rha

godi

a ha

stat

aR

unes

bro

wni

iSc

lera

nthu

s bi

flor

usSi

lybu

m m

aria

num

Sol

anum

sp.

Sola

num

nig

rum

Sonc

hus

olea

ceus

Sorg

hum

leio

clad

urn

Spor

obol

us e

long

atus

Stel

laria

med

iaS

tipa

sca

bra

•St

ylid

ium

Swai

nson

a ga

legO

liaSw

ains

ona

orob

oide

sTa

gete

s m

inut

aT

arax

icum

off

icin

akT

hem

eda

aust

ralis

Tra

chym

ere

inci

sor

Tri

cory

ne e

latio

rT

rifo

lium

arv

ense

Tri

foliu

m g

lom

erat

wn

Tri

foliu

m p

rate

nse

Tri

foliu

m p

rocu

mbe

nsT

rifo

lium

repe

nsT

rifo

liwn

subt

erra

neum

Urt

ica

inci

saV

erba

scum

thap

sus

Ver

onic

aV

iola

bet

onic

ifolia

Vin

adin

ia tr

iloba

Vul

pia

brom

oide

sW

ahkn

berg

ia s

p.Z

orni

a di

ctio

carp

a

FE

RN

SA

sple

nium

flab

ellif

oliu

mC

heila

nthe

s te

nuif

olia

Dcr

valli

a py

xida

taPe

llaea

Pter

idiu

m e

scul

entu

mPy

ross

ia r

upes

tris

Mira

moo

na

New

holm

e 111

121

_!1Pau

liR

ub

y H

ills

So

lis-

Sp

y- '

ram

ble

Val

e T

he

11€

Wo

od

par

kb

ury

way

Cou

rt

87

I I

a I

I U

11

11

In

11

12

1 II

Yalg

oo

4

4 4 4 4

4 4

4 4

4 4 4 4

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

4

la

4 4

4 4

4

-4 4 4 4

4

4

I 4

4

AJ

4 4

4

4

4

4

4

4 44

4 4

4 4

4

-44

4 4

Appen

dix V

III S

eed viability data for the species u

sed in th

e direct

sowin

g trials

SpeciesProvenance

Mean N

o.viableseed/g

Mean seed/g

Range viable

seed/g

Acacia baileyanaC

AE Am

iidale42

4242

A. dealbataW

alcha74

7474

A. filicifoliaN

.P.W

.S.

3852

38-51

Eastlake67

Arding51

A. fimbriata

N.P

.W.S

.41

4141

A. m

elanoxylonN

.P.W.S

.79

44-79

Whitfield, V

ic.44

62

Angophora floribundaK

entucky0.8

0.80.8

Casuarinacunningham

ianaB

lue hole196

196196

C. littoralis

Eastlake242

298242-352

Eastlake352

E. blakelyi15km

W.

299431

290-592Am

iidale

Miram

oona398

U.N

.E.

337

Petali592

Puddledock (1)570

Puddledock (2)290

Miram

oona/535

Petali

E. caliginosaArm

idale96

1259-154

Eastlake154

E. laevopineaEastlake

2937

22-64

Petali64

Miram

oona32

Eastlake22

SpeciesProvenance

Mean N

o.viableseed/g

Mean seed/g

Range viable

seed/g

E. melliodora

Eastlake224

13749-224

Armidale

49

E. nicholii

Eastlake534

534534

E. obliquaN

.P.W.S

.26

2626

E. paucifloraSalisbury Plain

3785

37-123

Yalgoo94

Eastlake123

E. radiataEastlake

191177

125-234

Ruby H

ills159

Eastlake125

Yalgoo234

E. stellzdataR

uby Hills

62122

62-251

Yalgoo251

Kentucky81

Yalgoo170

E. viminalis

Kentucky124

280134-572

Salisbury Court134

Walcha

259

Miram

oona309

Eastlake572

E. youmanni

Walcha

5050

50

Leptospermum

brevipesKentucky

3,8823,882

3,882

L. flavescensPuddledock

1,1901,190

1,190

Appendix IX

Details of individual direct sowing trials: sowingdetails and results

GRADED TREATMENTS

270

■■•■■■4-■••••■••••

Site: Petali (8a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 6.10.1986

Preparation: Graded bare, about lm wide.

win: Seed sprinkled over graded area by hand.

Bulked with: Sand. Ara:

160 x lm =160m2 Total length: 160m

Species and ProvenanceSowin;

gin/inRate

seed/m1 month after

seedlings/msowing% survival

5seedlings/m

months after sowing% survival Mean ht.(m)

E. hlakelyi 1.25 740 0 0 0 0 -(Petali 2.8.1986)

E. laevopinea 0.88 56 0 0 0 0 -(Petali 5.6.1985)

TOTAL 2.1 796 0 0 0 0 -

Site:

Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 5.9.1986

Preparation: Graded off topsoil; chisel ploughed.

win : Seed sprinkled along row by hand and lightly covered with soil by hand.

Bulked with: Rice hulls (1 bucket). Am: 86 x 3m = 260m2

Total length: 86m


gm/mRate

seed/m8 months after

seedlings/insowing% survival

19seedlings/m


Acacia dealbata 19.8 12.1 61 9.5 49 1.2(Walcha 1/1986)

E. caliginosa 5.8 1.5 26 0.7 12 0.4(Ruby Hills)

E. pauciflora 7 7 7 0.1 7 0.6

E. radiata 16.3 3.1 19 1.4 9 . 0.4(Ruby Hills)

Total Eucalypt 22.1 4.6 21 2.2 10

TOTAL 41.9 16.7 40 11.7 28 •

Site: Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. .Sow

18.9.1987

Treatment: As above.

Sowing: as above, same seed lot except for addition of E. youmanni.

Am:

100 x 5m = 500m2Total length: 85m


gm/mRate


seedlings/insowing% survival Mean ht.(m)

A. dealbata 17 5.3 31 0.2(Walcha 1/1986)

E. caliginosa 5 0.2 4 0.2(Ruby Hills)

E. radiata 14 0.1 0.7 0.2(Ruby Hills)

E. youmannii (20m) 150 0.5 0.3 0.1(Walcha)

Total Eucalypt 169 0.8 0.5 •

TOTAL 186 6.1 3.3 .

GRADED 7E,A,TMENT

Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture. Sown: July 1984

Treatment: Top soil graded July 1984, for width of 2m and Ripline down centre.

Sowing: Seed sprinkled in row.

Bulked with: Sand. Am: 3 x 30m = 90m2Total length: 90m


gm/mRate


seedlings/msowing

mean ht.(m)46 months after

seedlings/msowing

mean ht.(m)

A. dealbata ? 1 0.02 1.2 0.02 1.3(Europambla)

A. filicifolia • 0.36 1.0 0.37 2.1(Armidale)

Casuarina cunninghamiana 0 - 0 -(Apsley)

C. littoralis 0 - 0 -(Europambela)

E. blakelyi 0 - 0 -(Annidale)

E. laevopinea 0 - 0 -(Inglebar)

E. pauciflora 0.02 0.3 0.02 2.0(Europambela)

E. stellulata 0 - 0 _(Inglebar)

Leptospermum brevipes 0 - 0 -(Europambela)

'DOTAL 0.40 0.41

Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture. October 1985

Treatment: Graded in July 1984. Any weed growth was sprayed just prior to sowing..

Sowing: Spot sown - spots about lm apart.

Ate:

6 x 30m =180m2Total length: 180m

Species and ProvenanceNo. of

spots sownlength

(m)4 months after

seedlings/m-

sowing% of spots with

seedlings

29seedlings/m

months after sowingTo spots mean ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 143 100 0.7 14 0.6 13 1.5

C. cunninghamiana 143 100 0 0 0 0 -

C. littoralis 143 100 0 0 0 0 -

E. globulus bicostata 143 100 0 0 0 0 -

E. laevopinea 143 100 0.02 0.7 0 0 -

E. nova-anglica 19 13 0 0 0 0 ' -

E. pauciflora 19 13 0 0 0 0 -

E. radiata 86 47 0 0 0 0 -L. brevipes 19 13 0 0 0 0 -

271

CULT TNATED TREATMENTS

Site: Salisbury Court - Natural pasture Sown: 10.10.1985

Preparation: Deep ripped to 60cm depth. Worked several times with discs.

Sowing: Hand sown. 2 rows: seed sprinkled along row and raked with back of rake, 5 rows spot sown - spots 1.5m and pressed by foot. Depth ofsowing lcm or less.

Bulked with: Coarse sand, 1 bucket.

Species and Provenance

Sowing

gm/m

Rate

seed/m

5Line Sowing

seed/m

Months after

%survival

sowingSpot Sowing

seed/m %survival

seedlings/m

Line Sowing%

survival

30 months

meanht.(m)

after sowing

seedlings/m

Spot Sowing%

survivalmeanht.(m)

A. baileyana 0.15 6.3 .48 7.6 .94 14.9 .004 .06 .1 .007 .1 .2(Armidale 1984)

Ang. floribunda 0.2 0.16 0 0 .02 12.5 0 0 - 0 0 -(Kentucky 1985)

E. blakelyi 0.2 60 .02 .03 .5 .03 .05 .4(15km W. Armidale 1983)

E. melliodora 0.06 13 .04 .28 .4 .02 .15 .3(Eastlake, Uralla 1985)

Total Eucalypt 0.26 73 .8 1.1 .76 1.0 .06 .08 .05 .07

Total 0.61 80 1.28 1.6 1.72 2.2 .064 .08 .057 .07

Site:

Salisbury Court (as above)

Sown: 30.10.1986

Preparation: Disced several times to depth of 15cm. Soil scraped away manually, forming a trench with partitions to prevent wash.

Sowing: Spot sowing. Seed covered lightly and trodden in by foot. Each spot staked, 0.5m apart.

Bulked with: 1 bucket dry sand. Area: 1 row, 100m long by lm = 100m2

Total length: 100m

Species and ProvenanceSowing

gm/mRate

seed/m6 Months after

seedlings/msowing% Survival

17Seedlings/m

Months after sowing% Survival Mean ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 0.80 41 0.6 1.5 0.18 0.44 0.2(Arding 1986)

E. blakelyi 0.90 358 0.03 0.008 0.02 0.006 0.2(Miramoona 1985)

E. pauciflora 0.90 33 0 0 0 0 -(Salisbury Plain 1986)

E. viminalis 0.08 11 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.09 0.1(Salisbury Court 1986)

Total Eucalypt 1.88 402 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.008 0.2

TOTAL 2.68 443 0.65 0.15 .21 0.05

272

Area sown: 7 rows, 140m long = 0.4ha

Total length: 1000m

RIPPED WITH MULCHING BLADE

Site: Belhaven (lb) - Native pasture Sown: November 1984, November 1985, May 1986 and August 1986.

Preparation: No treatment; a normal sward of native pasture. Never been supered. Line ripped with chisel tyne fitted with a mulching blade. Tyne penetrated20cm, blade was 5cm deep and cut under grasses on each side of row.

Sowing: Seed spread by hand into row immediately behind plough and loosely covered by foot.

Bulked with: Coarse sand; 1-2 buckets. Area: 0.5 ha

Species and Provenance

NovemberSowin3

gm/m

1984 sowingRate

seed/m

(3120m)% survival12 months

Sowinggm/m

Rateseed/m

November 1985 sowing% survival20 months

(360m)Mean ht.

(m) 20 months

A. dealbata .005 0.4 0 .04 3.6 .03 0.2(Canberra 1984)

A. melanoxylon .001 0.05 0 .009 0.4 0 -(NE Victoria 1983)

C. cunninghamiana .0006 0.1 0 .005 1.0 0 -(Blue hole 1982)

E. melliodora .018 4.1 0 0.15 35.9 .08 0.2(20km W. Armidale 1983)

L.flavescens .0005 0.2 0 .004 1.9 0 -(Ebor 1982)

Total Eucalypts .018 4.1 0 .015 35.9 .08

TOTAL .03 5 0 0.2 42.8 .01

November 1985 sowing (370m) May 1986 sowing (290m) August 1986 sowing (96m)Sowing rate 20 months Sowing rate 12 months Sowing rate 9 months

% mean % mean % meanSpecies and Provenance gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m) gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m) gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 0.1 4 1.0 .1 0.1 5 1.0 0.1 .4 15 0.4 0.1(Armidale)

A. firnbriata 0.1 4 .6 .1 0.1 5 0.8 0.1 .4 16 0.3 0.17

A. melanoxylon 0.01 1 0 - 0.01 1 0 - .04 3 0 -

E. blakelyi 0.1 36 0 - 0.1 41 0 - 0.4 124 0 -(Armidale 1985)

•E. caliginosa 0.06 5 0 - 0.06 6 0 - 0.2 19 0 -(North of Armidale 1983)

E. obliqua 0.04 1 0 - 0.06 1 0 - 0.2 4 0 -

L.flavescens 0.02 28 0 - 0.04 45 0 - 0.1 136 0 -(Belhaven 1984)

Total Eucalypts 0.2 43 0 - 0.2 49 0 - 0.8 148 0 -

TOTAL 0.4 79 .08 0.5 104 .08 1.7 317 0.03

273

HERBICIDE TREATMENTS 27451e: Birrhalce (2b) - Improved pasture. am_vn: 11.9.1985

Preparation: Grass eaten short. Boom sprayed with Roundup (31/ha) over whole site one week before sowing.

Sowing: Begg sod seeder. Blocked every second tyne to give 8 rows 35cm apart. Furrow 3cm deep, seed sprinkled on surface and soil and leaf materialfell on top - depth about 1cm.

Bulked with: 14kg bran plus 14kg wheat to aid flow. &a: Sha. Total length: 16,600m.


grtitniRate



A. dealbata 0.002 0.2 0 0

Angophora floribunda 0.01 0.008 0 0

E. stellulata 0.008 0.35 0 0

Leptospennum brevipes 0.001 3.9 0 0

TOTAL 0.02 4.5 0 0

,Bile: Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 18.9.1985

Preparation: Sprayed Roundup (4 L/ha) plus Dicamba (1.8 L/ha) June and Roundup (3.5 L/ha) September.

Sowing: Gyral air seeder, 2.5m wide with lucerne points, chisel tyne. Width between rows 20cm.

Bulked with: 15kg rice hulls. AtraI: lha. Mall:oar 3,333m

Species mid ProvenanceSowing

gni/mRate

seed/m6 months a

seedlings/mter sowing

% survival

A. dealbata 0.01 0.9 0 0E. calignosa 0.03 2.9 0 0

E. radiata 0.04 6.6 0 0

E. stellulata 0.01 0.7 0 0

TOTAL 0.09 11.1 0 0

Site:Yalgoo (16b and c) - Improved pasture. &Bo: 26.9.1985

Preparation: Site 16b grazed flat, sprayed Roundup (6 Ulm) 4 weeks before sowing. Site 16c, burnt August, sprayed Roundup (6 L/ha) 4 weeks beforesowing. Burnt again the following day (accidentally). Ploughed twice (discs) in week before sowing.

Sowing: Duncan 734 multi seeder 2.5m wide. 15 tynes 15cm apart. Machine cuts groove, 2 wheels open groove, seed falls in soil closes over. Depth 1-2cm.

Lam: (both sites pooled): l.9ha. Total length: 7,600m.Bulked with: 20kg rice hulls.


gm/mRate



A. baileyana 0.01 0.6 0 0

E. blakelyi 0.03 10.6 0 0E. stelhdata 0.004 1.0 0 0

Leptospermum flavescens 0.05 5.7 0 0TOTAL 0.05 17.9 0 . 0

Silt: Yalgoo (16b) - Improved pasture. Sown: 20.10.1986

Preparation: Sprayed Roundup 2 months (August) and 3 weeks (early October) before sowing.

Sowing: Duncan 734 multisecder. All tynes blocked except 3 spaced 1.5m apart. Depth about 1cm.

Bulked with: 5 L rice hulls. 150 x 3m = 450m2

Follow up: Hand weeding December; Mown and Roundup wiped in February.

Total length: 450m


gm3InRate



29seedlings/m


A./I/Walla 0.3 13.6 0.49 3.6 0.4 2.6 ' 1.8(Arding 1/1986)

E. pauciflora ' 0.07 6.3 0.002 0.04 0.004 0.07 1.5(Yalgoo 5/1986)

E. radiata 0.2 57.2 0.0004 0.008 0 0 -(Yalgoo 2/1986)

E. stellulata 0.04 7.6 0.007 0.09 0 0 -(Yalgoo 5/1986)

Total Eucalypts 0.36 71.0 0.01 0.02 0.004 0.006

TOTAL 0.62 84.6 0.51 0.6 0.4 0.42

Ere: Eastlake - Natural pasture. Sown: 22.9.1986

Preparation: Slashed areas 1 and 3 in February. All 3 areas sprayed Roundup in April and again 2 weeks after sowing.

Bossin g : Machine built by G. & J. Williams. Coulter blade to make a cut, a flange to open the trench, a Baker's Boot seeding foot, a bolt dragged behindto cover the seed and a seedbox on top (Plate 10.1). Single row sowing.

Bulked with: 321.. laying mesh, ltsp Terrasorb 1005 graphite seed coating, ltsp diazanone insecticide.

Total arca: 2ha.Ares: Area 1: 405m long; Area 2: 106m long; Area 3: 300m long. Total length: 810m.


g /mRate



34seedlings/m

months after sowing% survival I Mean ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 0.13 9.0 .13 1.5 .06 .7 1.5

C. &torahs 0.03 7.3 0 0 0 0 -E. laevopinea 0.15 4.3 .003 .09 .001 .03 1.0

E. radiata 0.31 39.1 .001 .02 .006 .02 1,0

Total Eucalypts 0.46 43.4 .004 .03 .007 .02 1.0

TOTAL 0.59 59.7 .13 .22 .07 .12

BURNT TREATMENTS

Site: Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture, October 1986.

Preparation: Site burnt the day before sowing. Thick sward of dead thistles, grass, horehound, verbascum.

Sowing: Spot sown using 'pepper pot'. Individual spots staked. Fruit containing brush laid on some.

Area: 0.5ha.

Species and provenance .No. spots

sown

AT% spots

with seedlings

3 MONTHSTotal no.seedlings

% survivalof seedlings

% spotswith seedlings

AT 17 MONTHSTotal No.seedlings

% survivalof seedlings

Meanht.(m)

E. radiata (brush) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 -(Europambela)

Casuarina littoralis (brush) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 -(Europambela)

E. viminalis (brush) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -(Europambela)

Eucalypt and Casuarina mix 28 11 10 ? 0 0 0 -C. cunninghamiana

(Apsley)C. littoralisE. blakelyi

(Miramoona)E. globulus bicostataE. laevopineaE. paucifloraE. radiataE. stellulataE. viminalisHakea eriantha .L. brevipes

A. filicifolia 12 spots 100 114 1.9 58 9 0.15 0.6(6120 seeds)

TOTAL 48

275

Documents

07 Bibliography-Appendix IX Curtis · In: Revegetation Workshop - Proceed-ings of a Workshop held in Adelaide. 27-29 March 1985. 43-46 (ed.) J. Venning Dept. Environment and Planning,