33
Image Quality Ho Kyung Kim [email protected] Pusan National University Introduction to Medical Engineering

07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Image Quality

Ho Kyung [email protected]

Pusan National University

Introduction to Medical Engineering

Page 2: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Outline

• Stochastic nature of quantum interactions

• Imaging systems always spread out the impulsive input

• Contrast– contrast vs. resolution

• Spatial resolution– PSF, LSF– FWHM, lp/mm

• Noise– Poisson & Gaussian distributions– SNR, CNR– noise vs. resolution

• Artifact

2

Page 3: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Cut‐view of a digital x‐ray detector

3Image courtesy of GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY

Page 4: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

X‐ray detection schemes

4E. Samei | RSNA Categorical Course | 2003

Page 5: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Oblique x‐ray incidence

5D. Walter et al. | 19th World Conference on NDT | 2016

Page 6: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Demonstration of image quality

• Detail resolution (or high spatial‐frequency information) can be lost by added blur and noise

6(Images taken from) E. Samei | RSNA Categorical Course | 2003

Page 7: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Factors influencing on image quality

• Six factors determining image quality:

① Contrast• The difference btwn image characteristics (e.g., shades of gray => i.e., intensity) of an object (or feature 

within an object) & surrounding objects or background

② Resolution• The ability of a medical imaging system to depict details

③ Noise• Random fluctuations in image intensity that do not contribute to image quality

– Reducing object visibility by masking image features

④ Artifacts• Image features that do not represent a valid object or characteristics of the patient

– Obscuring important features or being falsely interpreted as abnormal findings

⑤ Distortion• Inaccurate impression of shape, size, position, & other geometric characteristics of features

– Should be corrected to improve the diagnostic quality

⑥ Accuracy• Conformity to truth & clinical utility

7

Page 8: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Image quality

• Resolution– Ability to depict details– Factors affecting image resolution:

• the characteristics of imaging systems (focal spot, detector blur)• the scene characteristics & geometry (subject shape, position & motion)• the viewing conditions

• Contrast– A measure of differences in brightness (or intensity) in adjacent regions

• Noise– Random fluctuations in image intensity– Inevitable due to the statistical nature of imaging (emission, detection, conversion)– Poisson statistics

8

Should not be defined as the linear pixel density (e.g., dots per inch)

Page 9: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Artifacts– Artificial image features such as dust or scratches in photos– May also be introduced by digital image processing (e.g., edge enhancement)– Should be avoided or at least understood their origins because they hamper the diagnosis or yield 

incorrect measurements

9

Page 10: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

How to describe the spatial resolution?

• Point‐spread function (PSF)– Smoothed blob obtained from an imaging system when imaging a very small, bright point on a 

dark background– Undistinguishable as two separate objects when the distance between their PSFs is less than the 

FWHM

• Line‐spread function (LSF)– If the resolution is the same in all directions

lsf 𝑥,

,

10

psf 𝑥, 𝑦𝛿 𝑥, 𝑦

Page 11: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Full width at half maximum (FWHM)– Indicative measure of resolution– The (full) width of the LSF (or the PSF) at one‐half its max value (usually in units of mm)– The min distance that two lines (or points) must be separated in space in order to appear as 

separate in the recorded image

11

Page 12: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Contrast

• The difference in signal intensity of adjacent regions of the image

• Local contrast– Target: an object of interest (e.g., a tumor in the liver)– Background: other objects surrounding the target (e.g., the liver tissue)

Obscuring our ability to see or detect the target

– Local contrast

𝐶𝑓 𝑓

𝑓

12

Page 13: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Contrast is related to spatial resolution

• Contrast degrades as the object size is decreased• The contrast of very small objects is influenced by the resolution• The detail or the size of an object can be described by the term called the “line pairs per 

millimeter (lp/mm)”– Spatial frequency: the reciprocal of length [mm‐1]

• The spatial resolution is defined by how small object you can distinguish in terms of lp/mm, and the smallest object is determined by the lowest contrast that you can perceive 

13A. Gopal & S.S. Samant | Med. Phys. | (2008)

Page 14: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Example

Assuming that the spatial resolution is only determined by the pixel size of a detector, can you estimate the pixel size of the detector providing the following radiograph?

14

Page 15: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Example

Assuming that the spatial resolution is only determined by the pixel size of a detector, can you estimate the pixel size of the detector providing the following radiograph?

15

Page 16: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Example

Assuming that the spatial resolution is only determined by the pixel size of a detector, can you estimate the pixel size of the detector providing the following radiograph?

16

Page 17: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Noise

• The random component in the image• Always present because of the statistical nature of imaging• Image quality  as noise 

• In projection radiography:– Quanta or photons: discrete packets of energy arriving at the detector from the x‐ray source– Quantum mottle: random fluctuation due to the discrete nature of their arrival

Textured or grainy appearance in an x‐ray image

• In magnetic resonance imaging:– RF pulses generated by nuclear spin systems are sensed by antennas connected to amplifiers

Competing w/ signals being generated in the antenna from natural unpredictable(i.e., random) thermal vibrations

17

Page 18: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

18J. A. Seibert & R. Morin | Pediatric Radiology | (2011)

Underexposed Overexposed

Page 19: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• The source of noise in a medical imaging system depends on the physics & instrumentation of the particular modality

• Consider the noise as the numerical outcome of a random event or experiment• Think of the noise as the deviation from a nominal value predicted from purely 

deterministic arguments– e.g., Random nature radioactive emissions in nuclear medicine where gamma ray photons are 

emitted at random times in random directions

19

Page 20: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Random variables

– The numerical quantity associated w/ a random number or experiment– Probability distribution function (PDF)

• 𝑃 𝜂 Pr 𝑁 𝜂

– The probability that random variable 𝑁 will take on a value less than or equal to 𝜂– 0 𝑃 𝜂 1– 𝑃 ∞ 0, 𝑃 ∞ 1– 𝑃 𝜂 𝑃 𝜂 for 𝜂 𝜂

20

Page 21: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Continuous random variables

– 𝑁 is a continuous random variable if 𝑃 𝜂 is a continuous function of 𝜂– Probability density function (pdf)

• 𝑝 𝜂

– 𝑝 𝜂 0– 𝑝 𝜂 d𝜂 1

– 𝑃 𝜂 𝑝 𝑢 d𝑢

– 𝜇 E 𝑁 𝜂𝑝 𝜂 d𝜂 expected value or mean

» Average value of the RV

– 𝜎 Var 𝑁 E 𝑁 𝜇 𝜂 𝜇 𝑝 𝜂 d𝜂 variance

– 𝜎 𝜎 standard deviation» “Average” variation of the values of the RV about its mean» The larger 𝜎 , the “more random” the RV

21

Page 22: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

– Uniform random variable over the interval [a, b]

• pdf 𝑝 𝜂 , for 𝑎 𝜂 𝑏0, otherwise

• distribution function 𝑃 𝜂0, for 𝜂 𝑎

, for 𝑎 𝜂 𝑏1, for 𝜂 𝑏

• expected value 𝜇

• variance 𝜎

22

Page 23: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

– Gaussian random variable over the interval [a, b]

• pdf 𝑝 𝜂 𝑒 ⁄

• PDF (distribution function) 𝑃 𝜂 erf

where the error function erf 𝑥 𝑒 ⁄ d𝑢

• expected value 𝜇 𝜇• variance 𝜎 𝜎• Gaussian pdf is characterized completely (& uniquely) by its mean and variance

• Noise in medical imaging systems is the result of a summation of a large number of independent noise sources

• Central limit theorem of probability– A random variable that is the sum of a large number of independent causes tends to be Gaussian– Often natural to model noise in medical imaging system by means of a Gaussian random variable

23

Page 24: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Discrete random variables– Specified by the probability mass function (PMF)

– Pr 𝑁 𝜂 for 𝑖 1, 2, … , 𝑘• Probability that random variable 𝑁 will take on the particular value 𝜂

– 0 Pr 𝑁 𝜂 1 for 𝑖 1, 2, … , 𝑘– ∑ Pr 𝑁 𝜂 1– 𝑃 𝜂 Pr 𝑁 𝜂 ∑ Pr 𝑁 𝜂

– 𝜇 E 𝑁 ∑ 𝜂 Pr 𝑁 𝜂 expected value or mean

– 𝜎 Var 𝑁 E 𝑁 𝜇 ∑ 𝜂 𝜇 Pr 𝑁 𝜂 variance

– Poisson random variable

• Pr 𝑁 𝑘!

𝑒 for 𝑘 0,1, 2, …

– 𝑎 0 (real‐valued parameter)– 𝜇 𝑎– 𝜎 𝑎

24

Page 25: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Noise is related to spatial resolution

25

The same unity noise varianceCorrelation over only a very short distance Correlation over only a greater distance

Page 26: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

• Both contrast and noise are frequency‐dependent

26Image courtesy of Dr. M. J. Yaffe

Page 27: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Relative signal or noise

• No meaningful information if the noise level > the image intensity of an object– Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)

• A high SNR is no guarantee for a good perceptibility of image objects

– Contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR)• To distinguish the neighboring objects• (SNR in terminology of images)• Wiener noise‐power spectrum (NPS): the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation of a “flat‐field” image

27

Page 28: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

SNR vs. image quality

• Detectability of an object increases as the SNR increases

28R. M. Nishikawa | RSNA Categorical Course | 2004

Different realizations of the same image

𝑁 ; 𝜎 𝑁 ; SNR 𝑁

𝑁 2𝑁 ; 𝜎 2𝑁 ; SNR 2𝑁 2 SNR

𝑁 2𝑁 ; 𝜎 2𝑁 ; SNR 2 SNR

𝑁 2𝑁 ; 𝜎 2𝑁 ; SNR 2 2 SNR

𝑁 2𝑁 ; 𝜎 2𝑁 ; SNR 4 SNR

Page 29: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Measurements

• Contrast– Signal difference  = ∆𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

– Contrast = ∆

• Noise– Standard deviation of signal

– CNR ∆

• Spatial resolution– FWHM

• Artifact

• Scatter

29

𝑑𝑑

Image sig

nal

Position

𝜎

𝜎

Image sig

nal

Position

Ideal impulse response

FWHM

Page 30: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Contrast

• Signal difference  = ∆𝑑 𝑑 𝑑

• Contrast = ∆

30

Image sig

nal

Position

𝑑𝑑

Page 31: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Noise

• Standard deviation of signal

• CNR ∆

31

Image sig

nal

Position

𝜎

𝜎

Page 32: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Resolution

• Full width at half maximum of the point‐spread function

32

Image sig

nal

Position

Ideal impulse response

FWHM

Page 33: 07 DigImg-quality studbml.pusan.ac.kr/.../2020/07_DigImg-quality_stud.pdf · 2020. 9. 29. · Image quality • Resolution – Ability to depict details – Factors affecting image

Wrap‐up

• Stochastic nature of quantum interactions

• Imaging systems always spread out the impulsive input

• Contrast– contrast vs. resolution

• Spatial resolution– PSF, LSF– FWHM, lp/mm

• Noise– Poisson & Gaussian distributions– SNR, CNR– noise vs. resolution

• Artifact

33