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What is ³Nano-scaleScience and

Technology´?

 Yonhua Tzeng, Professor 

Electrical and Computer EngineeringAuburn University, Alabama USA

July 7, 2003

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X 10-8

X 10-8

End Cap

The Earth

Soccer Ball

STM Image of  C60

STM image of a carbon nanotube

http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Public.Brochure/IWGN.Nanotechnology.Brochure.pdf 

What is ³Nanotechnology´?

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http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~janes/whats_nano.htm

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http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~janes/whats_nano.htm

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Nanoparticles have been used in our daily life.

Carbon black ( a nanoscale carbon) is used for writing and painting and

is added to rubber to make tires more wear resistance.

Nano phosphors in CRTs display colors.

Polishing compounds for smoothing silicon wafers include nanoscale

alumina and silica, etc.

Hard disks in our computers contain nanoscale iron oxide magnetic

particles.

Nanoscale zinc oxide and titania block UV light for sunscreens.

Nanoscale platinum particles are critical to the operation of catalyticconverters.

Metallic nanoparticles make stained glass and Greek vase colorful.

Nanoscale thin films have also been the heart of our silicon chips for our 

computers, digital cameras, and photonic devices for quite a while.

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All TiNano 40 Series products are in the 30-50 nm primaryparticle size range. Surface treated products exhibit verylittlecrystal growth or change of phase when held in anoxidizing atmosphere at 800º C for over 100 hours. AltiumTiNano 40 Series slurry products are dispersed to primary

crystallites in aqueous media and exhibit specific surfaceareas (BET) of 40-60 m²/g. The slurry product offers theadvantage of requiring no dispersion, and also eliminates thehandling of fine powders. A spray-dried product is alsoavailable that consists of readily dispersable agglomerates of primary particles.

http://adserv.internetfuel.com/cgi-bin/omnidirect.cgi?SID=23&PID=2&LID=10&OSDELAY=10

Commercial TiO2 Nanoparticles

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 Atoms, Molecules,  And Nano-meter 

Sized Particles Have Been  Around

For  A Long,Long Time.

What is new?

What makes it a promisingtechnology?

What is it good for?

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http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~janes/whats_nano.htm

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STM probe images of Fe atoms on Cu from IBM Almaden Research Lab

http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html

http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee143/f2002/Lectures/Lec_28.pdf 

Small, of course!

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http://cache.techtv.com/binaries/2002/smallgear.mpg

http://cache.techtv.com/binaries/2002/gearandshaft.mpg

How small?  Atomic and Molecular Scales!

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Definition of Nanotechnology (i):The following is excerpted from the National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Initiative and its

Implementation Plan (http://www.nano.gov/nni2.htm)

The essence of nanotechnology is the ability towork at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create large

structureswith fundamentally new molecular organization.

Compared to the behavior of isolated molecules of about 1 nm (10 -9 m)

or of bulk materials,

behavior of structural features in the range of about 10 -9 to 10 -7

m (1 to 100 nm - a typical dimension of 10 nm is 1,000 times smaller 

than the diameter of a human hair) exhibit important changes.

 Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems whosestructures and components exhibit

novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological

properties, phenomena, and processes due to their nanoscale size.

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The goal is to exploit these properties bygaining control of structures and devices at atomic, molecular, and

supramolecular levels and to learn to efficiently

manufacture and use these devices. Maintaining the

stability of interfaces and the

integration of these "nanostructures" at micron-length and

macroscopic scales are all keys to success.

Definition of Nanotechnology (ii):

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New behavior at the nanoscale is not necessarily predictable

from that observed at large size scales.

The most important changes in behavior are caused not by the

order of magnitude size reduction, but by newly observedphenomena intrinsic to or becoming predominant at the

nanoscale.

These phenomena include size confinement, predominance of interfacial phenomena and quantum mechanics.

Definition of Nanotechnology (iii):

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Once it becomes possible to

control feature size, it will also become possible to

enhance material properties and device functions beyond what

we currently know how to do or even consider as feasible.

Being able to

reduce the dimensions of structures down to the nanoscale leads

to the unique properties of carbon nanotubes, quantum wires and dots,

thin films, DNA-based structures, and laser emitters.

Such new forms of materials and devices herald a

revolutionary age for science and technology,

providedwe can discover and fully utilize the underlying

principles.

Definition of Nanotechnology (iv):

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Fundamental Principles

Nanoscale Phenomena

Size effects Confinement

Interfacial phenomena

Quantum mechanics Biological systems

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Size and Shapes: High aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes

and Metal-atom filled Nanotubes

 Nanostructure Science : R&D Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured

Materials, and Nanodevices (1998) http://www.wtec.org/loyola/pdf/nano.pdf andTechnology

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Properties of the Carbon Nanotubes

http://www.bit.ac.at/nmp/AT_F_Kooperation/02_hammel.pdf 

Molecular Structural Effects

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Size Effects

 Wy

Image from Prof. Prorok,  Auburn University

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http://www.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/TEP/Website/events/ESS_2001/Reithmaier/EU_summer_2001_talk2.pdf 

Confinement Effects

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http://www.unipress.waw.pl/CE/Network/network.pdf 

Confinement Effects