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0804-B PQ Training, page 3 Good power turning bad… CauseSome possible effects TechnicalNon-technical Usage of inductive loads (motors, transformers, induction and arc furnaces, fluorescent and discharge lighting, etc.). Power factor reduction.Cost of energy increases. Cost of energy delivery infrastructure increases. Improper selection of cables for carrying power. Usage of non-linear loads such as solid-state power converters, electronic equipment converting AC to DC, discharge lamp lighting, arc furnaces and electric welding machines, VFDs, etc. Introduction of harmonics.Reduced lifespan of transformers. Power outages. Cost of energy delivery infrastructure increases. Operation of any resistive load.Decrease in voltage amplitude.Equipment malfunction. Connecting and disconnecting of loads.Changes in frequency and amplitude. Equipment malfunction or damage Introduction of spikes. Large currents (in-rush currents)Power outages. LightningIntroduction of spikes.Equipment malfunction or damage
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0804-B PQ Training, page 1
Topics of this presentation…• What is power quality?• In what ways does power quality degrade
and what are the consequences?• How to setup and operate power quality
analyzer to diagnose problems.• How to setup software to perform analysis
of data recorded by analyzer.• What power quality devices does Amprobe
offer?
0804-B PQ Training, page 2
What is Power Quality?• Deals with safe and
efficient delivery of “good quality” electrical power to loads.
• Good quality power can be described as:– Voltage waveform is
undistorted and of specified amplitude and frequency.
– Sufficient power to drive all of the connected loads.
– Delivered without interruptions.
– All carried power can be utilized to do work.
0804-B PQ Training, page 3
Good power turning bad…Cause Some possible effects
Technical Non-technicalUsage of inductive loads (motors, transformers, induction and arc furnaces, fluorescent and discharge lighting, etc.).
Power factor reduction. Cost of energy increases.Cost of energy delivery infrastructure increases.
Improper selection of cables for carrying power.Usage of non-linear loads such as solid-state power converters, electronic equipment converting AC to DC, discharge lamp lighting, arc furnaces and electric welding machines, VFDs, etc.
Introduction of harmonics. Reduced lifespan of transformers.Power outages.Cost of energy delivery infrastructure increases.
Operation of any resistive load. Decrease in voltage amplitude.
Equipment malfunction.
Connecting and disconnecting of loads. Changes in frequency and amplitude.
Equipment malfunction or damage
Introduction of spikes.Large currents (in-rush currents)
Power outages.
Lightning Introduction of spikes. Equipment malfunction or damage
0804-B PQ Training, page 4
A few words on safety• To avoid electrical shock or fire, check
safety instructions in the User’s Manual.
• All measurements should be performed by a licensed electrician.
0804-B PQ Training, page 5
Safety StandardsIEC 61010 – low-voltage overvoltage protection
(<1000V)Protected electronic circuits.
Circuit level and plug-in loads.
Power lines at utility connection, outdoors wiring possibly affected by lightning.
Voltage rating refers to nominal voltage of an environment (1000V, 600V, 300V…).
Distribution level wiring and permanently installed loads.
Certifying agencies and standards.
CAT rating indicates the level of protection against voltage transients.
0804-B PQ Training, page 6
Overview of steps in using Amprobe analyzer to troubleshoot power quality problems
1. Setup of the analyzer.2. Connect analyzer to electrical
installation.3. Use meter mode to diagnose the
problem or, if problem is intermittent, continue on.
4. Record data.5. Download data from recorder to
computer.6. Analyze data on computer.Please note, the following instructions are specific to DM-III Multitest. For other devices, please refer to appropriate User’s Manual.
0804-B PQ Training, page 7
Analyzer setup, 1One-time initial setup.
• Verify date and time are correct.
MENU ENTERMENU ENTER
F1/F2 to scroll down/up F1/F2 to scroll left/right,F3/F4 to change values
Labels corresponding to soft-buttons F1-F4.(These will differ for
other screens)
0804-B PQ Training, page 8
Analyzer setup, 2Phase configuration and frequency
• Set parameters of diagnosed electrical system.SYSTEM: 3PH4WFREQUENCY: 60Hz
• Set proper current clamp range and type (CT).CURR RANGE: 1000ACLAMP TYPE: STD
• Set Transformer Voltage (TV Ratio).TV RATIO: 0001
MENU ENTERMENU ENTER
F1/F2 to scroll down/up,F3/F4 to change values
F1/F2 to scroll down/up
0804-B PQ Training, page 9
ANALYZER CONFIGCURR RANGE: 3000ACLAMP TYPE: FlexEXT
ACF-3000
Analyzer setup, 3Clamp types
• In ‘Analyzer Config’ set up appropriate current range and clamp type.
ANALYZER CONFIGCURR RANGE: 100ACLAMP TYPE: STD
DM-CT-100
ANALYZER CONFIGCURR RANGE: 1000ACLAMP TYPE: STD
DM-CT-HTAANALYZER CONFIG
CURR RANGE: 3000ACLAMP TYPE: FlexINT
AM-FLEX33
0804-B PQ Training, page 10
Connecting analyzer to electrical installation• Make sure:
– Rotary switch is in “Power Quality” position.
– Current transducers are properly aligned (otherwise, in a power-consuming system, working power (P) readings will be negative).
– For recordings, device is plugged into external power supply and batteries are fully charged.
0804-B PQ Training, page 11
Connecting analyzer to electrical installation1-phase, 2-wire system
ANALYZER CONFIGSYSTEM: SINGLE
0804-B PQ Training, page 12
Connecting analyzer to electrical installation 3-phase, 3-wire (delta) system
ANALYZER CONFIGSYSTEM: 3P3W
0804-B PQ Training, page 13
Connecting analyzer to electrical installation 3-phase, 4-wire (wye) system
ANALYZER CONFIGSYSTEM: 3P4W
0804-B PQ Training, page 14
Using meter mode to diagnose a problem• Meter mode allows you to view a snapshot of the system.• Easily diagnose power factor, harmonics and other problems.• If problem is intermittent, verify that voltage and current probes
are properly connected by looking at voltage and current screens.
F4
F3
F4
F3
F4
F3
F4
F3
F1
ESC
F2
ESC
F4
F3
F4
F3
F4
F3
F4
F3
F1
ESC
F2
ESC
0804-B PQ Training, page 15
Recording data setup, 1• Start/Stop fields indicate whether manual or scheduled recording start/stop will occur.
– You will still need to press START button to activate scheduled recording.• Integration period indicates how often the instrument will save acquired data. During each
integration period instrument will continuously monitor input and at the end it will store:• Minimum, maximum and average values for RMS voltages, currents, powers and power factors.• Average value for voltage and current harmonics.
– The options are 5s, 10s, 30s, 1min, 2min, 5min, 10min, 15min, 30min, 60min. The maximum recording time length depends on integration period and set of parameters chosen.
• HARM REC indicates if harmonics will be recorded. Individual harmonics can be selected in later screens.
• ANOM REC indicates if voltage anomalies will be recorded. The reference voltage and limits can be specified in the next screen.
ENTERMENU ENTER
0804-B PQ Training, page 16
Recording data setup, 2• Choose voltages and
currents to be recorded by positioning cursor over parameter and pressing +/- soft-key.
• If voltage anomalies were enabled, select reference voltage and upper and lower limits for surges/sags.
• Reference voltage is set phase-to-neutral for all systems with exception of 3-phase, 3-wire for which it is set phase-to-phase.
• Note: the maximum number of parameters that can be recorded simultaneously is 63. You will receive an error message if you try to start recording with more parameters.
F3H
ARM: Pg
F3
ENTER
F3F3H
ARM: Pg
ENTER ENTER
ENTE
R
ENTE
R
0804-B PQ Training, page 17
Recording data setup, 3• Enabling recording
cogeneration will store power, power factor and energy values separately for consumption and generation.
• Device allows to separately record inductive and capacitive reactive powers, power factors and energies.
F3PO
WER:PgF3
ENTE
R
F3EN
ERGY:Pg
F3
ENTE
R
ENTER ENTER
0804-B PQ Training, page 18
Approximate maximum recording times
• The four parameter configurations are examples; other maximum recording times will vary. For maximum length for a specific configuration, start a recording and press MENU button.
• The recording durations are APPROXIMATIONS.
• The times assume memory is empty.
0804-B PQ Training, page 19
Recording data, step 2• If you chose manual start, press START/STOP
button. The recording will start at the beginning of the next minute.
• Patiently wait…
0804-B PQ Training, page 20
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 1
• Connect analyzer to a PC using supplied RS-232 cable.
• If your PC is not equipped with an RS-232 port but has a USB port, there is a USB to RS-232 converter available from Amprobe. (P/N RS-USB)
0804-B PQ Training, page 21
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 2
• Start Download Suite.• The software needs to be installed prior to use.
Windows will not recognize power quality analyzers.
0804-B PQ Training, page 22
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 3
• Follow the on-screen instructions to start download.
0804-B PQ Training, page 23
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 4
• Select sessions for downloading.
• Wait for the downloads to complete.
0804-B PQ Training, page 24
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 5
• This screen allows you to:– specify where all
or some of the downloaded files will be saved
– change the default filenames if you don’t like the defaults
0804-B PQ Training, page 25
Downloading data from recorder to computer, 6
• Last, choose which of the downloaded files you would like to work with…
0804-B PQ Training, page 26
Analyzing data on the computer• Download Suite lets
you view data in multiple ways:– historical (trend)
tables and graphs– meters– bar graphs for
harmonic contents information
– and more…
0804-B PQ Training, page 27
What’s in the window
Menu and toolbar
NavigatorList created
visualizations. Right-click on visualization to see
available actions.
Session informationDisplay and edit
information about a session.
AssistantEasy access to frequently used
actions.
0804-B PQ Training, page 28
Creating a visualization using wizards1. Click on “Create
visualization”
2. Choose visualization type
3. Choose parameters
4. Enter title
0804-B PQ Training, page 29
Visualization context menu• Right-clicking on a
visualization will reveal a menu with actions that can be performed.
• From here you can:– zoom and pan– rename– copy to clipboard– lock cursor– print– change properties
• Some types of visualizations will have non-applicable actions grayed-out.
0804-B PQ Training, page 30
Chart properties• Charts allow you to set
parameter colors based on type or phase. Additionally, they can be set either individually or for all charts in a session.
• There are quite a few attributes that can be controlled through visualization properties (value labels, scaling, displayed series, etc.).
0804-B PQ Training, page 31
Programming device by a PC• Available by clicking on File-> Program
Device, or through Wizard interface.• Allows you to program device much more
easily and is quicker than using device’s keypad.
• Displays device’s status and information.• Not all devices support this feature.
0804-B PQ Training, page 32
Real-time• Download Suite is capable
of acquiring real-time data (with few seconds delay) from devices supporting this feature.
• This data should only be used in order to verify connections to installation or to get a quick look at the system. The sample rate is too low for any kind of accurate analysis.
• Most of the visualization features are supported in real-time mode.
• In order to stop data acquisition, click on Ø button.
0804-B PQ Training, page 33
Power Quality Recorders
0804-B PQ Training, page 34
Power Quality ClampsClamp ACD-40PQ ACD-41PQ ACD-56HPQTrue RMS √ √ √RMS AC/ DC Voltage Range 0V - 600V 0V - 600V 1.6V - 600VAC Peak Voltage (response time) 10V - 850V (1ms)RMS Current Range (clamp diameter) 0A - 1000A (1.77") 0A - 1000A (1.77") 0A - 400AAC Peak Current (response time) 10A - 800A (1ms)
1 Phase √ √3 Phase √
Power Factor √ √1 Phase √3 Phase √
Frequency √ √ √Harmonics THD THD THD, up to 25Resistance √ √ √Continuity √ √ √Temperature √ √Phase Sequence √PC Download √ √Recording 5400 points Max/Peak Min/Max/AvgBacklight √ √ √Data hold √ √ √Auto power-off √ √ √Safety CAT III/600V CAT III/600V CAT III/600V
Power (Working, Reactive and Apparent)
Energy (Working, Reactive and Apparent)
0804-B PQ Training, page 35
FAQQ: Where can I find harmonic signatures for different loads?• A: Here are links to some articles on the subject:
1. http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_hows_whys_harmonic/index.html - At the bottom of the page, there is a link to a table giving general information about harmonic contributions of different loads. For specifics, refer to equipment manufacturer’s literature.
2. http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_effects_harmonics_power/ - The waveform distortion signatures paragraph lists some causes for distortion and their signatures.
3. http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_learning_read_waveform/ - Another article with waveform signatures.
• Q: How can I order Amprobe’s PQ tutorials?• A: The tutorials are available for order by phone 206-340-
0773 or by fax 206-340-8005. The lit code order number is 2765615.