09 fungi

8/19/2019 09 fungi

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KINGDOM FUNGI

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Klasifikasi makhluk hidup

• Which of the following is most closely elated to

a mushoom !fungus"#

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1. Eukariotik (memiliki inti sel)

2. Multiseluler

3. Reproduksi dengan

pembentukkan spora

4. Tubuh disusun oleh benang –

benang yang disebut hia. !ia –

hia bersatu membentuk miselium.

"da pula yang miseliumnya

berkembang membentuk tubuh

buah.

#. !abitat di tempat yang lembab.

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$he %haacteistics of Fungi

• Fungi ae NO$ plants

• &yphae ' tu(ula units of constuction• &eteotophic (y a(soption

• )epoduce (y spoes

• *cologically pi+otal oles

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&yphae

• $u(ula

• &ad wall of chitin

• %osswalls mayfom compatments!, cells"

• Multinucleate• Gow at tips

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&eteotophic (y -(soption

• Fungi get ca(on fom oganic souces

• &yphal tips elease en.ymes

• *n.ymatic (eakdown of su(state

• /oducts diffuse (ack into hyphae

/oduct diffuses (ack

into hypha and is used

Nucleus hangs (ack

and 0diects1

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Modifications of hyphae

Fig 30.2 (don’t worryabout the terms)

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&yphal gowth

• &yphae gow fom thei tips

• Mycelium ' e2tensi+e3 feeding we( of hyphae

• Mycelia ae the ecologically acti+e (odies of

fungi

$his wall is igid Only the tip wall is plastic and stetches

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)epoduce (y spoes

• 4poes ae epoducti+e cells

5 4e2ual 5 -se2ual

• Fomed6 5 Diectly on hyphae

5 Inside spoangia 5 Fuiting (odies

Amanita fuiting (ody

Pilobolus spoangia

Penicillium hyphae

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&yphal gowth fom spoe

mycelium

geminating

spoe

• Mycelia ha+e a huge suface aea

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&ifa

Miselium

7adan 7uah

4el/enghasil

4poa

%ell walls 8 made of chitin9 4ame mateial that is in the e2tenal skeletons of

athopods 8 insects3 aachnids3 and custaceans9

%adangan makanan (eupa glikogen

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-(sopti+e heteotoph

4uch as6

Detiti+oe

/aasite:pathogen

4ym(iosys

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-nggota Fungi mendapatkan nutisi melalui ; caa 6

1. $aproit.

Menguaikan sisa (agian makhluk hidup yang sudah mati9

2. %arasit.

Mengam(il nutisi dai makhluk yang masih hidup9

&idup (esama makhluk hidup lainnya9

3. $imbiosis.

<amu /aasit

&ifa

%acing

Nematoda

Malang

=ichen3 4im(iosis <amu dengan -lgae

http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/LichenKey/Current/Case/foliose.htm

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• >9 Decomposes

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D9?9 -gicultual pests

4tem ust /ink ea otegot

/aasites Food spoilage

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D9;9 Food 8 moels3 tuffles3 shitakes3 common

(utton mushooms

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D9@9 Medicinals

• Penicillium, etc9

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>9 %hytidiomycota

?9 Aygomicotina

;9 -scomicotina

@9 7asidiomicotina

&iklasiikasikan berdasarkan 'ara spora dihasilkan. "da 4

kelompok ungi yaitu *

>9 Deuteomicotina

motile spores

zygosporangiaasci

basidia

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%hytidiomycota 5 0chytids1

• 4imple fungi

• /oduce motile spoes• Mostly sapo(es and

paasites in aBuatic

ha(itats

• %ould Cust as well (e

/otists

Fig ;>9 Chytridium gowing on spoes

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• &eteotof sapofit

• $u(uh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium9

• &ifa tidak (esekat9

• 4poa dihasilkan oleh spoangium9

• )epoduksi menghasilkan spoa dilakukan melalui ? caa 6

>9 -seksual 6 dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung9?9 4eksual 6 dilakukan (ila kondisi lingkungan kuang

mendukung

+ontohnya * ,amur tempe - Rhizopus orizae.

+iri mum /ygomi'otina.

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Rhizopus

REPRODUKSI

ASEKSUAL

!ia

Penyebaran

Spora

MEIOSIS

KONJUGASI

Key

!aploid (n)

!eterokaryoti' (n 0 n)

/ygosporangium

&easa

REPRODUCTION

SEKSUAL

!ia (0)

!ia (−)

# µm

$porangium

Melakukan onugasi

1

!asil konugasi menghasilkan /igospora

2

/igospora tumbuh menadi

/igospora deasa

3

$porangium

meman'arkan

spora.

7

5 Tumbuh dan berke'ambah

Membentuk sporangium seksual

$pora berke'ambah

menadi hia

$iklus !idup ,amur Rhi5opus

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*2amples6

8 Rhizopus

Pilobolus

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+ontohnya * ,amur on'om - Neurospora crassa.

+iri mum "s'omi'otina.

• &eteotof sapofit

• -da yang uniselule !mis 6 Saccharomyces" dan multiselule9

• $u(uh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium3 dan ada yang memiliki

tu(uh (uah9

• &ifa (esekat9

• 4poa dihasilkan oleh konidiospoa (ila secaa aseksual dan sel

askus (ila spoa dihasilkan secaa seksual9


>9 -seksual 6 dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung9

?9 4eksual 6 dilakukan (ila kondisi lingkungan kuang

mendukung

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!a" "s'omi'otina dengan tubuh buah

o Aleuria aurantia.

!b" Tubuh buah

Morchella esculenta, biasanya

tumbuh dekat dengan anggrek.

!#" Tuber melanosporum!$" Neurospora crassa atau

amur on'om ($EM).

1 µm

"nggota ,amur "s'omi'otina.

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$iklus !idup ,amur "s'omi'otina

Key

Kon%&'a()

In*) +e,eb&r

Me)o()(

Contohnya : Neurospora-ap,o)$ !1n"-e*ero.aryo*)# !1n / 1n"D)p,o)$ !2n"

Repro$&.() Se.(&a,

Repro$&.()

A(e.(&a,

-)0a !/"

-)0a !"

Se, A(#&(

+en'a(),.an

(pora

Sel Ascus

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%ontoh 6 <amu Meang : Volvariella volvachea

+iri mum 6asidiomi'otina.• &eteotof sapofit

• Multiselule9

• $u(uh disusun oleh hifa dan miselium dan tu(uh (uah9

• &ifa (esekat9

• 4poa dihasilkan oleh sel (asidium melalui epoduksi secaa seksual9


>9 -seksual 6 dilakukan saat kondisi lingkungan mendukung9

?9 4eksual 6 dilakukan (ila kondisi lingkungan kuang

mendukung

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a. Amanita muscaria" amur

yang sangat bera'un

b4 Dictyphora sp

#4 Ja+&r .ay& tumbuh pada kayu

7ang sudah mati

$4 P&00ba,,( meman'arkan

sporanya

+ontoh "nggota ,amur 6asidiomi'otina.

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Key

Kon%&'a()

Pe,eb&ran In*)

Me)o()(

-ap,o)$ !1n"-e*ero.aryo*)# !1n / 1n"

D)p,o)$ !2n"

Repro$&.() Se.(&a,

-)0a !/"

-)0a !"

Se, a()$)&+ $'n

ba()$)o(pora

a()$)o#arp

$iklus !idup ,amur 6asidiomi'otina

Sel asidium3

penghasil

spoa

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7awah tudung Camu

7asidiomicotina inilah spoadihasilkan oleh sel (asidium

Sel asidium

Spora

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<amu yang (elum diketahui caa epoduksi seksualnya9

!Glomeomycota"

>9 Not a tue phylum !not a natual goup"6 polyphyletic?9 Fungi with no known se2ual epoduction

;9 -se2ual epoduction (y conidia

F l t li

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Fungal mutualisms

Euestions6

>9 Definition of mutualism +s9 sym(iosis

?9 What fungal and photosynthetic patnes ae

in+ol+ed#

;9 What is the 0cuency1 of the mutualism# &ow

do the patnes (enefit#

@9 What is the stuctue and:o mophology of the

oganismal inteaction#

9 What is the ecological impotance#

F l t li

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Definitions6

4ym(iosis 8 ? oganisms li+ing togethe in

intimate physical contact

Mutualism 8 (oth oganisms (enefit fom the

elationship/aasitism 8 one (enefits3 one loses

%ommensalism 8 one (enefits3 othe not affected

Fungal mutualisms

- =i h

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-9 =ichens

>9 /atnes

a9 Fungal patne

8 gi+es potection8 mostly -scomycetes !?3 spp9"

8 only found in lichens !not fee8li+ing"

(9 /hotosynthetic patne

8 gi+es fi2ed ca(on !sugas"8 geen alga o cyano(acteium

8 can (e fee8li+ing

=i h

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=ichens

medulla

a9 most of lichen (ody is fungal hyphae

(9 photosynthetic patne in a distinct laye

c9 se2ual epoduction of fungal patne onlyd9 ase2ual epoduction6 soedia3 fagmentation

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Mophology

futicose

foliose custose

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Impotance

a9 ock weatheing3 soilfomation in pimaysuccession

8 acid secetion8 tapping paticulates

8 nitogen fi2ation

!cyano(acteia"

- =i h

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-9 =ichens

@9 Impotance

(9 winte food fo cai(ou and eindee in-ctic

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Impotance

c9 Indicatos6 suscepti(le to pollutants

=ichens as (iomonitos

• $halli act like sponges

• 4ome species moe sensiti+e

• Which species ae pesent can indicate ai Buality

• !Most esistant species can also (e analy.ed fo pollutants"

• Nothwest -i Net /oCect

7 Mycohi.ae

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79 Mycohi.ae

0myco1 ' fungus3 0hi.ae1 ' oot

>9 /atnes

a9 Fungus

8 gets fi2ed ca(on !sugas"8 (oth Aygomycetes and 7asidiomycetes !a few -scoHs"

8 elati+ely few AygoHs6 not plant species specific

8 many 7asidioHs6 faily plant species specific

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>9 /atnes

(9 /lant

8 gets nutients !mostly /" and wate

8 a(out J of all plant species ae

mycohi.al

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?9 4tuctue6 two types of fungal:plant

contact

a9 e2tenal !ectomycohi.ae"

8 fungal sheath aound oot

8 7asidiomycetes and a(out

plant species !mostly woody"

Fig9 ;>9>

4mith >LLL

)a+en et al9 >LLL

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?9 4tuctue6 two types of

fungal:plant contact (9 intenal !endomycohi.ae"

8 hyphae penetate oot cells

8 Aygomycetes8 J of all plants !many

he(aceous"

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?9 4tuctue6 fungal mycelium

damatic incease in 0oot1 suface aea >36>

)a+en et al9 >LLL

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;9 7enefits 8 is it woth it#

No mycohi.aeWith mycohi.ae

No mycohi.ae With mycohi.ae

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4im(iosis Fungi dengan -lgae !=ichen"

• Fungi Cenis tetentu dapat

(esim(iosis dengan algae

uniselule mem(entuk lichen

!lumut keak"9

• 4im(iosis ini (esifat

menguntungkan9

>9 7agi algae 6 mendapatkan suplai

ai dan mineal9

?9 7agi Fungi 6 mendapatkan

hasil fotosintesis (eupa nutisi9

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• Mikoi.a meupakan sim(iosisantaa fungi dengan aka tanaman9

• 4im(iosis ini menguntungkan (agikeduanya9

>9 7agi tanaman 6 meningkatkan penyeapan ai dan mineal9

?9 7agi fungi 6 mendapatkan nutisi

dai tanaman9

4im(iosis Fungi dengan -ka $anaman !Mikoi.a"

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• /eanan Menguntungkan

>9 4e(agai penguai9?9 Dapat dikonsumsi9

;9 Menghasilkan o(at8o(atan9

@9 Dapat meningkatkan

kesu(uan tanaman9• /ean Meugikan

>9 Menye(a(kan penyakit pada manusia9

?9 Menye(a(kan keusakan pada tanaman9

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09 fungi