CLIVAR/IOGOOS    Indian  Ocean  Panel  A  brief  update  +  status  of  IndOOS  

Lin LIU First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic

Administration, China On behalf of Indian Ocean Panel

• Science drivers and research Priorities

• Status of IndOOS

• Other observational initiative

Outline

Interacting Variations in Time and Space

Cyclones MJO

Indian Ocean Dipole

Monsoons

Ocean Circulation

Trends

Biogeochemistry & Ecosystems

Science Drivers

IOP  –  Research  Priori?es    •  Determine the large-scale circulation in the Indian Ocean and quantify transports

through with a particular focus on: •  Boundary currents •  Inter-basin exchanges (throughflow and Agulhas current)

•  Quantify the variability of this large-scale circulation on seasonal, inter annual and decadal timescales (with a focus on less known decadal timescales)

•  To investigate the influence of meso- and sub-meso scale variability on the large-scale circulation, and their biogeochemical and ecological impacts

•  Develop research initiatives about the Indo-Pacific climate interactions

•  Promote coordinated studies of –  Indian Ocean SST teleconnections –  tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean Basin –  oceanic component of the water cycle in the Indian Ocean region

IOP  –  Implementa?on  Plan    

•  Complete RAMA and sustain IndOOS •  Promote IIOE-2 (Second International Indian Ocean

Expedition), and emerging regional programs, such as EIOURI, YMC, ASCA

•  Develop coordinated evaluation of Indian Ocean climate modes in climate models

•  Promote ROOS (National component of IndOOS) to monitor boundary currents, process studies, etc.

•  Capacity Building: Convene a winter school on Indian Ocean physical & biogeochemical oceanography in India in late 2016 or early 2017 in collaboration with SIBER

Multi National Multi Institutional Multi Platform

RAMA present status

Consequence of piracy. But may improve in the future…

RAMA Data Access

US Fiscal Year (Oct-Sept)

A widely used dataset

Paper describing RAMA (McPhaden et al. BAMS): 136 citations since 2009 (source Web of science)

Present status of Indian Ocean Argo floats

•  672 floats are active in the Indian Ocean (432 floats are active north of 30S) •  Most new floats: iridium communication (higher vertical resolution ~ 2m) •  Few Tens of floats with biogeochemical sensors (~ 10 cm vert. res. in the top 30 m) •  71 % of the float have been QC’ed in delayed mode

Present status of surface Drifters in the Indian Ocean

Tide gauge locations

122 active Tide gauges in the Indian Ocean

Active XBT Transects

Active transects: IX1 ~ weekly IX12 ~ monthly IX15/21 ~ quarterly IX14 ~ fortnightly

XBT Sections in the Indian Ocean

A number of ROOS (regional ocean observing systems) around the Indian Ocean

•  Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS; Australia) •  Indonesian Global Ocean Observing System (InaGOOS; Indonesia) •  Monsoon Onset Monitoring over Andaman Sea and its Social & Ecosystem

Impact (MOMSEI; China) •  Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Regional Ocean Observing System (ASEA

and BOB, India) •  Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO; Multinational program

—Headquarters in Kenya) •  Long-Term Ocean Climate Observations (LOCO; Netherlands) •  Agulhas & Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems (ASCLME; Multinational

program—Headquarters in South Africa) – new name: SAPPHIRE •  African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program (ACEP; South Africa) •  Agulhas Current Time-series (ACT; multinational program involving in

particular USA and South Africa)

ROOS takes care of coastal observations and boundary currents

Example  of  observa?onal  ini?a?ves  

•  Second  Interna?onal  Indian  Ocean  Expedi?on  (IIOE-­‐2)  

•  Regional  observing  system  !  Agulhas  System  Climate  Array  (ASCA)    

•  Example  of  process  Studies  !  ASIRI-­‐OMM  (Bay  of  Bengal  mixing,  meso  and  sub-­‐mesoscale)  

!  Equatorial  Indian  Ocean  upwelling  research  ini?a?ve  (EIOURI)  !  Biogeochemistry  (Moorings,  Argo  and  Gliders,.)  

The  Second  Interna?onal  Indian  Ocean  Expedi?on  (IIOE-­‐2)

Unique  Features  of  the  Indian  Ocean:  

"  The  third  striking  feature  of  the  Indian  Ocean  is  the  submarine  topography,  which  is  dominated  by  three  meridional  ridges  (the  Mascarene  Plateau,  the  Chagos-­‐Laccadive  Plateau  and  the  Ninety  East  Ridge),  and  a  triple  junc?on  where  three  spreading  centers  meet  (the  Southwest  Indian  Ridge,  the  Central  Indian  Ridge  and  the  Southeast  Indian  Ridge).      

"  The  northern  Indian  Ocean  has  no  subtropical  or  temperate  zones.    As  a  result,  high-­‐la?tude  cooling  of  surface  waters  and  subsequent  ven?la?on  of  intermediate  and  deep  water  masses  does  not  occur.    

"  A  second  unusual  feature  of  the  Indian  Ocean  is  the  low  laAtude  exchange  between  the  Indian  and  the  Pacific  Oceans  via  the  Indonesian  Throughflow  (ITF).      

MoAvaAon  "  Important  scienAfic  quesAons  remain  

unanswered  in  the  Indian  Ocean.    These  ques?ons  come  from  many  fields  within  the  Earth  sciences,  including  geology,  geophysics,  atmospheric  science,  physical  and  chemical  oceanography,  biogeochemistry,  ecology  and  fisheries.    

"  Many  new  quesAons  important  to  society  have  emerged  since  the  IIOE:    

"  Popula?on  increase  has  contributed  to  growing  nega?ve  impacts  of  mul?ple  stressors  on  both  coastal  and  open  ocean  environments.    

"  The  human  impacts  of  climate  change,  extreme  events  and  monsoon  variability  are  a  growing  concern,  especially  in  low-­‐lying  areas.    

Sea  level  rise  and  flooding  in  Bangladesh  

The  Second  Interna?onal  Indian  Ocean  Expedi?on  (IIOE-­‐2)

The  Second  Interna?onal  Indian  Ocean  Expedi?on  (IIOE-­‐2)

Purpose:    The  overarching  goal  of  IIOE-­‐2  is  to  advance  our  understanding  of  interac?ons  among  geological,  ocean  and  atmospheric  processes  that  give  rise  to  the  complex  physical  dynamics  of  the  Indian  Ocean  region,  and  to  determine  how  those  dynamics  affect  climate,  extreme  events,  marine  biogeochemical  cycles,  ecosystems  and  human  popula?ons.      

ScienAfic  Themes

Theme  1:  Human  Impacts  (How  are  human-­‐induced  ocean  stressors  impac4ng  the  biogeochemistry  and  ecology  of  the  Indian  Ocean?  How,  in  turn,  are  these  impacts  affec4ng  human  popula4ons?)    

Theme  2:  Boundary  current  dynamics,  upwelling  variability  and  ecosystem  impacts  (How  are  marine  biogeochemical  cycles,  ecosystem  processes  and  fisheries  in  the  Indian  Ocean  influenced  by  boundary  currents,  eddies  and  upwelling?  How  does  the  interac4on  between  local  and  remote  forcing  influence  these  currents  and  upwelling  variability  in  the  Indian  Ocean?  How  have  these  processes  and  their  influence  on  local  weather  and  climate  changed  in  the  past  and  how  will  they  change  in  the  future?)    

Theme  3:  Monsoon  Variability  and  Ecosystem  Response  (What  factors  control  present,  past  and  future  monsoon  variability?  How  does  this  variability  impact  ocean  physics,  chemistry  and  biogeochemistry  in  the  Indian  Ocean?  What  are  the  effects  on  ecosystem  response,  fisheries  and  human  popula4ons?)  

Dura?on:        5  years,    from  late  2015  to  late  2020      (as  one  of  the  core  ac?vi?es  of  IIOE-­‐2)  

The  Second  Interna?onal  Indian  Ocean  Expedi?on  (IIOE-­‐2)

ScienAfic  Themes

Theme  4:  CirculaAon,  climate  variability  and  change  (How  has  the  atmospheric  and  oceanic  circula4on  of  the  Indian  Ocean  changed  in  the  past  and  how  will  it  change  in  the  future?  How  do  these  changes  relate  to  topography  and  connec4vity  with  the  Pacific,  Atlan4c  and  Southern  oceans?  What  impact  does  this  have  on  biological  produc4vity  and  fisheries?)  

Theme  5:  Extreme  events  and  their  impacts  on  ecosystems  and  human  populaAons  (How  do  extreme  events  in  the  Indian  Ocean  impact  coastal  and  open  ocean  ecosystems?    How  will  climate  change  impact  the  frequency  and/or  severity  of  extreme  weather  and  oceanic  events,  such  as  tropical  cyclones  and  tsunamis  in  the  Indian  Ocean?  What  are  the  threats  of  extreme  weather  events,  volcanic  erup4ons,  tsunamis,  combined  with  sea  level  rise,  to  human  popula4ons  in  low-­‐lying  coastal  zones  and  small  island  na4ons  of  the  Indian  Ocean  region?)  

Theme  6:  Unique  geological,  physical,  biogeochemical,  and  ecological  features  of  the  Indian  Ocean  (What  processes  control  the  present,  past,  and  future  oxygen  dynamics  of  the  Indian  Ocean  and  how  do  they  impact  biogeochemical  cycles  and  ecosystem  dynamics?  How  do  the  physical  characteris4cs  of  the  southern  Indian  Ocean  gyre  system  influence  the  biogeochemistry  and  ecology  of  the  Indian  Ocean?  How  do  the  complex  tectonic  and  geologic  processes,  and  topography  of  the  Indian  Ocean  influence  circula4on,  mixing  and  chemistry  and  therefore  also  biogeochemical  and  ecological  processes?)  

Eastern  Indian  Ocean  Upwelling  Research  Ini?a?ve  (EIOURI)

Purpose:        To  be]er  understand  physical  and  biogeochemical  processes  and  their                                            interac?ons  associated  with  upwelling  in  the  eastern  Indian  Ocean  

Sumatra Upwelling

Java Upwelling

NW Australia shelf region

Sri Lanka Dome Intraseasonal Kelvin Wave

Fresh Water Inputs

Eastern pole of IOD

BoB Circulations Heat Flux

Annual Cycle

Plankton behavior

Indonesian Throughflow Barrier Layer

Equatorial Upwelling

Nitrogen Cycle

Ecosystem dynamic

Subsurface nutrient supply

Mixed layer dynamics

Leeuwin Current Meso-scale Eddies

Primary/Net production

Monsoon

Ningaloo Nino/Nina

Tuna spawning area

Dura?on:        5  years,    from  late  2015  to  late  2020      (as  one  of  the  core  ac?vi?es  of  IIOE-­‐2)  

Key  target  processes  of  EIOURI •  Intensive  observa?on  cruises  are  being  planned  from  several  countries,  including  Australia,  China,  Indonesia,  and  Japan,  under  interna?onal  collabora?ons  

•  IndOOS  data,  par?cularly  those  from  RAMA  and  satellite  observa?ons,  are  key  to  provide  large-­‐scale  condi?ons  

•  EIOURI  complements  IndOOS  in  the  eastern  boundary  region,  both  in  terms  of  physical  and  biogeochamical  observa?ons

Ocean Mixing and Monsoon (OMM)-Air-Sea Interaction Research Initiative (ASIRI) Collaborative between National Monsoon Mission Program, (MoES), India- Office of Naval Research, US

Objective: To obtain multi-scale observation in the near surface layer in the Bay of Bengal to improve our knowledge on the air-sea exchange and sub-mesoscale process

" Field survey in the Bay of Bengal •  22 August-09 September, 2014 using the ORV Sagar Nidhi (Phase-IV) •  24 November-13 December, 2014 ORV Sagar Nidhi (phase-V)

"  Deployment of Air-Sea Interaction METeorology (ASIMET) System •  Deployed on 11 November, 2014 at 18°N and 89.5°E in Northern BoB •  Surface meteorology and radiation with ASIMET packages •  T, S, and current with fine vertical and temporal resolution

Microstructure profiler data collected at 17º42'N, 89º05E

ASIMET system

SST (°C) from BoB ASIMET

ADCP currents along the ship track at 44 m (red) and 24 m (black) depth during 26-31 August, 2014

http://ocelot.whoi.edu/projects/Bengal/BengalData.html

Challenges  

•  Piracy  used  to  be  a  major  obstacle  for  the  Arabian  Sea,  but  it  has  strongly  declined  

•  The  MAIN  stumbling  point  for  comple?ng  RAMA  (one  very  important  component  of  IndOOS)  as  well  as  several  regional  programs  (such  as  ASCA,  for  example)  is  the  availability  of  ship?me