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09.25.42 / Líf í alheimi. Stjörnufræði/eðlisfræði – efnafræði – lífvísindi – jarðvísindi/plánetufræði. Atóm – efnatengi. Efnatengi kolefnis. Atóm og sameindir í geimnum; Upplýsingaöflun skv. litrófsmælingum(?). Sameindir í alheimi; Tilvist og tilurð(?). Samspil “ljóss” og sameinda; - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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09.25.42 / Líf í alheimi
Stjörnufræði/eðlisfræði – efnafræði – lífvísindi – jarðvísindi/plánetufræði
•Atóm – efnatengi•Efnatengi kolefnis•Atóm og sameindir í geimnum;
Upplýsingaöflun skv. litrófsmælingum(?)•Sameindir í alheimi;
Tilvist og tilurð(?)•Samspil “ljóss” og sameinda;
ljósefnafræði, ljósjónun, ljósrofnun•Varmaefnafræði•Lífefnafræði
2x
::
2x
2xn = 1
n = 2
n = 3
::
E ::
::
::
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
::
Es
Orka sameinda(svigrúma) líka skömmtuð
?
- -
--+ +
Aðdráttar-Kraftar, F-
fráhrindi-kraftur, F+
Netto kraftur = F = F+ + F-
Þ.e. orkan háð fjarlægð milliatómamættisferill
drdUF
U
r
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
::
E
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
::
E
A A - B
A(n=1) +B
A(n=2) + B
A(n=3) + B
A(n=1)
A(n=2)
A(n=3)
rAB
A - B rAB
A(n) + B
A - B
A(n) + B
rABv = 0
v = 1v = 2
v = 3
E(v)
A - B
A(n) + B
rAB
E(v) =Etotal
Upot
EkinEkin
Upot
Ekinmax = Evib
Evib vex með v
A B
A - B
A(n) + B
rAB
E(v) =Etotal Evib vex með v
A B
EvibC(v+1/2)
J=0J=1
J=2
J=3
J=4
J=5
E(J)
E(J) vex með J
E(J) = BJ(J+1)
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE 2)(
nRE
A-B
E(n)
::
E(v) E(J)
::
::
)21( vCE
)1( JJBE
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE 2)(
nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
)21( vCE
)1( JJBE
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
Gamma
röntgen
Útfjólubl. Sýni-legt innrautt
Útvarps-bylgjur
örbylgjur
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE 2)(
nRE
A-B
E(n)
::
E(v) E(J)
::
::
)21( vCE
)1( JJBE
AR ABR AB ABC ABB
...eða útgeislun:
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/spectra.html
Orion nebula
H atóm
Gler-strendingur
Bylgju-lengd
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A=H
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
H2
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
Glycinemetanol
kolmonoxíð
Örbylgjuróf/snúningsróf
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H
AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN
AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H
C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N
CH CH22005
C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO
CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2
CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O
CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH
CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H
–
2006
CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO
SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N
HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)
KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N
NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006
NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006
NS MgNC H3O+ H2COH+
OH N2O CH3*
PN NaCN
SO OCS
SO+ SO2
SiN c-SiC2
SiO CO2*
SiS NH2
CS H3+*
HF H2D+, HD
2+
SH* SiCN
HD AlNC
FeO (?) SiNC
O2 (?)2005
CF+2006
SiH (?)
8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms
CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006
HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N
HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006
C2H5OCH3 (?)2005
CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005
C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO
H2C6 HC7N
CH2OHCHO2006
C8H
l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006
CH2CHCHO (?)
CH2CCHCN2006
Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells(as of 11/2006) :
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/vorhersagen/molecules/main_molecules.html
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H
AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN
AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H
C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N
CH CH22005
C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO
CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2
CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O
CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH
CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H
–
2006
CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO
SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N
HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)
KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N
NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006
NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms
NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3
OH N2O CH3*
PN NaCN
SO OCS
SO+ SO2
SiN c-SiC2
SiO CO2*
SiS NH2
CS H3+*
HF H2D+, HD
2+
SH* SiCN
HD AlNC
FeO (?) SiNC
O2 (?)2005
CF+2006
SiH (?)
8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms
CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006
HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N
HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006
C2H5OCH3 (?)2005
CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005
C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO
H2C6 HC7N
CH2OHCHO2006
C8H
l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006
CH2CHCHO (?)
CH2CCHCN2006
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H
AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN
AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H
C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N
CH CH22005
C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO
CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2
CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O
CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH
CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H
–
2006
CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO
SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N
HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)
KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N
NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006
NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms
NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3
OH N2O CH3*
PN NaCN
SO OCS
SO+ SO2
SiN c-SiC2
SiO CO2*
SiS NH2
CS H3+*
HF H2D+, HD
2+
SH* SiCN
2 atoms 3 atoms
FeO (?) SiNC
O2 (?)2005
CF+2006
SiH (?)
8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms
CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006
HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N
HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006
C2H5OCH3 (?)2005
CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005
C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO
H2C6 HC7N
CH2OHCHO2006
C8H
l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006
CH2CHCHO (?)
CH2CCHCN2006
:Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells(as of 11/2006) :
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atomsH2 C3* c-C3H C5* C5H C6H
AlF C2H l-C3H C4H l-H2C4 CH2CHCN
AlCl C2O C3N C4Si C2H4* CH3C2H
C2** C2S C3O l-C3H2 CH3CN HC5N
CH CH22005
C3S c-C3H2 CH3NC CH3CHO
CH+2005 HCN C2H2* H2CCN CH3OH CH3NH2
CN HCO NH3 CH4* CH3SH c-C2H4O
CO HCO+ HCCN HC3N HC3NH+ H2CCHOH
CO+ HCS+ HCNH+ HC2NC HC2CHOC6H
–
2006
CP HOC+ HNCO HCOOH NH2CHO
SiC H2O HNCS H2CNH C5N
HCl H2S HOCO+ H2C2O l-HC4H* (?)
KCl HNC H2CO H2NCN l-HC4N
NH HNO H2CN HNC3c-H2C3O2006
NO MgCN H2CS SiH4* H2CCNH (?)2006
2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms
NaCl N2H+ c-SiC3
OH N2O CH3*
PN NaCN
SO OCS
SO+ SO2
SiN c-SiC2
SiO CO2*
SiS NH2
CS H3+*
HF H2D+, HD
2+
SH* SiCN
HD AlNC
FeO (?) SiNC
O2 (?)2005
CF+2006
SiH (?)
8 atoms 9 atoms 10 atoms 11 atoms 12 atoms 13 atoms
CH3C3N CH3C4HCH3C5N2006
HC9N C6H6* (?) HC11N
HCOOCH3 CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO2005CH3C6H2006
C2H5OCH3 (?)2005
CH3COOH (CH3)2O (CH2OH)22005
C7H CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CHO
H2C6 HC7N
CH2OHCHO2006
C8H
l-HC6H* (?) CH3C(O)NH22006
CH2CHCHO (?)
CH2CCHCN2006
:Molecules in the Interstellar Medium or Circumstellar Shells(as of 11/2006)
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/vorhersagen/molecules/main_molecules.html
12
3
S1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
% þungavægi frumefna
Vetni(H)
Annað(C,O,N,Si..)
75%
25%
1%
Helíum(He)
tegunda- og magngreining möguleg
MEIRA?
Innbyrðis styrkur litrófslína, samaefnis breytilegur (?)
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
E(n)
n=1
n=2
n=3
n :
A
E(n)
2nRE
A-B
E(n) E(v) E(J)
2)(1n
E vE 2JE
)2()1( kinkin EE
(1) (2)
)2()1( TT
TEkin
“Hitamælir”:
Calc.
measured
KT 40
Hiti mismikill í geimnum, sbr.:
...sameindaský “giant molecular clouds” / GMC
Heit sameindaský:
..í nánd við stjörnur / ljósorku
Köld sameindaský:
Fjarri stjörnum / ljósorku
Köld sameindaský:
Köld sameindaský:
12
3
S1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
% þungavægi frumefna
75%
25%
1%H2