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LARA

apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minorfruit species almond applekiwifruit

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VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI 119

walnut

walnut pear peach bush andcane berries plum table

grapes

GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION

Though it is cultivated through-out the world, in Italy walnut isimportant mainly in Campania,a region which produces around70% of the Italian walnut crop. The top European producer until1985, the Italian walnut indus-try lost notable orchard acreage

through the mid-1990s as treeswere not being replanted. Formore than a decade, new or-chards have been planted in thenorth-east of Italy, mostly culti-vars with lateral fruiting that givea good return on investments inthis crop.

BOTANICALINFORMATION

Juglans regia (common walnut)is the edible species, while theother species ( J. nigra, J. hind-

sii ) are used as rootstocks or forwood ( J. nigra). The tree is vig-orous, and bears male inflores-cences on branches of the previ-ous year before leaves emerge inthe spring. Female flowers, sin-gle or in clusters of 2-3, are pro-duced from mixed buds at thesame time as the leaves, after

the male flowers (protandry). Thefruit can be considered a drupe,with a fleshy husk that blackensand falls off when the walnut ismature. The hard shell containsthe kernel, the edible portion ofthe walnut.

SOILREQUIREMENTS

Though walnut can adapt tovarious zones, it prefers low hillsand southern or eastern expo-

sure and protection from strongwinds. It is sensitive to waterlog-ging or drought, and thus can’ttolerate heavy or anoxic soils,though it does well even withhigh lime concentrations. Walnutdoes not do well with either ex-treme heat or extreme cold.

VARIETÀ

Italian cultivars (Bleggiana, Noce

di Cerreto, Grossa di Volprana,

Noce di Feltrino, Noce Premice,

Corniola, Noce di Benevento) areactually populations (ecotypes)that don’t have the definitivecharacteristics required to de-scribe a true cultivar. The mostwell-known of these is Sorrento,grown in the region of Campaniaand the surrounding area; thefruit is flavourful and prized byconsumers, but isn’t as produc-

tive as lateral fruiting varieties,many of which are American orFrench (Tab. 1).

Variety

CHANDLER (USA) medium vigour, lateral fruiting, productive, large nuts (13-15 g); mid-season harvest

date. Quality in-shell and shelled walnuts. Suitable for medium and high density

orchards with vase and “structured axis” training systems. FERNETTE (France) medium vigour, late bloom, lateral fruiting, mid-late harvest, medium-large nuts (12-

14 g). Good pollinizer for Chandler.

FERNOR (France) medium vigour, lateral fruiting, late bloom, medium-late harvest, high yield and high

fruit quality, medium-large nuts (10-13 g).

FRANQUETTE (France) medium vigour, apical fruiting, late bloom, late harvest, consistent yield, medium-

large nuts (11-14 g), excellent kernel quality, good hardening of wood in the autumn.

HARTLEY (USA) medium vigour, apical fruiting, vigorous, very productive, late bearer, mid-season har-

vest date, good nut quality (14-15 g) but high floral abortion.

HOWARD (USA) medium vigour, lateral fruiting, mid-season harvest, large nuts (13-15 g), high yield

and high quality (though with incompletely closed shell sutures that limit in-shell

potential).

LARA (France) medium vigour, lateral fruiting, medium-early harvest, high yield, large nuts (11-14

g), well-closed, suitable for high density orchards.

MAYETTE (France) medium vigour, apical fruiting, medium-large nuts (10-13 g), kernel easy to extract,

mid-season harvest.

MEYLANNAISE medium vigour, apical fruiting, medium-large nuts (11-13 g),

(France) late harvest, low yield, pollinizer of Franquette

RONDE DE MONTIGNAC high vigour, apical fruiting, medium-large nuts (10-12 g), excellent pollinizer.

(Francia)

SUNLAND (USA) medium vigour, lateral fruiting, early bloom, mid-season harvest, very large nuts (20-

21 g).

TULARE (USA) medium-high vigour, suitable for high density orchards, lateral fruiting, very producti-

ve, medium-large nuts, high yield, easy kernel extraction.

SORRENTO (Italia) high vigour, terminal fruiting, average productivity, medium-large nuts (10-12 g),

high yield, flavourful. MALIZIA (Italia) slightly less vigorous than Sorrento, tends to protandry, early bearing, medium-large

nuts (10-12 g), flavourful.

Tab. 1 - Summary of varietal characteristics

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Lara, central axis

ROOTSTOCKS

Vigorous rootstocks are used forhigh density orchards with lateralfruiting varieties, considering alsoother biological and physical fac-tors (Tab. 2).

J. REGIA: tough rootstock thatthrives under varied soil condi-tions. With respect to the otherrootstocks, it better toleratesdrought, high lime, and high pH.It is susceptible to waterloggingand to Phytophthora spp. Vigor-ous and graft-compatible with all

varieties.

J. HINDSII: sensitive to droughtand to lime-rich soils (ferric chlo-rosis), it is more tolerant of salineor humid soils than is J. regia,as long as they are not water-logged. Induces good vigour butis susceptible to collar rot. Quitesusceptible to CLRV and to Phy-

tophthora spp.

J. NIGRA

: used mainly inFrance, improves yield and earlybearing. Very sensitive to CLRV,to drought and to lime-rich soils.Because of low vigour, it is rec-ommended only with varieties ofhigh vigour and terminal fruitingin cases where decreased vigourand earlier bearing are desired.

PARADOX: Paradox: hybrid of J. hindsii x J. regia used in Cali-fornia for its high vigour, tough-

ness, and low susceptibility toPhytophthora spp. (relative to J.

hindsii and J. regia). It is sensitiveto attacks of Agrobacterium spp.and to CLRV. Suited to all soilsexcept anoxic ones.

TREESPACING

The tree spacing recommended

for intensive orchards variesfrom 7 m x 3.5 m to 8 m x 6 m(208 – 408 trees/ha). The larger

and encourage early bearing. The recommended system ispyramid or “structured axis”,though in older orchards moreopen training systems are pre-sent.

spacing is appropriate for fer-tile soils and more vigorous,apically fruiting varieties. Inmodern high density plantingsit is necessary to use trainingsystems that limit tree growth

Tab. 2 - Rootstock comparisonJ. regia J. hindsii J. nigra Paradox

PRECOCITY OF BEARING medium medium early medium

SALINITY 3 2 2 3 WATERLOGGING 3 2 2 3

DROUGHT 1 2 3 1

FERRIC CHLOROSIS 1 2 2 1

NEMATODES 3 2 2 3

CLRV 1 4 4 4

PHYTOPHTHORA 3 3 1 3

AGROBACTERIUM 2 2 1 3

ARMILLARIA 2 1 2 2

Tab. 3 - Varieties and their pollinizers Variety Pollinizer

CHANDLER Franquette, Fernette

FERNETTE Chandler

FERNOR Ronde de Montignac

SUNLAND Franquette, Fernor

TULARE Franquette

HOWARD Franquette, Fernette

LARA Franquette, Fernette

MAYETTE Franquette

MEYLANNAISE Ronde de Montignac

FRANQUETTE Meylannaise

HARTLEY Franquette, Fernor, Fernette

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walnutwalnut pear peach bush andcane berries plum table

grapes

Chandler, central axis

Franquette, open vase

POLLINATION

Given that protandry character-ises the cultivated varieties, it isnecessary to make sure that polli-nation is adequate. It is importantto choose the pollinizer carefully(Tab. 3), and place these trees ineach row at a 20 (cultivated vari-ety) to 1 (pollinizer) ratio.

SOILMANAGEMENT

The best management of the

orchard floor is to leave grasscover, which preserves good soiltexture, enriches it with organicmatter, limits compaction fromtractors and vehicles and facili-tates mechanical harvest. Or-ganic mulch between the rows(with grass clippings, straw,pruning waste) and chemicalweeding within the rows is analternative. Instead of mulching,very shallow tilling or raking can

be done.

FERTILIZATION

Prior to planting, it is best to dis-tribute organic soil improvementmaterials to improve the physicalstructure, chemical composition

IRRIGATION

Irrigation systems which wet thefoliage are not recommended,as this encourages the devel-opment of fungal and bacterialdiseases. Drip irrigation or un-der-canopy micro-sprinklers arerecommended. The best meansof determining what volume of

water to apply is to consider thewater balance of the crop, esti-mated using a pan evaporimeterand the crop co-efficient.

PRUNING

The objective of pruning in thenew orchard is to encouragestrong trunk development, andgood insertion angles in the firsttier of scaffold branches. For

lateral fruiting varieties, a robustcentral axis well-covered in later-al branches is desired, the “pyra-mid” form. Green pruning maybe useful in achieving this goalquickly. In the production stage,pruning depends on type of fruit-ing of the variety in question. Forapically fruiting varieties, the goalis to renew fruiting branches andfavour air flow and light penetra-tion through the canopy interior,

trying to avoid shifting produc-tion to the outer canopy. Withlateral fruiting varieties, the goal

and microbiology of the soil. Itis useful to have a soil sampleanalysed before selecting quan-tities and types of fertilisers toapply at the initial fertilisation.No more than 60 kg/ha of nitro-gen should be applied the firstyear, and no more than 80 kg/ ha the second year. In produc-tive orchards, the amount of

mineral nitrogen applied shouldnot surpass 140 kg/ha, dividedinto smaller applications madebetween bud break and earlyOctober. In terms of phospho-rus and potassium, annual ap-plications are recommended tostay below 80 kg/ha (P2O5) and140 kg/ha (K 2O).

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FRANQUETTE


is to favour as much as possiblethe growth of current year woodand gradually reduce the num-ber of branches on the centralaxis to allow better air flow in thecanopy.

HARVEST

The crop is harvested from mid-September through the end ofOctober, using mechanical shak-ers, sweepers and vacuum col-lectors. With unfavourable soilconditions, branch shakers and

ground nets may be used. Or-chards with apically fruiting varie-ties can produce 1-3 metric tons/ ha of in-shell walnuts, and later-ally fruiting varieties can reach

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L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it

walnutwalnut pear peach bush andcane berries plum table

grapes

Plant awakening Vegetative

development

Flowering Fruit setting Fruit

enlargement

Maturation Picking

soil application

IDROL-VEG

foliar application

LEVO-ENERGY

IDROL-VEG

EVOL

For further information please contact our Technical Department

up to 6 metric tons/ha. Laterallyfruiting varieties begin bearingfrom the 3rd year after planting,while apical fruiting varieties maybegin after the 5th year.

DISEASES

Phytophthora cinnammoni (rootand collar rot): initially visible assmall cracks in the trunk that se-crete a reddish-brown liquid andprogressively become deeperand cancerous. The fungus in-vades tissues and kills the tree.

Brenneria nigrifluens (shallowbark canker): starts with smallbrown depressions in the barkthen cracks along the bark ofthe trunk and branches. A darkexudate is produced from thecracks and cankers. The worst

damage is in nurseries and inyoung trees. Armillaria mellea (Armillaria): mel-lea (root rot or oak root fungus):causes sudden tree death with-out specific preceeding symp-toms. A whitish network of my-celia is evident under the bark ofthe lower part of the trunk or onthe root system. Xanthomonas campestris p.v.

Juglandis (walnut blight): necro-sis of all young growing organs,initially visible as small indenta-tions that can merge and ex-pand. Drop of fruit affected early.

Pseudomonas syringae (bacteri-al canker): causes dark indenta-tions on young trees which laterproduce an exudate.Gnomonia leptostyla (walnutanthracnose or leaf blotch): evi-dent as polygonal splotches with

brown margins and grey centerspresent on leaf laminae. Attacksmay affect fruit, small leaves andbranches.Brown apical necrosis: syn-drome affecting fruitlets in earlydevelopment, beginning fromthe apex of the style with necrot-ic spots which then affect theinterior and exterior of the fruitwith various outcomes, thoughthe fruit is irreversibly damaged.CLRV (cherry leafroll virus, black-line disease): the first symptomof the disease is the progres-sive reduction of tree vigour, with

weak shoot growth followed byshoot death and early leaf fall.Bark cracking is evident. Necro-sis causes discontinuity in theflow of xylem and phloem, andconsequently the death of thetree.

Nutrition programme to improve the production of Walnut tree

2 kg/haBiostimulant, enhances the pollen and the ovary fertility.

Improves the fruit setting

3 l/ha Improves the absorption and the effectiveness of pesticides treatments (acid pH)

20 l/haIncreases the soil microflora and improves the soil structure.

2 kg/haBiostimulant, enhancesthe fruit enlargement

5 l/ha by 3-6 times for the fruit enlargement. Improves the

preservation and the shelf-life. Reduces the fruit weight loss

20 l/haImproves the fertilizers absorption

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